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Journal articles on the topic 'Perchlorat'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Zappel, H., M. Conrad, C. Roth, D. Emrich, W. Becker, and J. Meiler. "123I-Szintigraphie und Perchlorat-Depletionstest bei der Diagnostik der kongenitalen Hypothyreose." Nuklearmedizin 37, no. 01 (1998): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629698.

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Zusammenfassung Ziel: Die vorliegende retrospektive Studie an 38 Kindern soll Aufschluß über den aktuellen Stellenwert der 123I-Szintigraphie im Vergleich mit der Sonographie und laborchemischen Methoden bei der Diagnostik der kongenitalen primären Hypothyreose geben. Methoden: Alle Patienten erhielten 3,7 MBq 123I intravenös zur Lokali-sationsdiagnostik der Schilddrüse. Ließ sich 123I speicherndes Schilddrüsengewebe nachweisen, wurde ein Depletionstest nach oraler Gabe von 300 mg Perchlorat (Irenat®) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Bei 7 Kindern lag szintigraphisch eine Athyreose und bei 9 Kindern eine Zungengrundschilddrüse vor. Bei 15 Patienten mit ortho-top gelegener Schilddrüse wurde aufgrund einer signifikanten Depletion nach Perchlorat eine lodinationsstörung diagnostiziert. Vier von diesen Kindern hatten ein Pendred-Syndrom. Der Nachweis einer Zungengrundschilddrüse gelang klinisch oder sonographisch in keinem einzigen Fall. Bei zwei Patienten mit einem Enzymdefekt wurde sonographisch fälschlicherweise von einer Hypoplasie ausgegangen. Bei zwei athyreo-ten Kindern war aufgrund der Sonographie orthotop gelegenes funktionsfähiges Schilddrüsengewebe vermutet worden. Insgesamt konnte bei 44% der Kinder die endgültige Diagnose erst durch die 123I-Szintigraphie und den Perchlorat-Depletionstest gestellt werden. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse belegen, daß szintigraphische Methoden bei der Diagnostik kongenitaler Hypothyreosen unverändert ihren Stellenwert besitzen und durch die Sonographie oder laborchemische Verfahren z. Z. nicht ersetzbar sind.
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2

Kantlehner, Willi, Hansjörg Lehmann, Markus Vettel, and Wolfgang Frey. "Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, CII. Umsetzungen eines Orthoamids der Phenylpropiolsäure mit tertiären CH-aciden Verbindungen." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 75, no. 9-10 (November 26, 2020): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2020-0073.

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AbstractThe orthoamide derivative of phenylpropiolic acid reacts with tertiary CH-acidic compounds as alkylmalonic acid dialkylesters under formation of 1,1-diamino-allenes wich rearrange to give 2-alkoxycarbonyl-1,1-diamino-1,3-butadienes by migration of an alkoxycarbonyl group. Perchloric acid transforms these butadienes to amidinium perchlorates. The crystal structure of an amidinium perchlorate derived from cinnamic acid has been determined.
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3

Ryu, Hee-Wook. "Perchlorate Removal by Perchlorate Reducing Bacteria Consortium in a Continuous Bioreactor." KSBB Journal 27, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7841/ksbbj.2012.27.1.028.

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4

Schröuer, Hans-Peter, Friederun Geuther, and Hans-Heinrich Höurhold. "Zur Reindarstellung von Tetra-n-butylammonium-perchlorat." Zeitschrift für Chemie 8, no. 8 (September 2, 2010): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19680080818.

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5

Drechsel, J., R. Freudenberg, R. Runge, G. Wunderlich, J. Kotzerke, and M. Wendisch. "Cellular damage in vitro." Nuklearmedizin 48, no. 05 (2009): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0253.

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Summary Aim: The cellular damage of ionising radiation depends on dose, physical radiation quality (e. g. LET) and intracellular radionuclide uptake. The influence of two beta emitters (188Re and 131I) on the thyroid cell line PC Cl3 was studied. Furthermore, we analysed the effect of intracellular accumulation. Methods: The thyroid cell line PC Cl3 was irradiated with 188Re-perrhenate or 131I-sodium iodide in presence or absence of perchlorate. The initial DNA-damage was measured in the comet assay as olive tail moment (OTM). The colony forming assay detects the clonogenic cell survival as surviving fraction. Additional the intracellular radionuclide uptake was quantified. Results: Dose response curves were established for irradiation with 188Re-perrhenate or 131I-iodine under various extra- and intracellular activity distribution conditions. In the presence of perchlorate DNA-damage and clonogenic cell survival for both radionuclides were comparable. In the absence of perchlorat radionuclide uptake of 1.39% (131I) and 4.14% (188Re) were measured causing twofold higher radiotoxicity. Although 131I uptake was lower than 188Re uptake the OTM values were higher und surviving fractions were lower. Conclusions: 131I, compared to 188Re, has lower mean beta energy and a higher LET, and therefore, it induced a higher DNA-damage even at lower intracellular uptake. An additional explanation for the higher radiotoxicity of 131I could be the higher dose exposition caused by crossfire through neighborhood cells.
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6

Petrů, F., and F. Kůtek. "Über den thermischen Abbau von Thallium(I)-perchlorat." Zeitschrift für Chemie 6, no. 11 (September 2, 2010): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19660061116.

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7

Kulpe, Siegfried, and Ingeborg Seidel. "Valenzwinkelalternierung und Gestalt des Kations im Dianilido-pentamethin-perchlorat." Zeitschrift für Chemie 20, no. 8 (August 31, 2010): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19800200812.

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8

Maison, Wolfgang, Robert J. Kennedy, and Daniel S. Kemp. "Stabilisierung kurzer, ungeladener Peptidhelices durch chaotrope Anionen - Neues zum Perchlorat-Effekt." Angewandte Chemie 113, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 3936–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757(20011015)113:20<3936::aid-ange3936>3.0.co;2-j.

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9

Stappenbeck, R., A. W. Hodson, and A. W. Skillen. "Perchloric acid interference in enzymatic-fluorimetric-continuous-flow assay methods for measuring glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, and 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.6.1023.

