Journal articles: 'Performance-intensity function'

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Boothroyd, Arthur. "The Performance/Intensity Function: An Underused Resource." Ear and Hearing 29, no. 4 (August 2008): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aud.0b013e318174f067.

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Studebaker, Gerald A., Rebecca Taylor, and Robert L. Sherbecoe. "The Effect of Noise Spectrum on Speech Recognition Performance-Intensity Functions." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 2 (April 1994): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3702.439.

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Articulation theory predicts that a subject’s absolute or masked threshold configuration will affect the slope of the speech recognition performance-intensity (P-I) function. This study was carried out to test that prediction. Performance-intensity functions for the Technisonic Studios W-22 recordings were obtained from 12 subjects with normal hearing. Four continuous thermal noise maskers, high-pass (HP) noise, white noise, ANSI noise, and talker-spectrum-matched (TSM) noise, were used to shape threshold. P-I function slopes for the averaged data ranged from about 1.6%o/dB in HP noise to about 6.7%/dB in TSM noise. At low to moderate speech intensity levels, the positions and slopes of the P- functions were accurately estimated by an articulation index-type model that included corrections for subject proficiency and for high- and low-frequency spread of masking. At higher intensity levels, performance was overestimated by the model.

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Mehren, Aylin, Cecilia Diaz Luque, Mirko Brandes, Alexandra P. Lam, Christiane M. Thiel, Alexandra Philipsen, and Jale Özyurt. "Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function." Neural Plasticity 2019 (June 4, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8608317.

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Numerous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on cognition, while the effects of high-intensity exercise are less clear. This study investigated the acute effects of exercise at moderate and high intensities on executive functions in healthy adults, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. Furthermore, the association between exercise effects and cardiorespiratory fitness was examined. 64 participants performed in two executive function tasks (flanker and Go/No-go tasks), while functional MR images were collected, following two conditions: in the exercise condition, they cycled on an ergometer at either moderate or high intensity (each n=32); in the control condition, they watched a movie. Differences in behavioral performance and brain activation between the two conditions were compared between groups. Further, correlations between cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise effects on neural and behavioral correlates of executive performance were calculated. Moderate exercise compared to high-intensity exercise was associated with a tendency towards improved behavioral performance (sensitivity index d′) in the Go/No-go task and increased brain activation during hit trials in areas related to executive function, attention, and motor processes (insula, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area). Exercise at high intensity was associated with decreased brain activation in those areas and no changes in behavioral performance. Exercise had no effect on brain activation in the flanker task, but an explorative analysis revealed that reaction times improved after high-intensity exercise. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with increased brain activation after moderate exercise and decreased brain activation after high-intensity exercise. These data show that exercise at moderate vs. high intensity has different effects on executive task performance and related brain activation changes as measured by fMRI and that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a moderating factor of acute exercise effects. Thus, our results may contribute to further clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition.

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Chang, Yu-Kai, and Jennifer L. Etnier. "Exploring the Dose-Response Relationship between Resistance Exercise Intensity and Cognitive Function." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31, no. 5 (October 2009): 640–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.5.640.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive performance. Sixty-eight participants were randomly assigned into control, 40%, 70%, or 100% of 10-repetition maximal resistance exercise groups. Participants were tested on Day 1 (baseline) and on Day 2 (measures were taken relative to performance of the treatment). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, self-reported arousal, and affect were assessed on both days. Cognitive performance was assessed on Day 1 and before and following treatment on Day 2. Results from regression analyses indicated that there is a significant linear effect of exercise intensity on information processing speed, and a significant quadratic trend for exercise intensity on executive function. Thus, there is a dose-response relationship between the intensity of resistance exercise and cognitive performance such that high-intensity exercise benefits speed of processing, but moderate intensity exercise is most beneficial for executive function.

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Schlauch, Robert S., and Craig C. Wier. "A Method for Relating Loudness-Matching and Intensity-Discrimination Data." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 1 (March 1987): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3001.13.

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A method that allows direct comparisons between pure-tone loudness-matching and intensity-discrimination data in normal and hearing-impaired listeners is described. This method makes a minimal number of assumptions about the relations between loudness perception and intensity-discrimination performance. Loudness is considered to be related to overall, perceived stimulus magnitude and intensity-discrimination performance is considered to reflect the accuracy with which a loudness judgment can be made. Because pure-tone intensity-discrimination performance varies as a function of stimulus level in normal ears, the standard level required to produce a particular difference limen in an impaired ear can be inferred from normal-ear intensity-discrimination data. Thus, plotting standard levels yielding normal difference limens as a function of standard levels yielding the equivalent sized difference limens from a threshold-shifted ear produces a function directly comparable to loudness recruitment functions. If loudness-growth and intensity-difference limens were tightly coupled in threshold-shifted ears, then stimuli that yield equal size difference limens would be equally loud. This relation was tested by obtaining loudness-matching and intensity-discrimination data from normal-hearing listeners with thresholds shifted by a wideband noise and hearing-impaired listeners with cochlear-type hearing losses. The results from these listeners show similarities between the traditional loudness-recruitment functions and "intensity-recruitment" functions derived from the assumed relation between the two measures. The primary difference between the functions is at low and moderate sensation levels where loudness grows at a more rapid rate than the difference limen.

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Bhatti, M. T., S. Soomro, A. M. Bughio, T. A. Soomro, A. Anwar, and M. A. Soomro. "Active Contours Using Harmonic Global Division Function." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2019): 4457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2866.

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This paper presents the region-based active contours method based on the harmonic global signed pressure force (HGSPF) function. The proposed formulation improves the performance of the level set method by utilizing intensity information based on the global division function, which has the ability to segment out regions with higher intensity differences. The new energy utilizes harmonic intensity, which can better preserve the low contrast details and can segment complicated areas easily. A Gaussian kernel is adjusted to regularize level set and to escape an expensive reinitialization. Finally, a set of real and synthetic images are used for validation of the proposed method. Results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, the accuracy values are compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.

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Penkman, Michael A., Catherine J. Field, Christopher M. Sellar, Vicki J. Harber, and Gordon J. Bell. "Effect of Hydration Status on High-Intensity Rowing Performance and Immune Function." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.4.531.

