Journal articles: 'Perceptual cycle'

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Masuta, Hiroyuki, and Naoyuki Kubota. "An Integrated Perceptual System of Different Perceptual Elements for an Intelligent Robot." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 7 (November 20, 2010): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0770.

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This paper discusses an integrated perceptual system for intelligent robots. Robots should be able to perceive environments flexibly enough to realize intelligent behavior. We focus on a perceptual system based on the perceiving-acting cycle discussed in ecological psychology. The perceptual system we propose consists of a retinal model and a spiking-neural network realizing the perceiving-acting cycle concept. We apply our proposal to a robot arm with a threedimensional (3D)-range camera. We verified the feasibility of the perceptual system using a single input such as depth or luminance information. Our proposal integrates different perceptual elements for improving the accuracy of perception. Experimental results showed that our proposal perceives the targeted dish accurately by integrating different perceptual elements using the 3D-range camera.

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Meese, Tim S., and Mark A. Georgeson. "Spatial Filter Combination in Human Pattern Vision: Channel Interactions Revealed by Adaptation." Perception 25, no. 3 (March 1996): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p250255.

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Above threshold, two superimposed sinusoidal gratings of the same spatial frequency (eg 1 cycle deg−1), of equal moderate contrast (eg C1 = C2 = 6%), and with orientations of ±45°, usually look like a compound structure containing vertical and horizontal edges (ie a blurred checkerboard). These feature orientations are very different from the dominant filter orientations in a wavelet-type (eg simple-cell) transform of the stimulus, and so present a serious challenge to conventional models of orientation coding based on labelled linear filters. Previous experiments on perceived structure in static plaids have led to the view that the outputs of tuned spatial filters are combined in a stimulus-dependent way, before features such as edges are extracted. Here an adaptation paradigm was used to investigate the cross-channel interactions that appear to underlie the spatial-filter-combination process. Reported are two aftereffects of selective adaptation: (i) adaptation to a 1 cycle deg−1 plaid whose component orientations are intermediate to those in a 1 cycle deg−1 test plaid ‘breaks’ perceptual combination of the components in the test plaid; (ii) adapting to a 3 cycles deg−1 plaid whose component orientations match those in a 1 cycle deg−1 test plaid facilitates perceptual combination of the components in the test plaid. The results are taken as evidence that spatial channels remote from those most responsive to a test plaid play a crucial role in determining whether the test plaid segments or coheres perceptually.

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KANG, JIE, EDWARD C. CHALOUPKA, M. ALYSIA MASTRANGELO, JAY R. HOFFMAN, NICHOLAS A. RATAMESS, and ELIZABETH O???CONNOR. "Metabolic and Perceptual Responses during Spinning?? Cycle Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, no. 5 (May 2005): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000161826.28186.76.

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Altemus, Margaret, Bruce E. Wexler, and Nicholas Boulis. "Changes in perceptual asymmetry with the menstrual cycle." Neuropsychologia 27, no. 2 (January 1989): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(89)90174-7.

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Lauterbach, Wolf, and Michael J. Kozak. "Stimulus avoidance and perceptual adaptation: A vicious cycle paradigm?" Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 29, no. 3 (September 1998): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(98)00015-9.

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Fonzi, Laura, Yoon Kim, Lindsey Shouey, Michael Welikonich, Robert Robertson, Fredric Goss, and Deborah Aaron. "Anticipation Bias During A Cycle Ergometer Perceptual Production Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272978.82010.92.

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Cockerill, Ian M., Julie A. Wormington, and Alan M. Nevill. "Menstrual-cycle effects on mood and perceptual-motor performance." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38, no. 7 (October 1994): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90029-9.

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Compton, Rebecca J., and Susan Cohen Levine. "Menstrual Cycle Phase and Mood Effects on Perceptual Asymmetry." Brain and Cognition 35, no. 2 (November 1997): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1997.0936.

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Bukhari, Syed Tanweer Shah, and Wajahat Mahmood Qazi. "Perceptual and Semantic Processing in Cognitive Robots." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182216.

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The challenge in human–robot interaction is to build an agent that can act upon human implicit statements, where the agent is instructed to execute tasks without explicit utterance. Understanding what to do under such scenarios requires the agent to have the capability to process object grounding and affordance learning from acquired knowledge. Affordance has been the driving force for agents to construct relationships between objects, their effects, and actions, whereas grounding is effective in the understanding of spatial maps of objects present in the environment. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a methodology for the extension of object affordance and grounding, the Bloom-based cognitive cycle, and the formulation of perceptual semantics for the context-based human–robot interaction. In this study, we implemented YOLOv3 to formulate visual perception and LSTM to identify the level of the cognitive cycle, as cognitive processes synchronized in the cognitive cycle. In addition, we used semantic networks and conceptual graphs as a method to represent knowledge in various dimensions related to the cognitive cycle. The visual perception showed average precision of 0.78, an average recall of 0.87, and an average F1 score of 0.80, indicating an improvement in the generation of semantic networks and conceptual graphs. The similarity index used for the lingual and visual association showed promising results and improves the overall experience of human–robot interaction.

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Ofir, Dror, Pierantonio Laveneziana, Katherine A. Webb, and Denis E. O'Donnell. "Ventilatory and perceptual responses to cycle exercise in obese women." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2006.

