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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Perception(psychology)'
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Bowden, Alan Mark Christopher. "Aesthetic perception, attention and aesthetic psychology." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10992/.
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What are the psychological foundations of aesthetic experience? Disagreements about how to answer this question underlie tensions between the experiences described by those in the developing field of everyday aesthetics and many art-centred accounts of aesthetic experience. I argue that neither has provided the psychological framework to support their arguments in favour of or against the extension of aesthetic experience into everyday life. Such a framework is required in order to reconcile the two fields. This thesis aims to develop an empirically informed aesthetic psychology which accommodates both everyday and paradigmatic aesthetic experience without compromising what is distinctive about each. In order to understand the oft-unacknowledged assumptions in everyday and mainstream accounts of aesthetic experience I distinguish between “broad” and “narrow” aesthetic psychology. I argue that each approach differs with respect to the necessity of attention for aesthetic experience. The narrow approach to aesthetic psychology underlies many contemporary accounts and places an “attention condition” on aesthetic experience; the broad approach underlies many accounts of everyday aesthetic experience and involves no such condition. I develop a broad psychological account of aesthetic perception as the perceptual representation of bound qualities and suggest that its minimal or “bare” form goes on in the absence of attention, whilst its “rich” form requires attention and supports characteristically appreciative activities of mind. Using contemporary empirical and philosophical work on attention and its relation to consciousness and cognition I argue that there is an attention condition on rich aesthetic perception (and aesthetic appreciation), but not on bare aesthetic perception: this establishes a broad aesthetic psychology. In this way I reconcile everyday and mainstream aesthetic experience by creating a continuum of aesthetic engagement which runs from the fleeting and unattended experiences of broad aesthetic psychology to the complex and appreciative experiences of narrow aesthetic psychology.
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Opperman, Paul James. "Aristotle's theory of perception : physiology and psychology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5712.
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Mulhall, S. J. "Wittgenstein on aspect-perception and the philosophy of psychology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234315.
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Harrison, L. "Music analysis and musical perception : studies in the psychology of musical structure." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328316.
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Leyssen, Sigrid. "Perception in Movement. Moving Images in Albert Michotte's Experimental Psychology (1881-1965)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0142.
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J’explore de nouvelles façons d’étudier l’histoire et l’historicité de la perception, à travers un double portrait du psychologue francophone Albert Michotte, et de la collection de ses disques en papier. Leur interaction produit de nouvelles images expérimentales, éclaircissant les complexités de la perception. J’ai navigué différents archives, archives d'objets et collections d’instruments en Belgique, en France et en Allemagne. La découverte de nouvelles sources et mes ré-animations historiques m’ont permis de combiner l’histoire des sciences et l’étude des médias, touchant sur l’histoire de la philosophie et de la religion. Le portrait de Michotte dévoile une figure qui fait le pont entre différents paradigmes psychologiques, science et religion, filmologie et phénoménologie expérimentale, aussi bien qu’un diplomate des sciences traversant deux guerres, des politiques religieuses et des changements institutionnels. Etudier les paradoxes qu’il incarnait devient ainsi un outil d’historiographie. Le portrait des disques, contextualisé en termes de 'contextes d’action', montre comment ils sont liés à la pratique expérimentale, le cinéma, l’art et la culture matérielle du laboratoire. Ce double portrait montre comment Michotte et les disques créèrent ensemble des images en mouvement afin d’étudier les perceptions dynamiques, telle que la perception de la causalité. Le mouvement est essentiel à cette thèse, car il permet de comprendre comment de telles perceptions son générées et transportées. L’étude de ces perceptions permet de saisir comment la perception dépend d’un contexte, se forme à travers des inter-actions, et change – montrant son historicitéI explore new ways to study the history and historicity of perception, through a double portrait: of the francophone psychologist Albert Michotte, and of a set of well-preserved rotating paper discs. In their interaction, new experimental images were generated, shedding light on the intricacy of perception. I have searched different archives, object-archives and instrument collections in Belgium, France and Germany. Newly discovered sources, together with my historical re-animations, allowed me to combine history of science with media studies, in close interaction with the history of philosophy and religion.The portrait of Michotte shows a bridging-figure between different psychological paradigms, science and religion, filmology and experimental phenomenology, performing science diplomacy to navigate two wars, religious politics and institutional change. Studying the paradoxes he embodied is developed into a historiographical tool. The portrait of the discs, contextualised in terms of 'action contexts', shows how they related to experimental practice, cinema, art and the material culture of the laboratory. This dynamic double portrait shows how Michotte and the discs together create moving images for the study of dynamic perceptions, such as the perception of causality. Motion is central to this thesis, not only for explaining the dynamic perception of movements, but especially for understanding how such perceptions are generated and transported. Studying these 'movement-perceptions' makes it possible to grasp how perception is context dependent, how it is shaped through inter-actions, and how it changes – giving it a history
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Muratori, Marcela, Gisela I. Delfino, and Elena Zubieta. "Anomia Perception, Trust and Well Being: a view from the Social Psychology." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101477.