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Purpose:This study determined the effect of dehydration and rehydration (DR) on performance, immune cell response, and tympanic temperature after high-intensity rowing exercis.Methods:Seven oarswomen completed two simulated 2000-m rowing race trials separated by 72 h in a random, cross-over design. One trial was completed in a euhydrated (E) condition and the other using a DR protocol.Results:The DR condition resulted in a 3.33 ± 0.14% reduction in body mass (P < .05) over a 24-h period followed by a 2-h rehydration period immediately before the simulated rowing race. There was a greater change in tympanic temperature observed in the DR trial (P < .05). There were increases in the blood concentration of leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD3+/4+, CD3+/8+, CD3−/16+, CD4+/25+; P < .05) and decreases in lymphocyte proliferation and neutrophil oxidative burst activity immediately following the simulated race (P < .05) in both trials. Blood leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations were greater after exercise in the DR trial (P < .05). Whereas most immune measures returned to resting values after 60 min of recovery in both trials, lymphocyte proliferation and the concentrations of CD3+/4+ and CD4+/25+ cells were significantly lower than before exercise. Blood leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations were significantly higher before and after exercise in the E trial.Conclusion:The effects of dehydration/rehydration did not negatively influence simulated 2000-m rowing race performance in lightweight oarswomen but did produce a higher tympanic temperature and had a differential effect on blood leukocyte, neutrophil, and natural killer (CD3−/16+) cell concentrations after exercise compared with the euhydrated state.

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Sjödahl, Mikael. "Gradient Correlation Functions in Digital Image Correlation." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102127.

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The performance of seven different correlation functions applied in Digital Image Correlation has been investigated using simulated and experimentally acquired laser speckle patterns. The correlation functions were constructed as combinations of the pure intensity correlation function, the gradient correlation function and the Hessian correlation function, respectively. It was found that the correlation function that was constructed as the product of all three pure correlation functions performed best for the small speckle sizes and large correlation values, respectively. The difference between the different functions disappeared as the speckle size increased and the correlation value dropped. On average, the random error of the combined correlation function was half that of the traditional intensity correlation function within the optimum region.

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Storer, T., R. Casaburi, C. Gottron, D. Walsh, and J. D. Kopple. "LOW INTENSITY ENDURANCE TRAINING IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTION, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, AND FFM IN HEMODIALYSIS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01285.

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Buckley, Stephanie, Kelly Knapp, Amy Lackie, Colin Lewry, Karla Horvey, Chad Benko, Jason Trinh, and Scotty Butcher. "Multimodal high-intensity interval training increases muscle function and metabolic performance in females." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 11 (November 2015): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0238.

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method of improving aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity. In most individuals, however, HIIT using modalities such as cycling, running, and rowing does not typically result in increased muscle strength, power, or endurance. The purpose of this study is to compare the physiological outcomes of traditional HIIT using rowing (Row-HIIT) with a novel multimodal HIIT (MM-HIIT) circuit incorporating multiple modalities, including strength exercises, within an interval. Twenty-eight recreationally active women (age 24.7 ± 5.4 years) completed 6 weeks of either Row-HIIT or MM-HIIT and were tested on multiple fitness parameters. MM-HIIT and Row-HIIT resulted in similar improvements (p < 0.05 for post hoc pre- vs. post-training increases for each group) in maximal aerobic power (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic threshold (13% vs. 12%), respiratory compensation threshold (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic power (15% vs. 12%), and anaerobic capacity (18% vs. 14%). The MM-HIIT group had significant (p < 0.01 for all) increases in squat (39%), press (27%), and deadlift (18%) strength, broad jump distance (6%), and squat endurance (280%), whereas the Row-HIIT group had no increase in any muscle performance variable (p values 0.33–0.90). Post-training, 1-repetition maximum (1RM) squat (64.2 ± 13.6 vs. 45.8 ± 16.2 kg, p = 0.02), 1RM press (33.2 ± 3.8 vs. 26.0 ± 9.6 kg, p = 0.01), and squat endurance (23.9 ± 12.3 vs. 10.2 ± 5.6 reps, p < 0.01) were greater in the MM-HIIT group than in the Row-HIIT group. MM-HIIT resulted in similar aerobic and anaerobic adaptations but greater muscle performance increases than Row-HIIT in recreationally active women.

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Wang, Chun-Chih, Chien-Heng Chu, I.-Hua Chu, Kuei-Hui Chan, and Yu-Kai Chang. "Executive Function During Acute Exercise: The Role of Exercise Intensity." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 4 (August 2013): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.4.358.

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This study was designed to examine the modulation of executive functions during acute exercise and to determine whether exercise intensity moderates this relationship. Eighty college-aged adults were recruited and randomly assigned into one of the four following groups: control, 30%, 50%, and 80% heart rate reserve. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was administered during each intervention. The results indicated that the majority of the WCST performances were impaired in the high exercise intensity group relative to those of the other three groups, whereas similar performance rates were maintained in the low- and moderate-intensity groups. These findings suggest that transient hypofrontality occurs during high-intensity exercise, but not during low- and moderate-intensity exercises. Future research aimed at employing the dual-mode theory, and applying the reticular-activating hypofrontality model is recommended to further the current knowledge.

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Frost, Natalie, Michael Weinborn, Gilles E. Gignac, Shaun Markovic, Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Ralph N. Martins, Jeremiah J. Peiffer, and Belinda M. Brown. "Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Better Verbal Generativity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0382.

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Objectives: To examine the associations between physical activity duration and intensity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and executive function in older adults. Methods: Data from 99 cognitively normal adults (age = 69.10 ± 5.1 years; n = 54 females) were used in the current study. Physical activity (intensity and duration) was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and fitness was measured by analysis of maximal aerobic capacity, VO2peak. Executive function was measured comprehensively, including measures of Shifting, Updating, Inhibition, Generativity, and Nonverbal Reasoning. Results: Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with better performance on Generativity (B = .55; 95% confidence interval [.15, .97]). No significant associations were found between self-reported physical activity intensity/duration and executive functions. Discussion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify an association between fitness and Generativity. Associations between physical activity duration and intensity and executive function requires further study, using objective physical activity measures and longitudinal observations.

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WRABACK, MICHAEL, GREGORY A. GARRETT, ANAND V. SAMPATH, and PAUL H. SHEN. "UNDERSTANDING ULTRAVIOLET EMITTER PERFORMANCE USING INTENSITY DEPENDENT TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 01 (March 2007): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407004400.

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Time-resolved photoluminescence studies of nitride semiconductors and ultraviolet light emitters comprised of these materials are performed as a function of pump intensity as a means of understanding and evaluating device performance. Comparison of time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) on UV LED wafers prior to fabrication with subsequent device testing indicate that the best performance is attained from active regions that exhibit both reduced nonradiative recombination due to saturation of traps associated with point and extended defects and concomitant lowering of radiative lifetime with increasing carrier density. Similar behavior is observed in optically pumped UV lasers. Temperature and intensity dependent TRPL measurements on a new material, AlGaN containing nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities (NCI), show that it inherently combines inhibition of nonradiative recombination with reduction of radiative lifetime, providing a potentially higher efficiency UV emitter active region.

