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Academic literature on the topic 'Pergélisols – Québec (Province) – Umiujaq'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pergélisols – Québec (Province) – Umiujaq"
Perreault, Julie. "Observations et modélisation numérique de l'influence des conditions de surface sur la dégradation du pergélisol dans la vallée Tasiapik à Umiujaq (Nunavik, Québec)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67316.
Full textIn the current context of global warming, the impacts of climate change including permafrost degradation are already being felt in subarctic regions such as Umiujaq in Nunavik (Quebec). The physical processes causing this degradation are poorly documented. The main objective of the research project is to study the impact of the spatial and temporal variability of surface conditions on heat transfer at the airsurface interface as well as on permafrost degradation. To achieve this objective, infrared photographs of several permafrost mounds at Umiujaq were taken to identify the characteristic surface conditions of the study site. Based on these different conditions, thirty-five autonomous temperature probes were buried below the ground surface to monitor surface temperature variations on an hourly basis. The relationships between the surface temperatures and air temperature show that the surface conditions significantly control heat transfer at the air-surface interface as well as the thermal regime of the permafrost allowing the identification of a permafrost degradation sequence (in decreasing order : mudboils, lichens and mosses, development of thermokarst lakes and shrubbification). This monitoring of air and surface temperatures was used to constrain a numerical model of advectiveconductive heat transfer in permafrost terrain. A training period was first considered and then the observed climate variability was reproduced in the model. Different scenarios of global warming, formation of a thermokarst pond and vegetation invasion were considered. Simulated results show that changes in surface condition can result in an increase of temperatures in the permafrost mound up to 1.5 °C, the migration of the permafrost base up to 4 m towards the surface and a decrease in the extent of the permafrost mound up to 7 m.
Banville, David-Roy. "Modélisation cryohydrogéologique tridimensionnelle d'un bassin versant pergélisolé : une étude cryohydrogéophysique de proche surface en zone de pergélisol discontinu à Umiujaq au Québec Nordique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26597.
Full textPelletier, Maude. "Geomorphological, ecological and thermal time phase of permafrost degradation, Tasiapik, Nunavik (Québec, Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25766.
Full textSix places-échantillons représentatives de la séquence temporelle écologique associée à la dégradation du pergélisol ont été sélectionnées sur un plateau silteux à pergélisol riche en glace à proximité d'Umiujaq, au Nunavik. Le présent travail a pour objectif de déterminer les changements qui se produisent dans les flux de chaleur entre les trois niveaux de l'écosystème (végétation / couverture de neige, couche active, pergélisol) ainsi que les rétroactions qui surviennent lors de la dégradation du pergélisol et à quantifier la vitesse de la transition à partir de photographies aériennes et la dendrochronologie. Pour répondre aux objectifs, la méthodologie utilisée suit le protocole du programme Adaptation et Dévelopement de l’Arctique sur le Pergélisol en Transition (ADAPT), intégrant l’analyse de données écologiques, climatiques, stratigraphiques et thermiques. Les résultats obtenus illustrent une évolution exponentielle des facteurs de dégradation du pergélisol sur une période estimée à environ 90 ans; lent durant les 60 premières années, et significativement plus rapide durant les 30 dernières années.
Six plots, representative of the regional ecological time sequence associated with permafrost degradation, were selected on a silty ice-rich permafrost plateau near Umiujaq, Nunavik. The objective of the present work is to determine the changes that occur in the flow of energy between the three layers of the ecosystem (vegetation / snow cover, active layer, permafrost) and the feedbacks that occur during the degradation of permafrost and to quantify the rate of the transition using time-lapse aerial photographs and tree ring analysis. In order to respond to these objectives, the methodology follows the ADAPT (Arctic Development and Adaptation on Permafrost in Transition) protocol, including ecological, climate, stratigraphic and thermal data analysis. The results show exponential evolution of permafrost degradation factors over a period of time of about 90 years; slowly during the first 60 years, and significantly faster during the last 30 years.
Cochand, Marion. "Étude hydrogéochimique des eaux souterraines dans un environnement pergélisolé en voie de dégradation, Umiujaq, Nunavik, Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36715.
