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Journal articles on the topic 'Perception. Subliminal perception'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ramsøy, Thomas Zoëga, and Morten Overgaard. "Introspection and subliminal perception." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3, no. 1 (2004): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:phen.0000041900.30172.e8.

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2

Verleger, Rolf, Piotr Jaskowski, and Rob H. J. van der Lubbe. "Mechanisms of subliminal perception." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91712-4.

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3

Underwood, Geoffrey. "Subliminal perception on TV." Nature 370, no. 6485 (July 1994): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370103a0.

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4

Ainsworth, L. L. "Problems with subliminal perception." Journal of Business and Psychology 3, no. 3 (1989): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01023053.

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5

Sand, Anders, and Mats E. Nilsson. "When Perception Trumps Reality." Psychological Science 28, no. 3 (January 25, 2017): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616684681.

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Is semantic priming driven by the objective or perceived meaning of the priming stimulus? This question is relevant given that many studies suggest that the objective meaning of invisible stimuli can influence cognitive processes and behavior. In an experiment involving 66 participants, we tested how the perceived meaning of misperceived stimuli influenced response times. Stroop priming (i.e., longer response times for incongruent than for congruent prime-target pairs) was observed in trials in which the prime was correctly identified. However, reversed Stroop priming was observed when the prime stimulus was incorrectly identified. Even in trials in which participants reported no perception of the prime and identified the primes at close to chance level (i.e., trials that meet both subjective and objective definitions of being subliminal), Stroop priming corresponded to perceived congruency, not objective congruency. This result suggests that occasional weak percepts and mispercepts are intermixed with no percepts in conditions traditionally claimed to be subliminal, casting doubt on claims of subliminal priming made in previous reports.

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Sandberg, Kristian, Simon Hviid Del Pin, Morten Overgaard, and Bo Martin Bibby. "A window of subliminal perception." Behavioural Brain Research 426 (May 2022): 113842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113842.

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7

Macmillan, Neil A. "The psychophysics of subliminal perception." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 1986): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00021427.

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8

Kihlstrom, John F. "Availability, accessibility, and subliminal perception." Consciousness and Cognition 13, no. 1 (March 2004): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2003.09.004.

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9

Levin, Ross, and Laura Lamontanaro. "Visual-Spatial Aspects of Primary Process in Dreaming and Waking Thought." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 17, no. 1 (September 1997): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/e438-1yqf-35r0-04pc.

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The present study investigated empirically whether condensation-like phenomena, as measured by boundary disturbances, are a reliable and internally-consistent phenomena in the dreams, Rorschach responses, and preconscious perceptions of the same individual. Subjects kept dream logs for two weeks and were administered the Rorschach and a subliminal perception task which involved the presentation of both a subliminal and supraliminal stimulus. Visual condensation was positively correlated for the dream and Rorschach protocols on most measures. Further, Rorschach boundary disruption was significantly associated with the amount of incorporation of the subliminal stimulus in subjects' drawings of the supraliminal stimulus. These results suggest that primary process mechanisms are evident in both conscious and nonconscious mentation and support a reconceptualization of primary process in terms of actual perceptual mechanisms which is of potential heuristic value in the empirical elucidation of dreams, creativity, and preconscious perception.

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10

Yahnke, Beverly K. "The Effects of Functional Brain Asymmetry upon Subliminal Perception." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 8, no. 2 (October 1988): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xfht-mlmh-beh0-fltp.

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The study examines children's preconscious processing of auditory subliminal stimuli. Subjects used five adjective continua scales to rate the affect of a blurred neutral face and their own affect. Subjects preferring left hemisphere cognition were most sensitive to the subliminal stimulation. And, subjects processing messages unilaterally were significantly more sensitive to subliminal stimuli than were subjects processing the messages bilaterally. Further, subjects' personal affect was influenced by the subliminal stimuli at a significantly greater level than subjects' ratings of a neutral face. Finally, significant differences emerged among the rating scales, with some scales more sensitive to the subliminal effect than others. Results are discussed in light of research on functional brain asymmetry.

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11

Riener, Andreas, Pierre Chalfoun, and Claude Frasson. "The Potential of Subliminal Information Displays to Change Driver Behavior." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00170.