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Van Praagh, Emmanuel. "Development of Anaerobic Function during Childhood and Adolescence." Pediatric Exercise Science 12, no. 2 (May 2000): 150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.2.150.

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This review summarizes the research relating anaerobic function to growth among children and adolescents. Pediatric practitioners and scientists are always struck by the impressive accumulation of results relating to the cardiopulmonary system. However, anaerobic fitness has received much less research attention. This is surprising, considering that high-intensity exercises lasting only a few seconds is a more “natural” pattern during growth than prolonged low-intensity exercises. In anaerobic tasks or sport events such as sprint running, sprint swimming, sprint cycling, jumping, or throwing, the child’s performance is distinctly lower than that of the adult. This partly reflects the child’s lesser ability to generate mechanical energy from chemical energy sources during short-term intensive work or exercise. Because both intramuscular high energy phosphate kinetics and muscle cross-section vary during growth and maturation, this review examines some developmental aspects of energetic- and mechanical factors involved in anaerobic performance. Anaerobic muscle function and performance are quantitative traits influenced by several determinants such as genetic factors, age and gender, muscle fiber characteristics, hormonal and training factors. Because of ethical and methodological constraints when investigating healthy children, this review also includes fundamental work done on some animal models.

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Hargreaves, Mark, Michael J. McKenna, David G. Jenkins, Stuart A. Warmington, Jia L. Li, Rodney J. Snow, and Mark A. Febbraio. "Muscle metabolites and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1687.

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Six men were studied during four 30-s “all-out” exercise bouts on an air-braked cycle ergometer. The first three exercise bouts were separated by 4 min of passive recovery; after the third bout, subjects rested for 4 min, exercised for 30 min at 30–35% peak O2 consumption, and rested for a further 60 min before completing the fourth exercise bout. Peak power and total work were reduced ( P < 0.05) during bout 3 [765 ± 60 (SE) W; 15.8 ± 1.0 kJ] compared with bout 1 (1,168 ± 55 W, 23.8 ± 1.2 kJ), but no difference in exercise performance was observed between bouts 1 and 4 (1,094 ± 64 W, 23.2 ± 1.4 kJ). Before bout 3, muscle ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen, pH, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake were reduced, while muscle lactate and inosine 5′-monophosphate were increased. Muscle ATP and glycogen before bout 4 remained lower than values before bout 1( P < 0.05), but there were no differences in muscle inosine 5′-monophosphate, lactate, pH, and SR Ca2+ uptake. Muscle CP levels before bout 4 had increased above resting levels. Consistent with the decline in muscle ATP were increases in hypoxanthine and inosine before bouts 3 and 4. The decline in exercise performance does not appear to be related to a reduction in muscle glycogen. Instead, it may be caused by reduced CP availability, increased H+ concentration, impairment in SR function, or some other fatigue-inducing agent.

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Chen, Feng-Tzu, Jennifer Etnier, Chih-Han Wu, Yu-Min Cho, Tsung-Min Hung, and Yu-Kai Chang. "Dose-Response Relationship between Exercise Duration and Executive Function in Older Adults." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090279.

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This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between exercise duration and task switching in older adults. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 20 min resulted in shorter response times than control and 10-min sessions in the heterogeneous, non-switch, and switch conditions, but not in the homogeneous condition. Additionally, linear and cubic trends between exercise duration and global switching performance as well as local switching performance were revealed with faster times being predicted by longer duration exercise; however, the cubic relationship resulted in performance following the 45-min session being not significantly different from the other three sessions. Acute aerobic moderate intensity exercise for 20 min is an effective duration to improve task switching. Although a longer duration of exercise is not optimal for benefiting task switching, it does not harm task switching in older adults and hence may be of value for other health-related reasons.

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Lamberti, Fabrizio, Andrea Sanna, Gianluca Paravati, and Luca Belluccini. "IVF3: exploiting intensity variation function for high-performance pedestrian tracking in forward-looking infrared imagery." Optical Engineering 53, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 023105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.53.2.023105.

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Mathai, Jijo Pottackal, and Asha Yathiraj. "Performance-Intensity Function and Aided Improvement in Individuals With Late-Onset Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder." Ear and Hearing 38, no. 2 (2017): e109-e117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aud.0000000000000368.

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Arnold, Donald H., Michael G. O'Connor, and Tina V. Hartert. "Acute Asthma Intensity Research Score: updated performance characteristics for prediction of hospitalization and lung function." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 115, no. 1 (July 2015): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.03.020.

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Mekari, Said, Meghan Earle, Ricardo Martins, Sara Drisdelle, Melanie Killen, Vicky Bouffard-Levasseur, and Olivier Dupuy. "Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Compared to Continuous Training on Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10020081.

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To improve cognitive function, moving the body is strongly recommended; however, evidence regarding the proper training modality is still lacking. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE), representing the same total training load, on improving cognitive function in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that after 6 weeks (3 days/week) of stationary bike training, HIIT would improve executive functions more than MICE. Twenty-five participants exercised three times a week for 6 weeks after randomization to the HIIT or MICE training groups. Target intensity was 60% of peak power output (PPO) in the MICE group and 100% PPO in the HIIT group. After training, PPO significantly increased in both the HIIT and MICE groups (9% and 15%, p < 0.01). HIIT was mainly associated with a greater improvement in overall reaction time in the executive components of the computerized Stroop task (980.43 ± 135.27 ms vs. 860.04 ± 75.63 ms, p < 0.01) and the trail making test (42.35 ± 14.86 s vs. 30.35 ± 4.13 s, p < 0.01). T exercise protocol was clearly an important factor in improving executive functions in young adults.

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Speaks, Charles, Nancy Niccum, and Dianne Van Tasell. "Effects of Stimulus Material on the Dichotic Listening Performance of Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 1 (March 1985): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2801.16.

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Dichotic listening scores were obtained from 27 patients with sensorineural hearing loss in response to four dichotic speech tests: digits, vowel words, consonant words, and CV nonsense syllables. Monotic performance-intensity functions for each ear were defined with the CV syllables, and the four dichotic tests were administered at an intensity that produced asymptotic monotic performance for both ears with the CV syllables. Four blocks of 30 pairs of items per block were presented for each dichotic test, which produced 240 responses per test for each patient. Reliable differences among left-ear scores, right-ear scores, performance level, and the ear advantage were observed among the four tests. The digit test appeared to be most promising for assessing central auditory function when the patient had a sensorineural hearing loss because performance for the digits was only slightly affected by the peripheral loss.

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Liu, Danzheng, and Lu-Feng Shi. "Performance-Intensity Functions of Mandarin Word Recognition Tests in Noise: Test Dialect and Listener Language Effects." American Journal of Audiology 22, no. 1 (June 2013): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0047).