Full textLa première partie, chapitre 2, résume l’état actuel des connaissances sur l’hydrogéochimie des eaux souterraines dans les régions affectées par le pergélisol et sur les impacts potentiels de la dégradation du pergélisol sur la qualité des eaux souterraines. Les caractéristiques hydrogéochimiques des eaux souterraines dans les zones de pergélisol dépendent des mêmes réactions que dans les régions où il n’y a pas de pergélisol. Cependant, le pergélisol agit comme une couche confinante qui peut influencer la chimie des eaux souterraines en empêchant la recharge directe des aquifères et en augmentant le. Un temps de résidence, favorisant ainsi plus long augmente également les interactions eau-roche. Un des impacts majeurs des changements climatiques sur les eaux souterraines sera associé à la perte de cette couche confinante. Les futures études en lien avec l’hydrogéologie en zone de pergélisol devraient donc inclure une meilleure caractérisation hydrogéochimique insitu afin de mieux évaluer l’impact du réchauffement climatique sur les eaux souterraines. La deuxième partie, chapitre 3, utilise l’hydrogéochimie comme outil pour mieux comprendre la dynamique de la recharge et développer un modèle conceptuel pour l’écoulement des eaux souterraines dans la vallée de Tasiapik. Cette étude se base sur l’analyse d’échantillons de précipitations, d’eau souterraine, de glace du pergélisol, de lacs de thermokarst et de cours d’eau. L’hydrogéochimie des eaux souterraines dans le bassin versant est typique d’eaux jeunes, avec une faible minéralisation. Cela implique des circulations et des temps de résidence relativement courts. Ce jeu de données hydrogéochimiques pourra servir de référence pour documenter les impacts des changements climatiques sur le système hydrogéologique et l’interprétation qui en est tirée permettra de mieux comprendre la dynamique des eaux souterraines d’aquifères en régions froides.
L’eau souterraine dans le bassin versant d’Umiujaq répond aux normes de qualité canadiennes et québécoises pour l’eau potable. Cependant, la distance entre la vallée et la communauté rendent le site peu propice pour l’alimentation en eau d’Umiujaq. Ces résultats sont encourageants pour l’utilisation d’eau souterraine comme ressource ailleurs au Nunavik et dans les régions circumpolaires. La vulnérabilité de cette ressource potentielle doit néanmoins être considérée et la délimitation de zones de protections en fonction de l’état du pergélisol doit être envisagée pour éviter toute contamination de cette ressource fragile. En résumé, cette étude a apporté des données détaillées sur l’hydrogéochimie des eaux souterraines en zone de pergélisol discontinu qui combinées à des modèles hydrogéologiques et thermiques, ont permis de mieux comprendre les interactions entre les eaux souterraines et le pergélisol dans un environnement vulnérable soumis à des pressions économiques et climatiques.
The first part, Chapter 2, provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of groundwater hydrogeochemistry in permafrost-affected areas and reviews the potential impacts of permafrost degradation on groundwater quality. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in permafrost areas depend on the same reactions as in permafrost-free areas. As a confining layer, permafrost can influence groundwater chemistry by limiting recharge and exchanges between the soil, surface water and groundwater. Longer residence times also increase water-rock interactions. One of the most important impacts of climate change on groundwater will probably be associated with the loss of the confining layer. In permafrost areas, there is a general lack of detailed hydrogeological studies which use direct groundwater sampling. Future studies related to hydrogeology in permafrost areas should therefore include better in-situ hydrogeochemical characterization to assess the potential for using groundwater as the climate warms. The second part, Chapter 3, uses hydrogeochemistry as a tool to better understand recharge dynamics and to develop a conceptual model for groundwater flow in the Tasiapik Valley, Umiujaq. This study is based on the analysis of samples taken from precipitation, groundwater, ice from permafrost mounds and from thermokarst lakes and streams. Groundwater hydrogeochemistry in the watershed is typical for young waters, with low mineralization. This implies relatively short flow paths (on the order of 100-1000 m) and short residence times. This hydrogeochemical dataset will provide a reference for documenting the impacts of climate change on the hydrogeological system and will improve our understanding of groundwater dynamics in cold-region aquifers.
Groundwater in the Umiujaq watershed meets Canadian and Quebec drinking water quality standards. However the distance between the valley and the Umiujaq community makes the site unfavourable as a local water supply. These results are promising for the use of groundwater as a water supply elsewhere in Nunavik and in circumpolar regions. The vulnerability of this potential resource must nevertheless be taken into account and the delineation of protection zones considering the state of permafrost must be considered to avoid contamination of this fragile resource. Finally, this study provides detailed baseline data on groundwater hydrogeochemistry in a discontinuous permafrost zone. This data, combined with hydrogeological and thermal models, will provide a better understanding of the interactions between groundwater and permafrost in a sensitive environment undergoing significant climate change and economic development.