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Abstract Perchloric acid is commonly used to denature and precipitate proteins in samples before various metabolites are measured in tissue, blood, and other body fluids. However, perchloric acid can interfere in the analytical process, possibly by inhibiting the enzymes used. We have determined the effects of perchloric acid on measurements of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, and 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood by enzymatic-fluorimetric-continuous-flow assays. There was a net increase or decrease in the apparent concentration of some of these metabolites when the perchloric acid concentration in the samples differed from that of the reference standards-some of these differences were due to the concentration of perchlorate ion and some to the pH of the acid extracts. The results show the need either to add a fixed amount of blood to perchloric acid or to neutralize and remove the perchlorate.
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10

Matsubara, Toshitaka, Kosuke Fujishima, Chad W. Saltikov, Satoshi Nakamura, and Lynn J. Rothschild. "Earth analogues for past and future life on Mars: isolation of perchlorate resistant halophiles from Big Soda Lake." International Journal of Astrobiology 16, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000458.

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AbstractThe Martian regolith is known to contain a maximum of 0.5% (w/v) perchlorate (ClO4−) that is toxic for most living organisms. With such high concentrations of perchlorates on Mars, is there any possibility of life? Here, in order to search and identify potential organisms on Earth, which could survive the perchlorate levels on Mars, we have isolated four perchlorate resistant, halophilic/halotolerant bacterial species from Big Soda Lake (BSL) in Nevada, USA. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequences revealed that these halophiles belong to the genera Bacillus, Alkalibacillus and Halomonas. Growth curves were obtained using a saline medium with different concentrations of magnesium, sodium and/or calcium perchlorate salt to simulate the Martian eutectic brine water. All four species, BSL1-4, grew in high saline media in the presence of perchlorates. This is the first growth experiment using multiple perchlorate salts. BSL3 relative to Halomonas salifodinae showed high maximum growth (Optical Density) comparing with other isolates in the presence of 1% perchlorate salts. Also, BSL1 relative to Bacillus licheniformis survived in the presence of 5% Na-perchlorate, but growth was slower in the absence of Na-perchlorate. The results revealed that these new model microbes are capable of tolerating the hypothesized hypersaline and perchlorate-rich Martian subsurface water environment. Perchlorate-resistant halophile would serve as a new model to understand the biochemistry that may occur on Mars.
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11

Nath, Babul Chandra, Sebastián Suarez, Fabio Doctorovich, Tapashi G. Roy, and Ricardo Baggio. "Two solvatomorphic forms of a copper complex formulated as Cu(L1)(ClO4)2·1.2H2O and Cu(L1)(ClO4)2, whereL1is 3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 7 (June 8, 2013): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113013711.

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Two copper complex solvatomorphs, namely (3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)bis(perchlorato-κO)copper(II) 1.2-hydrate, [Cu(ClO4)2(C18H40N4)]·1.2H2O, (I), and (3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)bis(perchlorato-κO)copper(II), [Cu(ClO4)2(C18H40N4)], (II), are described and compared with each other and with a third, already reported, anhydrous diastereomer, denoted (III). Both compounds present very similar centrosymmetic coordination environments, with the CuIIcation lying on an inversion centre in a distorted 4+2 octahedral environment, defined by the macrocyclic N4group in the equatorial sites and two perchlorate groups intrans-axial positions [one of the perchlorate ligands in (I) is partially disordered]. The most significant difference in molecular shape is seen in the orientation of the perchlorate anions, and the influence of this on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding is discussed. The (partially) hydrated state of (I) favours the formation of chains along [011], while the anhydrous character of (II) and (III) promotes loosely bound structures with low packing indices.
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12

Dzudovic, Radmila, and Ljiljana Jaksic. "Determination of relative acidity scales for some dipolar aprotic solvents by coulometry using a hydrogen-palladium electrode." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 8-9 (2008): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0809871d.

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A coulometric-potentiometric procedure for the determination of relative acidity scales of acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl-isobutyl ketone and propylene carbonate is described. The range of the relative acidity scale of a solvent was determined from the difference between the half-neutralization potential of perchloric acid and that of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The perchloric acid was generated in situ from a hydrogen-palladium electrode in presence of sodium perchlorate or tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte. The electrode pairs glass-SCE and (H2/Pd)ind-SCE were applied for the measurement of the half-neutralization potentials of the acid and base. A wider range of relative acidity scale of the solvents was obtained with the glass-SCE electrode pair and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte.
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13

Scheytt, Traugott J., Jessika Freywald, and Carol J. Ptacek. "Untersuchung ausgewählter Oberflächen-, Grund- und Bodenwasserproben auf Perchlorat in Deutschland: Erste Ergebnisse." Grundwasser 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2011): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00767-010-0159-0.

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14

Rehorek, Detlef, and Philipp Thomas. "Das Bis(phenanthrenchinondiimin)kupfer(II)-perchlorat - ein Chelat mit trans-ständigen Diiminliganden." Zeitschrift für Chemie 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19770170325.

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15

Attard, Gary A., Ashley Brew, Katherine Hunter, Jonathan Sharman, and Edward Wright. "Specific adsorption of perchlorate anions on Pt{hkl} single crystal electrodes." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 27 (2014): 13689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00564c.

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16

Perger, Ludwig, Ulrich Bürgi, and Karin Fattinger. "Pharmakotherapie bei Hyperthyreose - unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen." Therapeutische Umschau 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a000169.

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Als Thyreostatika werden heute Thioimidazole (Carbimazol, Methimazol = Thiamazol) und Propylthiouracil eingesetzt. Carbimazol wird im Körper in Methimazol umgewandelt; ein Wechsel zwischen diesen Substanzen bringt bei Nebenwirkungen nichts. Des Weiteren kommt es bei Nebenwirkungen zwischen Thioimidazolen und Propylthiouracil manchmal zu Kreuzreaktionen. Zu den häufigen und typische Nebenwirkungen der Thyreostatika gehört eine dosisabhängige Hypothyreose, die Schilddrüsenfunktion soll deshalb regelmäßig überwacht werden. Weiter kann es zu Juckreiz und Hautausschlag kommen; hier kann man einen Wechsel der Substanz versuchen. Neben einer milden, dosisabhängigen Neutropenie, kann es vor allem in den ersten drei Monaten auch zu einer schweren Agranulozytose (3 per 10'000 Patienten, Kreuzreaktionen möglich) und sehr selten zu aplastischer Anämie kommen. Vor allem unter Propylthiouracil, aber selten auch unter Methimazol können ein asymptomatischer, transienter Leberenzymanstieg, aber auch schwere, ja tödlich verlaufende cholestatische oder hepatozelluläre Leberschäden auftreten. Wegen der Häufung von Propylthiouracil-bedingtem Leberversagen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, sollte man hier präferentiell Thioimidazole einsetzen. Wegen dieser schweren Nebenwirkungen sollen Patienten unter Thyreostatika angewiesen werden, sich bei Auftreten von Fieber oder Halsschmerzen bzw. Malaise, Oberbauchbeschwerden und Ikterus umgehend beim Arzt zu melden. Des Weiteren kann es unter beiden Substanzen bei 1 - 5 % zu Arthralgien kommen. Da sich daraus schwere immunologische Nebenwirkungen entwickeln können, sollen die Thyreostatika dann abgesetzt werden. Eine Polyarthritis tritt vor allem in den ersten Monaten der Therapie auf, während ANCA-positive Vasculitiden oft erst nach langer Therapiedauer mit Propylthiouracil oder sehr selten unter Methimazol auftreten können. Das teratogene Risiko ist bei den Thioimidazolen höher (Aplasia cutis congenita), weswegen in der Schwangerschaft Propylthiouracil bevorzugt werden soll. In der Stillzeit können sowohl Thioimidazole als auch Propylthiouracil verabreicht werden. Perchlorat wir heute kaum mehr verwendet. Deswegen sind die früher unter längerer Therapie mit Perchlorat beobachteten Nebenwirkungen heute kaum mehr ein Thema.
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17

