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Journal articles on the topic 'Perceptual isolation'
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1
Marois, René, Marvin M. Chun, and John C. Gore. "A Common Parieto-Frontal Network Is Recruited Under Both Low Visibility and High Perceptual Interference Conditions." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 5 (November 2004): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01061.2003.
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A fundamental property of visual attention is to select targets from interfering distractors. However, attention can also facilitate the detectability of near-threshold items presented in isolation. The extent to which these two perceptually challenging conditions are resolved by the same neural mechanisms is not well known. In the present event-related fMRI experiment, subjects performed a letter identification task under two perceptually challenging conditions; when the luminance contrast of a target letter was reduced (perceptual visibility manipulation) and when the target letter was flanked by distractors (perceptual interference manipulation). Perceptual interference recruited the right parietal and mid-lateral frontal cortex, while perceptual visibility activated these regions bilaterally. The overlap of activated areas between the two perceptual manipulations suggests that a single parieto-frontal network is summoned under both perceptual visibility and interference conditions.
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Harnsberger, James, Ratree Wayland, and Jenna Silver. "Perceptual assimilation in context and isolation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786848.
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van Nus, Miriam. "The Recognition Of Words Spoken In Isolation In a Foreign Language." TTW: De nieuwe generatie 39 (January 1, 1991): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.39.13nus.
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This article discusses some of the results of an experiment in which native speakers of English, Dutch advanced and intermediate learners of English listened to frequently occurring English words, which had been sliced into fragments of increasing duration. From the initial 100 ms. of a word onwards, each fragment contained the preceding fragment and an added 50 ms. of the word. The subjects were asked to write down the sounds they had heard and to identify the test words as soon as they had sufficient perceptual information about the words. Their responses show that the Dutch intermediate learners needed significantly more perceptual information before they were able to recognize a word than the advanced learners and the native speakers. This article discusses some of the results of an experiment in which native speakers of English, Dutch advanced and intermediate learners of English listened to frequently occurring English words, which had been sliced into fragments of increasing duration. From the initial 100 ms. of a word onwards, each fragment contained the preceding fragment and an added 50 ms. of the word. The subjects were asked to write down the sounds they had heard and to identify the test words as soon as they had sufficient perceptual information about the words. Their responses show that the Dutch intermediate learners needed significantly more perceptual information before they were able to recognize a word than the advanced learners and the native speakers.
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Dunlosky, John, R. Reed Hunt, and Elizabeth Clark. "Is perceptual salience needed in explanations of the isolation effect?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, no. 3 (2000): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.3.649.
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Taylor, George A. "Perceptual errors in pediatric radiology." Diagnosis 4, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2017-0001.
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Abstract Perceptual errors are common contributors to missed diagnoses in the clinical practice of radiology. While the physical attributes of an image such as image resolution, signal-to-noise characteristics, and anatomic complexity are major causes of poor conspicuity of pathologic lesions, there are major interrelated cognitive contributors to visual errors. The first is satisfaction of search (SOS), where the detection of an abnormality results in premature termination of further search. Another form of incomplete search pattern is visual isolation, where a radiologist’s search pattern is truncated to the main areas of an image, while little or no attention is given to peripheral areas. A second cognitive error is inattentional blindness, defined as the failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected object because attention was otherwise engaged. Strategies for error mitigation have centered around the use of check lists, self prompting routines, and structured reporting within an institutional culture of safety and vigilance.
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Katz, Stuart. "Why There is No Error in the Direct Theory of Perception." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160537.
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According to Gibson's direct theory, perception is an achievement, not a process. Perceptual error, therefore, is the failure to perceive. Taken in isolation, this assertion leads to implausible consequences, but taken together with other assertions of Gibson, it may be understood, without contradiction, to mean that there is no absolute error in perception. Whether perception is successful or not is determined by the context in which the perceptual act occurs.
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Peretz, I. "Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage." Cognition 68, no. 2 (August 1998): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00043-2.
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Bai, Fan. "Perceptual Effects of Nasal Cue Modification." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 22, 2015): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010399.
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Acoustic or perceptual cues used for speech perception can be very helpful in almost all areas of speech signal processing. A new methodology 3-Dimensional-Deep Search and a new visualized intelligible time-frequency computerbased model AI-gram have been developed and are being researched since the last several years (Human Speech Recognition (HSR) research group at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) for isolation of stable perceptual cues of consonants. The perceptual cues of nasal consonants [1] have been successfully found considering these techniques [1]. The previous work is extended by assessing the changes in nasal sound perception and cue region is modified by using digital signal processing method. The amplitude of the perceptual cue region is amplified, attenuated or ignored completely and then the perception score is measured. A high correlation between the amplitude of the cue region and the perception score is found. The intelligibility of the entire token is increased or decreased approximately in a similar fashion as the cue region modified amplitude which is measured by the MMSE shift of the perceptual score curve. This validates that the regions identified are perceptual cue regions for nasal consonants. The digital signal processing method proposed can be used as a new approach for enhancing speech signal in noisy conditions.
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Özsungur, Fahri. "A Perceptual Approach to Aging: Latent Aging." Research on Ageing and Social Policy 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rasp.2020.4836.
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This study is a review article. Gerontology literature was reviewed and issues of latent aging were systematically formed. According to the results of the study, latent aging consists of perceptual diagnosis, research, adoption, and reactive actions.Reactive actions include the social, psychological and physical effects of latent aging. The social effects of latent aging are the decline of social relations and social isolation. Depression, stress, anxiety, traumas and cognitive decline are among the psychological effects. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, sleep disorders, premature mortality, and suicidal ideation were determined as physical effects. The detection of latent aging is important in the prevention of chronic diseases.It was revealed that latent aging has the following four main processes: perceptual diagnosis and coding, research and comparison, adoption and reactive actions. Furthermore, this aging approach has three significant effects: social, psychological and physical.
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Krumhansl, Carol L., and Mark A. Schmuckler. "The Petroushka Chord: A Perceptual Investigation." Music Perception 4, no. 2 (1986): 153–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285359.
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Five experiments investigated listeners' capacities for perceiving polytonality, in which materials from more than one key are employed simultaneously. The stimulus materials were based on a particularly striking example of polytonal writing from Stravinsky's Petroushka; it outlines in arpeggiated form the tonic triads of two maximally distant major keys, C and F# major. The first experiment demonstrates, using the probe-tone technique, that the two component voices presented in isolation establish the expected keys and that when they are combined some influence of both keys is felt. The second and third experiments indicate, however, that when presented dichotically the two components cannot be separated perceptually; this is attributed to the two voices having the same rhythmic and contour patterns and being sounded in the same pitch range. The fourth experiment replicated the findings of the first three, using listeners very familiar with the particular passage. The final experiment tested an alternative theoretical account, the octatonic collection. Probe-tone ratings following an octatonic scale did not account satisfactorily for the data for the musical passage, but the hierarchy of priorities proposed by Van den Toorn (1983) fit the data better than the major key profiles, especially for the experienced listeners.
