Journal articles: 'Perceptual Flexibility'

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Meenan, J. P., and Laurie A. Miller. "Perceptual flexibility after frontal or temporal lobectomy." Neuropsychologia 32, no. 9 (September 1994): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90159-7.

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Werker, Janet F. "The effect of multilingualism on phonetic perceptual flexibility." Applied Psycholinguistics 7, no. 2 (June 1986): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007360.

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ABSTRACTThis research was designed to explore whether maintenance of the ability to discriminate phonetic distinctions requires specific linguistic/perceptual experience, or whether broadened but nonrelevant linguistic experience can result in generalized perceptual flexibility. To explore this question, bilingual and trilingual adult subjects were compared to monolingual English adults on their ability to discriminate phonetic distinctions that are not used in (any of) their native language(s). Results suggest that broadened, nonspecific linguistic experience does not contribute to increased perceptual flexibility.

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Anderson, Julie D., Stacy A. Wagovich, and Levi Ofoe. "Cognitive Flexibility for Semantic and Perceptual Information in Developmental Stuttering." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00119.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive flexibility for semantic and perceptual information in preschool children who stutter (CWS) and who do not stutter (CWNS). Method Participants were 44 CWS and 44 CWNS between the ages of 3;0 and 5;11 (years;months). Cognitive flexibility was measured using semantic and perceptual categorization tasks. In each task, children were required to match a target object with two different semantic or perceptual associates. Main dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy. Results The accuracy with which CWS and CWNS shifted between one semantic and perceptual representation to another was similar, but the CWS did so significantly more slowly. Both groups of children had more difficulty switching between perceptual representations than semantic ones. Conclusion CWS are less efficient (slower), though not less accurate, than CWNS in their ability to switch between different representations in both the verbal and nonverbal domains.

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Su, Juan, Guoen Yin, Xuejun Bai, Guoli Yan, Stoyan Kurtev, Kayleigh L. Warrington, Victoria A. McGowan, Simon P. Liversedge, and Kevin B. Paterson. "Flexibility in the perceptual span during reading: Evidence from Mongolian." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 1566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01960-9.

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AbstractReaders can acquire useful information from only a narrow region of text around each fixation (the perceptual span), which extends asymmetrically in the direction of reading. Studies with bilingual readers have additionally shown that this asymmetry reverses with changes in horizontal reading direction. However, little is known about the perceptual span’s flexibility following orthogonal (vertical vs. horizontal) changes in reading direction, because of the scarcity of vertical writing systems and because changes in reading direction often are confounded with text orientation. Accordingly, we assessed effects in a language (Mongolian) that avoids this confound, in which text is conventionally read vertically but can also be read horizontally. Sentences were presented normally or in a gaze-contingent paradigm in which a restricted region of text was displayed normally around each fixation and other text was degraded. The perceptual span effects on reading rates were similar in both reading directions. These findings therefore provide a unique (nonconfounded) demonstration of perceptual span flexibility.

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Casartelli, Luca. "Stability and flexibility in multisensory sampling: insights from perceptual illusions." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00060.2019.

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Neural, oscillatory, and computational counterparts of multisensory processing remain a crucial challenge for neuroscientists. Converging evidence underlines a certain efficiency in balancing stability and flexibility of sensory sampling, supporting the general idea that multiple parallel and hierarchically organized processing stages in the brain contribute to our understanding of the (sensory/perceptual) world. Intriguingly, how temporal dynamics impact and modulate multisensory processes in our brain can be investigated benefiting from studies on perceptual illusions.

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van Assche, M., P. Gos, and A. Giersch. "Does flexibility in perceptual organization compete with automatic grouping?" Journal of Vision 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.2.6.

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Braddick, Oliver, and Janette Atkinson. "Connolly, K. Perceptual Learning: The Flexibility of the Senses." Perception 49, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): 897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620943840.

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Introzzi, Isabel, Lorena Canet-Juric, Silvana Montes, Soledad López, and Graziella Mascarello. "Inhibitory processes and cognitive flexibility: evidence for the theory of attentional inertia." International Journal of Psychological Research 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.1510.

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The aim of this study was to discriminate the differential contribution of different inhibitory processes -perceptual, cognitive and behavioral inhibition- to switching cost effect associated with alternation cognitive tasks. A correlational design was used. Several experimental paradigms (e.g., Stop signal, visual search, Stemberg´s experimental and Simon paradigm) were adapted and included in a computerized program called TAC (Introzzi & Canet Juric, 2014) to the assessment of the different cognitive processes. The final sample consisted of 45 adults (18-50 years). Perceptual and behavioral inhibition shows moderate and low correlations with attentional cost, cognitive inhibition shows no relation with flexibility and only perceptual inhibition predicts switching costs effects, suggesting that different inhibitory processes contribute differentially to switch cost. This could be interpreted as evidence to Attentional Inertia Theory main argument which postulates that inhibition plays an essential role in the ability to flexibly switch between tasks and/or representations.

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Davis, Donald, and John Eliot. "Comparison of Related Perceptual Tests." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.399.

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117 female and 76 male undergraduates were administered the ETS Hidden Figures, ETS Gestalt Completion, Harshman Figures, and the SEK Test. Results were interpreted as indicating that the two types of perceptual tests (flexibility and speed) were not factorially independent as the SEK Test correlations did not load upon the same factor as that for the ETS Hidden Figures Test. Men scored higher on the Hidden Figures and Harshman Figures but on the Gestalt completion task left-handed men and right-handed women scored higher.

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Fahle, Manfred. "Perceptual learning and sensomotor flexibility: cortical plasticity under attentional control?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1515 (October 31, 2008): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0267.