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Purpose This study established the performance-intensity function for Beijing and Taiwan Mandarin bisyllabic word recognition tests in noise in native speakers of Wu Chinese. Effects of the test dialect and listeners' first language on psychometric variables (i.e., slope and 50%-correct threshold) were analyzed. Method Thirty-two normal-hearing Wu-speaking adults who used Mandarin since early childhood were compared to 16 native Mandarin-speaking adults. Both Beijing and Taiwan bisyllabic word recognition tests were presented at 8 signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in 4-dB steps (−12 dB to +16 dB). At each SNR, a half list (25 words) was presented in speech-spectrum noise to listeners' right ear. The order of the test, SNR, and half list was randomized across listeners. Listeners responded orally and in writing. Results Overall, the Wu-speaking listeners performed comparably to the Mandarin-speaking listeners on both tests. Compared to the Taiwan test, the Beijing test yielded a significantly lower threshold for both the Mandarin- and Wu-speaking listeners, as well as a significantly steeper slope for the Wu-speaking listeners. Conclusion Both Mandarin tests can be used to evaluate Wu-speaking listeners. Of the 2, the Taiwan Mandarin test results in more comparable functions across listener groups. Differences in the performance-intensity function between listener groups and between tests indicate a first language and dialectal effect, respectively.

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Eller, Jens, and Felix N. Büchi. "Polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance degradation at different synchrotron beam intensities." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (November 2, 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513025162.

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The degradation of cell performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under monochromatic X-ray irradiation at 13.5 keV was studied in galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation modes in a through-plane imaging direction over a range of two orders of magnitude beam intensity at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The performance degradation was found to be a function of X-ray dose and independent of beam intensity, whereas the degradation rate correlates with beam intensity. The cell performance was more sensitive to X-ray irradiation at higher temperature and gas feed humidity. High-frequency resistance measurements and the analysis of product water allow conclusions to be drawn on the dominating degradation processes, namely change of hydrophobicity of the electrode and sulfate contamination of the electrocatalyst.

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Stone, Brandon L., Madison Beneda-Bender, Duncan L. McCollum, Jongjoo Sun, Joseph H. Shelley, John D. Ashley, Eugenia Fuenzalida, and J. Mikhail Kellawan. "Understanding cognitive performance during exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps: establishing the executive function-exercise intensity relationship." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00483.2020.

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The executive functioning aspect of cognition was evaluated during graded exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps cadets. Executive function declined at exercise intensities of ≥80% of heart rate reserve. The decline in executive function was coupled with declines in the oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex, the brain region responsible for executive functioning. These data define the executive function-exercise intensity relationship and provide evidence supporting the reticular activation hypofrontality theory as a model of cognitive change.

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Kim, Junechul, Bo-Eun Yoon, and Yong Kyun Jeon. "Effect of Treadmill Exercise and Probiotic Ingestion on Motor Coordination and Brain Activity in Adolescent Mice." Healthcare 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010007.

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High-intensity exercise can lead to chronic fatigue, which reduces athletic performance. On the contrary, probiotic supplements have many health benefits, including improvement of gastrointestinal health and immunoregulation. However, the effects of probiotics combined with exercise interventions on motor functions and brain activity have not been fully explored. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effects of probiotic supplements and aerobic exercise on motor function, immune response, and exercise intensity and probiotic ingestion. After four weeks of intervention, the motor functions were assessed by rotarod test, then the levels of cytokines, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate were detected. The improvement caused by the intake of probiotics in the moderate-intensity exercise group and the non-exercise group in the accelerating mode rotarod was significant (p = 0.038, p < 0.001, respectively). In constant-speed mode, the moderate-intensity exercise group with probiotic ingestion recorded longer runs than the corresponding non-exercise group (p = 0.023), and the improvement owing to probiotics was significant in all groups—non-exercise, moderate, and high-intensity (p = 0.036, p = 0.036, p = 0.012, respectively). The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were lower, whereas GABA was higher in the probiotics-ingested group. Taken together, exercise and probiotics in adolescence could positively affect brain and motor function.

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Dillon, Harvey. "Hearing Aid Evaluation." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 3 (June 1993): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3603.621.

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In this study, hearing aid gain for speech was defined as the difference in level between the aided and unaided performance-intensity functions measured at any specific value of percentage of items correct. The articulation index method was used to predict speech gain based on the subject’s unaided sound field thresholds, ambient room noise, hearing aid internal noise, hearing aid insertion gain, and the subject’s unaided performance-intensity function. Predicted speech gain agreed with measured speech gain with rms errors of only 3 dB for 11 subjects with mild or moderate hearing loss tested with monosyllabic words and continuous discourse. The speech gain provided by a hearing aid can thus be predicted from electroacoustic measures, which generally can be obtained in a shorter time. Importance functions believed to be applicable to nonsense syllables, words, and continuous discourse were used to make the predictions, but prediction accuracy was not affected by the importance function chosen. Speech gain measured with the monosyllabic word test was highly correlated with speech gain measured with the continuous discourse test, provided that similar presentation levels were used.

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Johnston, Rich D., Tim J. Gabbett, David G. Jenkins, and Michael J. Speranza. "Effect of Different Repeated-High-Intensity-Effort Bouts on Subsequent Running, Skill Performance, and Neuromuscular Function." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 3 (April 2016): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0243.

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Purpose:To assess the impact of different repeated-high-intensity-effort (RHIE) bouts on player activity profiles, skill involvements, and neuromuscular fatigue during small-sided games.Participants:22 semiprofessional rugby league players (age 24.0 ± 1.8 y, body mass 95.6 ± 7.4 kg).Methods:During 4 testing sessions, they performed RHIE bouts that each differed in the combination of contact and running efforts, followed by a 5-min off-side small-sided game before performing a second bout of RHIE activity and another 5-min small-sided game. Global positioning system microtechnology and video recordings provided information on activity profiles and skill involvements. A countermovement jump and a plyometric push-up assessed changes in lower- and upper-body neuromuscular function after each session.Results:After running-dominant RHIE bouts, players maintained running intensities during both games. In the contact-dominant RHIE bouts, reductions in moderate-speed activity were observed from game 1 to game 2 (ES = –0.71 to –1.06). There was also moderately lower disposal efficiency across both games after contact-dominant RHIE activity compared with running-dominant activity (ES = 0.62–1.02). Greater reductions in lower-body fatigue occurred as RHIE bouts became more running dominant (ES = –0.01 to –1.36), whereas upper-body fatigue increased as RHIE bouts became more contact dominant (ES = –0.07 to –1.55).Conclusions:Physical contact causes reductions in running intensity and the quality of skill involvements during game-based activities. In addition, the neuromuscular fatigue experienced by players is specific to the activities performed.