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Koeda, T., M. Inoue, and K. Takeshita. "Constructional dyspraxia in preterm diplegia: isolation from visual and visual perceptual impairments." Acta Paediatrica 86, no. 10 (October 1997): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14809.x.
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Stewart, Rod. "Space Flight: III. Isolation of Perceptual Variable in Parabola Flight Sickness with Countermeasure to Lower Gastric pH." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.960.
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Rubino, I. Alex, Valeria Zanna, Barbara Fedeli, Sergio Belsanti, and Nicola Ciani. "Perceptual Defenses and Self-Rated Personality Disorders: A Multivariate Analysis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1203.
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The relationships between defense mechanisms and personality disorders were explored by means of the Defense Mechanism Test and Millon's Inventory-II in a group of 100 psychiatric nonpsychotic outpatients. Only few significant positive nonparametric correlations were found, concerning barrier isolation, intro-aggression, and lack or lateness of the threat. Also a multiple regression analysis evidenced few significant results and mostly in the negative direction. The unpredicted findings may have been partly determined by a general elevation of personality scale scores (due to the emotional distress of psychiatric patients), leading to a loss of interindividual differences.
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Goodsitt, Jan V., James L. Morgan, and Patricia K. Kuhl. "Perceptual strategies in prelingual speech segmentation." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (June 1993): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008266.
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ABSTRACTPrevious work has suggested that infants may segment continuous speech by a BRACKETING STRATEGY that segregates portions of the speech stream based on prosodic cues to their endpoints. The two present studies were designed to assess whether infants also can deploy a CLUSTERING STRATEGY that exploits asymmetries in transitional probabilities between successive elements, aggregating elements with high transitional probabilities and identifying points of low transitional probabilities as boundaries between units. These studies examined effects of the structure and redundancy of speech context on infants' discrimination of two target syllables using an operant head-turning procedure. After discrimination training on the target syllables in isolation, discrimination maintenance was tested when the target syllables were embedded in one of three contexts. Invariant Order contexts were structured to promote clustering, whereas the Redundant and Variable Order contexts were not. Thirty-six seven-month-olds were tested in Experiment I, in which stimuli were produced with varying intonation contours; 36 eight-month-olds were tested in Experiment 2, in which stimuli were produced with comparable flat pitch contours. In both experiments, performance of the three groups was equivalent in an initial 20-trial test. However, in a second 20-trial test, significant improvements in performance were shown by infants in the Invariant Order condition. No such gains were shown by infants in the other two conditions. These studies suggest that clustering may complement bracketing in infants' discovery of units of language.
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Jellema, Tjeerd, and David I. Perrett. "Perceptual History Influences Neural Responses to Face and Body Postures." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903770007353.
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We show that under natural viewing, the responses of cells in the temporal lobe of the macaque to the sight of static head and body postures is controlled by the sight of immediately preceding actions. Cells in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus responded vigorously to the sight of a face or body posture that followed a particular body action, but not when it followed other actions. The effective action or posture presented in isolation or in different sequences failed to produce a response. Our results demonstrate that cells in the temporal cortex could support the formation of expectations about impending behavior of others.
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Atkinson, Richard P., and Marc M. Sewell. "Enhancement of Visual Perception under Conditions of Short-Term Exposure to Sensory Isolation: A Comparison of Procedures for Altering Vigilance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (August 1988): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.243.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the pre- and posttest performance of subjects on a signal-detection task for the following three experimental conditions: sensory isolation, sensory alertness, and sensory relaxation. All subjects were assessed on 36 pretest and 36 posttest trials. Each block of 36 trials consisted of 12 “strong signals,” 12 “weak signals,” and 12 “no signals.” Exposure durations for each experimental condition lasted for one hour. Analyses showed significant improvements in hits from the pretest trials to the posttest trials on the “strong” and “weak signals” for the sensory isolation condition. Moreover, on the posttest “weak signal” trials, subjects in the sensory isolation condition scored a significantly greater number of hits than did those in the sensory alertness or sensory relaxation conditions. It was concluded that sensory isolation produces perceptual enhancement, as measured by a signal-detection task.
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Hommel, Bernhard, Jochen Müsseler, Gisa Aschersleben, and Wolfgang Prinz. "The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 849–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01000103.
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Traditional approaches to human information processing tend to deal with perception and action planning in isolation, so that an adequate account of the perception-action interface is still missing. On the perceptual side, the dominant cognitive view largely underestimates, and thus fails to account for, the impact of action-related processes on both the processing of perceptual information and on perceptual learning. On the action side, most approaches conceive of action planning as a mere continuation of stimulus processing, thus failing to account for the goal-directedness of even the simplest reaction in an experimental task. We propose a new framework for a more adequate theoretical treatment of perception and action planning, in which perceptual contents and action plans are coded in a common representational medium by feature codes with distal reference. Perceived events (perceptions) and to-be-produced events (actions) are equally represented by integrated, task-tuned networks of feature codes – cognitive structures we call event codes. We give an overview of evidence from a wide variety of empirical domains, such as spatial stimulus-response compatibility, sensorimotor synchronization, and ideomotor action, showing that our main assumptions are well supported by the data.
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Shankar, Swetha, and Andrew S. Kayser. "Perceptual and categorical decision making: goal-relevant representation of two domains at different levels of abstraction." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2016.
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To date it has been unclear whether perceptual decision making and rule-based categorization reflect activation of similar cognitive processes and brain regions. On one hand, both map potentially ambiguous stimuli to a smaller set of motor responses. On the other hand, decisions about perceptual salience typically concern concrete sensory representations derived from a noisy stimulus, while categorization is typically conceptualized as an abstract decision about membership in a potentially arbitrary set. Previous work has primarily examined these types of decisions in isolation. Here we independently varied salience in both the perceptual and categorical domains in a random dot-motion framework by manipulating dot-motion coherence and motion direction relative to a category boundary, respectively. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information, which is more relevant to subjects’ decisions, is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information, although they also have significant interactive effects on choice. Within the brain, BOLD activity within frontal regions strongly differentiated categorical salience and weakly differentiated perceptual salience; however, the interaction between these two factors activated similar frontoparietal brain networks. Notably, explicitly evaluating feature interactions revealed a frontal-parietal dissociation: parietal activity varied strongly with both features, but frontal activity varied with the combined strength of the information that defined the motor response. Together, these data demonstrate that frontal regions are driven by decision-relevant features and argue that perceptual decisions and rule-based categorization reflect similar cognitive processes and activate similar brain networks to the extent that they define decision-relevant stimulus-response mappings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we study the behavioral and neural dynamics of perceptual categorization when decision information varies in multiple domains at different levels of abstraction. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information but that perceptual and categorical domains interact to influence decisions. Frontoparietal brain activity during categorization flexibly represents decision-relevant features and highlights significant dissociations in frontal and parietal activity during decision making.