Thomas, Philipp. "Koordiniertes und ionisches Perchlorat und Tetrafluoroborat in Bis (cuproin)-Komplexen zweiwertiger 3d-Metalle." Zeitschrift für Chemie 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19740140318.

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18

Sastry, M. I. S., and Surjit Singh. "Raman spectral studies of solutions of alkali metal perchlorates in dimethyl sulfoxide and water." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-231.

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Raman spectra of solutions of alkali metal perchlorates in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the Cl—O, C—S, and S=O stretching regions, as well as of perchlorates in aqueous solutions in the Cl—O stretching region are reported. The results are discussed in terms of half-bandwidths, relative intensities, and depolarization ratios. For H2O the half-bandwidth of the Cl—O stretching band at ~935 cm−1 is almost double the value in DMSO solutions. Solutions of perchlorates in DMSO show two symmetric bands in the Cl—O stretching region, whereas in aqueous solutions only one band is observed. The half-bandwidths in perchlorate solutions in DMSO for the C—S stretching band increase with increase in concentration of perchlorate compared to that of liquid DMSO. The band contours in the S=O stretching region in DMSO solutions also show significant changes. These observations are explained on the basis of formation of ion pairs of metal perchlorates in solutions of DMSO and ion hydrates in the case of aqueous solutions.
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19

Hennings, Erik, Horst Schmidt, Martin Köhler, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Crystal structure of tin(II) perchlorate trihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 12 (November 12, 2014): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814024283.

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The title compound, [Sn(H2O)3](ClO4)2, was synthesized by the redox reaction of copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate and metallic tin in perchloric acid. Both the trigonal–pyramidal [Sn(H2O)3]2+cations and tetrahedral perchlorate anions lie on crystallographic threefold axes. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets.
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20

Hinman, A. Scott, Karen McGarty, Clement Tang, and Brad J. Pavelich. "The use of perchlorato(tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(III) as a reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of anions in nonaqueous solvents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-082.

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Perchlorato(tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(III) (TPPMnClO4) is shown to be a useful reagent for the determination of a variety of anions in nonaqueous media. The analysis is based on the displacement of coordinated perchlorate by more strongly coordinating anions as monitored spectrophotometrically. The procedure is demonstrated for the determination of tetra-alkylammonium salts of nitrate, nitrite, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, trifluoroacetate, cyanate, and thiocyanate in acetonitrile. Relative precisions and accuracies of the order of five parts per thousand are indicated. Keywords: perchlorato(tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(III), specrophotometric determination of anions, anions in nonaqueous media.
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21

Binz-Siegmann, Katharina. "Amiodaron-induzierte Schilddrüsenprobleme: optimales Management." Praxis 107, no. 1 (January 2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a002860.

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Zusammenfassung. Amiodaron-induzierte Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen (Hypo- und Hyperthyreosen) sind häufig (14–18 % der behandelten Patienten). Oft werden sie spät erkannt und ungenügend behandelt. Eine ausführliche Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung kann Risikopatienten identifizieren. Die Hyperthyreose ist klinisch oft schwierig zu diagnostizieren, da Amiodaron beta-blockierende Aktivitäten aufweist und so die adrenergenen Symptome der Schilddrüsenüberfunktion maskiert. Regelmässige Laborkontrollen sind unerlässlich. Dabei gilt es zu berücksichtigen, dass Amiodaron den Schilddrüsenhormon-Metabolismus und damit die Schilddrüsenwerte beeinflusst. Während die Therapie der Hypothyreose einfach ist (Substitution), ist die Hyperthyreose oft schwieriger und langwieriger in der Behandlung (Thyreostatika, Kortikosteroide, gelegentlich Perchlorat oder sogar eine totale Thyroidektomie). Obwohl die Bedeutung des Amiodarons in der Behandlung der Rhythmusstörungen wegen neuerer Therapiestrategien abnimmt, ist die Kenntnis der potenziellen Nebenwirkungen (nicht nur der endokrinologischen) nach wie vor wichtig.
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22

Clark, Benton C., and Samuel P. Kounaves. "Evidence for the distribution of perchlorates on Mars." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550415000385.

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AbstractVarious Mars missions have detected Cl atoms, chlorides and perchlorates in martian surface materials. The global soils, in particular, always contain significant levels of observable Cl. Direct evidence points to this Cl being in the form of both chlorides and perchlorates, and possibly also chlorates and other oxychlorines. The most widespread measurements have been of Cl atoms, and cannot discern the chemical form. However, from separate evidence of perchlorate obtained at high latitudes (Phoenix lander) and low latitudes (Curiosity rover), it is likely that perchlorates are widespread, albeit in varying proportions relative to the total amount of ubiquitous Cl.
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23

Bernhardt, PV, GA Lawrance, BW Skelton, and AH White. "Facile Metal-Directed Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Amino Acid Ester, Methyl 3-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-[(2-aminoethyl)aminomethyl]propionate, as the Copper(II) Complex." Australian Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 2 (1990): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9900399.