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Meng, Xiao Chen, and Lian Qing Zhu. "Fast Testing Methods on the Performance of Laser Confocal Micro-Raman Spectroscopy System for Cell Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.570.

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To provide the quality assurance for various samples test, fast testing methods of the performance of laser confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy system for cell analysis are developed. The silicon wafer was used on the performance test of LabRam INV system produced by Horiba JY. The silicon wafer can not only be used for system calibration (the band of 520.7cm-1), but also for the evaluation of the system performance. The curves of the intensity at the band of 520.7 cm-1 as a function of laser intensity radiated on the sample, pinhole and time were achieved. The results show that the intensity at the band of 520.7 cm-1 change linearly with the laser intensity, which can be used to evaluate the laser intensity radiated on the sample. The intensity changes with pinhole can be used to determine the size of pinhole for different purpose. The stability of Raman system can be determined by the variation of the intensity at the band of 520.7 cm-1 with time, which helps to decide whether it is suitable for other sample test.

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Zhou, Bo, Zhong Yan Liu, and Long Rao. "A Sinusoidal Grating Design and Performance Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1027.

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Obtain 3-D profilometry of object by phase in optics 3-D techniques, need to project sinusoidal grating on the surface of object measured. To improve the contrast intensity of projection sinusoidal pattern, introduce pulse-width modulation method of electrical engineering to design sinusoidal grating. Firstly, analyze the feasibility of designing sinusoidal grating using high frequency triangular waveforms modulating sinusoidal waveform. Describe light intensity distribution function of 3-D measurement. Give instantiation of creating sinusoidal grating. Finally, analyze frequency spectrum performance for the sinusoidal grating.

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WERNER, PHILIPP, AYOUB AL-HAMADI, and ROBERT NIESE. "COMPARATIVE LEARNING APPLIED TO INTENSITY RATING OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF PAIN." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 28, no. 05 (July 31, 2014): 1451008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001414510082.

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Together with classification of facial expressions, the rating of their intensities is of major interest. Classical supervised learning techniques require labeling of the intensities, which is labor intensive and requires expert knowledge, but nevertheless is not guaranteed to be objective. We propose a new approach to learn an intensity rating function which does not require expert knowledge, because it simplifies the labeling task by avoiding the difficulty of selecting an absolute intensity value and to keep the labeling consistent for the whole dataset. It is based on a novel kind of ground truth which we call Comparative Labeling. It specifies sample pairs for which the first element is desired to have a lower intensity than the second. We introduce a learning scheme to find an optimal intensity function in respect of the Comparative Labeling and propose performance measures to assess the quality of the learned function. The technique is applied to rate the intensity of facial expressions of posed pain. The evaluation results show that the learned function is well suited for determining dynamic intensity variation over time. We also assess the suitability of the rating as an inter-individual intensity measure by comparing it to the intensity ratings given by human observers.

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Sng, Eveleen, Emily Frith, and Paul D. Loprinzi. "Temporal Effects of Acute Walking Exercise on Learning and Memory Function." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 7 (December 28, 2017): 1518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117749476.

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Purpose: To evaluate the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Sample: Eighty-eight college students (N = 22 per group). Measures: Four experimental groups were evaluated, including a control group, exercising prior to memory encoding, exercising during encoding, and exercising during memory consolidation. The exercise stimulus consisted of a 15-minute moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill. Participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess learning and memory. Prospective memory was assessed via a Red Pen Task. Long-term memory (recognition and attribution) of the RAVLT was assessed 20 minutes and 24 hours after exercise. Analysis: Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the performance of RAVLT scores of trials 1 to 5 across groups. One-way ANOVA assessed the performance of individual trials across groups, whereas χ2 assessed the performance of the Red Pen Task across groups. Results: Regarding learning, the interaction of groups × trial was marginally statistically significant ( F12,332 = 1.773, P = .05), indicating that the group which exercised before encoding did better than the group that exercised during encoding and consolidation. For both 24-hour recognition and attribution performance, the group that exercised before memory encoding performed significantly better than the group that exercised during consolidation ( P = .05 recognition, P = .006 attribution). Discussion: Engaging in a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity walking before a learning task was effective in influencing long-term episodic memory.

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Brush, Christopher J., Ryan L. Olson, Peter J. Ehmann, Steven Osovsky, and Brandon L. Alderman. "Dose–Response and Time Course Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 38, no. 4 (August 2016): 396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0027.

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The purpose of this study was to examine possible dose–response and time course effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on the core executive functions of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Twenty-eight participants (14 female; Mage = 20.5 ± 2.1 years) completed a control condition and resistance exercise bouts performed at 40%, 70%, and 100% of their individual 10-repetition maximum. An executive function test battery was administered at 15 min and 180 min postexercise to assess immediate and delayed effects of exercise on executive functioning. At 15 min postexercise, high-intensity exercise resulted in less interference and improved reaction time (RT) for the Stroop task, while at 180 min low- and moderate-intensity exercise resulted in improved performance on plus–minus and Simon tasks, respectively. These findings suggest a limited and task-specific influence of acute resistance exercise on executive function in healthy young adults.

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Muntaner-Mas, Adrià, Josep Vidal-Conti, Jo Salmon, and Pere Palou-Sampol. "Associations of Heart Rate Measures during Physical Education with Academic Performance and Executive Function in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124307.

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The current evidence for a relation between children’s heart rate measures and their academic performance and executive functioning is infancy. Despite several studies observing dose-response effects of physical activity on academic performance and executive function in children, further research using objective measures of the relative intensity of physical activity (e.g., heart rate) is warranted. The present study aimed to inspect associations between heart rate response and various academic performance indicators and executive function domains. A total of 130 schoolchildren between the ages of 9 and 13 years (M = 10.69, SD 0.96 years old; 56.9% boys) participated in a cross-sectional study. Children’s heart rate data were collected through participation in physical education classes using the polar TeamTM hardware and software. One week before heart rate measures, academic performance was obtained from the school records in maths, Spanish language, Catalan language, physical education, and Grade point average. Executive function was measured by two domains, cognitive flexibility with the Trail Making Test and inhibition with the Stroop test. Associations between children’s heart rate data and academic performance and executive function were analyzed using regression models. Academic performance was found to be positively related to four heart rate measures (β range, 0.191 to 0.275; all p < 0.040). Additionally, the hard heart rate intensity level was positively related to two academic indicators (β range, 0.183 to 0.192; all p < 0.044). Three heart rate measures were associated with two cognitive flexibility subdomains (β range, −0.248 to 0.195; all p < 0.043), and three heart rate measures were related to one inhibition subdomain (β range, 0.198 to 0.278; all p < 0.028). The results showed slight associations of heart rate responses during physical education lessons with academic performance but did not clearly indicate associations with executive function. Future experimental studies testing associations between different bouts of intensity levels are needed to disentangle the relationship with brain function during childhood.