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An empirical research was carried out with the aim of exploring in levels of anomy, social well-being and institutional trust and their relationship. Is a descriptive correlation study with a non experimental design based on a convenience sample composed by 585 participants (34.7% males and 65.3% females, age: M = 28.50; SD = 11.02) from Buenos Aires and other Argentinian cities. Results show a general positive perception of social well being -with a lack in others confidence-, low levels of institutional trust and high punctuations inanomic frustration. Convergent validity was corroborated and group differences showed up.La presente investigación busca conocer la percepción de frustración anómica, confianza institucional y bienestar social de los sujetos así como la relación entre estos indicadores. El estudio es descriptivo correlacional, de diseño no experimental transversal, con una muestra no probabilística intencional compuesta por 585 participantes (34.7% hombres y 65.3% mujeres. Edad: M = 28.50; SD = 11.02) de Buenos Aires y otras ciudades de Argentina. Los resultados arrojan una percepción positiva en el bienestar social con un déficit en la confianza en los otros, bajos niveles de confianza en las instituciones y niveles altos de frustración anómica. Se corrobora la validez convergente y surgen diferencias a partir de variables de agrupación.
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Hassan, Mohamed Sayed. "Cassirer and structuralism of perception : an application of group theory to Gestalt psychology." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2535/.
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Ernst Cassirer's task was to set up an account of perception as objective judgement. We can trace Cassirer's view of perception through three different accounts each of which aimed to give an answer of how perceptual judgements can be possible. These three accounts started from (1900-1923) where he presented his view depending on Functional- Relational analysis of perceptual experience. The second account started from (1923-1933) where he presented his view of perception depending on symbolic analysis of perceptual experience, and finally the third account started from (1933-1945) where the analysis of perceptual phenomena has been made depending on his apprehension of Group Theory. The main target of Cassirer in the third account was to show that there is similarity between geometry and perception with respect to the ways both of these two disciplines build up their objects. Having the same logical base, Cassirer claimed that there is similarity between geometrical determination of the object and perceptual determination of the experienced object. For Cassirer, this similarity is what allows an application of "group theory" to perception. As a result of that claim, Cassirer shifted mathematical terms such as "invariance", "frame of reference" and "transformation" from the province of geometry and reused them in the field of perception for setting up what he called psychology of thought. This thesis discusses Cassirer's first two accounts and focuses on the third account by giving examples of how the mathematical concept of "group" can be used as an analogy to provide an intrinsic explanation of the nature of the objects and their characteristics one experiences during the perceptual situation. The explanations of the perceptual phenomena represented in the perceptual experience, as given by Cassirer, based on Gestalt psychology, reflected this understanding. The ample examples created by the Gestalt psychologists and used by Cassirer indicated how both understood the object of perceptual experience as constructed and not as a thing or hic et nunc. I will show that in these three accounts, there are non-physical elements, which defined here as structural elements, involved in the perceptual experience. By the virtue of these non-physical elements, perceptual judgements are possible. Cassirer and the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that these structural elements are presupposed in every perceptual experience and this understanding will lead to the claim that both Cassirer and the Gestaltists presupposed the constructive unity of mind based on a transcendental analysis of the nature of mind and its cognitive processes.
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Shaikh, Audrey Dawn Chaparro Barbara S. "Psychology of onscreen type investigations regarding typeface personality, appropriateness, and impact on document perception /." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1109.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology."May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on October 25, 2007). Thesis adviser: Barbara S. Chaparro. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 291-301).
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Wiesemann, Elizabeth Y. "The Visual Perception of Elasticity." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/75.
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Hettinger, Lawrence James. "The education of attention to information specifying loss in altitude /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487331541711028.
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Shain, Lindsey Marie. "Aging and the Perception of Coherent Motion." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2070.
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The aperture problem describes an effect by which a contoured stimulus, moving behind an aperture with both ends occluded, appears to move in a direction perpendicular to its own orientation. Mechanisms within the human visual system allow us to overcome this problem and integrate many of these locally ambiguous signals into the perception of globally coherent motion. In the current experiment, younger and older observers viewed displays composed of either 64 or 9 straight contours, arranged in varying orientations and moving behind circular apertures. Because these lines moved behind apertures, their individual local motions were ambiguous with respect to direction (i.e., subject to the aperture problem). On each trial, motion patterns were displayed for 2.4 seconds, and observers estimated the coherent direction of motion (true motion directions ranged from 0 to 360 degrees). There was a significant effect of direction, such that cardinal directions of pattern motion were judged more accurately than oblique directions. In addition, there was a large effect of aging upon accuracy (the average errors of older observers were 46 and 30.4 percent higher in magnitude than those exhibited by the younger observers for the 64 and 9 aperture conditions, respectively). Additionally, the observers’ precision deteriorated markedly as the number of apertures was reduced from 64 to 9. Finally, a statistically significant, albeit negligible relationship was found between orientation discrimination threshold (a behavioral measure of resting gamma amino butyric acid neurotransmitter levels) and ability to accurately estimate coherent direction of motion.