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In the long history of subliminal messages and perception, many contradictory results have been presented. One group of researchers suggests that subliminal interaction techniques improve human–computer interaction by reducing sensory workload, whereas others have found that subliminal perception does not work. In this paper, we want to challenge this prejudice by first defining a terminology and introducing a theoretical taxonomy of mental processing states, then reviewing and discussing the potential of subliminal approaches for different sensory channels, and finally recapitulating the findings from our studies on subliminally triggered behavior change. Our objective is to mitigate driving problems caused by excessive information. Therefore, this work focuses on subliminal techniques applied to driver–vehicle interaction to induce a nonconscious change in driver behavior. Based on a survey of related work which identified the potential of subliminal cues in driving, we conducted two user studies assessing their applicability in real-world situations. The first study evaluated whether subtle (subliminal) vibrations could promote economical driving, and the second exposed drivers to very briefly flashed visual stimuli to assess their potential to improve steering behavior. Our results suggest that subliminal approaches are indeed feasible to provide drivers with added driving support without dissipating attention resources. Despite the lack of general evidence for uniform effectiveness of such interfaces in all driving circumstances, we firmly believe that such interfaces are valuable since they may eventually prevent accidents, save lives, and even reduce fuel costs and CO2 emissions for some drivers. For all these reasons, we are confident that subliminally driven interfaces will find their way into cars of the (near) future.

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12

Phillips, C. J. C., and C. A. Lomas. "Subliminal perception of colour by cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000302.

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In humans subliminal perception is more evident in vision than other senses (Dixon, 1987) but it has not been reported in animals. The presence of subliminal visual perception might be suspected in cattle because of their low level of perceptual discrimination ability of visual cues relative to humans (e.g. Phillips and Weiguo, 1991), despite their sensory apparatus being similar in many respects. Experiments were therefore conducted to determine the extent of cattle colour perception and examine whether the effects of colour on cattle behaviour transcend that their perceptual abilities. We sought to a) confirm that cattle are dichromats, taking account of stimulus brightness, which has not always been the case in previous experiments investigating cattle colour vision, and b) investigate whether cattle exhibit differences in behaviour in isoluminant primary colours for trichromatic vision. Confirmation that cattle are dichromats, together with demonstrations of differences in behaviour in the three primary colours would suggest the existence of subliminal perception, and would question the validity of determining animal welfare requirements solely on psychophysical testing of supraliminal perception.

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13

Bernstein, Ira H., Victor Bissonnette, Avni Vyas, and Pamela Barclay. "Semantic priming: Subliminal perception or context?" Perception & Psychophysics 45, no. 2 (March 1989): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03208050.

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14

Henke, Katharina, Theodor Landis, and Hans J. Markowitsch. "Subliminal Perception of Words and Faces." International Journal of Neuroscience 75, no. 3-4 (January 1994): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207459408986302.

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15

Cuperfain, Ronnie, and T. K. Clarke. "A New Perspective of Subliminal Perception." Journal of Advertising 14, no. 1 (March 1985): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1985.10672928.

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16

Dupoux, Emmanuel, Vincent de Gardelle, and Sid Kouider. "Subliminal speech perception and auditory streaming." Cognition 109, no. 2 (November 2008): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.06.012.

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17

Sidhu, Harjot, Mark Kern, and Reza Shaker. "Absence of increasing cortical fMRI activity volume in response to increasing visceral stimulation in IBS patients." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 2 (August 2004): G425—G435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2003.

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Cerebral cortical activity associated with perceived visceral sensation represents registration of afferent transduction and cognitive processes related to perception. Abnormalities of gut sensory function can involve either or both of these processes. Cortical registration of subliminal viscerosensory signals represents cerebral cortical activity induced by stimulation of intestinal sensory neurocircuitry without the influence of perception-related cortical activity, whereas those associated with perception represent both neural circuitry and cognitive processes. Our aims were to determine and compare quantitatively cerebral cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in response to subliminal, liminal, and nonpainful supraliminal rectal distension between a group of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and age/gender-matched controls. Eight female IBS patients and eight age-matched healthy female control subjects were studied using brain fMRI techniques. Three barostat-controlled distension levels were tested: 1) 10 mmHg below perception (subliminal), 2) at perception (liminal), and 3) 10 mmHg above perception (supraliminal). In control subjects, there was a direct relationship between stimulus intensity and cortical activity volumes, ie., the volume of fMRI cortical activity in response to subliminal (3,226 ± 335 μl), liminal (5,751 ± 396 μl), and supraliminal nonpainful stimulation (8,246 ± 624 μl) were significantly different ( P < 0.05). In contrast, in IBS patients this relationship was absent and fMRI activity volumes for subliminal (2,985 ± 332 μl), liminal (2,457 ± 342 μl), and supraliminal nonpainful stimulation (2,493 ± 351 μl) were similar. Additional recruitment of cortical fMRI activity volume in response to increasing stimulation from subliminal to liminal and supraliminal domains is absent in IBS patients, suggesting a difference in the processing of perceived stimulation compared with controls.

