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Journal articles on the topic 'Performance swimming'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

TEODORA, DOMINTEANU. "Proper Technique Freestroke (Crawl) Swimming - Important Component For Performance." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2014/153.

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2

Keskinen, Kari L., and Paavo V. Komi. "Interaction between swimming technique and performance capacity in swimming." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90315-1.

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3

Knechtle, Beat, Tiago M. Barbosa, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "The age-related changes and sex difference in master swimming performance." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 104 (2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019020.

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Master athletes have been widely used to examine the age-induced decline of human performance. However, so far very limited reviews are available consolidating the age-related differences in master swimming performance. The aim of the present review was to summarize existing knowledge about the age-related changes in three modalities of swimming performance (i.e., pool-swimming, open-water swimming and swim split in triathlons of different distances). In addition, the paradigm of freestyle swimming records from 50 to 1500 m was used to examine age-related differences and sex difference in performance for age groups 25–29 to 100–104 years. For this example of master freestyle swimmers, the sex difference was smaller in the longer events and increased significantly after the age of ∼70 years. In summary, master athletes competing in swimming as single discipline (i.e., pool-swimming and open-water) and in triathlon (i.e., swim split as first discipline) improved their performances across calendar years. The age-related performance decline in swimming seems to be specific to the discipline, the sex and the length of the swimming event.

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4

Skorski, Sabrina, Naroa Etxebarria, and Kevin G. Thompson. "Breaking the Myth That Relay Swimming Is Faster Than Individual Swimming." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 3 (April 2016): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0577.

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Purpose:To investigate if swimming performance is better in a relay race than in the corresponding individual race.Methods:The authors analyzed 166 elite male swimmers from 15 nations in the same competition (downloaded from www.swimrankings.net). Of 778 observed races, 144 were Olympic Games performances (2000, 2004, 2012), with the remaining 634 performed in national or international competitions. The races were 100-m (n = 436) and 200-m (n = 342) freestyle events. Relay performance times for the 2nd–4th swimmers were adjusted (+ 0.73 s) to allow for the “flying start.”Results:Without any adjustment, mean individual relay performances were significantly faster for the first 50 m and overall time in the 100-m events. Furthermore, the first 100 m of the 200-m relay was significantly faster (P > .001). During relays, swimmers competing in 1st position did not show any difference compared with their corresponding individual performance (P > .16). However, swimmers competing in 2nd–4th relay-team positions demonstrated significantly faster times in the 100-m (P < .001) and first half of the 200-m relays than in their individual events (P < .001, ES: 0.28–1.77). However, when finishing times for 2nd–4th relay team positions were adjusted for the flying start no differences were detected between relay and individual race performance for any event or split time (P > .17).Conclusion:Highly trained swimmers do not swim (or turn) faster in relay events than in their individual races. Relay exchange times account for the difference observed in individual vs relay performance.

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5

Truijens, Martin, and Huub Toussaint. "Biomechanical aspects of peak performance in human swimming." Animal Biology 55, no. 1 (2005): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570756053276907.

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AbstractPeak performances in sport require the full deployment of all the powers an athlete possesses. How factors such as mechanical power output, technique and drag, each individually, but also in concert, determine swimming performance is the subject of this enquiry. This overview of swimming biomechanics focuses on three performance factors: (i) generation of propulsion in water; (ii) drag encountered by the body during swimming; and (iii) propulsive efficiency. Theoretical considerations will be put to use by predicting individual power requirements for swimming a world record in the 50 m freestyle based on experimental data.

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6

Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J., Pedro G. Morouço, and Raúl Arellano. "Relationship Between Tethered Swimming in a Flume and Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 8 (September 1, 2020): 1087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0466.

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Purpose: To study the relationship between tethered swimming in a flume at different speeds and swimming performance. Methods: Sixteen regional-level swimmers performed 25-, 50-, and 100-m front-crawl trials and four 30-s tethered-swimming tests at 0, 0.926, 1.124, and 1.389 m·s−1 water-flow velocities. Average and maximum force, average and maximum impulse, and intracyclic force variation (dF) were estimated for each tethered-swimming trial. Swimming velocity and intracyclic velocity variation (dv) were obtained for each free-swimming trial. Stroke rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were registered for all trials. Results: Tethered-swimming variables, both at 1.124 m·s−1 and at 1.389 m·s−1 water-flow velocities, were positively associated with 25-m swimming velocity (P < .05). Average force and maximum impulse in stationary swimming were significantly associated with 25-m swimming velocity (P < .05). A positive relationship between water-flow velocities with dF was observed. Swimming performance was not related to dF or dv. Neither stroke rate nor RPE differed between the 4 tethered conditions and mean 50-m free-swimming velocity (P > .05). Conclusions: Measuring force in a swimming flume at higher water-flow velocities is a better indicator of performance than stationary tethered swimming. It enables assessment of the ability to effectively apply force in the water.