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Suedfeld, Peter, and Stanley Coren. "Perceptual isolation, sensory deprivation, and rest: Moving introductory psychology texts out of the 1950s." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 30, no. 1 (1989): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079795.
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Keefe, Richard S. E., and Michael S. Kraus. "Clues to the Cognitive and Perceptual Origins of Social Isolation and Psychosis in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 4 (April 2012): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010042.
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Chlébowski, Aurélie. "The meaning of „nasal grunts” in the NECTE corpus. A preliminary perceptual investigation." Research in Language 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0001.
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This paper reports a perceptual evaluation of the meanings conveyed by the acoustic components of “nasal grunts” (Chlebowski and Ballier 2015), i.e., non-lexical conversational sounds realised with a nasal feature (e.g. <ehm>, <uhhuh>, <mmhm>). This study follows the experimental investigation conducted by Chlebowski and Ballier (2015) on the acoustic components of such sounds in the PVC project (Milroy et al. 1997), which is part of the NECTE corpus (Allen et al. 2007). In accordance with current claims in the literature, they ascribed meanings to these acoustic features, e.g. fall-rises express that the “speaker implies something” (Wells 2006: 27), and verified their validity through an analysis of the context surrounding the “nasal grunts”. Nonetheless, to avoid problems of circularity and ad hoc categories, the present study includes a perceptual evaluation by four participants. To verify the meanings ascribed to the features of “nasal grunts”, three native speakers of American English were recorded in short casual conversations and three perception tests were created using these recordings, with Praat software (Boersma and Weenink 2009). The first two tests aim to check whether different acoustic features: 1) are perceived as different when presented in pairs; 2) can be identified by the participants (as falls or rises) in isolation. The last test aim to determine whether each feature bears the same meaning: 1) in isolation, 2) in a given context, or 3) in scripted conversations likely to trigger the meanings ascribed by Chlebowski and Ballier (2015). Results suggest that acoustic components of “nasal grunts” in Geordie English do convey specific attitudinal meanings, and raise the possibility of a perceptual hierarchy of those components.
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Mahar, Douglas P., and Brian D. Mackenzie. "Masking, Information Integration, and Tactile Pattern Perception: A Comparison of the Isolation and Integration Hypotheses." Perception 22, no. 4 (April 1993): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220483.
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Two competing models of the effects of pattern element proximity, masking, and perceptual integration on the discriminability of spatiotemporal vibrotactile patterns are compared. Kirman's ‘integration hypothesis' predicts that pattern perception is facilitated by a process of perceptual integration which requires that pattern elements be presented in close spatial and temporal proximity. Conversely, the ‘isolation hypothesis' predicts that the strong masking effects which occur when pattern elements are presented in close proximity impede the perception of patterns. Traditional masking studies do not provide a fair test of these two hypotheses because they rely on methods that measure the subject's ability to identify the target when the target is presented in conjunction with the mask, rather than the discriminability of the complex percept resulting from the integration of the target and mask. To account for this, a new procedure was devised where the amount of interelement masking and the discriminability of the pattern as a whole were measured independently as the spatial and temporal separation of the pattern elements were varied. As expected under both hypotheses, masking between pattern elements increased as either the spatial or the temporal separation between them was decreased. The pattern discrimination data also support the isolation hypothesis in that the patterns were discriminated less well with increasing temporal element separation with a similar but nonsignificant trend in the case of spatial separation. It is concluded that this new methodology should be applied to a wider range of tactile pattern processing situations in order to assess the generality of the results obtained.
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Pereira, Michael, Nathan Faivre, Iñaki Iturrate, Marco Wirthlin, Luana Serafini, Stéphanie Martin, Arnaud Desvachez, Olaf Blanke, Dimitri Van De Ville, and José del R. Millán. "Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imaging." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (April 1, 2020): 8382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918335117.
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The human capacity to compute the likelihood that a decision is correct—known as metacognition—has proven difficult to study in isolation as it usually cooccurs with decision making. Here, we isolated postdecisional from decisional contributions to metacognition by analyzing neural correlates of confidence with multimodal imaging. Healthy volunteers reported their confidence in the accuracy of decisions they made or decisions they observed. We found better metacognitive performance for committed vs. observed decisions, indicating that committing to a decision may improve confidence. Relying on concurrent electroencephalography and hemodynamic recordings, we found a common correlate of confidence following committed and observed decisions in the inferior frontal gyrus and a dissociation in the anterior prefrontal cortex and anterior insula. We discuss these results in light of decisional and postdecisional accounts of confidence and propose a computational model of confidence in which metacognitive performance naturally improves when evidence accumulation is constrained upon committing a decision.
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Lyamzin, Dmitry R., Ryo Aoki, Mohammad Abdolrahmani, and Andrea Benucci. "Probabilistic discrimination of relative stimulus features in mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (July 23, 2021): e2103952118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103952118.
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During perceptual decision-making, the brain encodes the upcoming decision and the stimulus information in a mixed representation. Paradigms suitable for studying decision computations in isolation rely on stimulus comparisons, with choices depending on relative rather than absolute properties of the stimuli. The adoption of tasks requiring relative perceptual judgments in mice would be advantageous in view of the powerful tools available for the dissection of brain circuits. However, whether and how mice can perform a relative visual discrimination task has not yet been fully established. Here, we show that mice can solve a complex orientation discrimination task in which the choices are decoupled from the orientation of individual stimuli. Moreover, we demonstrate a typical discrimination acuity of 9°, challenging the common belief that mice are poor visual discriminators. We reached these conclusions by introducing a probabilistic choice model that explained behavioral strategies in 40 mice and demonstrated that the circularity of the stimulus space is an additional source of choice variability for trials with fixed difficulty. Furthermore, history biases in the model changed with task engagement, demonstrating behavioral sensitivity to the availability of cognitive resources. In conclusion, our results reveal that mice adopt a diverse set of strategies in a task that decouples decision-relevant information from stimulus-specific information, thus demonstrating their usefulness as an animal model for studying neural representations of relative categories in perceptual decision-making research.