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18

Hardcastle, Valerie Gray. "Visual perception is not visual awareness." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01360119.

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O'Regan & Noë mistakenly identify visual processing with visual experience. I outline some reasons why this is a mistake, taking my data and arguments mainly from the literature on subliminal processing.

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19

Keywan, Aram, Haike Dietrich, and Max Wuehr. "Subliminal Passive Motion Stimulation Improves Vestibular Perception." Neuroscience 441 (August 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.053.

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20

Crowder, Robert G. "A history of subliminal perception in autobiography." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 1986): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00021324.

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21

Hall, Michael D., and Richard E. Pastore. "Musical duplex perception: Perception of figurally good chords with subliminal distinguishing tones." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 3 (1992): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.752.

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22

Overgaard, Morten, and Jesper Mogensen. "Visual perception from the perspective of a representational, non-reductionistic, level-dependent account of perception and conscious awareness." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (May 5, 2014): 20130209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0209.

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This article proposes a new model to interpret seemingly conflicting evidence concerning the correlation of consciousness and neural processes. Based on an analysis of research of blindsight and subliminal perception, the reorganization of elementary functions and consciousness framework suggests that mental representations consist of functions at several different levels of analysis, including truly localized perceptual elementary functions and perceptual algorithmic modules, which are interconnections of the elementary functions. We suggest that conscious content relates to the ‘top level’ of analysis in a ‘situational algorithmic strategy’ that reflects the general state of an individual. We argue that conscious experience is intrinsically related to representations that are available to guide behaviour. From this perspective, we find that blindsight and subliminal perception can be explained partly by too coarse-grained methodology, and partly by top-down enhancing of representations that normally would not be relevant to action.

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23

Maalik, Bassel Noureddine, and Dr Radwan N. Choughari. "Subliminal Messages in Marketing and Consumers’ Purchasing Intention—A Case Study of Online Shopping from Lebanese Perspective." Research in Economics and Management 6, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): p36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v6n1p36.

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Understanding the major elements affecting consumers purchasing intention is important because it is directly related with the actual purchase. To attract more customers and boost their sales, online marketers use subliminal messages in advertising. The subliminal message is not perceived directly by the consumers’ consciousness, but still remains in their mind in a subtle way. Hidden messages within advertising is a manipulating force to buy the product, or to increase the purchasing intention. The objective of this article is to explore and describe the influence of the perception, awareness, and knowledge of subliminal messages and subliminal persuasion on consumers’ purchasing intention. The data collection used a cross-sectional descriptive approach. This study is descriptive following a causal model. The sample belongs to the population of Lebanese consumers. An online questionnaire was used during this study. A total of 510 Lebanese consumers had completed the questionnaire online. The influence of perception of subliminal messages, awareness of subliminal messages, knowledge of subliminal message and subliminal persuasion are positive which validate a positive relation among these variables. As for the future avenues of research, it would be interesting to assess the effectiveness of some consumer anticipation and the protection against manipulation with regard to subliminal messages.

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24

BACAKSIZ, Pınar. "NEUROMARKETING AND SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION PHENOMENON: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY." Social Sciences Studies Journal 3, no. 9 (January 1, 2017): 1002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.132.

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25

Benoit, Stephen C., and Roger L. Thomas. "The Influence of Expectancy in Subliminal Perception Experiments." Journal of General Psychology 119, no. 4 (October 1992): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1992.9921176.

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26

Baumgarten, T., S. Königs, A. Schnitzler, and J. Lange. "EPV 11. Subliminal Tactile Stimuli Modulate Perception Rhythmically." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 9 (September 2016): e220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.037.