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7

Gay, Ana, Gracia López-Contreras, Ricardo J. Fernandes, and Raúl Arellano. "Is Swimmers’ Performance Influenced by Wetsuit Use?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0891.

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Purpose: To observe changes in performance, physiological, and general kinematic variables induced by the use of wetsuits vs swimsuits in both swimming-pool and swimming-flume conditions. Methods: In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 33 swimmers (26.46 [11.72] y old) performed 2 × 400-m maximal front crawl in a 25-m swimming pool (with wetsuit and swimsuit), and their mean velocities were used later in 2 swimming-flume trials with both suits. Velocity, blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR), Borg scale (rating of perceived exertion), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), stroke index, and propelling efficiency were evaluated. Results: The 400-m performance in the swimming pool was 0.07 m·s−1 faster when using the wetsuit than when using the swimsuit, evidencing a reduction of ∼6% in time elapsed (P < .001). Maximal HR, maximal blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, stroke rate, and propelling efficiency were similar when using both swimsuits, but SL and stroke index presented higher values with the wetsuit in both the swimming pool and the swimming flume. Comparing swimming conditions, maximal HR and maximal blood lactate concentration were lower, and SL, stroke index, and propelling efficiency were higher when swimming in the flume than when swimming in the pool with both suits. Conclusions: The 6% velocity improvement was the result of an increase of 4% in SL. Swimmers reduced stroke rate and increased SL to benefit from the hydrodynamic reduction of the wetsuit and increase their swimming efficiency. Wetsuits might be utilized during training seasons to improve adaptations while swimming.

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8

Lindh, A., M. Peyrebrune, S. Ingham, D. Bailey, and J. Folland. "Sodium Bicarbonate Improves Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 6 (June 2008): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989228.

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9

Vasile, Luciela. "Endurance Training in Performance Swimming." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 117 (March 2014): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.206.

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10

Havriluk, Rod. "Performance Level Differences in Swimming." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 76, no. 2 (June 2005): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2005.10599273.

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11

McLean, Scott P., and Richard N. Hinrichs. "Buoyancy, Gender, and Swimming Performance." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 16, no. 3 (August 2000): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.16.3.248.

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This study investigated the relationship of gender and buoyancy to sprint swimming performance. The center of buoyancy (CB) and center of mass (CM) were measured using reaction board principles. Performance was evaluated as the time needed to complete the middle 13.7 m of a 22.9-m sprint for kicking and swimming trials. Nineteen female swimmers (mean ±SD, 21.9 ± 3.2 years) had significantly more body fat (24.1 ± 4.5%) than 13 male swimmers (21.7 ± 4.2 years, 14.8 ± 5.0%). Males swam and kicked significantly faster (p< .01) than females. Percent body fat, upper body strength, the distance between the CB and CM (d), and the buoyant force measured in 3 body positions all met the criteria for entrance into a regression equation. When gender was not controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 70% of the variance in swim time (p< .008). When gender was controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 45% of the variance in swim time (p= .06). Percent body fat accounted for the largest amount variance in both regression analyses (39%,p< .001; 18%,p= 0.02, respectively). Upper body strength accounted for 14% of the variance in swim time (p= .006) when gender was not controlled but only 4% when gender was controlled (p= .27). The distancedas measured in a body position with both arms raised above the head was the buoyancy factor that accounted for the greatest amount of variance in swim time (6% when gender was not controlled,p= .06, 10%; when gender was controlled,p= .07). Percent body fat,d, and the buoyant force accounted for no significant amount of variance in kick time. These data suggested that a swimmer’s buoyancy characteristics did have a small but important influence on sprint swimming performance.