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Recent research reveals long-lasting cortical plasticity of early sensory cortices even in adults. Sensory signals could be modified under top-down control if necessary quite early in order to optimize their signal-to-noise ratio, leading to ‘low level’ or ‘early’ perceptual learning (PL). For easy tasks, such elaborate top-down influences are usually not required, and learning is restricted to late selection of the appropriate signals on higher cortical levels, which seems easier and faster to achieve. But to reach the absolute limits of sensory performance, PL seems to optimize the entire chain of sensory processing. Hence, improvement for these extreme perceptual abilities is quite specific for a number of stimulus parameters, such as the position in the visual field and sometimes even the trained eye, reflecting the specificity of receptive fields in early sensory cortices. Early PL may be just one example—even if a very extensive one—of the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and sensomotor flexibility that are constantly updating our sensomotor representations as a result of experience. As an illustration, this review contains some new experimental results on PL and sensory flexibility in the context of adaptation to multifocal intraocular lenses.

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Heimler, Benedetta, Francesco Pavani, Francesca Baruffaldi, and Roberta Taddei. "Multisensory flexibility within a perceptual system reorganized by crossmodal plasticity." Multisensory Research 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-000s0058.

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Bhattacharya, Mousumi, Donald E. Gibson, and D. Harold Doty. "The Effects of Flexibility in Employee Skills, Employee Behaviors, and Human Resource Practices on Firm Performance." Journal of Management 31, no. 4 (August 2005): 622–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206304272347.

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The components of human resource (HR) flexibility and their potential relationship to firm performance have not been empirically examined. The authors hypothesize that flexibility of employee skills, employee behaviors, and HR practices represent critical subdimensions of HR flexibility and are related to superior firm performance. Results based on perceptual measures of HR flexibility and accounting measures of firm performance support this prediction. Whereas skill, behavior, and HR practice flexibility are significantly associated with an index of firm financial performance, the authors find that only skill flexibility contributes to cost-efficiency.

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Sekutowicz, Maria, Katharina Schmack, Rosa Steimke, Lena Paschke, Philipp Sterzer, Henrik Walter, and Christine Stelzel. "Striatal activation as a neural link between cognitive and perceptual flexibility." NeuroImage 141 (November 2016): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.046.

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TOLINS, JACKSON, and ELIANA COLUNGA. "How words anchor categorization: conceptual flexibility with labeled and unlabeled categories‡." Language and Cognition 7, no. 2 (July 22, 2014): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.26.

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abstractLabeled categories are learned faster, and are subsequently more robust than categories learned without labels. The label feedback hypothesis (Lupyan, 2012) accounts for these effects by introducing a word-driven top-down modulation of perceptual processes involved in categorization. By testing categorization flexibility with and without labels, we demonstrate the ways in which labels do and do not modulate category representations. In Experiment 1, transfer involved a change in selective attention, and results indicated that labels did not impact relearning. In Experiment 2, when transfer involved a change in the behavioral response to categories whose structures did not change, a reversal shift, learning the categories with labels speeded recovery. We take this finding as evidence that the augmentation of perceptual processes by words is on the one hand fairly weak without explicit reinforcement, but on the other allows for category representations to be more abstract, allowing greater flexibility in behavior.

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Helmbold, Nadine, Thomas Rammsayer, and Eckart Altenmüller. "Differences in Primary Mental Abilities Between Musicians and Nonmusicians." Journal of Individual Differences 26, no. 2 (January 2005): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.26.2.74.

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Abstract. In the present study, psychometric performance on different aspects of primary mental abilities (verbal comprehension, word fluency, space, flexibility of closure, perceptual speed, reasoning, number, and memory) was compared in 70 adult musicians and 70 nonmusicians matched for age, sex, and level of education. No significant differences could be confirmed for either mean full-scale scores or for specific aspects of mental abilities, except Flexibility of Closure and Perceptual Speed. In both these subtests, musicians performed reliably better than nonmusicians. Musicians' superior performance may reflect nonaural aspects of musical ability or the result of long-term musical training. Eventually, a similar factor structure of intelligence does not support the notion of qualitative differences in the conception of intelligence between musicians and nonmusicians.

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Kiefer, Brittany N., Kyle E. Lemarr, Christopher C. Enriquez, Kristin A. Tivener, and Todd Daniel. "A Pilot Study: Perceptual Effects of the Voodoo Floss Band on Glenohumeral Flexibility." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 22, no. 4 (July 2017): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2016-0093.

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Even though adaption of the Voodoo Floss Band is gaining momentum, evidence-based literature on its effectiveness remains sparse. The purpose of this quantitative observational design study was to investigate the effects of the Voodoo Floss Band on soft-tissue flexibility and perception of movement. A repeated-measures ANOVA with between-subjects factor demonstrated both groups significantly improved GH flexion range of motion from pretest to post-test but there was not a statistically significant difference between the groups. Perceptions of flexibility increased more for the Voodoo Floss Band group, demonstrating a psychological increase in GH flexion, but not a physical increase.

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Laurent, Michel, Gilfes Montagne, and Alain Durey. "Binocular Invariants in Interceptive Tasks: A Directed Perception Approach." Perception 25, no. 12 (December 1996): 1437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p251437.

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While the perceptual substratum of interceptive tasks has been largely investigated, no studies report unequivocal evidence for the use of a specific source of information. This result can be interpreted differently according to the perceptual theory considered. In the framework of directed perception this result would illustrate the flexibility of our perceptual system performing the same task in different ways under different circumstances. This paper is designed to formalise, for each category of invariant considered (ie temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal), a binocular invariant leading to specification of the same physical quantity as a monocular invariant identified in the literature. This formalisation illustrates a redundancy of monocular and binocular invariants that is particularly appealing from the viewpoint of directed perception.

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AIRAKSINEN, E., M. LARSSON, I. LUNDBERG, and Y. FORSELL. "Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 1 (January 2004): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008559.