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The main purpose of this study was to examine the relative contribution of respiratory mechanical factors and the increased metabolic cost of locomotion to exertional breathlessness in obese women. We examined the relationship of intensity of breathlessness to ventilation (V̇e) when exertional oxygen uptake (V̇o2) of obesity was minimized by cycle exercise. Eighteen middle-aged (54 ± 8 yr, mean ± SD) obese [body mass index (BMI) 40.2 ± 7.8 kg/m2] and 13 age-matched normal-weight (BMI 23.3 ± 1.7 kg/m2) women were studied. Breathlessness at higher submaximal cycle work rates was significantly increased (by ≥1 Borg unit) in obese compared with normal-weight women, in association with a 35–45% increase in V̇e and a higher metabolic cost of exercise. Obese women demonstrated greater resting expiratory flow limitation, reduced resting end-expiratory lung volume (EELV)(by 20%), and progressive increases in dynamic EELV during exercise: peak inspiratory capacity (IC) decreased by 16% (0.39 liter) of the resting value. V̇e/V̇o2 slopes were unchanged in obesity. Breathlessness ratings at any given V̇e or V̇o2 were not increased in obesity, suggesting that respiratory mechanical factors were not contributory. Our results indicate that in obese women, recruitment of resting IC and dynamic increases in EELV with exercise served to optimize operating lung volumes and to attenuate expiratory flow limitation so as to accommodate the increased ventilatory demand without increased breathlessness.

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Duncan, Glen E., and Edward T. Howley. "Metabolic and Perceptual Responses to Short-Term Cycle Training in Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 10, no. 2 (May 1998): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.10.2.110.

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Metabolic and perceptual responses to cycle training were investigated in children in a training group (TG, N = 10) and control group (CG, N = 13). Prior to training, aerobic power (VO2peak) was assessed, and children performed submaximal exercise at graded power outputs. Substrate use was calculated for each level using the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and metabolic rate, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained to estimate perceptual effort. Training consisted of 12 sessions (three 10-min work bouts 3 times/week, 50% VO2peak) on a cycle ergometer. After 4 weeks, RER and RPE were reevaluated at the same absolute intensities. Overall difference scores indicated a decrease in RER and RPE in the TG and an increase in RER with * no change in RPE in the CG. These data demonstrate that short-term cycle training in children results in enhanced fat use and diminished perception of effort during submaximal exercise.

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Revell, Kirsten M. A., Joy Richardson, Pat Langdon, Mike Bradley, Ioannis Politis, Simon Thompson, Lee Skrypchuck, Jim O'Donoghue, Alex Mouzakitis, and Neville A. Stanton. "Breaking the cycle of frustration: Applying Neisser's Perceptual Cycle Model to drivers of semi-autonomous vehicles." Applied Ergonomics 85 (May 2020): 103037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103037.

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Funk, Agnes P., and John D. Pettigrew. "Does Interhemispheric Competition Mediate Motion-Induced Blindness? A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study." Perception 32, no. 11 (November 2003): 1328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5088.

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Motion-induced blindness (MIB) is a phenomenon, perhaps related to perceptual rivalry, where stationary targets disappear and reappear in a cyclic mode when viewed against a background (mask) of coherent, apparent 3-D motion. Since MIB has recently been shown to share similar temporal properties with binocular rivalry, we probed the appearance–disappearance cycle of MIB using unilateral, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)—a manipulation that has previously been shown to influence binocular rivalry. Effects were seen for both hemispheres when the timing of TMS was determined prospectively on the basis of a given subject's appearance–disappearance cycle, so that it occurred on average around 300 ms before the time of perceptual switch. Magnetic stimulation of either hemisphere shortened the time to switch from appearance to disappearance and vice versa. However, TMS of left posterior parietal cortex more selectively shortened the disappearance time of the targets if delivered in phase with the disappearance cycle, but lengthened it if TMS was delivered in the appearance phase after the perceptual switch. Opposite effects were seen in the right hemisphere, although less marked than the left-hemisphere effects. As well as sharing temporal characteristics with binocular rivalry, MIB therefore seems to share a similar underlying mechanism of interhemispheric modulation. Interhemispheric switching may thus provide a common temporal framework for uniting the diverse, multilevel phenomena of perceptual rivalry.

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Klymenko, Victor, and Naomi Weisstein. "Figure and Ground in Space and Time: 2. Frequency, Velocity, and Perceptual Organization." Perception 18, no. 5 (October 1989): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180639.

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The figure – ground organization of an ambiguous bipartite pattern in which the two regions of the pattern contained sine-wave gratings which differed in spatial frequency was examined for two pairs of spatial frequencies: 1 and 4 cycles deg−1, and 1 and 8 cycles deg−1. The region of higher spatial frequency underwent contrast reversal at one of four rates: 0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 Hz. The region of lower spatial frequency was equated with either the temporal frequency or the velocity of the grating of higher spatial frequency in three sets of conditions: one stationary condition, three in which temporal frequency was equated, and three in which velocity was equated. For the 1 and 4 cycles deg−1 pair, the region of lower spatial frequency tended to be seen as the background a higher percentage of the time. There were significant linear trends for the appearance as background of the region of lower spatial frequency with respect to the magnitude of the velocity difference between the two regions of the pattern. The faster the 1 cycle deg−1 grating moved with respect to the 4 cycles deg−1 grating, the higher the percentage of the time it was seen as the ground. The results for the 1 and 8 cycles deg−1 pair were in some cases unexpected in that the 8 cycles deg−1 grating was seen as the ground behind the 1 cycle deg−1 grating even though it was of a higher spatial frequency and moved at a slower velocity. The spatiotemporal tuning of the visual system is discussed.