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Condensation of bis (ethane-1,2-diamine) copper(II) perchlorate with formaldehyde and diethyl malonate in basic methanol generates the new amino acid ester complex (ethyl hydrogen bis [(2-aminoethyl ) aminomethyl ] malonate )copper(II) perchlorate, [Cu(1)] (ClO4)2. Base- catalysed ester hydrolysis and decarboxylation in methanol of[Cu(1)]2+ yields, with reesterification, (methyl 3-[(2-aminoethy )amino]-2-[(2-aminoethyl) aminomethyl ]propionate)copper(II) perchlorate, [Cu(2)](ClO4)2. This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a 12.763(6), b 9.176(2), c 16.32(2)Ǻ, β 112.49 (6)°, Z 4, R 0.054 for 2626 independent 'observed' reflections. The copper ion lies in a near plane of four nitrogens with perchlorates occupying axial sites.
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24

Tani, Kazuhide, Tsuneaki Yamagata, Yoshitaka Tatsuno, Yuriko Yamagata, Ken-Ichi Tomita, Susumu Akutagawa, Hidenori Kumobayashi, and Sei Otsuka. "Bis[R)-(+)-binap]rhodium(I)-perchlorat, ein hochwirksamer Katalysator für die asymmetrische Isomerisierung von Allylaminen." Angewandte Chemie 97, no. 3 (March 1985): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19850970327.

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25

Helm, Siegrun, Jürgen Bendig, Dieter Kreysig, and Jürgen Wilda. "Zum Einfluß von Lösungsmittel und Temperatur auf die Fluoreszenzeigenschaften von 9,9′-Bis(acridizinium-yl)perchlorat." Zeitschrift für Chemie 20, no. 6 (August 31, 2010): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19800200612.

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26

Avecilla, Fernando, David Esteban, Carlos Platas-Iglesias, Susana Fernández-Martínez, Andres De Blas, and Teresa Rodríguez-Blas. "A barium perchlorate complex with a lateral macrobicycle derived from 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 containing a pyridine Schiff base spacer." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 59, no. 11 (October 11, 2003): m450—m451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270103016901.

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In the crystal structure of (perchlorato-κ2 O,O′))(28,31,36,39tetraoxa-1,9,17,25,42-pentaazapentacyclo[23.8.5.111,15.03,8.018,23]nonatriaconta-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,16,18,20,22-undecaene-κ8 N 1,N 9, N 17,N 42,O 28,O 31,O 36,O 39)barium(II) perchlorate, [Ba(ClO4)(C33H41N5O4)](ClO4), the BaII cation is situated in the macrobicyclic cavity, bound to only eight of the nine available donor atoms of the Schiff base macrobicyclic receptor. The pivotal N5 atom does not belong to the coordination sphere of the BaII ion, in spite of its endo conformation with the lone pair directed towards the inside of the cavity. The BaII ion completes its coordination core with two O atoms of one bidentate perchlorate group.
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27

Andraos, J., A. J. Kresge, and N. P. Schepp. "The hydration of mesitylketene in aqueous solution: detection of acid catalysis for an aromatic ketene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-069.

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Mesitylketene was generated flash photolytically in aqueous solution by the photo-Wolff reaction of 2,4,6-trimethyldiazoacetophenone and also by rearrangement of mesitylynol obtained through photodecarbonylation of mesitylhydroxycyclopropenone, and rates of hydration of this ketene were measured in dilute perchloric acid, sodium perchlorate, and sodium hydroxide solutions as well as in concentrated sodium perchlorate and perchloric acid solutions. In dilute solution only an uncatalyzed reaction and a sodium-hydroxide-catalyzed process were observed, both of which could be attributed to nucleophilic attack, by water and by hydroxide ion, respectively, at the ketene carbonyl carbon atom. In concentrated sodium perchlorate solutions, a mild decrease in reaction rate with increasing salt concentration was observed, as expected on the basis of decreasing water activity and a consequent slowing of the uncatalyzed reaction. A similar mild decrease was found in perchloric acid solutions up to [Formula: see text] but this then gave way to a rate increase that became dominant above [Formula: see text] This appearance of acid catalysis indicates a change in reaction mechanism from nucleophilic attack of water to an electrophilic process involving rate-determining protonation on the β-carbon atom of the ketene group. Analysis of the acid-catalyzed reaction rate by the Cox–Yates method gives the catalytic coefficient [Formula: see text] This, when compared with [Formula: see text] for ketene itself, shows that the mesityl group retards acid-catalyzed hydration by a factor of 2200, and consequently the acid-catalyzed reaction of this, and other aromatic ketenes as well, becomes apparent only under strongly acidic conditions. Keywords: mesitylketene, ketene hydration, acid catalysis, Cox–Yates excess acidity correlation.
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28

Bhat, Satish S., Vidyanand K. Revankar, Naveen Shivalingegowda, and N. K. Lokanath. "A fluorophore-labelled copper complex: crystal structure, hybrid cyclic water–perchlorate cluster and biological properties." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 9 (August 14, 2017): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229617011639.

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A fluorophore-labelled copper(II) complex, aquabis(dimethylformamide-κO)(perchlorato-κO)[2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3-oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline]copper(II) perchlorate monohydrate, [Cu(ClO4)(C22H12N4O)(C3H7NO)2(H2O)]ClO4·H2O, has been synthesized and characterized. A cyclic hydrogen-bonded water–perchlorate anionic cluster, i.e. [(ClO4)2(H2O)2]2−, has been identified within the structure. Each cyclic anionic cluster unit is interconnected by hydrogen bonding to the cation. The cations join into an infinite hydrogen-bonded chain running in the [010] direction. Furthermore, interaction of the complex with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and cellular localization within the cells was explored. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the compound has a good affinity for DNA and stains the nucleus of the cells.
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29

Tsymbal, Liudmyla V., Vladimir B. Arion, and Yaroslaw D. Lampeka. "The first structural characterization of the protonated azacyclam ligand in catena-poly[[[(perchlorato)copper(II)]-μ-3-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-3-azoniacyclotetradecane] bis(perchlorate)]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 75, no. 11 (October 22, 2019): 1700–1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901901377x.