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Background. Most of the available evidence on the effects of depression is based on in- and out-patient samples focusing on individuals suffering from major depression. The aims of this study were to examine cognitive functioning in population-based samples and to determine whether cognitive performance varies as a function of depression subgroup.Method. Population-based samples (aged 20–64 years) with major depression (N=68), dysthymia (N=28), mixed anxiety-depressive disorder (N=25) and minor depression (N=66) were examined on a variety of cognitive tasks (i.e. episodic memory, verbal fluency, perceptual-motor speed and mental flexibility). One hundred and seventy-five non-depressed individuals served as controls.Results. The total group of depressed individuals showed impairments in tasks tapping episodic memory and mental flexibility. Of more interest, however, was the observation that the pattern of impairments varied as a function of depression subgroup: the major depression and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder groups exhibited significant memory dysfunction, whereas individuals with dysthymia showed pronounced difficulties in mental flexibility. Minor depression did not affect cognitive performance. Verbal fluency and perceptual-motor speed were not affected by depression.Conclusions. These results indicate that persons with depressive disorders in the population exhibit cognitive impairments in tasks tapping episodic memory and mental flexibility and that cognitive impairment varies as a function of depressive disorder.

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Wenzel, Elizabeth M., Frederic L. Wightman, and Scott H. Foster. "A Virtual Display System for Conveying Three-Dimensional Acoustic Information." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200218.

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A three-dimensional auditory display could take advantage of intrinsic sensory abilities like localization and perceptual organization by generating dynamic, multidimensional patterns of acoustic events that convey meaning about objects in the spatial world. Applications involve any context in which the user's situational awareness is critical, particularly when visual cues are limited or absent; e.g., air traffic control or telerobotic activities in hazardous environments. Such a display would generate localized cues in a flexible and dynamic manner. Whereas this can be readily achieved with an array of real sound sources or loudspeakers, the NASA-Ames prototype maximizes flexibility and portability by synthetically generating three-dimensional sound in realtime for delivery through headphones. Psychoacoustic research suggests that perceptually-veridical localization over headphones is possible if both the direction-dependent pinna cues and the more well understood cues of interaural time and intensity are adequately synthesized. Although the realtime device is not yet complete, recent studies at the University of Wisconsin have confirmed the perceptual adequacy of the basic approach to synthesis.

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Wolff, Nicole, Judith Buse, Jadwiga Tost, Veit Roessner, and Christian Beste. "Modulations of cognitive flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder reflect dysfunctions of perceptual categorization." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 58, no. 8 (April 28, 2017): 939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12733.

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Kashino, Makio, and Hirohito M. Kondo. "Functional brain networks underlying perceptual switching: auditory streaming and verbal transformations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1591 (April 5, 2012): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0370.

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Recent studies have shown that auditory scene analysis involves distributed neural sites below, in, and beyond the auditory cortex (AC). However, it remains unclear what role each site plays and how they interact in the formation and selection of auditory percepts. We addressed this issue through perceptual multistability phenomena, namely, spontaneous perceptual switching in auditory streaming (AS) for a sequence of repeated triplet tones, and perceptual changes for a repeated word, known as verbal transformations (VTs). An event-related fMRI analysis revealed brain activity timelocked to perceptual switching in the cerebellum for AS, in frontal areas for VT, and the AC and thalamus for both. The results suggest that motor-based prediction, produced by neural networks outside the auditory system, plays essential roles in the segmentation of acoustic sequences both in AS and VT. The frequency of perceptual switching was determined by a balance between the activation of two sites, which are proposed to be involved in exploring novel perceptual organization and stabilizing current perceptual organization. The effect of the gene polymorphism of catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) on individual variations in switching frequency suggests that the balance of exploration and stabilization is modulated by catecholamines such as dopamine and noradrenalin. These mechanisms would support the noteworthy flexibility of auditory scene analysis.

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Favela, Luis H. "Soft-assembled human–machine perceptual systems." Adaptive Behavior 27, no. 6 (May 10, 2019): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319847129.

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Cognitive systems are highly adaptable and flexible, such that action and perception capabilities can be achieved with the body in various ways, and incorporate features of the environment and nonbiological tools. Perceptual learning refers to enduring changes to a system’s ability to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli. Here I present an integrative framework for understanding how such capabilities occur in human–machine systems comprising brain–body–tool–environment interactions. Central to this work is the claim that the capacity for high degrees of adaptation, flexibility, and learning are possible because human–machine systems are soft-assembled systems, that is, systems whose material constitution is not rigidly constrained so as to achieve goals via a variety of configurations. I begin by presenting the foundations of the framework on offer: the concepts, methods, and theories of ecological psychology; embodied cognition; dynamical systems theory; and machine intelligence. Next, I apply the framework to the case of visually-guided action. I conclude by explaining how this framework provides the explanatory and investigative tools to understand human–machine perceptual systems as soft-assembled systems that span brains-bodies-tools-environments.

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TCHANTURIA, KATE, MARIJA BRECELJ ANDERLUH, ROBIN G. MORRIS, SOPHIA RABE-HESKETH, DAVID A. COLLIER, PATRICIA SANCHEZ, and JANET L. TREASURE. "Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10, no. 4 (July 2004): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704104086.

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The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Fifty-three patients with an eating disorder (34 with anorexia nervosa and 19 with bulimia nervosa) and 35 healthy controls participated in the study. A battery of neuropsychological tests for cognitive flexibility was used, including Trail Making B, the Brixton Test, Verbal Fluency, the Haptic Illusion Test, a cognitive shifting task (CatBat) and a picture set test. Using exploratory factor analysis, four factors were obtained: 1: Simple Alternation; 2: Mental Flexibility; 3: Perseveration; and 4: Perceptual Shift. Patients with anorexia nervosa had abnormal scores on Factors 1 and 4. Patients with bulimia nervosa showed a different pattern, with significant impairments in Factors 2 and 4. These findings suggest that differential neuropsychological disturbance in the domain of mental flexibility/rigidity may underlie the spectrum of eating disorders. (JINS, 2004, 10, 513–520.)