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PIVARNIK, JAMES M., WESLEY LEE, and JOANNA F. MILLER. "Physiological and perceptual responses to cycle and treadmill exercise during pregnancy." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 23, no. 4 (April 1991): 470???475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199104000-00013.

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Duncan, G. E., and E. T. Howley. "METABOLIC AND PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM CYCLE TRAINING IN CHILDREN962." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00961.

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Krause, Maressa P., Robert C. Wilson, Savitha Thekkada, Melinda Bolgar, Deborah J. Aaron, Fredric L. Goss, and Robert R. Robertson. "Session RPE Response to an Intermittent Perceptual Production Cycle Ergometer Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322437.61732.dd.

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Webb, Abigail L. M., Paul B. Hibbard, and Rick O'Gorman. "Natural variation in female reproductive hormones does not affect contrast sensitivity." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171566.

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Evidence suggests that females experience adaptive shifts in facial preferences across the menstrual cycle. However, recent discussions and meta-analyses suggest that these findings are equivocal. A previously unexplored question is the extent to which shifts in female preferences are modulated by hormone-dependent changes occurring in low-level vision, such as visual sensitivity. This mechanistic approach has been a novel method for investigating the extent to which complex perceptual phenomena are driven by low-level versus higher-level perceptual processes. We investigated whether the contrast sensitivity function—an early dimension of vision—is also influenced by variation in female reproductive hormones. Visual contrast thresholds were measured for 1, 4 and 16 cycles/degree gratings during the ovulatory, luteal and menstrual phases of the menstrual cycle in naturally cycling women, and women using oral contraceptives. Male participants were tested at similar time intervals. Results showed that visual contrast sensitivity does not differ according to sex, or use of oral contraception, nor does it vary relative to hormonal shifts across the menstrual cycle. These findings suggest that shifts in female preferences are not driven by changes in visual sensitivity, and are therefore likely attributable to changes in higher-level perception or cognition.

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Martin, David P., and Virginia I. Wolfe. "Effects of Perceptual Training Based upon Synthesized Voice Signals." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3f.1291.

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28 undergraduate students participated in a perceptual voice experiment to assess the effects of training utilizing synthesized voice signals. An instructional strategy based upon synthesized examples of a three-part classification system: “breathy,” “rough,” and “hoarse,” was employed. Training samples were synthesized with varying amounts of jitter (cycle-to-cycle deviation in pitch period) and harmonic-to-noise ratios to represent these qualities. Before training, listeners categorized 60 pathological voices into “breathy,” “rough,” and “hoarse,” largely on the basis of fundamental frequency. After training, categorizations were influenced by harmonic-to-noise ratios as well as fundamental frequency, suggesting that listeners were more aware of spectral differences in pathological voices associated with commonly occurring laryngeal conditions. 40% of the pathological voice samples remained unclassified following training.

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Haderlein, Tino, Cornelia Schwemmle, Michael Döllinger, Václav Matoušek, Martin Ptok, and Elmar Nöth. "Automatic Evaluation of Voice Quality Using Text-Based Laryngograph Measurements and Prosodic Analysis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/316325.

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Due to low intra- and interrater reliability, perceptual voice evaluation should be supported by objective, automatic methods. In this study, text-based, computer-aided prosodic analysis and measurements of connected speech were combined in order to model perceptual evaluation of the German Roughness-Breathiness-Hoarseness (RBH) scheme. 58 connected speech samples (43 women and 15 men;48.7±17.8years) containing the German version of the text “The North Wind and the Sun” were evaluated perceptually by 19 speech and voice therapy students according to the RBH scale. For the human-machine correlation, Support Vector Regression with measurements of the vocal fold cycle irregularities (CFx) and the closed phases of vocal fold vibration (CQx) of the Laryngograph and 33 features from a prosodic analysis module were used to model the listeners’ ratings. The best human-machine results for roughness were obtained from a combination of six prosodic features and CFx (r=0.71,ρ=0.57). These correlations were approximately the same as the interrater agreement among human raters (r=0.65,ρ=0.61). CQx was one of the substantial features of the hoarseness model. For hoarseness and breathiness, the human-machine agreement was substantially lower. Nevertheless, the automatic analysis method can serve as the basis for a meaningful objective support for perceptual analysis.

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Panichi, R., M. Faralli, R. Bruni, A. Kiriakarely, C. Occhigrossi, A. Ferraresi, A. M. Bronstein, and V. E. Pettorossi. "Asymmetric vestibular stimulation reveals persistent disruption of motion perception in unilateral vestibular lesions." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00674.2016.