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27

Kostandov, E. A., and Y. L. Arzumanov. "Neural mechanisms of subliminal perception and unaccountable emotions." International Journal of Psychophysiology 7, no. 2-4 (August 1989): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(89)90211-0.

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28

Chiesa, Patrizia Andrea, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Adriano Acciarino, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti. "Subliminal perception of others’ physical pain and pleasure." Experimental Brain Research 233, no. 8 (May 15, 2015): 2373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4307-8.

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29

Henke, Katharina, Theodor Landis, and Hans J. Markowitsch. "Subliminal Perception of Pictures in the Right Hemisphere." Consciousness and Cognition 2, no. 3 (September 1993): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1993.1021.

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30

Gregory, Pierre. "Notes sur la persuasion subliminale : Quelques acquis de la recherche marketing pour éclairer un mythe." Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) 8, no. 3 (September 1993): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/076737019300800305.

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Les dernières années de la décennie 1980 et les premières années de la décennie 1990 ont été marquées par les progrès de la recherche en communication persuasive. Mieux comprendre la part prise par les émotions suscitées par les messages dans l'efficacité de la publicité, le rôle des traces perceptives et des stimuli non-verbaux au moment de la prise de décision d'achat permet de revisiter le domaine controversé de la persuasion subliminale. Cet article s'efforce de clarifier les concepts de stimulus subliminal, de perception et de persuasion subliminales, puis de concilier les conclusions diamétralement opposées des psychologues et des chercheurs en marketing sur les effets possibles des stimuli qui ne dépassent pas le seuil de conscience. Il présente les développements sous forme didactique pour pouvoir servir, aussi directement que possible, de base aux enseignants qui souhaitent actualiser leurs cours sur ce sujet.

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31

Ritter, Walter. "Benefits of Subliminal Feedback Loops in Human-Computer Interaction." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/346492.

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A lot of efforts have been directed to enriching human-computer interaction to make the user experience more pleasing or efficient. In this paper, we briefly present work in the fields of subliminal perception and affective computing, before we outline a new approach to add analog communication channels to the human-computer interaction experience. In this approach, in addition to symbolic predefined mappings of input to output, a subliminal feedback loop is used that provides feedback in evolutionary subliminal steps. In two studies involving concentration-intensive games, we investigated the impact of this approach. In a first study evolutionary feedback loops adjusted the user interface of a memory game whereas in the second study the lighting of the test room was adjusted dynamically. The results show that in settings with an evolutionary feedback loop test participants were able to reach significantly higher scores compared to the static counterparts. Finally, we discuss the impact that such subliminally working applications might have on the user's acceptance.

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32

Cetnarski, Ryszard, Alberto Betella, Hielke Prins, Sid Kouider, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure. "Subliminal Response Priming in Mixed Reality: The Ecological Validity of a Classic Paradigm of Perception." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00171.

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Subliminal stimuli can affect perception, decision-making, and action without being accessible to conscious awareness. Most evidence supporting this notion has been obtained in highly controlled laboratory conditions. Hence, its generalization to more realistic and ecologically valid contexts is unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of subliminal cues in an immersive navigation task using the so-called eXperience Induction Machine (XIM), a human accessible mixed-reality system. Subjects were asked to navigate through a maze at high speed. At irregular intervals, one group of subjects was exposed to subliminal aversive stimuli using the masking paradigm. We hypothesized that these stimuli would bias decision-making. Indeed, our results confirm this hypothesis and indicate that a subliminal channel of interaction exists between the user and the XIM. These results are relevant in our understanding of the bandwidth of communication that can be established between humans and their physical and social environment, thus opening up to new and powerful methods to interface humans and artefacts.

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33

Overbeeke, C. J. "Changing the Perception of Behavioral Properties by Subliminal Presentation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 1 (February 1986): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.255.

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34

Takahashi, Akira. "The Nature of the Stimulus in Subliminal Story Perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 3PM—068–3PM—068. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_3pm-068.

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35

Pavone, Enea Francesco, Carlo Alberto Marzi, and Massimo Girelli. "Does subliminal visual perception have an error-monitoring system?" European Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 7 (October 5, 2009): 1424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06908.x.