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Dawson, Thomas. "Aging and Stereoscopic Shape Perception." TopSCHOLAR®, 1999. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/748.
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Past research on stereoscopic depth perception among the elderly has led to inconsistent findings. Some research on stereopsis and aging has found that younger and older adults are essentially the same in terms of their stereoscopic ability, while other research has found evidence of large differences. This past research has largely been limited to investigations of stereoacuity. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to extend this earlier research to compare how older and younger observers perceive the magnitude of stereoscopically defined depth intervals. Random-dot stereograms depicting sinusoidal surfaces were shown to seven younger (i.e., ages 30 and below) and six older (i.e., ages 60 and above) adults. These surfaces were defined by three levels of peak-trough image disparity, two spatial frequencies, and two densities of texture elements. The observers' task was to estimate the magnitude of the depth interval between the surfaces' peaks and troughs. It was found that the perceived depth intervals of the younger observers were closer to those predicted by the geometry of stereopsis: as disparity increased, so did the magnitudes of their perceived depth intervals. This finding was also true for the five out of the six older adults, but the magnitudes of their perceived depth intervals were less than their younger counterparts. The high frequency surfaces were more difficult to perceive for both groups, but were especially difficult for the elderly. In contrast, texture element density had essentially no effect upon the observers' performance for both groups. The results of this experiment showed that the elderly have a significant amount of stereoscopic functionality that is not qualitatively different from younger adults. Experiment 2 was designed to compare older and younger observers' ability to perceive the shape of stereoscopic surfaces. In this experiment, four different surfaces defined by disparity (i.e., bumps, saddles, vertical cylinders, and horizontal cylinders) were shown to five younger (i.e., 30 and below) and five older (i.e., 60 and above) observers. The random-dot stereograms varied in terms of their texture element density and amount of correspondence. The results showed that the older observers were less sensitive to stereoscopic depth and curvature. In all other respects, however, the results for the older observers were essentially identical to those of the younger observers. In particular, the reductions in density and correspondence led to nearly identical declines in performance for both age groups. In summary, the results of both experiments showed that, despite some reductions in perceptual sensitivity, older adults can effectively perceive and discriminate the shape and depth of stereoscopic surfaces.
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Higginbotham, Alexia J. "Aging and Visual Spatial Integration." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3099.
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The current study evaluated the ability of 20 younger and 20 older adults to discriminate shapes depicted by Glass patterns. On any given trial, observers identified a particular pattern as either possessing a radial or concentric organization. Detecting a shape defined by a Glass pattern requires the successful detection of the orientations of its constituent local dipoles. In addition, long-range processes are needed to integrate the spatially separated dipoles into perceivable contours that have a particular (e.g., radial or concentric) organization. In the current experiment, the shapes were defined by either 40 or 200 oriented dipoles spread over an area with a diameter of either 6 or 25 degrees visual angle. Three amounts of visual noise were added to the patterns to manipulate task difficulty: 1) no added noise points, 2) low amounts of noise (a 1:1 ratio of randomlyplaced noise points and signal dipoles), and 3) large amounts of noise (a 5:1 ratio of randomly-placed noise points and signal dipoles). The results of the current study indicate that human observers, both younger and older, possess an effective ability to integrate visual information across space (using Glass patterns as stimuli). There is a small age-related deterioration in discrimination performance and this is most likely due to the deficits in orientation discrimination that accompany reductions in inhibitory GABA activity in visual cortex.
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Dreyer, Verdie Michael. "The decentred ego in a non-local world : from power to will." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1009.
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Bilson, Amy Jo. "Image size and resolution in face recognition /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9166.
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Dailey, Matthew N. "Computational models of high-level visual perception and recognition /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3055782.
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Perkins, Andrew Wayne. "The implicit self-concept : the structure of the self-concept and its influence on attitude formation at an unconscious level /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8741.
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Boltz, Marilyn Gail. "An expectancy model of judged duration : an ecological perspective /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487261553058635.
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Berman, Garrett L. "The influence of processing instructions at encoding and retrieval on face recognition accuracy." FIU Digital Commons, 1992. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1628.