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Højlund, Marie Koldkjær. "Beyond insulation and isolation: Towards an attuning approach to noise in hospitals." SoundEffects - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/se.v6i1.24914.
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Most research on the acoustic environment in the modern Western hospital identifies raised noise levels as the main causal explanation for ranking noise as a critical stressor for patients, relatives and staff. Therefore, the most widely used strategies to tackle the problem in practice are insulation and isolation strategies to reduce measurable and perceptual noise levels. However, these strategies do not actively support the need to feel like an integral part of the shared hospital environment, which is a key element in creating healing environments, according to the paradigm of Evidence-Based Design and Healing Architecture. This article suggests that the gap in contemporary research is intimately linked to a reductionist framework underlying the field, which is incapable of accommodating the multisensory and atmospheric conditions amplifying the experience of noise. This article argues that an attuning approach should be included in the field to help bridge the gap by offering active ways of attuning to the shared environment.
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Mui, Phoebe H. C., Yangfan Gan, Martijn B. Goudbeek, and Marc G. J. Swerts. "Contextualising Smiles: Is Perception of Smile Genuineness Influenced by Situation and Culture?" Perception 49, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620904510.
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Considerable evidence for contextual effects in emotion perception has been reported, but little is known about how contexts influence the perception of smiles, a rich source of social information. We investigated whether the perceived genuineness of a smile depends on the valence of the situation accompanying the smile, and whether such contextual effects depend on culture. Seventy-two North Americans and 83 mainland Chinese rated the genuineness of smiles displayed by Caucasians and East Asians in three situational contexts (positive, negative, and in isolation). Smiles in a negative situation were considered less genuine than the same smiles rated in isolation; this effect was observed for both groups of observers but stronger for North Americans, a finding at odds with the notion that East Asians are more likely to engage in holistic perceptual processes. Our study demonstrates contextual effects in assessment of smile genuineness, contributing new insights into the perception of affective information.
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Dahlem, Kilian, Yulia Valko, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, and Richard F. Lewis. "Cerebellar contributions to self-motion perception: evidence from patients with congenital cerebellar agenesis." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00763.2015.
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The cerebellum was historically considered a brain region dedicated to motor control, but it has become clear that it also contributes to sensory processing, particularly when sensory discrimination is required. Prior work, for example, has demonstrated a cerebellar contribution to sensory discrimination in the visual and auditory systems. The cerebellum also receives extensive inputs from the motion and gravity sensors in the vestibular labyrinth, but its role in the perception of head motion and orientation has received little attention. Drawing on the lesion-deficit approach to understanding brain function, we evaluated the contributions of the cerebellum to head motion perception by measuring perceptual thresholds in two subjects with congenital agenesis of the cerebellum. We used a set of passive motion paradigms that activated the semicircular canals or otolith organs in isolation or combination, and compared results of the agenesis patients with healthy control subjects. Perceptual thresholds for head motion were elevated in the agenesis subjects for all motion protocols, most prominently for paradigms that only activated otolith inputs. These results demonstrate that the cerebellum increases the sensitivity of the brain to the motion and orientation signals provided by the labyrinth during passive head movements.
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Cimbalo, Richard S., Douglas Clark, and Aleksandr I. Matayev. "Relating Sensation Seeking and the von Restorff Isolation Effect." Psychological Reports 92, no. 3_suppl (June 2003): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3c.1287.
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Sensation seeking was examined in a short-term memory task involving the serial recall of a 10-item list of consonants with (isolated) and without (nonisolated) a distinctively larger item in the fifth position. 126 students were given the Sensation Seeking Scale Form–V and 32 10-item lists to memorize in a 1 by 3 mixed design. Sensation seeking was a between-subject factor and Blocks (Trials 1–16 and 17–32), Isolation (isolated and nonisolated), and Duration (2 sec. and 10 sec.) were within-subject factors. Generally nonisolated lists and the larger letters (the von Restorff Isolation Effect) were better recalled, with the latter being stronger at the shorter duration. Only the high sensation-seeking group showed a Blocks effect for lists with an isolated item such that there was a greater number of items correct per list in Block 1 than in Block 2. This finding is consistent with the argument that higher scores on sensation seeking are associated with greater cortical arousal and better memory for newness and change. Students with high sensation-seeking scores showed superior memory for the isolated list when it contained an isolate if allowed more processing time. It is argued that high sensation-seeking scores were associated with more effective transfer of items from shorter to longer-term memory. A rapid nontime-dependent perceptual process was used to explain the isolation effect. The poorer overall list performance for the lists with the isolate was explained in terms of the intense nature of the isolate.
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Dodderi, Thejaswi, Nikita Elsa Philip, and Kalpana Mutum. "Prevalence of voice disorders in the Department of Speech- Language Pathology of a tertiary care hospital of Mangaluru: A retrospective study of 11 years." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 08, no. 03 (September 2018): 012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708757.
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Abstract Background: Voice disorder is now considered a 'public health concern'. Epidemiological studies of yesteryears performed in the West disseminate the importance of prevention and early identification of the change in voice. In India 'Vocology' or study of voice production is slowly emerging with specific attention to vocal health and voice care. Aim of the study: The present study implemented a retrospective observational design to identify prevalence of voice disorders in a tertiary care hospital. Method: The Diagnostic register of Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology of a semi-urban hospital was accessed from January 1st 2007 till January 31st 2018. Patients diagnosed with a voice disorder, in-isolation and/or in conjunction to a medical condition, were tabulated. The data was tallied under the following categories: type of voice disorder; nature of voice disorder; age of onset; gender and perceptual features. Results: Results of the study suggested 21.4% prevalence of voice disorder. In addition the study also noted maximum prevalence of vocal nodule; adult male subjects exhibited a higher rate of vocal fold pathology and increased prevalence of perceptually hoarse voice. Conclusion: The data from the study accounts voice problems to be on higher side with vocal fold hyper-function disorder topping the chart.
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Maloney, Ryan T., Sarah K. Lam, and Colin W. G. Clifford. "Colour misbinding during motion rivalry." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20120899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0899.