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The asymmetric unit of the title compound, catena-poly[[[(perchlorato-κO)copper(II)]-μ-3-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-3-azoniacyclotetradecane-κ4 N 1,N 5,N 8,N 12] bis(perchlorate)], {[Cu(C13H30N5O2)(ClO4)](ClO4)2} n , (I), consists of a macrocyclic cation, one coordinated perchlorate anion and two perchlorate ions as counter-anions. The metal ion is coordinated in a tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry by the four secondary N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand, the mutually trans O atoms of the perchlorate anion and the carbonyl O atom of the protonated carboxylic acid group of a neighbouring cation. The average equatorial Cu—N bond lengths [2.01 (6) Å] are significantly shorter than the axial Cu—O bond lengths [2.379 (8) Å for carboxylate and average 2.62 (7) Å for disordered perchlorate]. The coordinated macrocyclic ligand in (I) adopts the most energetically favourable trans-III conformation with an equatorial orientation of the substituent at the protonated distal 3-position N atom in a six-membered chelate ring. The coordination of the carboxylic acid group of the cation to a neighbouring complex unit results in the formation of infinite chains running along the b-axis direction, which are crosslinked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds between the secondary amine groups of the macrocycle and O atoms of the perchlorate counter-anions to form sheets lying parallel to the (001) plane. Additionally, the extended structure of (I) is consolidated by numerous intra- and interchain C—H...O contacts.
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30

Hennings, Erik, Horst Schmidt, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Crystal structures of Sr(ClO4)2·3H2O, Sr(ClO4)2·4H2O and Sr(ClO4)2·9H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 12 (November 15, 2014): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814024726.

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The title compounds, strontium perchlorate trihydrate {di-μ-aqua-aquadi-μ-perchlorato-strontium, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)3]n}, strontium perchlorate tetrahydrate {di-μ-aqua-bis(triaquadiperchloratostrontium), [Sr2(ClO4)4(H2O)8]} and strontium perchlorate nonahydrate {heptaaquadiperchloratostrontium dihydrate, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)7]·2H2O}, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid–liquid phase diagram. The structures of the tri- and tetrahydrate consist of Sr2+cations coordinated by five water molecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetrahedra in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic coordination mode. The asymmetric unit of the trihydrate contains two formula units. Two [SrO9] polyhedra in the trihydrate are connected by sharing water molecules and thus forming chains parallel to [100]. In the tetrahydrate, dimers of two [SrO9] polyhedra connected by two sharing water molecules are formed. The structure of the nonahydrate contains one Sr2+cation coordinated by seven water molecules and by two O atoms of two perchlorate tetrahedra (point group symmetry ..m), forming a tricapped trigonal prism (point group symmetrym2m). The structure contains additional non-coordinating water molecules, which are located on twofold rotation axes. O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the water molecules as donor and ClO4tetrahedra and water molecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures.
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31

Vivekanandan, K., and R. Lakshmi Narayanan. "Oxidative Decarboxylation and Deamination of Essential Amino Acids by Nicotinium Dichromate - A Kinetic Study." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 45 (January 2015): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.45.66.

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The oxidation of essential amino acids like valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine and histidine using nicotinium dichromate in aqueous medium in presence of perchloric acid at 313 K leads to the formation of corresponding aldehydes. The reaction is first order with respect to nicotinium dichromate, fractional order with respect to amino acids and second order with respect to perchloric acid. Increase in ionic strength by the addition of sodium perchlorate has no effect on the rate constant. There is no polymerization with acrylonitrile. The reaction has been studied at different temperatures and a mechanism confirming to the kinetic observations is suggested.
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32

Roesch, Sebastian, Emanuele Bernardinelli, Saskia Wortmann, Johannes A. Mayr, Ingrid Bader, Gregor Schweighofer-Zwink, Gerd Rasp, and Silvia Dossena. "Molekulare und funktionale Abklärung hereditärer Schwerhörigkeiten am Beispiel des SLC26A4-Gens." Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 99, no. 12 (December 2020): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1190-4173.

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ZusammenfassungDie in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmende Verfügbarkeit molekularer Untersuchungstechniken führt zu einer steigenden Anzahl diagnostizierter genetischer Varianten im Genom untersuchter Patienten. Am Beispiel der hereditären Innenohrschwerhörigkeit wird bei Betrachtung der Vielzahl publizierter Berichte über die mögliche Beteiligung einzelner Gene an der Pathogenese deutlich, welche Herausforderungen die Zunahme molekularer Informationen für die Interpretation mit sich bringt.In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden anhand des Beispiels des SLC26A4-Gens und den damit verbundenen Formen einer hereditären Innenohrschwerhörigkeit die derzeit vorhandenen Möglichkeiten einer systematischen Abklärung und Interpretation dargestellt. Neben einer Beschreibung der physiologischen Funktion des resultierenden Pendrin-Proteins werden molekulare Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten zur Beurteilung der Funktion im Fall von nachgewiesenen Genvarianten erläutert. Die im Rahmen eines primär wissenschaftlichen Ansatzes resultierenden Ergebnisse auf molekularer Ebene dienen im klinischen Alltag der Interpretation hinsichtlich des kausalen Zusammenhangs zwischen einer nachgewiesenen Genvariante (Genotyp) und der Innenohrschwerhörigkeit (Phänotyp). Schließlich wird auf die mögliche Notwendigkeit einer weiteren interdisziplinären Abklärung, z. B. mithilfe einer Perchlorat-Testung der Schilddrüse, sowie therapeutische Möglichkeiten eingegangen.
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33

Panneerselvam, K., T. H. Lu, S. F. Tung, T. Y. Chi, and C. S. Chung. "(1,4,7,11,13-Pentaazacyclohexadecane-κ5N)(perchlorato-κO)nickel(II) Perchlorate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 53, no. 12 (December 15, 1997): 1778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270197011141.

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34

Sarbu, Laura G., and Lucian G. Bahrin. "3-Methylpiperidinyl Carbodithioates as Building Blocks for 1,3-Dithiolium Derivatives." Acta Chemica Iasi 21, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/achi-2013-0005.

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Abstract New 1,3-dithiolium derivatives have been synthesized by heterocyclocondensation of various 3-methylpiperidinyl carbodithioates derived from 2-hydroxypropiophenones. Thus, 1,3-dithiolium perchlorates have been obtained by the treatment of the corresponding dithiocarbamates with a mixture of acetic and sulfuric acid, followed by the addition of perchloric acid. 1,3-Dithiolium perchlorates have been converted to the corresponding 2-(1,3-dithiolium) phenolates under weak basic conditions. These phenolates exhibit mesoionic character with an internal charge transfer absorption band.
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35

De Candia, Ariel G., Matias Molnar, Leonardo D. Slep, and Ricardo Baggio. "Four NiIIcomplexes with the new cyclam–methylimidazole ligand 1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 68, no. 5 (April 19, 2012): m121—m126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270112014904.