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12

Leenders, Nicole, W. Michael Sherman, David R. Lamb, and Timothy E. Nelson. "Creatine Supplementation and Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9, no. 3 (September 1999): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.9.3.251.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if oral creatine (CR) ingestion, compared to a placebo (PL), would enable swimmers to maintain a higher swimming velocity across repeated interval sets over 2 weeks of supplementation. Fourteen female and 18 male university swimmers consumed a PL during a 2-week baseline period. Using a randomized, double-blind design, during the next 2 weeks subjects consumed either CR or PL. Swimming velocity was assessed twice weekly during 6 × 50-m swims and once weekly during 10 × 25-yd swims. There was no effect ofCR on the 10 × 25-yd interval sets for men and women and no effect on the 6 × 50-m interval sets for women. In contrast, for men, CR significantly improved mean overall swimming velocity in the 6 × 50-m interval after 2 weeks of supplementation, whereas PL had no effect. Although ineffective in women, CR supplementation apparently enables men to maintain a faster mean overall swimming velocity during repeated swims each lasting about 30 s; however, CR was not effective for men in repeated swims each lasting about 10-15 s.

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13

PICHON, FLORENCE, JEAN-CLAUDE CHATARD, ALAIN MARTIN, and GILLES COMETTI. "Electrical stimulation and swimming performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, no. 12 (December 1995): 1671???1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199512000-00014.

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14

Vobr, Radek. "Peak performance age in swimming." Studia Kinanthropologica 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/sk.2011.025.

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15

Lavin, K. M., J. A. Guenette, J. M. Smoliga, and G. S. Zavorsky. "Controlled-frequency breath swimming improves swimming performance and running economy." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25, no. 1 (October 24, 2013): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12140.

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16

Mourad, Mohamed Hassan. "Effects of lindane on swimming performance of carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 21, no. 2 (December 31, 1991): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1991.21.2.06.

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17

Kolok, A. S. "Morphological and physiological correlates with swimming performance in juvenile largemouth bass." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): R1042—R1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.5.r1042.

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Winter- and summer-acclimatized largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were collected from hatchery ponds in eastern Colorado during late winter and midsummer, then challenged with two prolonged swimming performances (step test and constant-velocity endurance). Variation in the step test performances was significantly correlated with variation in the endurance performances in the winter-acclimatized but not in the summer-acclimatized fish. Fourteen physiological and morphological traits were measured on each fish, and correlations among these traits and swimming performance were tested. None of the traits measured were correlated with performance variation in both the winter- and summer-acclimatized fish. The only significant correlate with swimming performance in the summer-acclimatized fish was white muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity (n = 19). Six of the seven factors correlating with winter swimming performance (n = 18-19) could be divided into two categories: traits associated with fasting (condition factor and liver enzymatic activity) and those associated with oxygen delivery (heart mass, heart and red muscle cytochrome oxidase activity). The results of this study suggest that morphological and physiological correlates of swimming performance in juvenile largemouth bass are profoundly influenced by seasonal variation.

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18

Swanson, C., P. S. Young, and J. J. Cech. "Swimming performance of delta smelt: maximum performance, and behavioral and kinematic limitations on swimming at submaximal velocities." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.333.

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Swimming performance, measured as critical swimming velocity (Ucrit) and endurance, and swimming behavior and kinematics were measured in delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a threatened estuarine planktivore. Most fish (58 % of the Ucrit test group) were capable of achieving and sustaining moderately high velocities: mean Ucrit was 27.6±5.1 cm s-1 (s.d.). Ucrit was not affected by either acclimation temperature (1221 °C) or fish size (3.26.8 cm standard length) and was generally comparable with values measured for other similarly sized fishes. The remaining 42 % of the fish failed to swim at velocities above 1015 cm s-1. Interestingly, of the fish that provided a Ucrit measurement, 62 % experienced at least one temporary swimming failure between 10 and 20 cm s-1. Endurance was highly variable and, for all velocities, not normally distributed; the only significant decrease, from 6 h to 64 min, occurred between 10 and 15 cm s-1. Kinematic analyses of stroke frequency, stroke amplitude, stride length, glide frequency, glide duration, proportion of time spent stroking and the number of strokes between successive glides showed that delta smelt employed three velocity-dependent swimming gaits: a discontinuous 'stroke-and-glide' swimming behavior below 10 cm s-1; a continuous swimming behavior above 15 cm s-1 and up to Ucrit; and a discontinuous 'burst-and-glide' swimming behavior at velocities above Ucrit. Swimming failure at velocities between 10 and 20 cm s-1 coincided with the transition from 'stroke-and-glide' swimming to continuous swimming; delta smelt were unable or unwilling to swim steadily in the flume within this transition velocity range. These results underscore the importance of monitoring and quantifying behavior in experiments intended as physiological performance tests of whole animals.