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When two dissimilar colours are displayed to the two eyes at overlapping retinal locations, binocular rivalry typically results: a fluctuating struggle for perceptual dominance of each eye's stimulus. We found instead that isoluminant counter-rotating patterns consisting of coloured and achromatic portions can promote an illusory colour ‘misbinding’, where the colours from both eyes were perceived within a single rotating pattern. The achromatic portion of one rotating pattern thus appeared to take on the colour of the other, oppositely rotating pattern. The results suggest that the neural mechanisms of colour binding can operate even while representations of the same patterns' motions are undergoing rivalry, and support the idea that rivalry can occur in isolation within the motion system.
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Wagemans, Johan, and Régine Kolinsky. "Guest Editorial: Perceptual Organisation and Object Recognition—POOR is the Acronym, Rich the Notion." Perception 23, no. 4 (April 1994): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230371.
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Instead of studying perceptual organisation and object recognition in relative isolation, they can be viewed as two highly related sets of processes performed by the visual system to achieve its goal of acquiring information about the world. Fifteen papers devoted to specific subproblems within this active area of research have been brought together in two successive issues of Perception. Collectively they demonstrate that focusing on the functional interrelationships between perceptual organisation and object recognition will enrich our understanding of each of the subprocesses involved. The editorial provides an overview of the papers together with a discussion on how they relate to one another. If a general message is to be extracted from this set of papers, it is that the reported findings and the speculations offered to explain them suggest that the visual system's processes cannot be characterised in general by simple dichotomies such as analytic versus wholistic, bottom-up versus top-down, local versus global, low-level versus high-level, parallel versus serial, etc. Instead, it appears that a wide variety of mechanisms is available to the visual system. Therefore, a complete understanding of its functioning will require careful examination of the circumstances within which one processing mechanism seems to be selected over another, depending on the available information, the task demands, and perhaps even the observer's individual characteristics.
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Tekman, Hasan Gürkan. "Interactions of Perceived Intensity, Duration, and Pitch in Pure Tone Sequences." Music Perception 14, no. 3 (1997): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285722.
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If one dimension of sound is manipulated in a way that suggests a particular rhythmic organization, does perception of other dimensions change in ways that are consistent with the same rhythmic organization? When subjects were asked to judge or adjust intensities of tones, rhythmic manipulations of pitch structure changed the perception of intensity. When subjects were asked to judge timing, rhythmic manipulations of intensity had a similar effect. Timing manipulations did not have an effect on judgments of pitch. The results indicate that temporal structure as a whole is more accessible than the individual physical manipulations that give rise to that structure. It may be concluded that the temporal structure itself, rather than pitches, intensities, and durations in isolation, is a perceptual object.
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Song, Yiying, Yu L. L. Luo, Xueting Li, Miao Xu, and Jia Liu. "Representation of Contextually Related Multiple Objects in the Human Ventral Visual Pathway." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 8 (August 2013): 1261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00406.
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Real-world scenes usually contain a set of cluttered and yet contextually related objects. Here we used fMRI to investigate where and how contextually related multiple objects were represented in the human ventral visual pathway. Specifically, we measured the responses in face-selective and body-selective regions along the ventral pathway when faces and bodies were presented either simultaneously or in isolation. We found that, in the posterior regions, the response for the face and body pair was the weighted average response for faces and bodies presented in isolation. In contrast, the anterior regions encoded the face and body pair in a mutually facilitative fashion, with the response for the pair significantly higher than that for its constituent objects. Furthermore, in the right fusiform face area, the face and body pair was represented as one inseparable object, possibly to reduce perceptual load and increase representation efficiency. Therefore, our study suggests that the visual system uses a hierarchical representation scheme to process multiple objects in natural scenes: the average mechanism in posterior regions helps retaining information of individual objects in clutter, whereas the nonaverage mechanism in the anterior regions uses the contextual information to optimize the representation for multiple objects.
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Stewart, Raj, and Arthur Wingfield. "Hearing Loss and Cognitive Effort in Older Adults' Report Accuracy for Verbal Materials." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 20, no. 02 (February 2009): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.20.2.7.
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Background: In addition to declines in auditory acuity, adult aging is often also accompanied by reduced cognitive efficiency, most notably in working memory resources and a general slowing in a number of perceptual and cognitive domains. Effectiveness of speech comprehension by older adults reflects a balance between these declines and the relative preservation in healthy aging of linguistic knowledge and the procedural rules for its application. Purpose: To examine effects of hearing acuity in older adults on intelligibility functions for sentences that varied in two degrees of syntactic complexity, with their concomitant demands on older adults' working memory resources. Research Design: Stimuli consisted of monosyllabic words presented in isolation, and nine-word sentences that varied in syntactic complexity. Two sentence types were employed: sentences with a subject-relative clause structure, and more syntactically complex sentences in which meaning was expressed with an object-relative clause structure. The stimuli were presented initially below the level of audibility and then increased in loudness in 2 dB increments until the single-word stimuli and all nine words of the sentence stimuli could be correctly reported. Study Sample: Participants were 16 older adults with good hearing acuity for their ages, 16 age-matched adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss, and 16 young adults with age-normal hearing. Results: Along with confirming better report accuracy for the words of meaningful sentences than for words heard in isolation, performance curves for the sentence stimuli showed a significant effect of syntactic complexity. This took the form of older adults having poorer report accuracy at any given loudness level for sentences with greater syntactic complexity. This general effect of syntactic complexity on perceptual report accuracy was further exacerbated by age and hearing loss. Conclusions: Age-limited working memory resources are impacted both by the resource demands required for comprehension of syntactically complex sentences and by effortful listening attendant to hearing loss.
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Cockrell, Karen Sunday. "Communication Gatekeeping: A Response to Mediating Conditions in American Indian and School Personnel Interactions." Journal of School Leadership 6, no. 4 (July 1996): 368–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268469600600402.
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The findings reported in this paper indicate the need for a more robust explanation of communication failure between American Indian parents and school personnel than cultural discontinuity provides. According to the data, conditions that constrain interactions between American Indian families and educators in one consolidated school district lie within the bounds of politics, economics, and social circumstance. The conditions of distrust, racial tension, maintenance of tribal identity, dependence, and isolation inform the perceptual frame that influences the ways American Indian people interact with school personnel. Through “gatekeeping,” American Indian parents act to control the dilemma they face in American public education. Proposed solutions to problematic American Indian educational issues suggest that transformative school leaders must create inclusive learning communities in which American Indian students have opportunities to thrive.
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Arpin, Sarah N., and Cynthia D. Mohr. "Transient Loneliness and the Perceived Provision and Receipt of Capitalization Support Within Event-Disclosure Interactions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218783193.