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Whereas previous research has demonstrated that trait ratings of faces at encoding leads to enhanced recognition accuracy as compared to feature ratings, this set of experiments examines whether ratings given after encoding and just prior to recognition influence face recognition accuracy. In Experiment 1 subjects who made feature ratings just prior to recognition were significantly less accurate than subjects who made no ratings or trait ratings. In Experiment 2 ratings were manipulated at both encoding and retrieval. The retrieval effect was smaller and nonsignificant, but a combined probability analysis showed that it was significant when results from both experiments are considered jointly. In a third experiment exposure duration at retrieval, a potentially confounding factor in Experiments 1 and 2, had a nonsignificant effect on recognition accuracy, suggesting that it probably does not explain the results from Experiments 1 and 2. These experiments demonstrate that face recognition accuracy can be influenced by processing instructions at retrieval.
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Chandler, C. Lee. "Students' perception index of the MUGC school psychology practicum a correlation of course work with practicum experiences /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=340.
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Schwab, Kari. "An experiment in using content placed on the Internet as a vehicle for influencing public opinion." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FSchwab.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Technology)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): James Bret Michael, Raymond Buettner. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-94). Also available online.
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Hasinski, Adam E. "Interactions between Prediction, Perception and Episodic Memory." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437731857.
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Zieber, Nicole R. "INFANTS’ PERCEPTION OF EMOTION FROM DYNAMIC BODY MOVEMENTS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/5.
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In humans, the capacity to extract meaning from another person’s behavior is fundamental to social competency. Adults recognize emotions conveyed by body movements with comparable accuracy to when they are portrayed in facial expressions. While infancy research has examined the development of facial and vocal emotion processing extensively, no prior study has explored infants’ perception of emotion from body movements. The current studies examined the development of emotion processing from body gestures. In Experiment 1, I asked whether 6.5-month-olds infants would prefer to view emotional versus neutral body movements. The results indicate that infants prefer to view a happy versus a neutral body action when the videos are presented upright, but fail to exhibit a preference when the videos are inverted. This suggests that the preference for the emotional body movement was not driven by low-level features (such as the amount or size of the movement displayed), but rather by the affective content displayed.
Experiments 2A and 2B sought to extend the findings of Experiment 1 by asking whether infants are able to match affective body expressions to their corresponding vocal emotional expressions. In both experiments, infants were tested using an intermodal preference technique: Infants were exposed to a happy and an angry body expression presented side by side while hearing either a happy or angry vocalization. An inverted condition was included to investigate whether matching was based solely upon some feature redundantly specified across modalities (e.g., tempo). In Experiment 2A, 6.5-month-old infants looked longer at the emotionally congruent videos when they were presented upright, but did not display a preference when the same videos were inverted. In Experiment 2B, 3.5-month-olds tested in the same manner exhibited a preference for the incongruent video in the upright condition, but did not show a preference when the stimuli were inverted. These results demonstrate that even young infants are sensitive to emotions conveyed by bodies, indicating that sophisticated emotion processing capabilities are present early in life.
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Thomas, Suzanne M. "Evaluative Audience Effects on Perception in a Sport Task." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1418926554.
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Ode, Scott Byrum. "Modeling Approach Motivation in Terms of Perceptual Biases Involving Appetitive Stimuli." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29735.
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Accumulating evidence suggests a potential relationship between approach motivation and perceptual enhancement. The current investigation was undertaken with the goal of exploring the causes of the phenomenon as well as implications for personality. Below, a model is introduced to help explain the causes and consequences of relations between approach motivation and perceptual size. Two studies are then presented testing a number of assumptions made by the model. In Study 1 (n = 78), state-related variations in approach motivation were manipulated with the intent of sensitizing the perceptual system to appetitive stimuli. It was predicted that such sensitization would result in greater size estimations. In Study 2 (n = 123), size overestimates were used to assess relations between daily events and outcomes. It was hypothesized that individual differences in size estimations for appetitive words (relative to neutral words) would predict daily motivations, emotion, and behaviors, as well as reactivity to daily events. In addition, several individual difference variables ostensibly related to dopamine activity were assessed in both studies and entered as moderators of the degree to which size overestimations varied by stimulus type. Many of the hypotheses were not supported, but size overestimations did, as hypothesized, moderate relations between positive events and goal-related motivation.
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Wolpert, Lawrence. "Field of view versus retinal region in the perception of self motion /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148732651171345.
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Baranowski, Andreas M. [Verfasser]. "Cognitive movie psychology : effects of sound, 3D, and viewing context on movie perception / Andreas M. Baranowski." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121333540/34.
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Parren, Nora. "The Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs : An intersection of religious cognition, threat perception, and coalitional psychology." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2049/document.