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19

Mabweazara, Smart Z., Lloyd Leach, and Barry S. Andrews. "Predicting swimming performance using state anxiety." South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316645060.

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Competitive state anxiety is a common response to stressful competitive sports situations that could affect athletic performance. The effects of state anxiety on swimming performance need further inquiry. The aim of the study was to determine the component of state anxiety that best predicts swimming performance. A quantitative, cross-sectional study design that made use of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 to measure precompetitive state anxiety was used. A total of 61 male high school swimmers whose age ranged between 14 and 19 years ( M = 16.16, standard deviation = 1.66 years) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 1 hr before competing in a 50-m individual swimming event. Performance was evaluated using finishing position. Due to the relatively short duration of the 50-m event, the available literature would suggest that Somatic Anxiety would have a greater effect on Performance—there is not enough time to allow cognitive anxiety to have a detrimental impact on performance. Thus, it was hypothesized that somatic rather than cognitive anxiety will best predict swimming performance. It emerged that both cognitive ( b = .787; p < .001) and somatic anxieties ( b = .840; p < .001) can independently predict swimming performance. However, when both cognitive and somatic anxieties were regressed onto swimming performance, somatic anxiety partially dominated cognitive anxiety ( b = .626; p < .001) and became the significant predictor of swimming performance. It is recommended that swimmers and swimming coaches make use of specific intervention strategies that eradicate the detrimental effects of somatic anxiety immediately before competition.

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20

Gatto, Christopher R., and Richard D. Reina. "The ontogeny of sea turtle hatchling swimming performance." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa113.

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Abstract Sea turtle hatchlings experience high mortality rates during dispersal. To minimize time spent in predator-dense waters, hatchlings typically undergo a period of hyperactivity termed the ‘frenzy’, characterized by almost continuous swimming for ~24 h. Research has focused on swimming performance during the frenzy, but our understanding of changes in swimming performance post-frenzy is limited. Thus, we measured green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling swimming performance during the frenzy and post-frenzy when the turtles were 4, 12 and 24 weeks old. Using load cells, we recorded thrust production, stroke rates and the time turtles spent performing various swimming gaits. We found that the proportion of time spent powerstroking and the thrust generation per powerstroke were the main determinants of overall swimming performance. Older, larger turtles generated more thrust per stroke, but the proportion of time spent powerstroking throughout the entire swimming trial did not differ among age groups. Hatchlings have been thought mainly to use currents to reach nursery foraging grounds, and our findings suggest that hatchling swimming might also play an important role in directing hatchlings to optimal nursery habitats, supporting recent studies. Additionally, turtle size is positively related to swimming performance in post-frenzy turtles, suggesting that faster-growing turtles might have fitness advantages over slower-growing turtles.

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21

Nagle Zera, Jacquelyn, Elizabeth F. Nagle, Takashi Nagai, Mita Lovalekar, John P. Abt, and Scott M. Lephart. "Tethered Swimming Test: Reliability and the Association With Swimming Performance and Land-Based Anaerobic Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 1 (January 2021): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002501.

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22

Kostoulas, Kounalakis, Toubekis, Kaniadakis, Karagiannis, Mavraganis, Karatrantou, and Gerodimos. "The Effect of a Combat Swimming Training Program on Swimming Performance." Proceedings 25, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025006.

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Aim: To explore the effect of a combat swimming training program (CSTP), with and without equipment, on swimming performance. Material & Method: 45 male army officer cadets volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly divided into three groups: a control group (CG) and two experimental groups. The experimental groups participated in a 4-week combat swimming training program with equipment (CSTPE) or without equipment (CSTPS). Prior to and after the CSTP, all groups performed a 400-m and a 4 × 50-m swimming task, and the time to complete the task, peak blood lactate, and peak heart rate were measured. Results: The time to complete the 400-m and 4 × 50-m trials improved significantly only in the CSTPE group (490 ± 66 s pre and 463 ± 50 s post for 400 m; and 205 ± 28 s pre and 192 ± 19 s post for 4 × 50 m; p < 0.05), while the CG and CTSPS groups did not improve their time significantly in either trial. All groups presented similar peak lactate and peak heart rate values. Conclusions: The results suggest that only the CSTPE group improved swimming performance in both the 400-m and 4 × 50-m trials.