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Losinski, Genna, Hilary J. Hicks, Alex Laffer, and Amber Watts. "EXAMINING SEX DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S519—S520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1915.

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Abstract Research has demonstrated sex-associated differences in physical activity and its benefits on cognition in older adults. The present study explored differential associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and executive function, which is known to decline with aging. N = 53 older adults without cognitive impairment (M = 73.19 years, SD = 6.53) wore accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X+) during 7 consecutive days. Activity intensity was categorized as light, moderate, or vigorous based on Freedson Adult Vector Magnitude cutpoints. Participants completed a battery of executive function tests: Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Verbal Fluency, Trail Making Test, and Stroop Color-Word Test. A cognitive composite score was created using confirmatory factor analysis. Women had a higher mean MVPA (4.57%) than men (2.64%, t (19.04) = -2.49, p = .022). However, executive function performance did not differ by sex (t (26.20) = 1.67, p =.107). The interaction between sex and time in MVPA did not predict performance on executive function, adjusting for age and education. Older age was the only significant predictor of poorer executive function (β = -0.038, p = .003). The current sample had limited engagement in MVPA (range 0.18-10.87%). These findings suggest that the amount of engagement in MVPA in a free-living environment may not be sufficient to demonstrate sex-associated differences in executive function performance. Future studies should explore executive function performance with other intensity levels and examine other areas of cognition.

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Linville, Sue Ellen, Brenda D. Skarin, and Elio Fornatto. "The Interrelationship of Measures Related to Vocal Function, Speech Rate, and Laryngeal Appearance in Elderly Women." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 2 (June 1989): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3202.323.

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The purpose of this investigation was to explore the interrelationship of various measures related to vocal function, speech rate, and laryngeal appearance in elderly women. Speakers were 20 women ranging in age from 67 to 86 years. An indirect laryngoscopic examination that included judgments on glottal closure and vocal fold appearance was performed on each speaker. Eight measures related to vocal performance (the production capabilities of the mechanism with regard to pitch range, intensity range, and phonation time) were collected on each speaker. Further, acoustic measures of intensity and fundamental frequency stability were made from sustained vowels, and a reading passage was analyzed for reading rate and intensity level. Factor analysis procedures revealed an association of maximum phonation time with measures of vocal intensity, as well as with pitch range measures. Surprisingly, reading rate was grouped with measures of F o stability as well as with maximum vocal intensity. Although laryngoscopic findings are in general agreement with those reported previously in elderly women (Honjo & Isshiki, 1980), inadequate glottal closure was observed more frequently, and vocal cord edema less frequently, in these women.

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Memon, Asif Aziz, Shafiullah Soomro, Muhammad Tanseef Shahid, Asad Munir, Asim Niaz, and Kwang Nam Choi. "Segmentation of Intensity-Corrupted Medical Images Using Adaptive Weight-Based Hybrid Active Contours." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2020 (November 4, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6317415.

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Segmentation accuracy is an important criterion for evaluating the performance of segmentation techniques used to extract objects of interest from images, such as the active contour model. However, segmentation accuracy can be affected by image artifacts such as intensity inhomogeneity, which makes it difficult to extract objects with inhomogeneous intensities. To address this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid region-based active contour model for the segmentation of inhomogeneous images. The proposed hybrid energy functional combines local and global intensity functions; an incorporated weight function is parameterized based on local image contrast. The inclusion of this weight function smoothens the contours at different intensity level boundaries, thereby yielding improved segmentation. The weight function suppresses false contour evolution and also regularizes object boundaries. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed approach achieves superior results over synthetic and real images. Based on a quantitative analysis over the mini-MIAS and PH2 databases, the superiority of the proposed model in terms of segmentation accuracy, as compared with the ground truths, was confirmed. Furthermore, when using the proposed model, the processing time for image segmentation is lower than those when using other methods.

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Brochu, Martin, Patrick Savage, Melinda Lee, Justine Dee, M. Elaine Cress, Eric T. Poehlman, Marc Tischler, and Philip A. Ades. "Effects of resistance training on physical function in older disabled women with coronary heart disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00804.2001.

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We studied whether disabled older women with coronary heart disease can perform resistance training at an intensity sufficient to improve measured and self-reported physical function [ n = 30, 70.6 ± 4.5 (SD) yr]. Compared with the controls, the resistance-training group showed significant improvements in overall measured physical function score using the Continuous-Scale Physical Functional Performance Test (+24 vs. +3%). The Continuous-Scale Physical Functional Performance Test measures physical function for 15 practical activities, such as carrying groceries or climbing stairs. Resistance training led to improved measures for domains of upper body strength (+18 vs. +6%), lower body strength (+23 vs. +6%), endurance (+26 vs. +1%), balance and coordination (+29 vs. −2%), and 6-min walk (+15 vs. +7%). Women involved in the flexibility-control group showed essentially no improvement for physical function measures. No changes were observed for body composition, aerobic capacity, or self-reported physical function in either group. In conclusion, disabled older women with coronary heart disease who participate in strength training are able to train at an intensity sufficient to result in improvements in multiple domains of measured physical functional performance, despite no change in lean body mass.

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Winn, C., M. McNarry, G. Stratton, AM Wilson, and GA Davies. "P151 Withdrawn: Effect of high-intensity exercise on lung function, aerobic performance and airway inflammation in asthma." Thorax 71, Suppl 3 (November 15, 2016): A165.2—A165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.294.

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Suri, Shelza, and Ritu Vijay. "A Bi-objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Chaos-DNA Based Hybrid Approach." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2017-0069.

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Abstract The paper implements and optimizes the performance of a currently proposed chaos-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based hybrid approach to encrypt images using a bi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. Image encryption is a multi-objective problem. Optimizing the same using one fitness function may not be a good choice, as it can result in different outcomes concerning other fitness functions. The proposed work initially encrypts the given image using chaotic function and DNA masks. Further, GA uses two fitness functions – entropy with correlation coefficient (CC), entropy with unified average changing intensity (UACI), and entropy with number of pixel change rate (NPCR) – simultaneously to optimize the encrypted data in the second stage. The bi-objective optimization using entropy with CC shows significant performance gain over the single-objective GA optimization for image encryption.