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Although it has not proved possible to crystallize the newly prepared cyclam–methylimidazole ligand 1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (LIm1), thetransandcisisomers of an NiIIcomplex, namelytrans-aqua{1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane}nickel(II) bis(perchlorate) monohydrate, [Ni(C15H30N6)(H2O)](ClO4)2·H2O, (1), andcis-aqua{1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane}nickel(II) bis(perchlorate), [Ni(C15H30N6)(H2O)](ClO4)2, (2), have been prepared and structurally characterized. At different stages of the crystallization and thermal treatment from which (1) and (2) were obtained, a further two compounds were isolated in crystalline form and their structures also analysed, namelytrans-{1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane}(perchlorato)nickel(II) perchlorate, [Ni(ClO4)(C15H30N6)]ClO4, (3), andcis-{1,8-bis[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane}nickel(II) bis(perchlorate) 0.24-hydrate, [Ni(C20H36N6)](ClO4)2·0.24H2O, (4); the 1,8-bis[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane ligand is a minor side product, probably formed in trace amounts in the synthesis ofLIm1. The configurations of the cyclam macrocycles in the complexes have been analysed and the structures are compared with analogues from the literature.
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36

Kumar, M. Suresh, K. Rajesh, G. V. Vijayaraghavan, and S. Krishnan. "Structural and mechanical properties of diglycine perchlorate single crystals." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2018-0086.

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AbstractGood quality diglycine perchlorate (DGPCL) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method using the combination of glycine and perchloric acid in the ratio of 2:1. Single crystal X-ray diffraction and mechanical characterization of the grown single crystals of diglycine perchlorate were analyzed in this article. Lattice parameters, space group and crytal system were found from single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the cell parameters and space group are in a good agreement with the reported values. Mechanical properties, such as Vicker’s microhardness number, work hardening index, standard hardness value, yield strength, fracture toughness, brittleness index and elastic stiffness constant values, were determined using Vicker’s microhardness tester.
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37

Gustav, Klaus, and Heinz Mörke. "Eine rationelle Darstellung von Dichloro-bis[o-phenylen-bis-(dimethylarsin)]-chrom(III)-perchlorat [Cr(DAS)2Cl2]ClO4." Zeitschrift für Chemie 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19690090119.

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38

Arnold, Zdeněk, Dalimil Dvořák, and Miroslav Havránek. "Convenient Preparation of 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium Perchlorate, Tetrafluoroborate and Hexafluorophosphate." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 11 (1996): 1637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19961637.

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Formylation of ethyl vinyl ether with (chloromethylene)dimethylammonium chloride prepared from dimethylformamide and oxalyl chloride or phosgene followed by successive treatment with dimethylamine and 70% perchloric acid leads to 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium perchlorate 1a in high yield. Similarly, work-up of the reaction mixture after formylation with hexafluorophosphoric acid or dimethylamine tetrafluoroborate afforded 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium hexafluorophosphate 1b or tetrafluoroborate 1c, respectively.
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39

Anbarasu, K., and N. GEETHA. "OXIDATION OF BENZALDEHYDE BY QUINOXALINIUM DICHROMATE." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 12, no. 9 (January 13, 2016): 4396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v12i9.6707.

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The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of benzaldehyde by quinoxalinium dichromate has been studied in the presence of perchloric acid in 70 % acetic acid - water medium. The reaction follows first order with respect to benzaldehyde, quinoxalinium dichromate and fractional order with respect to perchloric acid. There is no effect on the reaction rate with increase in ionic strength of the medium by adding sodium perchlorate. The rate of reaction increases with increase in the percentage of acetic acid. The reaction does not induce the polymerization with acrylonitrile. The rate of reaction decreases with increase in the concentration of manganoussulphate. The thermodynamic and activation parameters have been calculated and a probable mechanism has been proposed.
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40

Wu, Yang, Wen-Zhen Wang, Rayyat Huseyn Ismayilov, Gene-Hsiang Lee, and Shie-Ming Peng. "A coordination polymer consisting of two different one-dimensional copper(II) chains." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 3 (February 22, 2014): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614002472.

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The title compound,catena-poly[[[diaqua(methanol-κO)copper(II)]-μ-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl-κN1)pyrazin-2-amine-κ2N1:N4] [[aqua(aqua/methanol-κO)(perchlorato-κO)copper(II)]-μ-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl-κN1)pyrazin-2-amine-κ2N1:N4] tris(perchlorate) methanol monosolvate 1.419-hydrate], {[Cu(C9H9N5)(CH3OH)(H2O)2][Cu(C9H9N5)(ClO4)(CH3OH)0.581(H2O)1.419](ClO4)3·CH3OH·1.419H2O}n, is a one-dimensional straight-chain polymer ofN-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (L) with Cu(ClO4)2. The complex consists of two crystallographically independent one-dimensional chains in which the CuIIatoms exhibit two different octahedral coordination geometries. TheLligand coordinates to two CuIIcentres in a tridentate manner, with the pyrazine ring acting as a bridge linking the CuIIcoordination units and building an infinite one-dimensional chain. Extensive hydrogen bonding among perchlorate anions, water molecules andLligands results in three-dimensional networks.
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41

Wu, Fang-Jy, Sue-Lein Wang, Yuh-Liang Liou, and Chung-Sun Chung. "Structure of Perchlorato(2,5,8,11-Tetraazadodecane)Copper (II) Perchlorate Monohydrate." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 36, no. 2 (April 1989): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.198900015.

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42

Zhao, Wenyi, and Henry J. Shine. "Primary and secondary 5-(alkyloxy)thianthrenium perchlorates. Characterization with 1H NMR spectroscopy, reactions with iodide and bromide ion, and thermal decomposition in solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-010.

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A series of 5-(alkyloxy)thianthrenium perchlorates has been made in which the alkyl group is primary (1a-1p) and secondary (2a-2g). Preparations were carried out by reaction of the corresponding alkanol with thianthrene cation radical perchlorate in CH2Cl2 solution followed by precipitation of the perchlorate salt with dry ether. 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the presence of a stereogenic center in the alkyl group causes inequivalence in the ordinarily paired protons (e.g., H-4, H-6) of the thianthrenium ring. Reaction of iodide and bromide ion with primary alkyl-group compounds (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) gave the alkyl halide in very good yield and by a second-order kinetic displacement. The second product was thianthrene 5-oxide (ThO). Rate constants for some of these reactions are reported. Reaction of secondary alkyl group compounds (e.g., 2-propyl, 2-pentyl, 2-hexyl, and 3-hexyl) with iodide ion gave good yields of alkyl iodide but also increasing evidence for a side reaction at the sulfonium sulfur, leading to I2, thianthrene, and secondary alkanol. Decomposition of some compounds at 100°C in solution (acetonitrile or 1,2-dichloroethane) was studied and gave alkene(s) and ThO.Key words: thianthrene cation radical, 5-(alkyloxy)thianthrenium perchlorates.
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43

Vollárová, Oľga, Ján Benko, and Ivana Matejeková. "Kinetics of oxidation of bis(ethylenediamine)mercaptoacetatocobalt(III) and cysteinatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ions by peroxodisulphate in aqueous-nonaqueous mixed solvents." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 5 (1986): 1049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19861049.