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Research affirms that loneliness is a distressing experience with social-perceptual and behavioral consequences. Yet, little is known about consequences of transient loneliness, particularly within social interactions. The current study builds on reaffiliation motive and evolutionary models of state loneliness to investigate the effects of experimentally manipulated loneliness on individual and interaction partner perceptions during an event-sharing interaction, within 97 female dyads. Actor–partner interdependence mediation analyses revealed indirect effects for induction group (high vs. low loneliness) on positive affect, enjoyment, responsiveness, and partner positive affect, via induced state loneliness. Furthermore, state loneliness influenced actor and partner provision of responsiveness, via perceived responsiveness. Results reveal interpersonal consequences of transient loneliness, offering preliminary insight into conditions through which state perceptions of isolation may interfere with engagement in positive social interactions. Furthermore, implications for previously theorized evolutionary models of state loneliness and the reaffiliation motive are discussed.
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Walker, Susannah C., Kate Williams, and David J. Moore. "Superior Identification of Component Odors in a Mixture Is Linked to Autistic Traits in Children and Adults." Chemical Senses 45, no. 5 (April 6, 2020): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa026.
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Abstract Most familiar odors are complex mixtures of volatile molecules, which the olfactory system automatically synthesizes into a perceptual whole. However, odors are rarely encountered in isolation; thus, the brain must also separate distinct odor objects from complex and variable backgrounds. In vision, autistic traits are associated with superior performance in tasks that require focus on the local features of a perceptual scene. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the same advantage was observed in the analysis of olfactory scenes. To do this, we compared the ability of 1) 40 young adults (aged 16–35) with high (n = 20) and low levels of autistic traits and 2) 20 children (aged 7–11), with (n = 10) and without an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, to identify individual odor objects presented within odor mixtures. First, we used a 4-alternative forced choice task to confirm that both adults and children were able to reliably identify 8 blended fragrances, representing food-related odors, when presented individually. We then used the same forced choice format to test participants’ ability to identify the odors when they were combined in either binary or ternary mixtures. Adults with high levels of autistic traits showed superior performance on binary but not ternary mixture trials, whereas children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis outperformed age-matched neurotypical peers, irrespective of mixture complexity. These findings indicate that the local processing advantages associated with high levels of autistic traits in visual tasks are also apparent in a task requiring analytical processing of odor mixtures.
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Chow, Ho Ming, Raymond A. Mar, Yisheng Xu, Siyuan Liu, Suraji Wagage, and Allen R. Braun. "Embodied Comprehension of Stories: Interactions between Language Regions and Modality-specific Neural Systems." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 2 (February 2014): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00487.
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The embodied view of language processing proposes that comprehension involves multimodal simulations, a process that retrieves a comprehender's perceptual, motor, and affective knowledge through reactivation of the neural systems responsible for perception, action, and emotion. Although evidence in support of this idea is growing, the contemporary neuroanatomical model of language suggests that comprehension largely emerges as a result of interactions between frontotemporal language areas in the left hemisphere. If modality-specific neural systems are involved in comprehension, they are not likely to operate in isolation but should interact with the brain regions critical to language processing. However, little is known about the ways in which language and modality-specific neural systems interact. To investigate this issue, we conducted a functional MRI study in which participants listened to stories that contained visually vivid, action-based, and emotionally charged content. Activity of neural systems associated with visual-spatial, motor, and affective processing were selectively modulated by the relevant story content. Importantly, when functional connectivity patterns associated with the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), and the bilateral anterior temporal lobes (aTL) were compared, both LIFG and pMTG, but not the aTL, showed enhanced connectivity with the three modality-specific systems relevant to the story content. Taken together, our results suggest that language regions are engaged in perceptual, motor, and affective simulations of the described situation, which manifest through their interactions with modality-specific systems. On the basis of our results and past research, we propose that the LIFG and pMTG play unique roles in multimodal simulations during story comprehension.
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Almadori, Erika, Serena Mastroberardino, Fabiano Botta, Riccardo Brunetti, Juan Lupiáñez, Charles Spence, and Valerio Santangelo. "Crossmodal Semantic Congruence Interacts with Object Contextual Consistency in Complex Visual Scenes to Enhance Short-Term Memory Performance." Brain Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091206.
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Object sounds can enhance the attentional selection and perceptual processing of semantically-related visual stimuli. However, it is currently unknown whether crossmodal semantic congruence also affects the post-perceptual stages of information processing, such as short-term memory (STM), and whether this effect is modulated by the object consistency with the background visual scene. In two experiments, participants viewed everyday visual scenes for 500 ms while listening to an object sound, which could either be semantically related to the object that served as the STM target at retrieval or not. This defined crossmodal semantically cued vs. uncued targets. The target was either in- or out-of-context with respect to the background visual scene. After a maintenance period of 2000 ms, the target was presented in isolation against a neutral background, in either the same or different spatial position as in the original scene. The participants judged the same vs. different position of the object and then provided a confidence judgment concerning the certainty of their response. The results revealed greater accuracy when judging the spatial position of targets paired with a semantically congruent object sound at encoding. This crossmodal facilitatory effect was modulated by whether the target object was in- or out-of-context with respect to the background scene, with out-of-context targets reducing the facilitatory effect of object sounds. Overall, these findings suggest that the presence of the object sound at encoding facilitated the selection and processing of the semantically related visual stimuli, but this effect depends on the semantic configuration of the visual scene.
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Carlson, Matthew T., and Alexander McAllister. "I’ve heard that one before: Phonetic reduction in speech production as a possible contributing factor in perceptual illusory vowel effects." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2019-2013.
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Abstract This study probed the relationship between productive phonotactic repair and speech production, by asking whether the natural variability found in speech, through phonetic reduction, may include apparent illicit sequences requiring repair, even though the target words are licit. Spanish productively repairs word-initial /s/-consonant clusters (#sC) with a prothetic [e] in both production and perception. We asked whether the initial vowel in Spanish #VsC words like espalda ‘back’ is prone to reduction, and whether or not /e/, which matches the default repair vowel, is more susceptible to reduction than other vowels (e.g. in aspirina ‘aspirin’) due to its predictability. We explore these hypotheses in the speech of 11 speakers of Andalusian Spanish who produced #VsC words in isolation. Initial vowels showed lower intensity, greater devoicing, and less modal voicing compared to control #pVs-initial words, and initial /e, i, o/ were occasionally deleted, leading to the occurrence of apparently illicit sequences in actual speech, e.g. espalda produced as [spalda]. However, evidence that the default vowel, [e], was reduced more than other vowels was weak. These results suggest that variation in speech may contribute to the well-known illusory vowel effects, where listeners perceive illicit sequences as though the repair vowel had been present.