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Self-motion perception was studied in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions (UVL) due to acute vestibular neuritis at 1 wk and 4, 8, and 12 mo after the acute episode. We assessed vestibularly mediated self-motion perception by measuring the error in reproducing the position of a remembered visual target at the end of four cycles of asymmetric whole-body rotation. The oscillatory stimulus consists of a slow (0.09 Hz) and a fast (0.38 Hz) half cycle. A large error was present in UVL patients when the slow half cycle was delivered toward the lesion side, but minimal toward the healthy side. This asymmetry diminished over time, but it remained abnormally large at 12 mo. In contrast, vestibulo-ocular reflex responses showed a large direction-dependent error only initially, then they normalized. Normalization also occurred for conventional reflex vestibular measures (caloric tests, subjective visual vertical, and head shaking nystagmus) and for perceptual function during symmetric rotation. Vestibular-related handicap, measured with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) at 12 mo correlated with self-motion perception asymmetry but not with abnormalities in vestibulo-ocular function. We conclude that 1) a persistent self-motion perceptual bias is revealed by asymmetric rotation in UVLs despite vestibulo-ocular function becoming symmetric over time, 2) this dissociation is caused by differential perceptual-reflex adaptation to high- and low-frequency rotations when these are combined as with our asymmetric stimulus, 3) the findings imply differential central compensation for vestibuloperceptual and vestibulo-ocular reflex functions, and 4) self-motion perception disruption may mediate long-term vestibular-related handicap in UVL patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel vestibular stimulus, combining asymmetric slow and fast sinusoidal half cycles, revealed persistent vestibuloperceptual dysfunction in unilateral vestibular lesion (UVL) patients. The compensation of motion perception after UVL was slower than that of vestibulo-ocular reflex. Perceptual but not vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits correlated with dizziness-related handicap.

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Johnson, Caleb D., Alice D. LaGoy, Gert-Jan Pepping, Shawn R. Eagle, Anne Z. Beethe, Joanne L. Bower, Candice A. Alfano, Richard J. Simpson, and Christopher Connaboy. "Action Boundary Proximity Effects on Perceptual-Motor Judgments." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 90, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1000–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5376.2019.

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INTRODUCTION: Designed as a more ecological measure of reaction times, the Perception-Action Coupling Task (PACT) has shown good reliability and within-subject stability. However, a lengthy testing period was required. Perceptual-motor judgments are known to be affected by proximity of the stimulus to the action boundary. The current study sought to determine the effects of action boundary proximity on PACT performance, and whether redundant levels of stimuli, eliciting similar responses, can be eliminated to shorten the PACT.METHODS: There were 9 men and 7 women who completed 4 testing sessions, consisting of 3 familiarization cycles and 6 testing cycles of the PACT. For the PACT, subjects made judgments on whether a series of balls presented on a tablet afford “posting” (can fit) through a series of apertures. There were 8 ratios of ball to aperture size (B-AR) presented, ranging from 0.2 to 1.8, with each ratio appearing 12 times (12 trials) per cycle. Reaction times and judgment accuracy were calculated, and averaged across all B-ARs. Ratios and individual trials within each B-AR were systematically eliminated. Variables were re-averaged, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CVTE) were calculated in an iterative manner.RESULTS: With elimination of the 0.2 and 1.8 B-ARs, the PACT showed good reliability (ICC = 0.81–0.99) and consistent within-subject stability (CVTE = 2.2–14.7%). Reliability (ICC = 0.81–0.97) and stability (CVTE = 2.6–15.6%) were unaffected with elimination of up to 8 trials from each B-AR.DISCUSSION: The shortened PACT resulted in an almost 50% reduction in total familiarization/testing time required, significantly increasing usability.Johnson CD, LaGoy AD, Pepping G-J, Eagle SR, Beethe AZ, Bower JL, Alfano CA, Simpson RJ, Connaboy C. Action boundary proximity effects on perceptual-motor judgments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(12):1000–1008.

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Whitehead, Steven D., and Dana H. Ballard. "Active Perception and Reinforcement Learning." Neural Computation 2, no. 4 (December 1990): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.4.409.

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This paper considers adaptive control architectures that integrate active sensorimotor systems with decision systems based on reinforcement learning. One unavoidable consequence of active perception is that the agent's internal representation often confounds external world states. We call this phenomenon perceptual aliasing and show that it destabilizes existing reinforcement learning algorithms with respect to the optimal decision policy. A new decision system that overcomes these difficulties is described. The system incorporates a perceptual subcycle within the overall decision cycle and uses a modified learning algorithm to suppress the effects of perceptual aliasing. The result is a control architecture that learns not only how to solve a task but also where to focus its attention in order to collect necessary sensory information.

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Amiri, Ashkan, and Simon Haykin. "Improved Sparse Coding Under the Influence of Perceptual Attention." Neural Computation 26, no. 2 (February 2014): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00546.

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Sparse coding has established itself as a useful tool for the representation of natural data in the neuroscience as well as signal-processing literature. The aim of this letter, inspired by the human brain, is to improve on the performance of the sparse coding algorithm by trying to bridge the gap between neuroscience and engineering. To this end, we build on the localized perception-action cycle in cognitive neuroscience by categorizing it under the umbrella of perceptual attention, which lends itself to increase gradually the contrast between relevant information and irrelevant information. Stated in another way, irrelevant information is filtered away, while relevant information about the environment is enhanced from one cycle to the next. We may thus think in terms of the information filter, which, in a Bayesian context, was introduced in the literature by Fraser ( 1967 ). In a Bayesian context, the information filter provides a method for algorithmic implementation of perceptual attention. The information filter may therefore be viewed as the basis for improving the algorithmic performance of sparse coding. To support this performance improvement, the letter presents two computer experiments. The first experiment uses simulated (real-valued) data that are generated to purposely make the problem challenging. The second uses real-life radar data that are complex valued, hence the proposal to introduce Wirtinger calculus into derivation of the new algorithm.

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Murray, James A., Laurie A. Waterman, Joseph Ward, John C. Baird, and Donald A. Mahler. "Perceptual and Physiologic Responses During Treadmill and Cycle Exercise in Patients With COPD." Chest 135, no. 2 (February 2009): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1258.