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The kinetics of oxidation in the first step was studied for coordination-bonded sulphur in the cysteinatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) and bis(ethylenediamine)mercaptoacetatocobalt(III) ions using peroxodisulphate as oxidant. The effect of the acid-base equilibria of the reactants was established based on the dependences of the rate constant and the thermodynamic activation parameters ΔH and ΔS on perchloric acid concentration. The effect of ionic strength at various perchloric acid concentrations, was examined for the two complex ions. The combined effect of perchloric acid and sodium perchlorate was investigated in water-tert-butyl alcohol and water-ethylene glycol solutions. The transfer functions were calculated from the changes in the solubility of the reactants on passing from aqueous to the mixed aqueous-nonaqueous solutions, and the role of solvation during the oxidation of the complexes by peroxodisulphate was assessed based on the dependences of the transfer functions on the nonaqueous component content of the solvent system.
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44

Anastasi, David, Neil F. Curtis, Olga P. Gladkikh, Timothy J. C. Goode, and David C. Weatherburn. "Copper(II) Compounds of 5-Alkyl-3,5,7-triazanonane-1,9-diamines and 3,10-Bisalkyl-1,3,5,8,10,12-hexaaza-cyclotetradecanes; the Structure of 1R,5S,8R,12S-{3,10-Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,3,5,8,10,12-hexaaza-cyclotetradecane-N1,N5,N8,N12} copper(II) Perchlorate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 8 (1998): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c97178.

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Preparations are reported for (3,10-bisalkyl-1,3,5,8,10,12-hexaazacyclotetradecane)copper(II) perchlorates (alkyl = propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, 2-(diethylammmonio)ethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3- hydroxypropyl and 2-hydroxypropyl) by reaction of bis(ethane-1,2-diamine)copper(II) perchlorate with methanal, and alkylamines. The structure of {3,10-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,3,5,8,10,12-hexa-azacyclotetradecane}copper(II) perchlorate is reported [C14H34Cl2CuN6O10, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a 8·504(2), b 14·855(5), c 9·034(2) Å, β 98·99(2)°, Z 2, R1 0· 061 for 1667 reflections]. The centrosymmetrical cation has a mean Cu–N distance of 2·001(4) Å, with perchlorate ion oxygen atoms weakly coordinated in the axial sites with a Cu–O distance of 2·61(1) Å. The planar copper(II) macrocycle cations form stacks which are linked by N–H · · · O and O–H · · · O–ClO3 hydrogen bonds involving the extended 2-hydroxypropyl substituents, with no interaction between the copper(II) ion and the hydroxy groups. (5-Alkyl-3,5,7-triazanonane-1,9-diamine)copper(II) perchlorate compounds with the same 3-substituent alkyl groups (plus methyl, and ethyl, and also phenyl) are similarly prepared by using 1 mole proportion of the amine and 2 mole proportions of methanal
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45

Fourati, Mohieddine, Moncef Chaabouni, Hassine Ferid Ayedi, Jean-Louis Pascal, and Jacqueline Potier. "Synthèses et analyses structurales de perchlorates anhydres d'In(III) et de Tl(III) M(ClO4)3 et ClO2M(ClO4)4; (M = In, Tl)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 3499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-573.

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Reactions of chlorine trioxide (Cl2O6) with anhydrous InCl3, TlCl3, and InCl3•4H2O have been investigated. They give two chloryl perchlorato metallates: ClO2In(ClO4)4 and ClO2Tl(ClO4)4, which can be decomposed on heating (80 °C) under dynamic vacuum. They yield respectively In(ClO4)3 and Tl(ClO4)3. Tl(ClO4)3 appears to have weaker thermal stability than In(ClO4)3, which is stable up to 272 °C; the former decomposes starting at 95 °C to give TlO0.5(ClO4)2. In(ClO4)3 and Tl(ClO4)3 have the same space group [Formula: see text]. The best assignment of their ir and Raman vibrational spectra can be made on the basis of a polymeric structure (Asl3 type) with bridging bidentate perchlorato groups strongly bonded to the metal. The ClO2M(ClO4)4 (M = In, Tl) salts are well defined. The cation ClO2+ is unambiguously characterized; it interacts with the anion M(ClO4)4−, which has monodentate and bidentate perchlorate groups.
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46

Crugeiras, Juan, and Howard Maskill. "The 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl carbenium ion by ionization of 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl alcohol in acetonitrile - aqueous perchloric and nitric acids containing electrolytes: kinetics, equilibria, and ion-pair formation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1999): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-003.

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We have studied the equilibration shown in eq. [3] of 4,4prime-dimethoxytrityl alcohol in aqueous perchloric and nitric acids containing low proportions of acetonitrile using stopped-flow kinetics techniques. The rate constants for the overall progress to equilibrium, kobs, have been resolved into forward and reverse components using the equilibrium UV absorbance and a value for the molar absorptivity of the 4,4prime-dimethoxytrityl carbenium ion determined in concentrated aqueous perchloric acid. The forward reaction (rate constant kf) is first order in both the alcohol and the acid concentrations; the reverse reaction (rate constant kr) is pseudo first order with respect to the carbocation. At constant hydronium ion concentration, the forward rate constant increases linearly with the concentration of electrolyte, whereas the reverse rate constant decreases. These effects depend upon the nature of the anion, but not the cation, and are not ionic strength effects. At constant anion concentrations, kf in both acids, and kr in perchloric acid, are independent of hydronium ion concentration; however, kr decreases with increasing hydronium ion concentration at constant nitrate concentration. At nonconstant ionic strength, changes in kf and kr observed in increasing concentrations of perchloric acid are attributable wholly to changes in perchlorate concentration. A mechanism is proposed which involves pre-equilibrium protonation of the alcohol, heterolysis of the protonated alcohol to give a 4,4prime-dimethoxytrityl carbenium ion - water ion-molecule pair, then conversion of this into a dissociated carbenium ion in equilibrium with ion pairs. To account for the strong effects of perchlorate and nitrate upon the forward rate constants, it is proposed that these anions provide additional reaction channels from the ion-molecule pair. However, we find no evidence of acid catalysis in the reaction of the ion-molecule pair (in contrast to our finding for the reaction of the corresponding ion-molecule pair formed from dimethoxytritylamine in acidic media). Some of the elementary rate and equilibrium constants of the proposed mechanism have been evaluated.Key words: trityl, carbenium ion, stopped-flow, ion pair, ion-molecule pair.
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47