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Contenu1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). Le naturel cognitif (possible) des croyances de sorcellerie: une exploration de la littérature existante. Journal de la cognition et de la culture, 17 (5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). L'information liée à la menace suggère la compétence: un facteur possible dans la propagation des rumeurs. PloS un, 10 (6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). Préférence pour les sources d'informations liées aux menaces. PloS un4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). L'effet de vérité: fluidité ou consensus implicite? Conscience et Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (manuscrit non publié) Mésaventure, Agence, et Contre-Intuitivité Minimale6) Conclusion chapitre1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). The (possible) Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs: An Exploration of the Existing Literature. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 17(5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). Threat-related information suggests competence: a possible factor in the spread of rumors. PloS one, 10(6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). Preference for Sources of Threat-Related Information. PloS one4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). The Truth Effect: Fluency or Implicit Consensus? Consciousness and Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (unpublished manuscript) Misfortune, Agency, and Minimal Counter-Intuitiveness6) Conclusion chapter
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Stohr, R. Eric. "Effects of Size Change on Speed Judgments of Frontal-Parallel Motion." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1166731181.
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Crabtree, Charles E. "Short-Term Visual Deprivation, Tactile Acuity, and Haptic Solid Shape Discrimination." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1387.
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The visual cortex of human observers changes its functionality in response to visual deprivation (Boroojerdi et al., 2000). Behavioral studies have recently documented enhanced tactile abilities following a short period of visual deprivation (Facchini & Aglioti, 2003; Weisser, Stilla, Peltier, Hu, & Sathian, 2005). The current study investigated the effects of visual deprivation on two unique tactile tasks. While Facchini and Aglioti observed significant effects of visual deprivation, neither Wong, Hackeman, Hurd, and Goldreich (2011) nor Merabet et al. (2008) observed these effects. Corroborating these more recent results, no difference in grating orientation discrimination performance was observed between the sighted and visually deprived participants in the first experiment. A significant effect of experience was seen in both groups, however, irrespective of the deprivation period of 90 minutes. The second experiment immediately followed the conclusion of the first experiment. Using the same stimuli and procedures from past experiments (Norman, Clayton, Norman, & Crabtree, 2008), it investigated the participants’ haptic discrimination of 3-dimensional object shape. Again, no significant difference in performance was found between the sighted and visually deprived participants. Together, the current results show that a brief period of visual deprivation (1.5 hours) produces no significant behavioral changes for these tactile and haptic tasks.
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Rice, Jennifer Renee. "Quality or quantity?: Refining the definition of the means efficacy construct and its relationship to task specific self-efficacy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3326.
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The purpose of this study was to expand on the definition of the means efficacy construct and its relationship to task-specific self-efficacy. The current research has three studies: assesssing quality means efficacy from a self-report method, study two assessing quality means efficacy from a self-report method, and study three comparing quality and quantity means efficacy to determine which would be a better predictor of confidence in various tasks.
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White, Hannah B. "Categorical Perception of Species in Infancy." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/90.
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Although there is a wealth of knowledge on categorization in infancy, there are still many unanswered questions about the nature of category representation in infancy. For example, it is yet unclear whether categories in infancy have well-defined boundaries or what knowledge about species categories young infants have before entering the lab. Using a morphing technique, we linearly altered the proportion of cat versus dog in images and observed how infants reacted to contrasts between pairs of images that either did or did not cross over the categorical boundary. This was done while equating between-category and within-category similarity. Results indicate that infants’ pre-existing categories of cats and dogs are discrete and mutually exclusive. Experiment 2 found that inversion caused a disruption in processing by 6.5- but not 3.5- month-old infants, indicating a developmental change in category representation. These findings demonstrate a propensity to dichotomize early in life that could have implications for social categorizations, such as race and gender. Furthermore, this work extends previous knowledge of infant categorical perception by demonstrating a priori knowledge of familiar species categories and the boundaries between them.
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Scarl, Daniel L. "Eye contact perception at distances up to six meters." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3693.
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Common experience suggests that most people can tell whether they are being looked at by another person who is about 8 m away. However, the results of past experiments, which used distances of no more than about 3 m, have implied that this cannot be done if the person looked at (Receiver) judges only by the iris-sclera configuration of the person looking (Sender). This is true even if eye contact is defined simply as identifying on-face gazes (FGs). It has been suggested that in everyday experience eye contact is accompanied by cues other than iris position, and that these non-iris-position (NIP) cues to Receiver account for recognition at longer distances. The hypotheses of the present experiment are that FGs can be identified at considerably more than 3 m, without NIP cues: and that this happens because as features of Sender's lower face fall within Receiver's central vision at longer distances, Receiver is able to use them for triangulating the position of Sender's irises.
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White, Eliah. "The role of multimodally specified effort in action-relevant distance perception." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342463538.
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Bachus, Laura E. "Influence of Torque on Visual Heaviness Perception." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1312482557.
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Vandersall, Ellen J. "The voice, a truer window to the soul? the effects of face/voice incongruency on impression formation /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/756.
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Robinson, Alan Edward. "Mechanisms of brightness perception." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3372643.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Oct. 7, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58).
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Reeder, Sarah. "Relationships in Aging, Cognitive Processes, and Contingency Learning." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/259.