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Keifer, Kellie S., Jennifer S. Lanham, Alex Kirlik, and R. Jay Shively. "Star Cruiser: A Laboratory Task for Investigating Dynamic Decision Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 14 (October 1992): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601403.

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Star Cruiser is a complex laboratory task that was designed to study decision making processes. It is intended to provide a rich perceptual environment in which to study the perceptual decision heuristics utilized by operators in similar tasks (Shively & Kirlik, 1991, Kirlik, Markert & Shively, 1990). In addition, a great deal of flexibility is offered by its script-style control. Researchers interested in such areas as workload, situational awareness, and skill development may also find it useful. It is presently being utilized in laboratories at NASA-Ames and Georgia Tech, where it was jointly developed, but the software is now available for distribution to other interested laboratories.

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Seeling, Patrick, Martin Reisslein, and Frank H. P. Fitzek. "Real-Time Compression for Tactile Internet Data Streams." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051924.

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The Tactile Internet will require ultra-low latencies for combining machines and humans in systems where humans are in the control loop. Real-time and perceptual coding in these systems commonly require content-specific approaches. We present a generic approach based on deliberately reduced number accuracy and evaluate the trade-off between savings achieved and errors introduced with real-world data for kinesthetic movement and tele-surgery. Our combination of bitplane-level accuracy adaptability with perceptual threshold-based limits allows for great flexibility in broad application scenarios. Combining the attainable savings with the relatively small introduced errors enables the optimal selection of a working point for the method in actual implementations.

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Chamberlain, Rebecca, Lena Swinnen, Sarah Heeren, and Johan Wagemans. "Perceptual flexibility is coupled with reduced executive inhibition in students of the visual arts." British Journal of Psychology 109, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12253.

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Soltani Kouhbanani, Sakineh, and Aribert Rothenberger. "Perceptual-Motor Skills Reconstruction Program Improves Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116210.

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Objective: Many children suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show problems in executive functions (EF), which reflect neuronal pathways from perception to controlled action. Treatment approaches that improve executive functions may prevent a negative cycle of failures in students. Hence, this research aims to study the efficacy of the perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program on EF in children with ADHD while considering cognitive flexibility, abstract verbal skills, response inhibition, and working memory. Also, its effect on clinical ADHD symptoms should be considered. Method: The research design included pretest, posttest, and a follow-up after six months. The sample included third-grade school children with ADHD (50 students, aged 8–10 years, boys and girls) who were referred to the Child Psychology Clinic, Iran, Mashhad 2018–2019. After clinical assessment for ADHD, children were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 25) and a waiting control (n = 25) group. The experimental group received the perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program for 16 sessions (three times per week, i.e., five weeks and one session in the sixth week). Delis–Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS) was applied at three measurement points (M1–3) in order to test for changes over time. Results: Data analysis (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with post-hoc-testing) showed that there was a significantly better performance of experimental versus waiting control group at posttest (M2) and follow-up (M3) for cognitive flexibility (t(24) = 4.9, df = 14, p < 0.0001), abstract verbal skills (t(24) = 3.5, df = 14, p < 0.004), response inhibition (t(24) = 7.54, df = 14, p < 0.0001) and working memory (t(24) = 12.69, df = 14, p < 0.004). Further, Conners-Scales-Score improved for the experimental group. Conclusions: Training with perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program clearly improved the trained variables (i.e., cognitive flexibility, abstract verbal skills, response inhibition, and working memory) and clinical symptoms of the children with ADHD. The obtained training may lead in practice to better preconditions for successfully handling daily tasks at school and in society.

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Gong, Diankun, Weiyi Ma, Jiehui Hu, Qingqing Hu, Yongxiu Lai, and Dezhong Yao. "The flexibility of partial information transmission in the auditory channel: The role of perceptual discriminability." Psychophysiology 49, no. 10 (August 20, 2012): 1394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01452.x.

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Kostyuchenko, E. V. "Multifunctional Perceptual Mapping of the Various Components of the World Image in Students." Psychological-Educational Studies 7, no. 2 (2015): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2015070207.

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The article analyzes the products of artistic, graphic and verbal activity, objective measures of actualization of the world image in students of different majors and courses of Kiev National University of Culture and Arts on the basis of allocation of the dominant dichotomous signs, and criteria of interrelated components of the world image (physical, cognitive, psychosomatic, emotional and social). We compared the representation of these characteristics in all artworks (group 1: 1438 students) and in a dedicated group of pictures of students, for whom the dominant channel of verbal representation of the world image is perceptual one (group 2: 145 students). We revealed the multifunctional indicators of perceptual representation, and composition category in the mapping of the various components of the world image: harmony, integrity and consistency of form, proportionality and flexibility, structuredness. The perceptual image of the world as a reference image is displayed in the form of compositional integrity, it corrects all the other images, affects the peculiarities of their manifestations in artistic activity; it has a personal meaning, which characterizes the attitude of the individual to the world.

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Glassman, Robert B. "I Promethean, bound deeply and fluidly among the brain's associative robotic networks." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 1 (February 2007): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07001033.

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Merker's insightful broad review fertilely recasts the mind/brain issue, but the phenomenological appeals require additional considerations of behavioral and neural flexibility. Motor equivalences and perceptual constancies may be cortical contributions to a “robotic” tectal orientation mechanism. Intermediate “third layers” of associative neural networks, each with a few diffusely summing convergence-divergence modules, may be the economical expedient by which evolution has extended the limited unity-in-diversity of sensorimotor coordination to perception, action, thinking, and memory.

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Russell, Emily E., and Mariel Kyger Doerfel. "Animals, foods, and household items—oh my! Evidence of 24-30-month-old children’s increasing flexibility in word learning from naturalistic data." Psychology of Language and Communication 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 82–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2021-0005.