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23

Razi, Fakhrur, and Motomu Nakashima. "Realization and Swimming Performance of Backstroke by the Swimming Humanoid Robot." Journal of Aero Aqua Bio-mechanisms 8, no. 1 (2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5226/jabmech.8.75.

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24

Mourad, Mohamed Hassan. "Influence of body size on swimming performance of carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 21, no. 1 (June 30, 1991): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1991.21.1.09.

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25

Penna, Eduardo Macedo, Edson Filho, Samuel Penna Wanner, Bruno Teobaldo Campos, Gabriel Resende Quinan, Thiago Teixeira Mendes, Mitchell Robert Smith, and Luciano Sales Prado. "Mental Fatigue Impairs Physical Performance in Young Swimmers." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0128.

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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of mental fatigue on heart rate variability, subjective measures of fatigue, and swimming performance in young athletes. Methods: Sixteen swimmers [15.45 (0.51) y old, 7.35 (2.20) y of swimming experience] performed a 1500-m time trial on 2 occasions separated by an interval of at least 72 hours. The 1500-m swimming was preceded by a 30-minute treatment that consisted of performing the Stroop Color and Word test to induce mental fatigue (experimental trial) or watching an emotionally neutral video (control trial). Results: Participants reported higher ratings of mental fatigue and mental effort following the Stroop test when compared with the control trial, but no differences in motivation were observed. The induction of mental fatigue impaired swimming performance, as evidenced by a slower time (1.2%) to complete the 1500-m trial. No intertrial differences were identified for rating of perceived exertion during the swimming test or in heart rate variability after the Stroop and swimming tests. Conclusion: The results indicate that induction of mental fatigue impairs 1500-m swimming performance without changing heart rate variability.

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26

Cole, Martin A., and Preston Lowrey. "Improving the Performance of Floating Solar Pool Covers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930010.

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Experimental and analytical analyses are presented for the evaluation of heat transfer through floating solar swimming pool covers. Two improved floating solar swimming pool cover designs are proposed and investigated. The results conclusively show that both new cover designs should have significantly better performance than conventional floating solar swimming pool covers.

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27

Mesa, Matthew, and Todd Olson. "Prolonged Swimming Performance of Northern Squawfish." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122, no. 6 (November 1, 1993): 1104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(0)122<1104:pspons>2.3.co;2.

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28

Gui, Fukun, Ping Wang, and Changwen Wu. "Evaluation approaches of fish swimming performance." Agricultural Sciences 05, no. 02 (2014): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.52014.

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29

Marinho, Daniel A., Abel I. Rouboa, Tiago M. Barbosa, and Antonio J. Silva. "Modelling Swimming Hydrodynamics to Enhance Performance." Open Sports Sciences Journal 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x010030100043.

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30

Van Handel, P. J., A. Katz, and P. W. Bradley. "AEROBIC ???ECONOMY??? AND COMPETITIVE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, supplement (April 1986): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604001-00187.

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31

González Parra, Gilberto C. "Optimization of swimming performance in triathlon." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 4, no. 1 (2009): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2009.41.08.

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32

Cordain, L., and R. Kopriva. "Wetsuits, body density and swimming performance." British Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.25.1.31.

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33

Hawley, J. A., M. M. Williams, M. M. Vickovic, and P. J. Handcock. "Muscle power predicts freestyle swimming performance." British Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.26.3.151.

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34

Peake, S., R. S. McKinley, and D. A. Scruton. "Swimming performance of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-097.

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Swimming performance of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from a wild population was measured relative to fork length (0.18-0.67 m) and water temperature (5.8-20.5°C), to provide models for setting water velocities in fishways and culverts. Ucrit60 (the highest speed maintainable for 60 min) values ranged from 0.30 to 0.73 m/s and increased significantly with length and temperature. Ucrit10 (the highest speed maintainable for 10 min) values ranged from 0.43 to 1.14 m/s and also increased significantly with fish length and water temperature. When startled, walleye were able to attain higher speeds (1.60-2.60 m/s) during short (temperature-independent) bursts of swimming activity. The relatively low Ucrit60 values suggest that walleye possess a narrow scope for aerobic activity compared with other species, which may account for their poor performance in fishways. However, the small differences between Ucrit60 and Ucrit10 values and the large differences between Ucrit10 and fast-start performance suggest that low passage efficiency may be caused by a behavioural disinclination to switch from low to high intensity activity.