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36

Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh. "Subliminal perception and its cognates: Theory, indeterminacy, and time." Consciousness and Cognition 13, no. 1 (March 2004): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00051-5.

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37

Arese Lucini, Francesca, Gino Del Ferraro, Mariano Sigman, and Hernán A. Makse. "How the Brain Transitions from Conscious to Subliminal Perception." Neuroscience 411 (July 2019): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.047.

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38

Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh. "Experimental indeterminacies in the dissociation paradigm of subliminal perception." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 1986): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00021348.

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39

Okumura, Yuko, Yasuhiro Kanakogi, Fumiya Yonemitsu, Hideyuki Takahashi, Masanori Takano, and Nobuhiro Mifune. "Subliminal Social Impact—implicit agency perception embedded in environment—." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 83 (September 11, 2019): SS—076—SS—076. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_ss-076.

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Kouider, Sid, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1481 (April 2, 2007): 857–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2093.

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Understanding the extent and limits of non-conscious processing is an important step on the road to a thorough understanding of the cognitive and cerebral correlates of conscious perception. In this article, we present a critical review of research on subliminal perception during masking and other related experimental conditions. Although initially controversial, the possibility that a broad variety of processes can be activated by a non-reportable stimulus is now well established. Behavioural findings of subliminal priming indicate that a masked word or digit can have an influence on perceptual, lexical and semantic levels, while neuroimaging directly visualizes the brain activation that it evokes in several cortical areas. This activation is often attenuated under subliminal presentation conditions compared to consciously reportable conditions, but there are sufficiently many exceptions, in paradigms such as the attentional blink, to indicate that high activation, per se , is not a sufficient condition for conscious access to occur. We conclude by arguing that for a stimulus to reach consciousness, two factors are jointly needed: (i) the input stimulus must have enough strength (which can be prevented by masking) and (ii) it must receive top-down attention (which can be prevented by drawing attention to another stimulus or task). This view leads to a distinction between two types of non-conscious processes, which we call subliminal and preconscious. According to us, maintaining this distinction is essential in order to make sense of the growing neuroimaging data on the neural correlates of consciousness.

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Smith, Timothy B. "Effects of Subliminal Stimuli on Unconscious Processing of Anxiety: An Examination of Implicit Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3 (December 1993): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.899.

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Researchers in cognitive psychology generally accept that information, including emotions, may be processed outside of awareness. Some have postulated that anxiety may be induced by stimuli presented below the level of detection, a process called implicit perception; however, conflicting findings as to the validity of subliminal stimuli in influencing anxiety have been reported over the past decade. In the present study, 39 subjects were exposed to either positive, negative, or neutral subliminal stimuli, and half the subjects were informed as to the type of stimuli they received. All subjects were monitored for frontalis muscle tension, a physiological indicator of anxiety, on an electromyograph (EMG). No significant effects of the exposure upon EMG recordings were noted. Awareness of the type of stimuli presented had a small but insignificant effect. These results, although tentative, when replicated would question the validity of subliminal visual presentation in altering emotive states.

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42

Liddell, Belinda J., Leanne M. Williams, Jennifer Rathjen, Howard Shevrin, and Evian Gordon. "A Temporal Dissociation of Subliminal versus Supraliminal Fear Perception: An Event-related Potential Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (April 2004): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904322926809.

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Current theories of emotion suggest that threat-related stimuli are first processed via an automatically engaged neural mechanism, which occurs outside conscious awareness. This mechanism operates in conjunction with a slower and more comprehensive process that allows a detailed evaluation of the potentially harmful stimulus (LeDoux, 1998). We drew on the Halgren and Marinkovic (1995) model to examine these processes using event-related potentials (ERPs) within a backward masking paradigm. Stimuli used were faces with fear and neutral (as baseline control) expressions, presented above (supraliminal) and below (subliminal) the threshold for conscious detection. ERP data revealed a double dissociation for the supraliminal versus subliminal perception of fear. In the subliminal condition, responses to the perception of fear stimuli were enhanced relative to neutral for the N2 “excitatory” component, which is thought to represent orienting and automatic aspects of face processing. By contrast, supraliminal perception of fear was associated with relatively enhanced responses for the late P3 “inhibitory” component, implicated in the integration of emotional processes. These findings provide evidence in support of Halgren and Marinkovic's temporal model of emotion processing, and indicate that the neural mechanisms for appraising signals of threat may be initiated, not only automatically, but also without the need for conscious detection of these signals.