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Abstract At 18 months of age, children frequently generalize (and overgeneralize) novel objects’ labels by shape (Landau et al., 1988). However, data from laboratory studies using ostensive word-learning paradigms indicate that, by three years of age, children generalize the labels of novel objects depending on the objects’ perceptual characteristics and taxonomy (Lavin & Hall, 2001; Jones et al., 1991). The current study sought to document this shift in children’s word-learning strategies using naturalistic data. We tracked children’s vocabularies over a six-month period of time (between 24-30 months of age) and classified their known words according to perceptual organization of the object categories to which they refer (e.g., shape-based, material-based). Children’s vocabulary sizes and rates of growth varied in meaningful ways between types of object categories and between the superordinate categories (e.g., animals, toys) to which the object categories belong. Findings carry implications for two popular accounts of vocabulary acquisition.

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Chakraborty, Samyadip, and Santanu Mandal. "Enablers of clinician involvement inclination, care delivery agility and clinical productivity." Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 753–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-06-2017-0144.

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PurposeHealthcare services have enormous potential for growth in the country. However, the drivers of clinical productivity are yet to be explored. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of clinician buy-in, clinician ease of use, clinician work stream flexibility and device placement comfort on clinician’ s involvement. The study further examines the effect of converged devices implementation and wireless portable devices adoption on care delivery agility. Lastly, the authors examine the influence of clinician’s involvement and care delivery agility on clinical productivity.Design/methodology/approachMeasures for the constructs were developed from extant literature and expert feedback complemented with pre-testing. Further, perceptual responses were collected from 221 doctors through internet surveys and were analyzed using partial least squares.FindingsThe study identified clinician’s ease of use and workflow streamlining flexibility as key enablers of clinician’s involvement. Findings further reveal that converged devices implementation and wireless portable adoption as prominent enablers of care delivery agility. Further, the authors found clinician’s involvement and care delivery agility to have a positive contribution in enhancing clinical productivity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has collected perceptual responses from doctors practicing both in hospitals and private clinics and their perceptions have been based on their experiences at those specific institutions or sites, which may limit generalizability of the current study findings. This study incorporated only doctors and ignored other assistant staffs’ perceptions who assisted and aided doctors in executing treatment procedures either in private clinics or hospitals.Practical implicationsThe study has practical implications for enhancing clinical productivity.Social implicationsThe study findings highlight the role of process focus and infrastructure focus on the human elements of involvement and agility which often play pivotal role for motivation for individual physicians and their productivity.Originality/valueThe study is the foremost to develop perceptual measures for several constructs in the healthcare services.

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Carterette, Edward C., Kathryn Vaughn, and Nazir A. Jairazbhoy. "Perceptual, Acoustical, and Musical Aspects of the Tambūrā Drone." Music Perception 7, no. 2 (1989): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285453.

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The basso continuo principle, as embodied in Rameau's theory of functional harmony, was paralleled by the introduction of drone instruments in the classical music of India. In order to understand how these two systems are tied together in human music perception, we studied the role of tambūrā interactions with North Indian rags played on the sitār. Raman (1914-1922) had applied his theory of discontinuous wave motion to mechanical and musical properties of the strings of the violin. He noted the remarkable, powerful harmonic series that arose from the nonlinear interaction of the tambürã string and grazing contact with its curved bridge. We analyzed the waveforms of the most common drone tunings. Each of the four strings was played with and without juari ("life-giving" threads). The upward transfer and spread of energy into higher partials imparts richness to tambūrā tones and underlies the use of different drone tunings for different rags. Specific notes of rāg scales are selectively and dynamically enhanced by different drone tunings. Based on coincident features of spectral and musical scale degrees, we computed an index of spectral complexity of the interactions of tambūrā tunings with rãg scales. We speculate that the use of juari contributes to stable pitch centers, implied scale modulation, and an improvisational flexibility.

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Summa, Michela. "Phantasie, Interaktion und Perspektivenübernahme in Als-ob-Situationen. Eine phänomenologische Analyse / Fantasy, Interaction and Perspective-Taking in Pretense Situations. A Phenomenological Analysis." Gestalt Theory 39, no. 2-3 (November 27, 2017): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gth-2017-0014.

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SummaryThe aim of this article is to develop a phenomenological analysis of pretense. In different forms of pretense, something we take to be fictive is somehow transposed into a context that we experience as real. Due to this ‘transposition’, the context itself, under certain respects, becomes unreal or fictional. When we ‘live’ in a pretense context, we bracket or conceal what we take for real. Departing from both meta-representational and simulationist approaches, the phenomenological interpretation of pretense is developed based, on the one hand, on the analysis of the role of perceptual and, on the other hand, on the inquiry into the central moments making up the sociality of pretense. In relation to the intersubjective/social nature of pretense and to reassessment of the relation between ‘being’ and ‘appearing’, which result from the analysis of the role of perceptual, different forms of perspectival flexibility that are actualized in pretense will be discussed.

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Xu, Jialang, Chunbo Luo, Xinyue Chen, Shicai Wei, and Yang Luo. "Remote Sensing Change Detection Based on Multidirectional Adaptive Feature Fusion and Perceptual Similarity." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 3053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153053.

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Remote sensing change detection (RSCD) is an important yet challenging task in Earth observation. The booming development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision raises new possibilities for RSCD, and many recent RSCD methods have introduced CNNs to achieve promising improvements in performance. In this paper we propose a novel multidirectional fusion and perception network for change detection in bi-temporal very-high-resolution remote sensing images. First, we propose an elaborate feature fusion module consisting of a multidirectional fusion pathway (MFP) and an adaptive weighted fusion (AWF) strategy for RSCD to boost the way that information propagates in the network. The MFP enhances the flexibility and diversity of information paths by creating extra top-down and shortcut-connection paths. The AWF strategy conducts weight recalibration for every fusion node to highlight salient feature maps and overcome semantic gaps between different features. Second, a novel perceptual similarity module is designed to introduce perceptual loss into the RSCD task, which adds perceptual information, such as structure and semantic information, for high-quality change map generation. Extensive experiments on four challenging benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed network compared with eight state-of-the-art methods in terms of F1, Kappa, and visual qualities.