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35

Blake, R. W. "Fish functional design and swimming performance." Journal of Fish Biology 65, no. 5 (November 2004): 1193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00568.x.

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36

ONGUN, Mustafa Armağan, Faruk TURGAY, and Muzaffer ÇOLAKOĞLU. "The Effects of Annual Swimming Season on Oxidative Stress and Swimming Performance in Children." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences 7, no. 2 (2015): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2015-43811.

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37

Starek, Joanna, and Penny McCullagh. "The Effect of Self-Modeling on the Performance of Beginning Swimmers." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.3.269.

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The present study compared the effects of two types of modeling, self- and other-modeling, on learning elementary swimming skills. Specifically, potential differences between the two modeling conditions in swimming performance, swimming self-efficacy, and state anxiety were investigated. Participants were adult volunteers from a college community. Ages ranged from 20 to 58. Each participant took five individual swimming lessons. Results indicated that participants in the self-modeling condition demonstrated better swimming performance by the fourth swim session than participants in the other-modeling condition. No differences were found between modeling conditions on either swimming self-efficacy or state anxiety. Potential reasons for the difference in performance are identified and discussed.

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Mooney, Robert, Gavin Corley, Alan Godfrey, Conor Osborough, John Newell, Leo Richard Quinlan, and Gearóid ÓLaighin. "Analysis of swimming performance: perceptions and practices of US-based swimming coaches." Journal of Sports Sciences 34, no. 11 (September 11, 2015): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1085074.

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Nakashima, Motomu, and Yuto TSUNODA. "Improvement of swimming performance of crawl stroke for the swimming humanoid robot." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2017 (2017): J2340101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2017.j2340101.

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40

Finn, K. J., T. Breen, and H. Kelly. "THE EFFECTS OF SWIMMING FINS ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00820.

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41

Masoomi, Sayyed Farideddin, Axel Haunholter, Dominic Merz, Stefanie Gutschmidt, XiaoQi Chen, and Mathieu Sellier. "Design, Fabrication, and Swimming Performance of a Free-Swimming Tuna-Mimetic Robot." Journal of Robotics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/687985.

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High efficiency in cruising is a determining factor in developing tuna-mimetic robots. So far, a number of tuna-like robots have been made. Nevertheless, the University of Canterbury has developed its own tuna-like robot called UC-Ika 1 to investigate and to accordingly improve the swimming performance of the biomimetic swimming robots. In order to do so, the propulsion system of a tuna with respect to its thrust and resistive forces is studied. Following that, the fish robot is designed and fabricated considering the tuna propulsion system. The robot is then tested several times to investigate its swimming performance. Comparison of the speed and efficiency of UC-Ika 1 with those of other tuna-like robots shows a promising improvement of cruising performance of UC-Ika 1.

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42

Rozi, G., V. Thanopoulos, N. Geladas, E. Soultanaki, and M. Dopsaj. "Anthropometric characteristics and physiological responses of high level swimmers and performance in 100 m freestyle swimming." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 101 (2018): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2018007.

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The effect of the anthropometric characteristics on performances has been the subject of many studies (Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., & Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sports Science, 18(9), 669–683) but performance also depends on different physiological parameters. The aim of the present study is to define the anthropometric and physiological variables that best predict performance time of 100 m freestyle swimming. Twenty-five competitive male swimmers (age: 15 ± 1.2 years) participated in the research. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that arm span is the best predictor of 100 m freestyle swimming performance (r = 0.835). Arm span explains 68.5% of the variance of dependent variable (Adj R2: 0.685). In the final model, the variables that best describe 100 m freestyle swimming are the number of strokes of 100 m freestyle swimming, triceps skinfold, pelvis and shoulders width (Adj R2: 0.882). These findings confirm the importance of the anthropometric variables for swimming performance and could help coaches in the selection of high-level athletes.

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Morouço, Pedro G., Tiago M. Barbosa, Raul Arellano, and João P. Vilas-Boas. "Intracyclic Variation of Force and Swimming Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0223.

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Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.

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Tan, Junjun, Hong Li, Wentao Guo, Honglin Tan, Senfan Ke, Jibao Wang, and Xiaotao Shi. "Swimming Performance of Four Carps on the Yangtze River for Fish Passage Design." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031575.