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Krause, Maressa P., Luke Haile, Mike Welikonich, Robert C. Wilson, Fredric L. Goss, Elizabeth F. Nagle, and Robert J. Robertson. "Session Perceived Exertion Response To A Load-incremented Perceptual Estimation Cycle Ergometer Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355211.67003.7c.

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Duncan, Glen E., Anthony D. Mahon, Julie A. Gay, and Jennifer J. Sherwood. "Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Graded Treadmill and Cycle Exercise in Male Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 8, no. 3 (August 1996): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.8.3.251.

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Physiological and perceptual responses at ventilatory threshold (VT) and V̇O2 peak were examined in 10 male children (10.2 ± 1.3 yrs) during graded treadmill and cycle exercise. Treadmill V̇O2peak (57.9 ± 6.7 ml · kg−1 · min−1) was higher (p < .05) than the cycle (51.7 ± 7.7 ml · kg−1 · min−1). Ventilation and heart rate (HR) were higher (p < .05) on the treadmill, while respiratory exchange ratio (RER), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), capillary blood lactate, and test duration were similar between tests. The V̇O2 at VT was higher (p < .05) on the treadmill (36.7 ± 4.6 ml · kg−1 · min−1) than the cycle (32.5 ± 4.4 ml · kg−1 · min−1). When VT was expressed as a percentage of V̇O2 peak, there was no difference (p > .05) between tests. The RPE at VT, HR at VT, and VT expressed as a percentage of HRpeak were also similar (p > .05) between tests. Similar to V̇O2 peak, the V̇O2 at VT is dependent on the mode of exercise. However, when VT is expressed as a percentage of V̇O2 peak, it is independent of testing modality. The RPE at VT appears to be linked to a percentage of V̇O2 peak rather than an absolute V̇O2.

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Wilson, Robert, Michael Welikonich, Yoon Kim, Sarah Hunt, Fredric L. Goss, Deborah J. Aaron, and Robert J. Robertson. "Evaluation of Anticipation Bias for RPE During A Cycle Ergometer Perceptual Production Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322441.24507.19.

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Debnath, Mithun, Shahnewaz Hasanat-E-Rabbi, Omar Faruqe Hamim, Md Shamsul Hoque, Rich C. McIlroy, Katherine L. Plant, and Neville A. Stanton. "An investigation of urban pedestrian behaviour in Bangladesh using the Perceptual Cycle Model." Safety Science 138 (June 2021): 105214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105214.

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Thompson, William Forde, and Richard Parncutt. "Perceptual Judgments of Triads and Dyads: Assessment of a Psychoacoustic Model." Music Perception 14, no. 3 (1997): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285721.

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In two experiments, goodness-of-fit ratings of pairs of musical elements (triads, dyads, and octave-complex tones) were examined in view of a psychoacoustic model. The model, referred to as the pitch commonality model, evaluates the sharing of fundamental frequencies, overtones, and subharmonic tone sensations between sequential elements and also considers the effects of auditory masking within each element. Two other models were also assessed: a reduced model that considers the sharing of fundamental frequencies alone and the cycle-of-fifths model of key and chord relatedness. In Experiment 1, listeners rated the goodness of fit of 12 octave-complex tones following a major triad, major-third dyad, and perfect-fifth dyad. Multiple regression revealed that pitch commonality provided predictive power beyond that of the reduced model. A regression model based on pitch commonality and the cycle of fifths had a multiple R of .92. In Experiment 2, listeners rated how well a triad or dyad followed another triad or dyad. All pairings of the major triad, major-third dyad, and perfect-fifth dyad (pair types) were presented at various transpositions with respect to one another. Multiple regression revealed that pitch commonality again provided predictive power beyond that of the reduced model. A regression model based on pitch commonality, the cycle of fifths, and a preference for trials ending with a triad had a multiple R of .84. We discuss the role of psychoacoustic factors and knowledge of chord and key relationships in shaping the perception of harmonic material.

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Muscat, Kristina M., Houssam G. Kotrach, Courtney A. Wilkinson-Maitland, Michele R. Schaeffer, Cassandra T. Mendonca, and Dennis Jensen. "Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 11 (November 2015): 1199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0179.

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In a randomized cross-over study of 15 healthy men aged 20–30 years, we compared physiological and perceptual responses during treadmill and cycle exercise test protocols matched for increments in work rate — the source of increased locomotor muscle metabolic and contractile demands. The rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production were higher at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, work rate, minute ventilation, tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (fR), inspiratory capacity (IC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal esophageal (Pes,tidal) and transdiaphragmatic pressure swings (Pdi,tidal), peak expiratory gastric pressures (Pga,peak), the root mean square of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi,rms) expressed as a percentage of maximum EMGdi,rms (EMGdi,rms%max), and dyspnea ratings were similar at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p > 0.05). Ratings of leg discomfort were higher at the peak of cycle versus treadmill exercise (p ≤ 0.05), even though peak O2 consumption was lower during cycling. Oxygen consumption, CO2 production, minute ventilation, fR, Pes,tidal, Pdi,tidal and Pga,peak were higher (p ≤ 0.05), while VT, IC, IRV, EMGdi,rms%max, and ratings of dyspnea and leg discomfort were similar (p > 0.05) at all or most submaximal work rates during treadmill versus cycle exercise. Our findings highlight important differences (and similarities) in physiological and perceptual responses at maximal and submaximal work rates during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise testing protocols. The lack of effect of exercise test modality on peak work rate advocates for the use of this readily available parameter to optimize training intensity determination, regardless of exercise training mode.