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43

Iliopoulos, Fivos, Till Nierhaus, and Arno Villringer. "Electrical noise modulates perception of electrical pulses in humans: sensation enhancement via stochastic resonance." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00392.2013.

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Although noise is usually considered to be harmful for signal detection and information transmission, stochastic resonance (SR) describes the counterintuitive phenomenon of noise enhancing the detection and transmission of weak input signals. In mammalian sensory systems, SR-related phenomena may arise both in the peripheral and the central nervous system. Here, we investigate behavioral SR effects of subliminal electrical noise stimulation on the perception of somatosensory stimuli in humans. We compare the likelihood to detect near-threshold pulses of different intensities applied on the left index finger during presence vs. absence of subliminal noise on the same or an adjacent finger. We show that (low-pass) noise can enhance signal detection when applied on the same finger. This enhancement is strong for near-threshold pulses below the 50% detection threshold and becomes stronger when near-threshold pulses are applied as brief trains. The effect reverses at pulse intensities above threshold, especially when noise is replaced by subliminal sinusoidal stimulation, arguing for a peripheral direct current addition. Unfiltered noise applied on longer pulses enhances detection of all pulse intensities. Noise applied to an adjacent finger has two opposing effects: an inhibiting effect (presumably due to lateral inhibition) and an enhancing effect (most likely due to SR in the central nervous system). In summary, we demonstrate that subliminal noise can significantly modulate detection performance of near-threshold stimuli. Our results indicate SR effects in the peripheral and central nervous system.

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Miller, Jeff. "Threshold variability in subliminal perception experiments: Fixed threshold estimates reduce power to detect subliminal effects." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17, no. 3 (1991): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.17.3.841.

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KURUP, RAVI KUMAR, and PARAMESWARA ACHUTHA KURUP. "A HYPOTHALAMIC DIGOXIN-MEDIATED MODEL FOR CONSCIOUS AND SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION." International Journal of Neuroscience 113, no. 6 (January 2003): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450390200945.

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Araújo, Nuno A. M., and José S. Andrade. "Physical modeling and data analysis bring subliminal perception into consciousness." Neuroscience 411 (July 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.009.

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Osimo, Sofia Adelaide, Sebastian Korb, and Marilena Aiello. "Obesity, subliminal perception and inhibition: Neuromodulation of the prefrontal cortex." Behaviour Research and Therapy 119 (August 2019): 103408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.05.005.

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Ravi Kumar, A., and P. A. Kurup. "A hypothalamic digoxin mediated model for conscious and subliminal perception." Journal of Neural Transmission 108, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 855–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020170035.

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Urban, Michael J. "Auditory Subliminal Stimulation: A Re-Examination." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 2 (April 1992): 515–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.515.

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Abstract:

Unconscious or subliminal perception has historically been a thorny issue In psychology. It has been the subject of debate and experimentation since the turn of the century. While psychologists now agree that the phenomenon of visual subliminal stimulation is real, disagreement continues over the effects of such stimulation as well as to its existence in other sensory modalities, notably the auditory. The present paper provides an overview of unresolved issues in auditory subliminal stimulation which explains much of the difficulty that has been encountered in experimental work in this area. A context is proposed for considering the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and an overview of current investigations in this field is provided.

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Crawley, Susan E., Christopher C. French, and Steven A. Yesson. "Evidence for Transliminality from a Subliminal Card-Guessing Task." Perception 31, no. 7 (July 2002): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3186.

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Abstract:

In this experiment we sought to provide evidence for transliminality from a test of subliminal perception that was disguised as a computerised ESP card-guessing task. It was predicted that highly transliminal individuals would outperform those with low levels of transliminality when given subliminal primes or ‘clues’ to the correct choice of card, but not when no primes were given. In line with the prediction, higher levels of transliminality were found to be associated with a greater number of correct selections of the target card on the primed trials, but not on the unprimed trials. In addition, a positive correlation was obtained between transliminality and detection accuracy, suggesting that higher levels of transliminality are associated with a greater sensitivity to visual stimulation. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility that transliminality might offer an alternative explanation for some ostensibly psychic perceptual experiences if subliminally acquired material is wrongly attributed to psychic sources.

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