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Cassia, Viola Macchi, Valentina Proietti, and Antonella Pisacane. "Early and later experience with one younger sibling affects face processing abilities of 6-year-old children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 2 (February 12, 2013): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025412469175.

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Available evidence indicates that experience with one face from a specific age group improves face-processing abilities if acquired within the first 3 years of life but not in adulthood. In the current study, we tested whether the effects of early experience endure at age 6 and whether the first 3 years of life are a sensitive period for the effects of experience on perceptual learning. To this end, we compared the effects of early (before age 3) and later (after age 5) experience with one younger sibling on 6-year-olds’ processing of adult and infant faces. Unlike children without siblings, those with a younger sibling were equally skilled at differentiating faces of the two ages and showed a generalized inversion effect for both face ages, irrespective of when exposure to the sibling face began. Results indicate that face representation retains flexibility in response to extensive exposure to one facial identity even after age 3, and perceptual learning engendered by early experience continues to affect face-processing skills at 6 years.

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Weissgerber, Sophia C., Matthias Brunmair, and Ralf Rummer. "Null and Void? Errors in Meta-analysis on Perceptual Disfluency and Recommendations to Improve Meta-analytical Reproducibility." Educational Psychology Review 33, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 1221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09579-1.

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AbstractIn the 2018 meta-analysis of Educational Psychology Review entitled “Null effects of perceptual disfluency on learning outcomes in a text-based educational context” by Xie, Zhou, and Liu, we identify some errors and inconsistencies in both the methodological approach and the reported results regarding coding and effect sizes. While from a technical point of view the meta-analysis aligns with current meta-analytical guidelines (e.g., PRISMA) and conforms to general meta-analytical requirements (e.g., considering publication bias), it exemplifies certain insufficient practices in the creation and review of meta-analysis. We criticize the lack of transparency and negligence of open-science practices in the generation and reporting of results, which complicate evaluation of the meta-analytical reproducibility, especially given the flexibility in subjective choices regarding the analytical approach and the flexibility in creating the database. Here we present a framework applicable to pre- and post-publication review on improving the Methods Reproducibility of meta-analysis. Based on considerations of the transparency and openness (TOP)-guidlines (Nosek et al. Science 348: 1422–1425, 2015), the Reproducibility Enhancement Principles (REP; Stodden et al. Science 354:1240–1241, 2016), and recommendations by Lakens et al. (BMC Psychology 4: Article 24, 2016), we outline Computational Reproducibility (Level 1), Computational Verification (Level 2), Analysis Reproducibility (Level 3), and Outcome Reproducibility (Level 4). Applying reproducibility checks to TRANSFER performance as the chosen outcome variable, we found Xie’s and colleagues’ results to be (rather) robust. Yet, regarding RECALL performance and the moderator analysis, the identified problems raise doubts about the credibility of the reported results.

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Scandurra, Anna, Alessandra Alterisio, Anna Di Cosmo, and Biagio D’Aniello. "Behavioral and Perceptual Differences between Sexes in Dogs: An Overview." Animals 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8090151.

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In this paper, we review the scientific reports of sex-related differences in dogs as compared to the outcomes described for wild animals. Our aim was to explore whether the differences in male and female dogs were affected by the domestication process, in which artificial selection is the main driver. For this purpose, we used information regarding personality traits, cognitive processes, and perception, for which there is a wide theoretical framework in behavioral ecology. Aggressiveness and boldness, described as a behavioral syndrome, were reported as being higher in males than females. Females also seemed more inclined to interspecific social interactions with humans in tasks that require cooperative skills, whereas males appeared more inclined to social play, thus implying different levels of social engagement between the sexes, depending on the context. Studies on cognitive processes underlined a greater flexibility in resorting to a particular navigation strategy in males. Most lateralization studies seem to support the view that males are preferentially left-handed and females are preferentially right-handed. Reports on visual focusing coherently rank females as superior in focusing on single social and physical stimuli. Only male dogs are able to discriminate kin; however, the timing of the olfactory recording in sexes is related to the stimulus relevance. Dogs are largely in line with life-history theories, which indicate that sex differences in dogs are mainly rooted in their biological and evolutionary heritage, remaining unchanged despite artificial selection. In contrast, the higher intraspecific sociability in wild male animals was not replicated in dogs.

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Soliga, Abi, and Godlin Jasil. "Evaluating Blind Image Quality Using RBF Neural Network." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/csit.v1i1.40.

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Blind Image Quality Assessment (BIQA) methods are the most part feeling mindful. The BIQA method learns regression models from preparing images with human subjective scores to predict the perceptual nature of test images. The general quality of image and the nature of every image patches are measured by normal pooling. By coordinating the components of normal picture measurements got from different signs, we take a multivariate Gaussian model of picture patches from an accumulation of unblemished regular pictures. The proposed radial bias function neural network method is used to evaluate the quality of images and this method represents the structure of picture distortions with flexibility.

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Stetter, F., C. Chaluppa, K. Ackermann, ER Straube, and K. Mann. "Alcoholics’ selective processing of alcohol related words and cognitive performance on a Stroop task." European Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (1994): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800001784.