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MOLINARES, CARLOS A., and CHRIS P. TSOKOS. "BAYESIAN RELIABILITY APPROACH TO THE POWER LAW PROCESS WITH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO PRIOR SELECTION." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 20, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539313500046.

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The intensity function is the key entity to the power law process, also known as the Weibull process or nonhomogeneous Poisson process. It gives the rate of change of the reliability of a system as a function of time. We illustrate that a Bayesian analysis is applicable to the power law process through the intensity function. First, we show using real data, that one of the two parameters in the intensity function behaves as a random variable. With a sequence of estimates of the subject parameter we proceeded to identify the probability distribution that characterizes its behavior. Using the commonly used squared-error loss function we obtain a Bayesian reliability estimate of the power law process. Also a simulation procedure shows the superiority of the Bayesian estimate with respect to the maximum likelihood estimate and the better performance of the proposed estimate with respect to its maximum likelihood counterpart. As well, it was found that the Bayesian estimate is sensitive to a prior selection.

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Tong, Tom Kwokkeung, Frank Hokin Fu, Pak Kwong Chung, Roger Eston, Kui Lu, Binh Quach, Jinlei Nie, and Raymond So. "The effect of inspiratory muscle training on high-intensity, intermittent running performance to exhaustion." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-050.

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The effects of inspiratory muscle (IM) training on maximal 20 m shuttle run performance (Ex) during Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test and on the physiological and perceptual responses to the running test were examined. Thirty men were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. The experimental group underwent a 6 week pressure threshold IM training program by performing 30 inspiratory efforts twice daily, 6 d/week, against a load equivalent to 50% maximal static inspiratory pressure. The placebo group performed the same training procedure but with a minimal inspiratory load. The control group received no training. In post-intervention assessments, IM function was enhanced by >30% in the experimental group. The Ex was improved by 16.3% ± 3.9%, while the rate of increase in intensity of breathlessness (RPB/4i) was reduced by 11.0% ± 6.2%. Further, the whole-body metabolic stress reflected by the accumulations of plasma ammonia, uric acid, and blood lactate during the Yo-Yo test at the same absolute intensity was attenuated. For the control and placebo groups, no significant change in these variables was observed. In comparison with previous observations that the reduced RPB/4i resulting from IM warm-up was the major reason for improved Ex, the reduced RPB/4i resulting from the IM training program was lower despite the greater enhancement of IM function, whereas improvement in Ex was similar. Such findings suggest that although both IM training and warm-up improve the tolerance of intense intermittent exercise, the underlying mechanisms may be different.

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Havemann, L., S. J. West, J. H. Goedecke, I. A. Macdonald, A. St Clair Gibson, T. D. Noakes, and E. V. Lambert. "Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 1 (January 2006): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8–10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest ( P < 0.005) and during exercise ( P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels ( P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO ( P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower ( P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function.

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Pace, Mary Elizabeth, and Paul D. Loprinzi. "High-Intensity Acute Exercise and Directed Forgetting on Memory Function." Medicina 55, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080446.

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Background and Objectives: Despite accumulating research demonstrating that acute exercise may enhance memory function, very little research has evaluated whether acute exercise can effectuate intentional directed forgetting (DF), an adaptative strategy to facilitate subsequent memory performance. Materials and Methods: A three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants were randomized into one of three groups, including: (1) exercise plus DF (Ex + DF), (2) DF (directed forgetting) only (DF) and (3) R (remember) only (R). The acute bout of exercise included 15 min of high-intensity treadmill exercise. The memory assessment involved the presentation of two-word lists. After encoding the first word list, participants were either instructed to forget all of those words (DF) or to remember them. Following this, participants encoded the second word list. Results: We observed a statistically significant main effect for list F(1, 57) = 12.27, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.18, but no main effect for group F(2, 57) = 1.32, p = 0.27, η2p = 0.04, or list by group interaction, F(2, 57) = 2.89, p = 0.06, η2p = 0.09. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a directed forgetting effect in that cueing an individual to forget a previously encoded list of items facilitates memory performance on a subsequent list of items. However, we failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of acute exercise in facilitating directed forgetting. These findings are discussed in the context of directed forgetting theories, particularly the attention inhibition mechanism, as well as the timing of the acute bout of exercise.

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Ide, Bernardo N., Tácito P. Souza-Junior, Steven R. McAnulty, Mariana A. C. de Faria, Karina A. Costa, and Lázaro A. S. Nunes. "Immunological Responses to a Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu High‐Intensity Interval Training Session." Journal of Human Kinetics 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0051.

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Abstract The objective of the study was to characterize immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session. Neuromuscular function, blood, and salivary samples were obtained after a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session. Saliva and blood samples were collected at Pre- (before the warm-up) and immediately Post-training. Neuromuscular function was evaluated by lower body muscle testing. The horizontal countermovement jump was performed at Pre (after the warm-up) and immediately Post blood and saliva collection, and approximately 5 minutes Post-training. The horizontal countermovement jump performance did not present any significant changes Post-training, while blood leukocytes, urea, IgA and salivary alpha-amylase showed a significant increase. Salivary alpha-amylase activity increased more than six times immediately Post compared to Pre-training. Saliva volume, secretion rate, and uric acid were not significantly different between Pre and Post condition. A Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session elicited an increase in the blood cells responsible for antibody production and muscle damage adaptation after exercise. On the other hand, neuromuscular performance was not significantly affected Post-training, suggesting that immunological and performance responses were not necessarily associated.

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Teng, Xiangyu, Danting Lu, and Yung-ho Chiu. "Emission Reduction and Energy Performance Improvement with Different Regional Treatment Intensity in China." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020237.

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China’s industrial sector, which has a significant position in the world, is the main sector of China’s energy consumption and waste gas emission. China’s government has promulgated a Guiding Opinion, setting key regions to establish an emission reduction target of air pollutants during the 12th five year plan (2011–2015). Thus, there is a different regional treatment of industrial waste gas in China. This study considers the waste gas treatment expenditure as a new input and employs the non-radial directional distance function in the framework of the meta-frontier model to investigate the energy and emission reduction performance of China’s industrial sectors. The study is aimed at finding a significant and expanded technical gap between key and non-key regions in the energy and emission reduction efficiencies. The empirical result presents an effective method to improve the performance by increasing the emission treatment expenditure to reduce emissions.

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Cho, Yo-Han, Gyu Won Lee, Kyung-Eak Kim, and Isztar Zawadzki. "Identification and Removal of Ground Echoes and Anomalous Propagation Using the Characteristics of Radar Echoes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1913.1.