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Anthropogenic engineered structures alter the local ecological connectivity of river and survival habitat of native fishes. The swimming performance is critical for establishing fish passage or fish habitat. This study evaluated the swimming performance of four carps (black carp, grass carp, silver carp and bighead carp) with smaller body lengths (1.0–9.0 cm) in a swimming flume. The results showed that the critical and burst swimming speed (m/s) of the four carps increased with the increased body length, and the relative (critical and burst) swimming speed (the critical and burst swimming speed divided by the body length, BL/s) decreases with body length. The critical and burst swimming speed of each species at two individual length groups (1.0–5.0 cm, 5.1–9.0 cm) was significantly different (p < 0.05), and the water velocities in fish passage should be less than the fish burst swimming speed. The results further provided the swimming performance data of juvenile carps and provided technical reference for the construction of fish passage and the restoration of ecological habitat.

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Colin, Sean P., and John H. Costello. "Morphology, swimming performance and propulsive mode of six co-occurring hydromedusae." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.3.427.

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SUMMARYJet propulsion, based on examples from the Hydrozoa, has served as a valuable model for swimming by medusae. However, cnidarian medusae span several taxonomic classes (collectively known as the Medusazoa) and represent a diverse array of morphologies and swimming styles. Does one mode of propulsion appropriately describe swimming by all medusae? This study examined a group of co-occurring hydromedusae collected from the waters of Friday Harbor, WA, USA, to investigate relationships between swimming performance and underlying mechanisms of thrust production. The six species examined encompassed a wide range of bell morphologies and swimming habits. Swimming performance (measured as swimming acceleration and velocity) varied widely among the species and was positively correlated with bell streamlining (measured as bell fineness ratio) and velar structure development (measured as velar aperture ratio). Calculated thrust production due to jet propulsion adequately explained acceleration patterns of prolate medusae (Aglantha digitale, Sarsia sp. and Proboscidactyla flavicirrata) possessing well-developed velums. However, acceleration patterns of oblate medusae (Aequorea victoria, Mitrocoma cellularia and Phialidium gregarium) that have less developed velums were poorly described by jet thrust production. An examination of the wakes behind swimming medusae indicated that, in contrast to the clearly defined jet structures produced by prolate species, oblate medusae did not produce defined jets but instead produced prominent vortices at the bell margins. These vortices are consistent with a predominantly drag-based, rowing mode of propulsion by the oblate species. These patterns of propulsive mechanics and swimming performance relate to the role played by swimming in the foraging ecology of each medusa. These patterns appear to extend beyond hydromedusae and thus have important implications for other members of the Medusazoa.

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Reidy, S. P., S. R. Kerr, and J. A. Nelson. "Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.2.347.

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Individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exercised using three different measures of swimming performance. (1) An endurance test (critical swimming speed, U(crit), protocol) designed to assess predominantly aerobic endurance swimming (duration hours). (2) An acceleration test (U(burst)), in which the fish were required to swim against a rapidly increasing current until exhausted (duration minutes). This test was designed to assess predominantly glycolytic-based swimming capacity. (3) A sprint test that examined the animals' ability to swim away from a sudden stimulus (duration seconds). Rates of oxygen consumption (mdot (O2)) during the endurance test and various morphological variables of the individual fish were also measured. Both aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual cod were found to be significantly repeatable over a 3 month period. mdot (O2) during the U(crit) protocol was also significantly repeatable at intermediate to high swimming speeds, but not at low speeds. Our results support extrapolation from metabolic rates at incremented swimming speeds to zero activity as the best way to measure standard metabolic rate in cod. While performance in the U(crit) test and the sprint test were positively correlated, there was a negative correlation between performance in the U(crit) test and performance in the U(burst) test. This implies a potential trade-off in individual cod between stamina and the ability to use glycolytic-based locomotion. Inter-individual variation in swimming performance during these protocols, while substantial, was not correlated with individual variation in fin surface areas, age or morphology. However, U(burst) performance was dependent upon the sex of the animals, while performance during the U(crit) protocol was significantly correlated with their aerobic scope for activity.

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Sutherland, Kelly R., Brad J. Gemmell, Sean P. Colin, and John H. Costello. "Maneuvering Performance in the Colonial Siphonophore, Nanomia bijuga." Biomimetics 4, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4030062.