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SummaryStarting from the hypothesis that alcoholics have a specific semantic network which causes a perceptual-processing bias, we tested 30 male inpatients and 20 healthy male controls. Our modified card version of the Stroop color-naming task consisted of a neutral and critical word condition. The results revealed that alcoholic patients showed a small information processing bias under the critical experimental condition (alcohol-related words); although this was only a trend in the expected direction and statistically not significant. However, neuropsychological impairment of the patients was demonstrated with the “standard Stroop procedure”. The most significant deficits were found in the interference task, which requires cognitive flexibility.

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Yang, Ziyu, Maoshen Jia, Wenbei Wang, and Jiaming Zhang. "Multi-Stage Encoding Scheme for Multiple Audio Objects Using Compressed Sensing." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0074.

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Abstract Object-based audio techniques have become common since they provide the flexibility for personalized rendering. In this paper a multi-stage encoding scheme for multiple audio objects is proposed. The scheme is based on intra-object sparsity. In the encoding phase the dominant Time Frequency (TF) instants of all active object signals are extracted and divided into several stages to form the multistage observation signals for transmission. In the decoding phase the preserved TF instants are recovered via Compressed Sensing (CS) technique, and further used for reconstructing the audio objects. The evaluations validated that the proposed encoding scheme can achieve scalable transmission while maintaining perceptual quality of each audio object.

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Soliga, Abi, and Godlin Jasil. "Evaluating Blind Image Quality Using RBF Neural Network." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.99.

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Blind Image Quality Assessment (BIQA) methods are the most part feeling mindful. The BIQA method learns regression models from preparing images with human subjective scores to predict the perceptual nature of test images. The general quality of image and the nature of every image patches are measured by normal pooling. By coordinating the components of normal picture measurements got from different signs, we take a multivariate Gaussian model of picture patches from an accumulation of unblemished regular pictures. The proposed radial bias function neural network method is used to evaluate the quality of images and this method represents the structure of picture distortions with flexibility.

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Freeman, E. D. "One Whole or Two? The Flexible Role of the Observer in Perceptual Grouping." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1108.

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The flexibility of perceptual grouping was examined from a functional perspective. If particular wholes are good for particular tasks, we can bend the rules of Gestalt organisation in order to see them? Evidence was gained by observing the effects of Gestalt factors on task performance, in the context of subjects' experience and expectation. Ellipsoids were split into two semi-ellipses by a central gap of variable width, which controlled the relative dominance of a one-whole percept (Narrow-Gap) or a two-parts percept (Wide-Gap). In a sequential comparison task, a reference ellipsoid was paired either with another ellipsoid (Whole/Whole), or with a single semi-ellipse (Whole/Part). Subjects responded “different” to a change in the shape of one semi-ellipse. Stimuli appeared for 50 ms and the reference stimulus was masked with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 50 to 250 ms. Subjects were first trained either on Whole/Whole or Whole/Part only; both comparisons types were then mixed randomly. A loss of discriminability was predicted for Whole/Whole with Wide-Gap, and for Whole/Part with Narrow-Gap, but only for untrained and unexpected comparisons. The predicted interaction was significant. The effects were particularly strong with 50 ms SOA, suggesting an early involvement of task-contextual factors in perceptual grouping, and showing no evidence of global priority. Subjects appeared to readily learn flexible grouping strategies, abstracting only the behaviourally relevant relationships, and thus offsetting the effects of stimulus structure on perceptual grouping.

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Dang, Linh C., Aneesh Donde, Cindee Madison, James P. O'Neil, and William J. Jagust. "Striatal Dopamine Influences the Default Mode Network to Affect Shifting between Object Features." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 9 (September 2012): 1960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00252.

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Cognitive flexibility or the ability to change behavior in response to external cues is conceptualized as two processes: one for shifting between perceptual features of objects and another for shifting between the abstract rules governing the selection of these objects. Object and rule shifts are believed to engage distinct anatomical structures and functional processes. Dopamine activity has been associated with cognitive flexibility, but patients with dopaminergic deficits are not impaired on all tasks assessing cognitive flexibility, suggesting that dopamine may have different roles in the shifting of objects and rules. The goals of this study were to identify brain regions supporting object and rule shifts and to examine the role of dopamine in modulating these two forms of cognitive flexibility. Sixteen young, healthy volunteers underwent fMRI while performing a set-shift task designed to differentiate shifting between object features from shifting between abstract task rules. Participants also underwent PET with 6-[18F]-fluoro-l-m-tyrosine (FMT), a radiotracer measuring dopamine synthesis capacity. Shifts of abstract rules were not associated with activation in any brain region, and FMT uptake did not correlate with rule shift performance. Shifting between object features deactivated the medial PFC and the posterior cingulate and activated the lateral PFC, posterior parietal areas, and the striatum. FMT signal in the striatum correlated negatively with object shift performance and deactivation in the medial PFC, a component of the default mode network, suggesting that dopamine influences object shifts via modulation of activity in the default mode network.

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Zaunschirm, Markus, Matthias Frank, and Franz Zotter. "Binaural Rendering with Measured Room Responses: First-Order Ambisonic Microphone vs. Dummy Head." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 29, 2020): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051631.

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To improve the limited degree of immersion of static binaural rendering for headphones, an increased measurement effort to obtain multiple-orientation binaural room impulse responses (MOBRIRs) is reasonable and enables dynamic variable-orientation rendering. We investigate the perceptual characteristics of dynamic rendering from MOBRIRs and test for the required angular resolution. Our first listening experiment shows that a resolution between 15 ∘ and 30 ∘ is sufficient to accomplish binaural rendering of high quality, regarding timbre, spatial mapping, and continuity. A more versatile alternative considers the separation of the room-dependent (RIR) from the listener-dependent head-related (HRIR) parts, and an efficient implementation thereof involves the measurement of a first-order Ambisonic RIR (ARIR) with a tetrahedral microphone. A resolution-enhanced ARIR can be obtained by an Ambisonic spatial decomposition method (ASDM) utilizing instantaneous direction of arrival estimation. ASDM permits dynamic rendering in higher-order Ambisonics, with the flexibility to render either using dummy-head or individualized HRIRs. Our comparative second listening experiment shows that 5th-order ASDM outperforms the MOBRIR rendering with resolutions coarser than 30 ∘ for all tested perceptual aspects. Both listening experiments are based on BRIRs and ARIRs measured in a studio environment.