Kubík, Richard, Stanislav Böhm, Iveta Ruppertová, and Josef Kuthan. "Sterically Crowded Heterocycles. III. A General Approach to Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by Ferricyanide Oxidation of Quaternary Pyridinium Salts." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 1 (1996): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19960126.

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Substituted 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium perchlorates 1b-1e were converted with potassium ferricyanide and potassium hydroxide to sterically crowded 2-phenyl-3-[(Z)-1,3-diphenyl-3-oxopropenyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 2b-2e accompanied by minor isomeric 2-benzoyl-3,5-diphenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrroles 3c-3e. 4-Phenyl-2,6-di(4-substituted phenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridinium salts 4a, 4b gave exclusively corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 5a, 5b while the ferricyanide oxidation of 1-(5-iodo- and 5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium perchlorates 6a, 6b led to mixtures of major imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 7a-7c and minor pyrroles 8a-8c. Some mechanistic aspects of the oxidation procedure are discussed in connection with a resistance of 2,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-trimethylpyridinium perchlorate (9c) towards the oxidizing agents.
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48

Wang, Bi-Qin, Hai-Biao Yan, Zheng-Qing Huang, Yun-Hua Zhang, and Jing Sun. "Reversible phase transition of 2-carboxypyridinium perchlorate–pyridinium-2-carboxylate (1/1)." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 71, no. 4 (March 10, 2015): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615003691.

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The title salt, C6H6NO2+·ClO4−·C6H5NO2, was crystallized from an aqueous solution of equimolar quantities of perchloric acid and pyridine-2-carboxylic acid. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements show that the compound undergoes a reversible phase transition at about 261.7 K, with a wide heat hysteresis of 21.9 K. The lower-temperature polymorph (denoted LT;T= 223 K) crystallizes in the space groupC2/c, while the higher-temperature polymorph (denoted RT;T= 296 K) crystallizes in the space groupP2/c. The relationship between these two phases can be described as: 2aRT=aLT; 2bRT=bLT;cRT=cLT. The crystal structure contains an infinite zigzag hydrogen-bonded chain network of 2-carboxypyridinium cations. The most distinct difference between the higher (RT) and lower (LT) temperature phases is the change in dihedral angle between the planes of the carboxylic acid group and the pyridinium ring, which leads to the formation of different ten-membered hydrogen-bonded rings. In the RT phase, both the perchlorate anions and the hydrogen-bonded H atom within the carboxylic acid group are disordered. The disordered H atom is located on a twofold rotation axis. In the LT phase, the asymmetric unit is composed of two 2-carboxypyridinium cations, half an ordered perchlorate anion with ideal tetrahedral geometry and a disordered perchlorate anion. The phase transition is attributable to the order–disorder transition of half of the perchlorate anions.
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49

Ben Jomaa, Meriam, Hammouda Chebbi, Noura Fakhar Bourguiba, and Mohamed Faouzi Zid. "Structure cristalline, caractérisation spectroscopique, calcul DFT et analyse de surface Hirshfeld du perchlorate de p-toluidinium." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 74, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989017018096.

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The synthesis of p-toluidinium perchlorate (systematic name: 4-methylanilinium perchlorate), C7H10N+·ClO4 −, was carried out from an aqueous reaction of perchloric acid with p-toluidine. This compound was characterized by powder XRD, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The structure was further confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The crystal structure is formed by a succession of two-dimensional molecular layers consisting of perchlorate anions and organic cations parallel to the (100) plane and located at x = 2n + ½ (n ∈ Z). Each mixed layer is formed by infinite chains {C7H10N+·ClO4 −} n parallel to the [010] direction and developing along the c axis, generating R 2 4(8), R 2 2(4) and R 4 4(12) graph-set motifs. The results of a theoretical study using the DFT method at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level are in good agreement with the experimental data. Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots reveal that the structure is dominated by O...H/H...O (54.2%), H...H (26.9%) and C—H ...π (14.3%) contacts. The studied crystal was refined as a two-component twin
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50

Gerber and Noth. "Therapy of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism." Therapeutische Umschau 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.56.7.374.

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Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie der Amiodaron-induzierten Hyperthyreose (AIT) und Hypothyreose (AIH) werden kurz besprochen. Klinisch manifestieren sich AIT und AIH durch die klassischen Symptome und Zeichen der Schilddrüsendysfunktion, sind bisweilen aber auch oligosymptomatisch. Grundpfeiler der Funktionsdiagnostik sind TSH, fT4 und fT3. Bei AIT kommen wegen des hohen Jodgehalts von Amiodaron nur Medikamente und Chirurgie in Betracht. Eine Radiojodtherapie steht meist nicht zur Diskussion. Falls von kardialer Seite möglich, sollte Amiodaron abgesetzt werden. Für die medikamentöse Therapie stehen Thionamide, Perchlorat (nicht in der Schweiz), Steroide (vor allem Typ II und gemischte Formen von AIT) und Lithium (Reservemedikament) zur Verfügung. Die zwei Typen von AIT sind auch therapeutisch unterschiedlich anzugehen. Die chirurgische Therapie gilt heute als valable Option für die Therapie schwerer Formen von AIT mit schlechtem Ansprechen auf medikamentöse Therapie. Hauptvorteil der chirurgischen Therapie der AIT ist die umgehende Behebung der Hyperthyreose verbunden mit der Möglichkeit, eine kardial klar indizierte und wirksame Amiodarontherapie weiterzuführen. Bei AIH muß Amiodaron nicht sistiert werden, wenn es kardiologisch wirklich indiziert und wirksam ist. Die Therapie der AIH erfolgt wie bei den meisten andern Hypothyreoseformen in erster Linie mit Levothyroxin.
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