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Fleminger, Simon. "Seeing is Believing: The Role of ‘Preconscious' Perceptual Processing in Delusional Misidentification." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 3 (March 1992): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.3.293.

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We have no introspective knowledge of the effects of preconscious processing on our perceptions. We are, therefore, not aware that our expectancies may have prejudiced our perceptions. Expectancies tend to foster perceptions with which they are consonant. Therefore false expectations, driven by false beliefs, may result in misperceptions which reinforce those false beliefs. This morbid cycle is central to the delusional misidentification syndromes. This cycle, with positive feedback, is intrinsically unstable, which helps to explain brief episodes of delusional misidentification. Good sensory data, strong links between sense data and memory, and good judgement will all help to prevent misperceptions. The less these constraints are disrupted, the stronger will be the psychological forces needed to generate a delusional misidentification. It is likely that suspiciousness generates particularly assertive effects on preconscious processing of perceptions. Abnormalities of perceptual processing in patients with schizophrenia explain their proclivity to delusional misidentification.

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McKendrick, Allison M., Yu Man Chan, Algis J. Vingrys, Andrew Turpin, and David R. Badcock. "Daily vision testing can expose the prodromal phase of migraine." Cephalalgia 38, no. 9 (November 7, 2017): 1575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102417741130.

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Background Several visual tasks have been proposed as indirect assays of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation in migraine. This study aimed to determine whether daily measurement of performance on such tasks can reveal perceptual changes in the build up to migraine events. Methods Visual performance was measured daily at home in 16 non-headache controls and 18 individuals with migraine using a testing protocol on a portable tablet device. Observers performed two tasks: luminance increment detection in spatial luminance noise and centre surround contrast suppression. Results Luminance thresholds were reduced in migraine compared to control groups ( p < 0.05), but thresholds did not alter across the migraine cycle; while headache-free, centre-surround contrast suppression was stronger for the migraine group relative to controls ( p < 0.05). Surround suppression weakened at around 48 hours prior to a migraine attack and strengthened to approach their headache-free levels by 24 hours post-migraine (main effect of timing, p < 0.05). Conclusions Daily portable testing of vision enabled insight into perceptual performance in the lead up to migraine events, a time point that is typically difficult to capture experimentally. Perceptual surround suppression of contrast fluctuates during the migraine cycle, supporting the utility of this measure as an indirect, non-invasive assay of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation.

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Huang, Qiaoli, and Huan Luo. "Saliency-based Rhythmic Coordination of Perceptual Predictions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 2 (February 2020): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01371.

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Objects, shown explicitly or held in mind internally, compete for limited processing resources. Recent studies have demonstrated that attention samples locations and objects rhythmically. Interestingly, periodic sampling not only operates over objects in the same scene but also occurs for multiple perceptual predictions that are held in attention for incoming inputs. However, how the brain coordinates perceptual predictions that are endowed with different levels of bottom–up saliency information remains unclear. To address the issue, we used a fine-grained behavioral measurement to investigate the temporal dynamics of processing of high- and low-salient visual stimuli, which have equal possibility to occur within experimental blocks. We demonstrate that perceptual predictions associated with different levels of saliency are organized via a theta-band rhythmic course and are optimally processed in different phases within each theta-band cycle. Meanwhile, when the high- and low-salient stimuli are presented in separate blocks and thus not competing with each other, the periodic behavioral profile is no longer present. In summary, our findings suggest that attention samples and coordinates multiple perceptual predictions through a theta-band rhythm according to their relative saliency. Our results, in combination with previous studies, advocate the rhythmic nature of attentional process.

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Kubota, Naoyuki, Hiroyuki Masuta, Fumio Kojima, and Toshio Fukuda. "Perceptual System and Action System of A Mobile Robot based on Perceiving-Acting Cycle." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 24, no. 4 (2006): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.24.473.

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Plant, Katherine L., and Neville A. Stanton. "Identifying the Importance of Perceptual Cycle Concepts during Critical Decision making in the Cockpit." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 2410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.500.

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Raffin, John T., Curt B. Dixon, and Mayra Santiago. "Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Arm-Cycle Exercise at Varied Crank Rates in Females." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274770.56338.e9.

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Krause, Maressa P., Luke Haile, Christina Ledezma, Lisa M. Ireland, Michael Welikonich, Alex B. Shafer, Kristopher S. Wisniewski, Fredric L. Goss, Elizabeth F. Nagle, and Robert J. Robertson. "Global Session and Segmented Session RPE Responses to a Continuous Perceptual Production Cycle Protocol." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000384527.65659.8a.

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Hanson, Catherine, and Stephen José Hanson. "Development of Schemata during Event Parsing: Neisser's Perceptual Cycle as a Recurrent Connectionist Network." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, no. 2 (April 1996): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.2.119.

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Neural net simulations of human event parsing are described. A recurrent net was used to simulate data collected from human subjects watching short videotaped event sequences. In one simulation, the net was trained on one-half of a taped sequence with the other half of the sequence being used to test transfer performance. In another simulation, the net was trained on one complete event sequence and transfer to a different event sequence was tested. Neural net simulations provide a unique means of observing the interrelation of top-down and bottom-up processing in a basic cognitive task. Examination of computational patterns of the net and cluster analysis of the hidden units revealed two factors that may be central to event perception: (1) similarity between a current input and an activated schema and (2) expected duration of a given event. Although the importance of similarity between input and activated schemata during event perception has been acknowledged previously (e.g., Neisser, 1976; Schank, 1982), the present study provides specific instantiation of how similarity judgments can be made using both top-down and bottom-up processing. Moreover, unlike other work on event perception, this approach provides a potential mechanism for how schemata develop.