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This study investigated the influence of age, processing speed, working memory,and associative processes on the acquisition of contingency information. Young and older adults completed positive (+.65) and negative (-.65) contingency tasks that measured their ability to discover the relationship between a symptom (e.g., FEVER) and a fictional disease (e.g., OLYALGIA). Both d' scores, i.e., contingency learning, and contingency estimates, i.e., contingency judgment, were examined. Participants were also asked to complete cognitive tasks that measure the constructs of processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, and associative learning. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, associative learning, and positive and negative contingency learning and judgment for young and older adult groups. Young adults outperformed older adults on the cognitive tasks and on contingency learning and judgment tasks. However, age differences were smaller for the positive contingency than for negative contingency. A comparison of the structural equation models for young and older adults showed no relationship between any cognitive construct and negative contingency learning. However, young adults' judgment for the negative contingency was directly influenced by associative learning, while their learning and judgment for the positive contingency was directly influenced by associative memory. For older adults, working memory executive function directly influenced their judgment for the negative contingency and their learning and judgment for the positive contingency. Processing speed had an indirect effect on older adults' contingency learning and judgment that was mediated by working memory executive functioning. The differences in the young adults' models as well as the difference between the young and older adults' models for positive and negative contingencies suggest that while associative processing is important, it may not account for all of the variation in contingency learning and judgment. The young adults' models for the negative contingency task indicates that higher level processes, such as inductive reasoning, maybe involved in negative contingency judgment because the associative learning task required some level of hypothesis testing. In contrast, positive contingency learning and judgment could rely primarily on more basic associative processes. The present findings therefore suggest that an overall model of contingency learning must include both associative processes and inductive reasoning processes. Older adults' general contingency performance was most directly related to their working memory executive functioning, suggesting that the decline in their working memory has the strongest effect on their ability to acquire and use information about contingencies. In fact, the age related decline in working memory seems to affect older adults' ability to acquire both positive and negative contingencies. The similarities across the older adult models for positive and negative contingencies indicate that the underlying deficit in older adults' working memory executive functioning that affects their overall contingency learning and judgment performance. This basic working memory executive functioning deficit for older adults also explains why their models for positive and negative contingency did not exhibit direct relationships between associative tasks and contingency learning as observed for the young adult models.
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McIntyre, A. H. "Applying psychology to forensic facial identification : perception and identification of facial composite images and facial image comparison." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9077.
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Eyewitness recognition is acknowledged to be prone to error but there is less understanding of difficulty in discriminating unfamiliar faces. This thesis examined the effects of face perception on identification of facial composites, and on unfamiliar face image comparison. Facial composites depict face memories by reconstructing features and configurations to form a likeness. They are generally reconstructed from an unfamiliar face memory, and will be unavoidably flawed. Identification will require perception of any accurate features, by someone who is familiar with the suspect and performance is typically poor. In typical face perception, face images are processed efficiently as complete units of information. Chapter 2 explored the possibility that holistic processing of inaccurate composite configurations will impair identification of individual features. Composites were split below the eyes and misaligned to impair holistic analysis (cf. Young, Hellawell, & Jay, 1987); identification was significantly enhanced, indicating that perceptual expertise with inaccurate configurations exerts powerful effects that can be reduced by enabling featural analysis. Facial composite recognition is difficult, which means that perception and judgement will be influence by an affective recognition bias: smiles enhance perceived familiarity, while negative expressions produce the opposite effect. In applied use, facial composites are generally produced from unpleasant memories and will convey negative expression; affective bias will, therefore, be important for facial composite recognition. Chapter 3 explored the effect of positive expression on composite identification: composite expressions were enhanced, and positive affect significantly increased identification. Affective quality rather than expression strength mediated the effect, with subtle manipulations being very effective. Facial image comparison (FIC) involves discrimination of two or more face images. Accuracy in unfamiliar face matching is typically in the region of 70%, and as discrimination is difficult, may be influenced by affective bias. Chapter 4 explored the smiling face effect in unfamiliar face matching. When multiple items were compared, positive affect did not enhance performance and false positive identification increased. With a delayed matching procedure, identification was not enhanced but in contrast to face recognition and simultaneous matching, positive affect improved rejection of foil images. Distinctive faces are easier to discriminate. Chapter 5 evaluated a systematic caricature transformation as a means to increase distinctiveness and enhance discrimination of unfamiliar faces. Identification of matching face images did not improve, but successful rejection of non-matching items was significantly enhanced. Chapter 6 used face matching to explore the basis of own race bias in face perception. Other race faces were manipulated to show own race facial variation, and own race faces to show African American facial variation. When multiple face images were matched simultaneously, the transformation impaired performance for all of the images; but when images were individually matched, the transformation improved perception of other race faces and discrimination of own race faces declined. Transformation of Japanese faces to show own race dimensions produced the same pattern of effects but failed to reach significance. The results provide support for both perceptual expertise and featural processing theories of own race bias. Results are interpreted with reference to face perception theories; implications for application and future study are discussed.