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Kösem, Anne, Hans Rutger Bosker, Ole Jensen, Peter Hagoort, and Lars Riecke. "Biasing the Perception of Spoken Words with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (August 2020): 1428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01579.
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Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that the frequency of entrained oscillations in auditory cortices influences the perceived duration of speech segments, impacting word perception [Kösem, A., Bosker, H. R., Takashima, A., Meyer, A., Jensen, O., & Hagoort, P. Neural entrainment determines the words we hear. Current Biology, 28, 2867–2875, 2018]. We further tested the causal influence of neural entrainment frequency during speech processing, by manipulating entrainment with continuous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at distinct oscillatory frequencies (3 and 5.5 Hz) above the auditory cortices. Dutch participants listened to speech and were asked to report their percept of a target Dutch word, which contained a vowel with an ambiguous duration. Target words were presented either in isolation (first experiment) or at the end of spoken sentences (second experiment). We predicted that the tACS frequency would influence neural entrainment and therewith how speech is perceptually sampled, leading to a perceptual overestimation or underestimation of the vowel's duration. Whereas results from Experiment 1 did not confirm this prediction, results from Experiment 2 suggested a small effect of tACS frequency on target word perception: Faster tACS leads to more long-vowel word percepts, in line with the previous neuroimaging findings. Importantly, the difference in word perception induced by the different tACS frequencies was significantly larger in Experiment 1 versus Experiment 2, suggesting that the impact of tACS is dependent on the sensory context. tACS may have a stronger effect on spoken word perception when the words are presented in continuous speech as compared to when they are isolated, potentially because prior (stimulus-induced) entrainment of brain oscillations might be a prerequisite for tACS to be effective.
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Llisterri, Joaquim, María J. Machuca, Antonio Ríos, and Sandra Schwab. "The perception of lexical stress in words within a sentence." Loquens 3, no. 2 (May 12, 2017): 033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2016.033.
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The acoustic and perceptual correlates of stress in Spanish have been usually studied at the word level, but few investigations have considered them in a wider context. The aim of the present work is to assess the role of fundamental frequency, duration and amplitude in the perception of lexical stress in Spanish when the word is part of a sentence. An experiment has been carried out in which the participants (39 listeners, 20 from Costa Rica and 19 from Spain) had to identify the position of the lexical stress in words presented in isolation and in the same words embedded in sentences. The stimuli in which the position of the stress was not correctly identified have been acoustically analysed to determine the cause of identification errors. Results suggest that the perception of lexical stress in words within a sentence depends on the stress pattern and on the relationship between the values of the acoustic parameters responsible for the prominence of the stressed vowel and those corresponding to the adjacent unstressed vowels.
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Lattenkamp, Ella Z., Martina Nagy, Markus Drexl, Sonja C. Vernes, Lutz Wiegrebe, and Mirjam Knörnschild. "Hearing sensitivity and amplitude coding in bats are differentially shaped by echolocation calls and social calls." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (January 6, 2021): 20202600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2600.
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Differences in auditory perception between species are influenced by phylogenetic origin and the perceptual challenges imposed by the natural environment, such as detecting prey- or predator-generated sounds and communication signals. Bats are well suited for comparative studies on auditory perception since they predominantly rely on echolocation to perceive the world, while their social calls and most environmental sounds have low frequencies. We tested if hearing sensitivity and stimulus level coding in bats differ between high and low-frequency ranges by measuring auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of 86 bats belonging to 11 species. In most species, auditory sensitivity was equally good at both high- and low-frequency ranges, while amplitude was more finely coded for higher frequency ranges. Additionally, we conducted a phylogenetic comparative analysis by combining our ABR data with published data on 27 species. Species-specific peaks in hearing sensitivity correlated with peak frequencies of echolocation calls and pup isolation calls, suggesting that changes in hearing sensitivity evolved in response to frequency changes of echolocation and social calls. Overall, our study provides the most comprehensive comparative assessment of bat hearing capacities to date and highlights the evolutionary pressures acting on their sensory perception.
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Yang, Yi, Midori Tokita, and Akira Ishiguchi. "Is There a Common Summary Statistical Process for Representing the Mean and Variance? A Study Using Illustrations of Familiar Items." i-Perception 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 204166951774729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517747297.
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A number of studies revealed that our visual system can extract different types of summary statistics, such as the mean and variance, from sets of items. Although the extraction of such summary statistics has been studied well in isolation, the relationship between these statistics remains unclear. In this study, we explored this issue using an individual differences approach. Observers viewed illustrations of strawberries and lollypops varying in size or orientation and performed four tasks in a within-subject design, namely mean and variance discrimination tasks with size and orientation domains. We found that the performances in the mean and variance discrimination tasks were not correlated with each other and demonstrated that extractions of the mean and variance are mediated by different representation mechanisms. In addition, we tested the relationship between performances in size and orientation domains for each summary statistic (i.e. mean and variance) and examined whether each summary statistic has distinct processes across perceptual domains. The results illustrated that statistical summary representations of size and orientation may share a common mechanism for representing the mean and possibly for representing variance. Introspections for each observer performing the tasks were also examined and discussed.
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Murphy, Charlotte, Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer, Jonathan Smallwood, and Elizabeth Jefferies. "Imagining Sounds and Images: Decoding the Contribution of Unimodal and Transmodal Brain Regions to Semantic Retrieval in the Absence of Meaningful Input." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 11 (November 2019): 1599–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01330.
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In the absence of sensory information, we can generate meaningful images and sounds from representations in memory. However, it remains unclear which neural systems underpin this process and whether tasks requiring the top–down generation of different kinds of features recruit similar or different neural networks. We asked people to internally generate the visual and auditory features of objects, either in isolation (car, dog) or in specific and complex meaning-based contexts (car/dog race). Using an fMRI decoding approach, in conjunction with functional connectivity analysis, we examined the role of auditory/visual cortex and transmodal brain regions. Conceptual retrieval in the absence of external input recruited sensory and transmodal cortex. The response in transmodal regions—including anterior middle temporal gyrus—was of equal magnitude for visual and auditory features yet nevertheless captured modality information in the pattern of response across voxels. In contrast, sensory regions showed greater activation for modality-relevant features in imagination (even when external inputs did not differ). These data are consistent with the view that transmodal regions support internally generated experiences and that they play a role in integrating perceptual features encoded in memory.
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Fry, Benjamin R., Nicollette Russell, Ryan Gifford, Cindee F. Robles, Claire E. Manning, Akira Sawa, Minae Niwa, and Alexander W. Johnson. "Assessing Reality Testing in Mice Through Dopamine-Dependent Associatively Evoked Processing of Absent Gustatory Stimuli." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz043.