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Riera, Florence, Than Tran Trong, Stéphane Sinnapah, and Olivier Hue. "Physical and Perceptual Cooling with Beverages to Increase Cycle Performance in a Tropical Climate." PLoS ONE 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): e103718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103718.

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Tian, Yulun, Katherine Liu, Kyel Ok, Loc Tran, Danette Allen, Nicholas Roy, and Jonathan P. How. "Search and rescue under the forest canopy using multiple UAVs." International Journal of Robotics Research 39, no. 10-11 (June 24, 2020): 1201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364920929398.

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We present a multi-robot system for GPS-denied search and rescue under the forest canopy. Forests are particularly challenging environments for collaborative exploration and mapping, in large part due to the existence of severe perceptual aliasing which hinders reliable loop closure detection for mutual localization and map fusion. Our proposed system features unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that perform onboard sensing, estimation, and planning. When communication is available, each UAV transmits compressed tree-based submaps to a central ground station for collaborative simultaneous localization and mapping (CSLAM). To overcome high measurement noise and perceptual aliasing, we use the local configuration of a group of trees as a distinctive feature for robust loop closure detection. Furthermore, we propose a novel procedure based on cycle consistent multiway matching to recover from incorrect pairwise data associations. The returned global data association is guaranteed to be cycle consistent, and is shown to improve both precision and recall compared with the input pairwise associations. The proposed multi-UAV system is validated both in simulation and during real-world collaborative exploration missions at NASA Langley Research Center.

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Mangum, Michael, Evelyn Hall, David Pargman, and Michael Sylva. "Relationship between Perceptual Style and Ability to Reproduce a Standard Work Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 2 (April 1986): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.543.

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The present study examined the relationship between perceptual style and perception of physical effort. Perceptual style of 10 men and 10 women was assessed by the rod-and-frame apparatus. Perception of physical effort was defined as the difference in heart-rate responses between a standard work task and the subject's self-selected task. Heart-rate response on the preselected standard work task on a cycle ergometer (600 kpm · min.−1) was extremely variable, ranging from 111 to 188 beats per minute ( M = 153 ± 23.5). However, average error between heart rate during the standard work task and the subjects' self-adjusted workload was extremely low (range 0 to 18 beats per minute; M = 5.4 ± 5.5 beats per minute). Pearson correlation of .78 showed a moderate relationship between heart rate and rating of perceived effort, but was nonsignificant (-.12) between perceptual style and perception of physical effort. The data confirm the absence of a significant relationship between perceptual style (i.e., field dependence-independence) and ability to reproduce a standard work task. In addition, these results suggest that there has been possible bias in studies of relationships between heart rate and rating of perceived effort or workload and rating of perceived effort during incremental testing.

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Shepherd, A. J. "Tracking the Migraine Cycle Using Visual Tasks." Vision 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision4020023.

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There are a number of reports that perceptual, electrophysiological and imaging measures can track migraine periodicity. As the electrophysiological and imaging research requires specialist equipment, it has few practical applications. This study sought to track changes in performance on four visual tasks over the migraine cycle. Coherence thresholds were measured for two motion and two orientation tasks. The first part of the study confirmed that the data obtained from an online study produced comparable results to those obtained under controlled laboratory conditions. Thirteen migraine with aura, 12 without aura, and 12 healthy controls participated. The second part of the study showed that thresholds for discriminating vertical coherent motion varied with the migraine cycle for a majority of the participants who tested themselves multiple times (four with aura, seven without). Performance improved two days prior to a migraine attack and remained improved for two days afterwards. This outcome is as expected from an extrapolation of earlier electrophysiological research. This research points to the possibility of developing sensitive visual tests that patients can use at home to predict an impending migraine attack and so take steps to try to abort it or, if it is inevitable, to plan their lives around it.

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Lipski, John M. "Reconstructing the life-cycle of a mixed language: An exploration of Ecuadoran Media Lengua." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 410–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919842668.

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Aims and objectives: This study explores the assertion that bilingual mixed languages are only diachronically stable if they are not spoken together with both of the contributing source languages. Ecuadoran Media Lengua, which combines all-Quichua morphosyntax with nearly all lexical roots replaced by Spanish-derived forms, coexists in three communities with both Spanish and Quichua, having arrived in each community in successive generations. Methodology and design: Trilingual speakers (Quichua, Media Lengua, Spanish) participated in four interactive tasks: speeded translation, speeded acceptability judgments, language classification, and lexical decision. Data and analysis: For each task, the calculated rate of separation of Quichua and Media Lengua was the response variable for a series of linear mixed-effects models, with community (and when appropriate, age group) as a fixed effect. Findings/conclusions: The results suggest that a mixed language spoken together with the languages that supplied both the lexical roots and the morphosyntax can maintain its integrity for a generation or two, but the perceptual boundaries circumscribing the mixed language eventually become more permeable. They point to a significant correlation between the chronology of language contacts and the perceptual stability of Media Lengua, which is greatest when the only competing language is Quichua, somewhat less when Spanish is acquired later as the second language, and lowest when Spanish is one of the early acquired or native languages alongside Quichua. Originality: This is the first attempt to test the putative diachronic stability of a mixed language by means of synchronic experimental data.