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Caputo, Davide. "Polanski and perception." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3183.
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Filmmaker Roman Polanski declares in his autobiography that he was greatly influenced by renowned neuropsychologist Richard L. Gregory (1923-2010), whose work, Polanski claims, gave scientific confirmation to many of his own beliefs regarding the nature of perception. Gregory was a strong advocate for what is referred to as the ‘indirect’ theory of perception, a theoretical model that stresses the agency of cognition, specifically hypothesisation, in the act of perceiving. This analysis of Polanski’s cinema is guided by an exploration of perceptual psychology, with special attention paid to how the theory of indirect perception differs from competing, and often more intuitive, models of perception. The two main focuses of this thesis are: a) to identify the ways in which Polanski’s cinematography is actively informed by neuropsychological research on perception, and b) to discuss the various ways in which the key philosophical implications of the theory of indirect perception find expression in his cinema. My analysis will focus primarily on two (unofficial) ‘trilogies’, what I refer to as the ‘Apartment Trilogy’ of Repulsion (1965), Rosemary’s Baby (1968), and The Tenant (1976), and the ‘Investigation Trilogy’ of Chinatown (1974), Frantic (1988) and The Ninth Gate (1999). Also included are minor case studies of Knife in the Water (1962), Death and the Maiden (1994), and The Ghost (2010). This thesis hopes to demonstrate the manner in which Polanski’s cinematic engagement with perceptual psychology evolves over his career, from more psychologically intimate explorations of the perceptual mechanism via portrayals of schizophrenia in his earlier films, to more distant studies of highly proficient perceiving bodies who are nevertheless confronted with serious challenges to their perceptual (and epistemological) frameworks.
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Heck, Alison, Alyson Chroust, Hannah White, Rachel Jubran, and Ramesh S. Bhatt. "Development of Body Emotion Perception in Infancy: From Discrimination to Recognition." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2730.
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Research suggests that infants progress from discrimination to recognition of emotions in faces during the first half year of life. It is whether the perception of emotions from bodies develops in a similar manner. In the current study, when presented with happy and angry body videos and voices, 5-month-olds looked longer at the matching video when they were presented upright but not when they were inverted. In contrast, 3.5-month-olds failed to match even with upright videos. Thus, 5-month-olds but not 3.5-month-olds exhibited evidence of recognition of emotions from bodies by demonstrating intermodal matching. In a subsequent experiment, younger infants did discriminate between body emotion videos but failed to exhibit an inversion effect, suggesting that discrimination may be based on low-level stimulus features. These results document a developmental change from discrimination based on non-emotional information at 3.5 months to recognition of body emotions at 5 months. This pattern of development is similar to face emotion knowledge development and suggests that both the face and body emotion perception systems develop rapidly during the first half year of life.
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Patnaik, Anita. "The Physical Discrimination and Possible Concept of Object Weight That Exists in Infants and Toddlers." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/46.
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Young children’s attention to a variety of object features has been studied. However, very few studies have examined young children’s understanding of object weight. In order to investigate developmental changes in perception and categorization of weight, three tasks were given to 59 18-month-old to 3-year-old children. Three age groups (20; 27 and 34 months old) were analyzed for the final results. The first two tasks used a familiarization and novelty preference paradigm in which attention was assessed by measuring each child’s looking time.
The first task’s goal was to evaluate young children’s ability to discriminate objects on the basis of weight. Children were familiarized with an object of one weight and then tested with an identical looking object that had a novel weight. Half of the subjects were familiarized to a heavy weight and half to a light weight object. Results showed a decrease in looking time over the familiarization trials (p = .0001) and an increase in attention to the novel weight (p = .0001). Thus, all children in the first task were able to discriminate object weight. Additional analyses for the first task assessed physical discrimination of object weight by examining the amount of arm movement each child exhibited within 250 milliseconds after taking an object. A significant difference in arm movement was found between the last familiarization and novel weight trials of the heavy (p = .0097) and light (p = .0001) conditions.
The second task’s goal was to evaluate children’s ability to attend to object weight when appearance varies. Children were familiarized to four objects that had the same weight but differed in appearance. Half of the subjects were familiarized to heavy objects and half to light objects. After familiarization, the children were tested with one object that had the same weight but a different appearance and another object that had the same appearance but a different weight. Results revealed that the children’s looking time decreased over the familiarization trials (p = .0001). Analyses of test trials revealed that only the two older age groups had significant novelty preference scores for both the new weight and new appearance trials.