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Abstract Impairments in reality testing are core features of numerous neuropsychiatric conditions. However, relatively few animal models have been developed to assess this critical facet of neuropsychiatric illness, thus impeding our understanding of the underlying central systems and circuits. Using mice in which dominant-negative Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 is expressed throughout central nervous system circuitry (DN-DISC1-PrP), the capacity for an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke perceptual processing of an absent sucrose solution was examined. At test, during CS presentations, DN-DISC1-PrP mice consumed more water and displayed a licking profile that is more typically revealed while ingesting a sweet-tasting solution. DN-DISC1-PrP mice also displayed greater c-fos expression in the insular (gustatory) cortex when consuming water in the presence of the CS. This capacity for the CS to more readily substitute for the taste features of the absent sucrose solution in DN-DISC1-PrP mice was attenuated following systemic treatment with the antipsychotic haloperidol. Conversely, social isolation during adolescence promoted the manifestation of these effects. These results provide strong validation for using associative learning procedures to examine dopamine-mediated reality testing associated with insular cortex activation.
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Paillereau, Nikola Maurova. "“Identical” vowels in L1 and L2? Criteria and implications for L2 phonetics teaching and learning." EUROSLA Yearbook 16 (August 10, 2016): 144–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.16.06pai.
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Researchers in the field of the teaching and learning of phonetics agree that learners of a foreign/second language (L2) acquire identical vowels by positive transfer from their first language (L1). This statement prompted us to examine whether the French and Czech languages, differing in the size of their vowel inventories, possess any identical vowels that could thus be omitted from French as a Foreign Language (FFL) phonetic curricula intended for Czech learners. The quantification of the vowels’ phonetic similarity is based on the comparison of their (1) phonetic symbols, (2) formant values (F-patterns), and (3) perceptual characteristics. The combined results show that strictly identical vowels between the two languages do not exist, but some French vowels can be defined as highly similar to some Czech vowels. Different coarticulatory effects of vowels produced in isolation and in labial, dental and palato-velar symmetrical environments point to a very strong influence of phonetic contexts on vowel similarity. Indeed, no French vowel is highly similar to any Czech vowel in all of the contexts studied. The findings suggest that phonetic exercises designed for Czech learners should focus on allophonic variations of all French vowels.
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REINISCH, EVA. "Speaker-specific processing and local context information: The case of speaking rate." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 6 (December 29, 2015): 1397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000612.
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ABSTRACTTo deal with variation in the speech signal, listeners rely on local context, such as speaking rate in a carrier sentence directly preceding a target, as well as more global properties of the speech signal, such as speaker-specific pronunciation variants. The present study addressed whether, despite its variability even within one speaker, habitual speaking rate can be tracked as a speaker-specific property and how such speaker-specific tracking of habitual rate would interact with effects of local-rate normalization. In two experiments, listeners were exposed to a 2-min dialogue between a fast and a slow speaker. At test, listeners categorized minimal word pair continua differing in the German /a/–/a:/ duration contrast spoken by the same two speakers. The results showed that listeners responded with /a:/ more often for the fast speaker but only when words were presented in isolation and not when presented with additional local-rate information. That is, despite the general assumption that duration cues and speaking rate are too variable to be used in a speaker-specific fashion, tracking habitual speaking rate may help speech perception. The results are discussed in relation to a belief-updating model of perceptual adaptation and exemplar models.
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Bulgakova, Anna A. "THE TOPOS HOME AS HETEROTOPY IN THE NOVEL BY M. PETROSYAN “THE HOUSE IN WHICH…”." Philological Class 26, no. 2 (2021): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51762/1fk-2021-26-02-14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the topos home as a stable image with spatial characteristics in the book by M. Petrosyan “House in Which ...”. The aim of the article is to identify the possibility of functioning of the topos home in the novel as a heterotopy, i.e. a space that is outside other places, but certainly interacts with them according to the principle of juxtaposition or opposition. To achieve the aim, a complex method was used, including structural-semiotic, mythological, cultural-historical methods, which made it possible to describe the structural and semantic features of the topos home (basic binary oppositions and metaphors that make up the core of the topos), as well as its role on the real, perceptual and conceptual levels of artistic space. The main results of the study include the following statements. The topos home in the book of M. Petrosyan is presented both as a place of action of the characters, as an anthropomorphized environment, and as a space of the author’s consciousness, and as an image-symbol, a space of memory. The concept of “house“ is associated with all aspects of human existence, and therefore the main oppositions that form the structure of the topos home in the novel reveal ontological, axiological, social, psychological, epistemological problems. The topos home approaches the topos world and the paradigm of its subtopos (world is a book, world is a temple, world is a garden, world is a person) and performs a world-modeling function that is actualized in the transitional periods of historical and cultural development. It functions as a heterotopy, overcoming the principle of binarity, suggesting the “opening of time” (a break with traditional, real time, the emergence of perceptual and mythological time), isolation and at the same time permeability of spaces (House, appearance, wrong side are only relatively closed and suggest the possibility of communication), which raises the question of the degree of reality or illusory nature of space through the creation of places-heteroclites (in the novel, this is the exterior, the wrong side, the forest, the mirror, human consciousness, etc.).
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Sendín Bande, Concepción, and Carmen García-Alba. "Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: A Dilemma for Diagnosis." Rorschachiana 29, no. 2 (July 2008): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.29.2.183.
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Very little is yet known about the etiology, epidemiology, and long-term impact of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP). However, on reviewing the literature, there is an increasing interest in this unusual but serious pathology, which appears almost always in children and poses many clinical and forensic dilemmas for diagnosis and management. We present a MSBP case-study of a mother (54 years old) and her son (13 years old), through their Rorschach tests (Comprehensive System; Exner, 2000 ) and the Research Diagnostic Criteria Family-History interview (FH-RDC; Endicott, Andreasen & Spitzer, 1989 ). The main objectives were (1) to compare psychological evaluation data with DSM-IV-TR criteria for Personality Disorder (PD), and (2) to describe MSBP psychopathological manifestations on both records. Since it is a case-study, Rorschach variables were analyzed in two ways: (1) parametric variables were standardized with respect to the norms for each age and then zscores were used, and (2) nonparametric variables and some formulations were dichotomized in order to use the critical scores proposed by Exner (2000 ). Results confirm the presence of a PD in the mother. In the boy, they indicate that we could expect a development toward a PD or an increase of his isolation and his perceptual-cognitive disarray, with a possible long-term split of his frail psychic balance.