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Klymenko, Victor, and Naomi Weisstein. "Figure and Ground in Space and Time: 1. Temporal Response Surfaces of Perceptual Organization." Perception 18, no. 5 (October 1989): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180627.

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The figure – ground organization of an ambiguous bipartite pattern can be manipulated by altering the temporal-frequency content of the two regions of the pattern. Ambiguous patterns in which the two regions of each pattern contained sine-wave gratings of either 8, 4, 1, or 0.5 cycles deg−1 undergoing contrast reversal at rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 Hz were tested for figure–ground organization under conditions of equated space-averaged and time-averaged luminance and perceived contrast. All combinations of temporal-frequency differences between the two regions were tested at each spatial frequency. The data are reported for two levels of temporal resolution (15 and 30 s). The pattern region with the relatively higher temporal frequency tended to be seen as the background a higher percentage of the viewing time. There were significant linear trends for the appearance as background of the region of higher temporal frequency with respect to the magnitude of the temporal-frequency difference between the two regions of each pattern for all spatial frequencies and data intervals except the final 15 s interval of the lowest (0.5 cycle deg−1) spatial-frequency condition.

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Ahumada, A. J. "Perceptual Classification Images from Vernier Acuity Masked by Noise." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0501.

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Letting external noise rather than internal noise limit discrimination performance allows information to be extracted about the observer's stimulus classification rule. A perceptual classification image is the correlation over trials between the noise amplitude at a spatial location and the observer's responses. If, for example, the observer followed the rule of the ideal observer, the response correlation image would be an estimate of the ideal observer filter, the difference between the two unmasked images being discriminated. Perceptual classification images were estimated for a Vernier discrimination task. The display screen had 48 pixels deg−1 horizontally and vertically. The no-offset image had a dark horizontal line of 4 pixels, a 1 pixel space, and 4 more dark pixels. Classification images were based on 1600 discrimination trials with the line contrast adjusted to keep the error rate near 25%. In the offset image, the second line was one pixel higher. Unlike the ideal observer filter (a horizontal dipole), the observer perceptual classification images are strongly oriented. Fourier transforms of the classification images had a peak amplitude near 1 cycle deg−1 and an orientation near 25 deg. The spatial spread is much more than image blur predicts, and probably indicates the spatial position uncertainty in the task.

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Zheng, Shunyuan, Jiamin Sun, Qinglin Liu, Yuankai Qi, and Jianen Yan. "Overwater Image Dehazing via Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111877.

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In contrast to images taken on land scenes, images taken over water are more prone to degradation due to the influence of the haze. However, existing image dehazing methods are mainly developed for land-scene images and perform poorly when applied to overwater images. To address this problem, we collect the first overwater image dehazing dataset and propose a Generative Adversial Network (GAN)-based method called OverWater Image Dehazing GAN (OWI-DehazeGAN). Due to the difficulties of collecting paired hazy and clean images, the dataset contains unpaired hazy and clean images taken over water. The proposed OWI-DehazeGAN is composed of an encoder–decoder framework, supervised by a forward-backward translation consistency loss for self-supervision and a perceptual loss for content preservation. In addition to qualitative evaluation, we design an image quality assessment neural network to rank the dehazed images. Experimental results on both real and synthetic test data demonstrate that the proposed method performs superiorly against several state-of-the-art land dehazing methods. Compared with the state-of-the-art, our method gains a significant improvement by 1.94% for SSIM, 7.13% for PSNR and 4.00% for CIEDE2000 on the synthetic test dataset.

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Borges, Nattai R., Peter R. Reaburn, Thomas M. Doering, Christos K. Argus, and Matthew W. Driller. "Age-related changes in physical and perceptual markers of recovery following high-intensity interval cycle exercise." Experimental Aging Research 44, no. 4 (May 29, 2018): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2018.1477361.

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Bibawi, Darlene, Barbara Cherry, and Joseph B. Hellige. "Fluctuations of perceptual asymmetry across time in women and men: Effects related to the menstrual cycle." Neuropsychologia 33, no. 1 (January 1995): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)00103-v.

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Kawabata, Hideaki, Jiro Gyoba, Hajime Inoue, and Haruhiko Ohtsubo. "Connectivity Perception of Partly Occluded Gratings in 4-Month-Old Infants." Perception 30, no. 7 (July 2001): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3213.

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Four groups of eight 4-month-old infants were each habituated to one of four displays consisting of a grating of either low (0.4 cycle deg−1) or high (1.2 cycles deg−1) spatial frequency, whose central portion was covered up with a horizontal occluder which was either narrow (1.33 deg) or broad (4.17 deg). Posthabituation displays consisted of a complete grating of the same frequency as the habituated grating, along with a separate grating whose central portion was replaced with a black gap of the same height as the occluder in the habituation displays. All the infants, except those who were habituated to the high frequency with the broad occluder, looked longer at the separate grating than the complete grating display during posthabituation trials. Previously, we found that infants under 1 month of age perceive the grating continuation only when the occluder height is less than about 0.5 cycle of the grating; our present results show that this figure increases to about 1.6 cycles of the grating frequency in the case of 4-month-old infants. These findings indicate that those developmental changes depend on both the sufficiency of visual information available and the efficiency of the perceptual ability of infants for grasping spatial relationships.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perceptual cycle'

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