The third task used a balance scale to measure understanding of weight by observing a child’s ability to pick a heavy object to make a balance scale tip. Children were given a light and heavy object with the same appearance and asked to choose which one would tip the balance scale. Results showed that only 34 month olds had significantly more correct trials (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the study’s results indicated that all young children are capable of discriminating object weight when familiarized to one object but that only the two older age groups were significantly capable of doing this when familiarized to more than one object. Results also indicated that only 34 month olds were capable of using weight differences in a more functional way, namely to tip a balance scale.
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Davis, Tehran J. "The role of affordance perception in action-selection." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1330024294.
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Mannering, Anne. "The development of visual and auditory imagery in young children /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1276405391&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "Reaction time tasks designed to measure static and dynamic imagery processes in both vision and audition were tested with two adult samples ... and one sample of 5-year-old children"--P. iv. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-264). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Andersson, Isabell. "Modes of Apprehension, and Indicators thereof, in Visual Discrimination of Relative Mass." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108214.
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Lambert, Hayley M. "Emotion Discrimination in Peripheral Vision." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2087.
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The recognition accuracy of emotion in faces varies depending on the discrete emotion being expressed and the location of the stimulus. More specifically, emotion detection performance declines as facial stimuli are presented further out in the periphery. Interestingly, this is not always true for faces depicting happy emotional expressions, which can be associated with maintained levels of detection. The current study examined neurophysiological responses to emotional face discrimination in the periphery. Two event-related potentials (ERPs) that can be sensitive to the perception of emotion in faces, P1 and N170, were examined using EEG data recorded from electrodes at occipitotemporal sites on the scalp. Participants saw a face presented at a 0° angle of eccentricity, at a 10° angle of eccentricity, or at a 20° angle of eccentricity, and responded whether the face was a specific emotion or neutral. Results showed that emotion detection was higher when faces were presented at the center of the display than at 10° or 20° for both happy and angry expressions. Likewise, the voltage amplitude of the N170 component was greater when faces were presented at the center of the display than at 10° or 20°. Further exploration of the data revealed that high intensity expressions were more easily detected at each location and elicited a larger amplitude N170 than low intensity expressions for both emotions. For a peripheral emotion discrimination task like that which was employed in the current study, emotion cues seem to enhance face processing at peripheral locations.
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White, Eliah J. "The Influence of Multimodally Specified Effort on Distance Perception." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1219083136.
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Mowafy, Marilyn Kay. "Motion perception: The effects of perceived three-dimensional distance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184431.
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Contemporary computational models of motion perception assume that in processing continuous or near-continuous motion information, the visual system measures spatial displacement in retinal coordinates over a series of time-varying images. Additional three-dimensional information possessed by the system purportedly does not influence this low-level motion analysis. The present research investigated the influence of static three-dimensional distance information recovered from binocular disparity on the perceived direction of motion. It was assumed that if a stereoscopic display context influenced perceived motion direction, the apparent velocity of a moving element would increase in order to traverse the greater apparent distance. This would be reflected in a predictable pattern of errors when the true angular velocity was the same, slower or faster than that of the standard. The stimuli consisted of random-dot stereograms depicting surfaces at varying distances and orientations. In one stereoscopic display, the disparity information indicated a surface sloping smoothly in depth from crossed to uncrossed disparity. The second display contained two fronto-parallel planes at discrete distances from the observed. Motion stimuli were single element translating horizontally and presented monocularly to the observer's right eye. Experiment 1 compared differential velocity judgments in the contexts of the sloped surface and a control condition at zero disparity. The results indicated an overall increase in the perceived velocity of the element moving in the context of the sloped surface. The pattern of results was replicated in experiment 2, but an additional effect of the relative positions of the two surfaces also was obtained. Experiment 3 explored the case of two discrete fronto-parallel planes, one at crossed disparity and the other at uncrossed disparity. This experiment also produced a position effect, but indicated that the perceived distance of the two planes did not differentially affect observer's velocity judgments. It was concluded that in some cases, the metric of motion analysis could be affected by three-dimensional information recovered from binocular disparity. The particular case discovered in these experiments was a surface that appeared to slope smoothly in depth. Discrete depth planes produced no such effect.
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Hollander, Ari J. "An exploration of virtual auditory shape perception /." Connect to this title online (HTML format) Connect to this title online (RTF format), 1994. http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/hollander/.
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Jones, John. "Memory for Non-Focal Words." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/284.
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In two experiments a modified flanker paradigm was used to simultaneously present a focal word and an incidental non-focal word. The participants' task was to process the focal word in one of two conditions: naming aloud or a conceptual decision (concrete or abstract). The focal and non-focal words were either semantically related or not. Participants were instructed to direct their attention at the focal word. Furthermore, the presentation of the focal word was brief to reduce the possibility of eye movement to the non-focal word. Memory was measured with implicit and explicit memory tests. Evidence was found to suggest implicit memory traces were created for incidentally presented non-focal items, but explicit tests showed no sign of memory.