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Abstract This paper explores the removal of normal ground echoes (GREs) and anomalous propagation (AP) in ground-based radars using a fuzzy logic approach. Membership functions and their weights are derived from the characteristics of radar echoes as a function of radar reflectivity. The dependence on echo intensity is shown to significantly improve the proper identification of GRE/AP. In addition, the proposed method has a better performance at lower elevation angles. The overall performance is comparable with that from a polarimetric approach and can thus be easily implemented in operational radars.

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Chambers, Toby L., Timothy R. Burnett, Ulrika Raue, Gary A. Lee, W. Holmes Finch, Bruce M. Graham, Todd A. Trappe, and Scott Trappe. "Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00426.2019.

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We examined the influence of lifelong aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity. Young exercisers [YE; n = 20, 10 women (W), 25 ± 1 yr], lifelong exercisers (LLE; n = 28, 7 W, 74 ± 2 yr), and old healthy nonexercisers (OH; n = 20, 10 W, 75 ± 1 yr) were studied. On average, LLE exercised 5 days/wk for 7 h/wk over the past 52 ± 1 yr. The LLE men were subdivided by exercise intensity [Performance (LLE-P), n = 14; Fitness (LLE-F), n = 7]. Upper and lower leg muscle size and adiposity [intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT)] were determined via MRI, and quadriceps isotonic and isometric function was assessed. For the quadriceps, aging decreased muscle size, isotonic and isometric strength, contraction velocity (men only), and power ( P < 0.05). In women, LLE did not influence muscle size or function. In men, LLE attenuated the decline in muscle size and isometric strength by ~50% ( P < 0.05). LLE did not influence other aspects of muscle function, nor did training intensity influence muscle size or function. For the triceps surae, aging decreased muscle size only in the women, whereas LLE (both sexes) and training intensity (LLE men) did not influence muscle size. In both sexes, aging increased thigh and calf IMAT by ~130% ( P < 0.05), whereas LLE attenuated the thigh increase by ~50% ( P < 0.05). In the LLE men, higher training intensity decreased thigh and calf IMAT by ~30% ( P < 0.05). In summary, aging and lifelong aerobic exercise influenced muscle size, function, and adipose tissue infiltration in a sex- and muscle-specific fashion. Higher training intensity throughout the life span provided greater protection against adipose tissue infiltration into muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity in women and men in their eighth decade of life that have engaged in lifelong aerobic exercise. The findings reveal sex and upper and lower leg muscle group-specific benefits related to skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity and that exercise intensity influences intermuscular adiposity. This emerging cohort will further our understanding of the health implications of maintaining exercise throughout the life span.

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Danilovich, Margaret, Chad Achenbach, Chen Yeh, Lauren Balmert, and Baiba Berzins. "High Intensity Walking Reduces Frailty and Improves Physical Function Among Older Adults Living With HIV." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.568.

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Abstract Walking is a preferred mode of exercise for older adults, yet limited evidence exists on the optimal intensity to promote health gains, particularly among those with the frailty syndrome. Older adults aging with HIV have physical function impairments and higher prevalence of frailty, yet there is a paucity of evidence on therapeutic options to help these individuals maintain or improve their physical functioning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a high intensity walking training (HIWT) intervention for pre-frail and frail older adults living with HIV. We enrolled n=11 older adults (>50 years of age and pre-frail or frail on the SHARE-FI). Participants underwent 16 walking sessions 2x/week consisting of 5 minute intervals of stair climbing, fast walking, weighted walking, balance tasks, and steps ups for a total of 30 minutes of high intensity (>70% of HRmax or >15 Rating of Perceived Exertion) activity. All participants were able to achieve the targeted high intensity levels throughout the sessions. We used a t-test to compare pre-post test means on a variety of physical performance measures. We found statistically significant improvements in the frailty score on the SHARE-FI, PROMIS fatigue, self-selected gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and Six Minute Walk Test. Importantly, all improvements were far above minimally clinically important differences suggesting this novel exercise approach may contribute to substantial improvements in physical function to reduce frailty in this population of older adults. Participants had no adverse events and were highly satisfied with training.

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Takeshima, Yasuhiro. "Negative Emotional Valence Intensity Affects Visual Target Detection in the Information Encoding Process." International Journal of Psychological Studies 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n1p19.

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Previous studies have not yet investigated sufficiently the relationship between visual processing and negative emotional valence intensity, which is the degree of a dimensional component included in emotional information. In Experiment 1, participants performed a visual search task with three valence levels: neutral (control) and high- and low-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli (both angry faces). Results indicated that response times for high-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli were shorter than low-intensity ones. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to detect a target face among successively presented faces. Facial stimuli were the same as in Experiment 1. Results revealed that accuracy was higher for angry faces than for neutral faces. However, performance did not differ as a function of negative emotional valence intensity. Overall, the task performance differences between negative emotional valence intensities were observed in visual search, but not in attentional blink. Therefore, negative emotional valence intensity likely contributes to the process of efficient visual information encoding.

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Leech, Kristan A., Catherine R. Kinnaird, Carey L. Holleran, Jennifer Kahn, and T. George Hornby. "Effects of Locomotor Exercise Intensity on Gait Performance in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Physical Therapy 96, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150646.

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AbstractBackgroundHigh-intensity stepping practice may be a critical component to improve gait following motor incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). However, such practice is discouraged by traditional theories of rehabilitation that suggest high-intensity locomotor exercise degrades gait performance. Accordingly, such training is thought to reinforce abnormal movement patterns, although evidence to support this notion is limited.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of short-term manipulations in locomotor intensity on gait performance in people with iSCI and (2) to evaluate potential detrimental effects of high-intensity locomotor training on walking performance.DesignA single-day, repeated-measures, pretraining-posttraining study design was used.MethodsNineteen individuals with chronic iSCI performed a graded-intensity locomotor exercise task with simultaneous collection of lower extremity kinematic and electromyographic data. Measures of interest were compared across intensity levels of 33%, 67%, and 100% of peak gait speed. A subset of 9 individuals participated in 12 weeks of high-intensity locomotor training. Similar measurements were collected and compared between pretraining and posttraining evaluations.ResultsThe results indicate that short-term increases in intensity led to significant improvements in muscle activity, spatiotemporal metrics, and joint excursions, with selected improvements in measures of locomotor coordination. High-intensity locomotor training led to significant increases in peak gait speed (0.64–0.80 m/s), and spatiotemporal and kinematic metrics indicate a trend for improved coordination.LimitationsMeasures of gait performance were assessed during treadmill ambulation and not compared with a control group. Generalizability of these results to overground ambulation is unknown.ConclusionsHigh-intensity locomotor exercise and training does not degrade, but rather improves, locomotor function and quality in individuals with iSCI, which contrasts with traditional theories of motor dysfunction following neurologic injury.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Performance-intensity function'

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