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Montenegro, Juan Manuel Fernandez, and Vasileios Argyriou. "Virtual Environments and Cognitive Tests for Dementia Diagnosis." International Journal of Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies Research 4, no. 1 (January 2016): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmstr.2016010102.

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Dementia is a syndrome characterised by the decline of mental skills such as memory, reasoning, language or perceptual interpretation. High rate of deaths and high cost for detection, treatments and patient's care count amongst its consequences. The aim of this work is the creation of low cost and efficient tools to help with the detection of Alzheimer. In addition, current game technologies have proved to be a convenient tool for healthcare due to the flexibility to create certain situations provided by Virtual Environments (VEs). Therefore, our objective is the creation of novel e-health applications, accessible to all patients, using new affordable technologies combined with Human Computer Interaction (HCI) systems and VEs.

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Dövencioğlu, Dicle, Hiroshi Ban, Andrew J. Schofield, and Andrew E. Welchman. "Perceptual Integration for Qualitatively Different 3-D Cues in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 1527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00417.

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The visual system's flexibility in estimating depth is remarkable: We readily perceive 3-D structure under diverse conditions from the seemingly random dots of a “magic eye” stereogram to the aesthetically beautiful, but obviously flat, canvasses of the Old Masters. Yet, 3-D perception is often enhanced when different cues specify the same depth. This perceptual process is understood as Bayesian inference that improves sensory estimates. Despite considerable behavioral support for this theory, insights into the cortical circuits involved are limited. Moreover, extant work tested quantitatively similar cues, reducing some of the challenges associated with integrating computationally and qualitatively different signals. Here we address this challenge by measuring fMRI responses to depth structures defined by shading, binocular disparity, and their combination. We quantified information about depth configurations (convex “bumps” vs. concave “dimples”) in different visual cortical areas using pattern classification analysis. We found that fMRI responses in dorsal visual area V3B/KO were more discriminable when disparity and shading concurrently signaled depth, in line with the predictions of cue integration. Importantly, by relating fMRI and psychophysical tests of integration, we observed a close association between depth judgments and activity in this area. Finally, using a cross-cue transfer test, we found that fMRI responses evoked by one cue afford classification of responses evoked by the other. This reveals a generalized depth representation in dorsal visual cortex that combines qualitatively different information in line with 3-D perception.

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Hapner, Edie R., and Adam Klein. "A Synopsis of the Management of Vocal Fold Scar." Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders 19, no. 1 (March 2009): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/vvd19.1.15.

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Abstract Vocal fold scarring remains one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in laryngology and voice therapy. The loss of superior lamina propria results in a change in the pliability of the vocal folds with changes in glottal configuration, glottal closure, and reduced to absent mucosal wave motion. This results in dysphonia of varying severities including breathiness, roughness, loss of pitch range, and flexibility. The aim of this article is to present a brief review of vocal fold architecture and a discussion of the etiologies of vocal fold scarring. Methods to evaluate vocal fold scarring are presented with examples of findings in laryngoscopic, acoustic, aerodynamic, and perceptual assessments. Medical, surgical, and behavioral treatment for vocal folds scaring including sample therapy tasks are included.

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Inthiam, Jiraphan, Abbe Mowshowitz, and Eiji Hayashi. "Mood Perception Model for Social Robot Based on Facial and Bodily Expression Using a Hidden Markov Model." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0629.

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In the normal course of human interaction people typically exchange more than spoken words. Emotion is conveyed at the same time in the form of nonverbal messages. In this paper, we present a new perceptual model of mood detection designed to enhance a robot’s social skill. This model assumes 1) there are only two hidden states (positive or negative mood), and 2) these states can be recognized by certain facial and bodily expressions. A Viterbi algorithm has been adopted to predict the hidden state from the visible physical manifestation. We verified the model by comparing estimated results with those produced by human observers. The comparison shows that our model performs as well as human observers, so the model could be used to enhance a robot’s social skill, thus endowing it with the flexibility to interact in a more human-oriented way.

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NAISMITH, SHARON L., IAN B. HICKIE, PHILIP B. WARD, ELIZABETH SCOTT, and CRAIG LITTLE. "Impaired implicit sequence learning in depression: a probe for frontostriatal dysfunction?" Psychological Medicine 36, no. 3 (December 19, 2005): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006835.

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Background. Implicit learning through motor sequencing tasks is sensitive to basal ganglia dysfunction. Consequently, it is ideally suited for testing elements of the frontostriatal model of major depression and performance can be related to key clinical, neuropsychological, vascular and biochemical data.Method. Twenty-one subjects with moderate to severe unipolar depression and 21 age-, sex- and education-matched controls were recruited. Clinical, vascular and biochemical data were recorded. Subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests that assessed speed of processing, working memory, learning, memory, language, perceptual organization and executive functioning. Additionally, subjects were administered a motor sequencing implicit learning task. Implicit learning is assumed when reaction times improve during the sequenced condition as compared to the pseudo-random baseline condition.Results. The rate of implicit learning in persons with depression was only half that of control subjects (3·6% v. 7·3%). Lower rates of implicit learning in patients were associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests of visuomotor speed and mental flexibility, longer duration of depressive episode and severity of acute stress. In a small number of subjects, poorer performance was also related to past suicide attempt.Conclusions. Impaired implicit learning in persons with depression is consistent with frontostriatal dysfunction. Performance is related to some clinical characteristics and to neuropsychological functioning on tests of visuomotor speed and mental flexibility.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perceptual Flexibility'

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