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The colonial cnidarian, Nanomia bijuga, is highly proficient at moving in three-dimensional space through forward swimming, reverse swimming and turning. We used high speed videography, particle tracking, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) with frame rates up to 6400 s−1 to study the kinematics and fluid mechanics of N. bijuga during turning and reversing. N. bijuga achieved turns with high maneuverability (mean length–specific turning radius, R/L = 0.15 ± 0.10) and agility (mean angular velocity, ω = 104 ± 41 deg. s−1). The maximum angular velocity of N. bijuga, 215 deg. s−1, exceeded that of many vertebrates with more complex body forms and neurocircuitry. Through the combination of rapid nectophore contraction and velum modulation, N. bijuga generated high speed, narrow jets (maximum = 1063 ± 176 mm s−1; 295 nectophore lengths s−1) and thrust vectoring, which enabled high speed reverse swimming (maximum = 134 ± 28 mm s−1; 37 nectophore lengths s−1) that matched previously reported forward swimming speeds. A 1:1 ratio of forward to reverse swimming speed has not been recorded in other swimming organisms. Taken together, the colonial architecture, simple neurocircuitry, and tightly controlled pulsed jets by N. bijuga allow for a diverse repertoire of movements. Considering the further advantages of scalability and redundancy in colonies, N. bijuga is a model system for informing underwater propulsion and navigation of complex environments.

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Gonjo, Tomohiro, Ola Eriksrud, Filip Papoutsis, and Bjørn Harald Olstad. "Relationships between a Load-velocity Profile and Sprint Performance in Butterfly Swimming." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 07 (February 14, 2020): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1103-2114.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to establish the relationships between 50 m sprint swimming performance and variables acquired from a swimming load-velocity profile established by semi-tethered butterfly swimming. Twelve male elite swimmers participated in the present study and performed 50 m sprint and semi-tethered butterfly swimming with different loads. The mean velocity among all upper-limb cycles was obtained from the 50 m swimming (race velocity), and maximum load and velocity were predicted from the load-velocity profile established by the semi-tethered swimming test. There was a very large correlation (r=0.885, p<0.01) and a high intra-class correlation (0.844, p<0.001) between the race velocity and the predicted maximum velocity. Significant correlations were also observed between the predicted maximum load and the 50 m time as well as the race velocity (r=− 0.624 and 0.556, respectively, both p<0.05), which imply that an ability to achieve a large tethered swimming force is associated with 50 m butterfly performance. These results indicate that the load-velocity profile is a useful tool for predicting and assessing sprint butterfly swimming performance.

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Peake, S., F. WH Beamish, R. S. McKinley, D. A. Scruton, and C. Katopodis. "Relating swimming performance of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, to fishway design." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-039.

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Fishways have traditionally been designed to provide safe passage for jumping fish and only recently have nonjumping species been considered. Concern over dwindling populations of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, has focused attention on fishway designs that accommodate its swimming abilities. The objective of this study was to derive a model that relates swimming endurance of lake sturgeon to length and flow characteristics of fishways. Endurance at sustained and prolonged swimming speeds (those maintainable for more than 20 s) increased with water temperature but was independent of temperature at higher burst speeds. Endurance increased with total length at all swimming velocities. Swimming performance of lake sturgeon, relative to body length, is inferior to that of most salmonids, particularly at burst speeds. Fishway designers need to consider swimming ability, space requirements, and behavior of lake sturgeon to ensure that they can ascend potential migratory obstacles safely.

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BUTLER, P. J., M. AXELSSON, F. EHRENSTROM, J. D. METCALFE, and S. NILSSON. "Circulating Catecholamines and Swimming Performance in the Atlantic Cod, Gadus Morhua." Journal of Experimental Biology 141, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141.1.377.

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Sectioning the first four pairs of spinal nerves prevents the large increase in circulating catecholamine concentrations seen in Atlantic cod swimming at their critical velocity (Ucrit). There is also a significant reduction in the swimming performance of the fish. To test whether this reduced performance results from the lack of increase in plasma catecholamine levels or from the fact that other organs are also denervated by the operative procedure, a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline was infused into swimming, denervated fish. This caused a significant increase in their Ucrit. It is concluded, therefore, that the rise in plasma catecholamine levels seen in Atlantic cod swimming at their maximum sustainable velocity enhances the swimming performance of these fish.

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