Arctic and subarctic regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Higher air temperatures, for example, lead to permafrost warming which decreases its thickness and spatial coverage. Permafrost degradation has consequences on ecosystems, landscapes, the stability of soils, buildings and infrastructure, as well as on local populations and their way of life. The effect of permafrost degradation on groundwater is likely to result in the loss of the confining layer formed by permafrost, thereby promoting aquifer recharge and modifying interactions between surface water and groundwater. However, the effect of permafrost degradation on groundwater quality and availability is still largely unknown. With increasing concerns of rapid global warming, this thesis was motivated by the lack of information on groundwater in discontinuous permafrost regions and the potential of groundwater as a drinking water resource for communities in Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). This project focuses on understanding groundwater flow and groundwater quality in the Tasiapik Valley, a small watershed located in a discontinuous permafrost zone near Umiujaq, Nunavik, Quebec. Insights into the hydrogeological system are provided by conducting a comprehensive hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater, surface water, precipitation and water contained in ice-rich permafrost. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part (Chapter 2) presents a review of the existing scientific literature on groundwater hydrogeochemistry. The second part (Chapter 3) presents a specific hydrogeochemical study of groundwater in the Tasiapik Valley. The thesis also includes a general Introduction (Chapter 1), Synthesis (Chapter 4) and Conclusions (Chapter 5).
Larrivée, Éric. "Tomographie électromagnétique du pergélisol près d'Umiujaq, Nunavik (Québec)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24147/24147.pdf.
Full textDagenais, Sophie. "Coupled cryo-hydrogeological modelling of permafrost dynamics at Umiujaq, Quebec, Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31265.
Full textA 2D numerical model has been developed to assess the impacts of groundwater flow on permafrost dynamics under a warming climate in northern Québec. The conceptual model developed herein focuses on a small permafrost mound located in the discontinuous permafrost zone near the Inuit community of Umiujaq, Nunavik, Québec. At the study site, permafrost is found in marine silt overlying a deep confined sand and gravel aquifer with active groundwater flow. To better understand the cryo-hydrogeological system, the HEATFLOW numerical code was used to simulate coupled groundwater flow and heat transport by conduction and advection along a 2D cross-section through the permafrost mound and oriented along the assumed direction of groundwater flow. The model was first calibrated manually using temperature profiles in the permafrost mound measured along thermistor cables over the past 10 years and using observed heat fluxes near the ground surface. A second simulation was then performed assuming only conductive heat transfer and neglecting groundwater flow. A comparison between both simulations reveals the important role of groundwater flow on permafrost dynamics at the Umiujaq site. As groundwater flow brings warmer water from recharge areas into the deep confined aquifer, it contributes significantly to warming of the system relative to conduction alone, and significantly decreases permafrost thickness. However, the simulation showed that thermal energy is also lost along the flowpath below the permafrost base which induces a cooling in the discharge areas in comparison to the recharge areas. The future system behavior is then predicted by taking into account a climate change scenario based on increases in temperature and precipitation. The predictive simulation suggests that permafrost will thaw from the base at a rate of about 80 cm per year, and from the permafrost table at a rate of 12 cm per year, until completely thawed by about 2040.
Gagnon, Mikaël. "Impact de l'avancée des arbustes sur les stocks de carbone des sols d'Umiujaq, Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34952.
Full textThe microbial respiration of ancient carbon stored in permafrost represents a positive feedback to climate warming. However, the recent expansion of shrubs in circumpolar latitudes may partly compensate for this carbon release, due to greater biomass and litter inputs than that of tundra vegetation. Quantifying this carbon sink is challenging, as the concomitant mineralization of ancient carbon often renders the attribution of changes in soil carbon stocks uncertain. Here, we measure the contribution of shrubs to the terrestrial carbon reservoir in a Low-Arctic tundra site in Nunavik where soil ancient carbon stocks are among the lowest in the Arctic. We find that the emergence of Betula glandulosa Michx. shrubs increased the terrestrial carbon stocks by 3.9 ± 1.3 kg m-2. Further increases in carbon were mostly found along water tracks, where the more massive shrubs and the replacement of the lichen understory by mosses resulted in an addition of 6.6 ± 3.6 kg m-2 of carbon. From 1994 to 2010, we estimate the carbon sink provided by shrub expansion in our study area to be of 2.4 ± 0.8 Gg. The analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGCMS) revealed that this recent shrub expansion has modified the chemical nature of the soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoir. Lastly, two potential biomarkers for shrub and lichen biomass, betulinic acid and usnic acid, were studied using pyGCMS in hopes of developing a method to compare the lability of the various soil carbon pools of the region. This natural case study in Umiujaq shows that shrub expansion represents a carbon sink. However, further studies throughout the Arctic are needed to evaluate the significance of this sink with respect to permafrost ancient carbon emissions, as the result of one local study cannot be extrapolated to the entire Arctic.
Lemay, Marc-André. "Modélisation de l'avancée des espèces arbustives dans la région d'Umiujaq, Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27677.
Full textOn observe présentement une augmentation du couvert arbustif à l'échelle circumpolaire, mais les déterminants de cette arbustation à l'échelle du paysage sont encore mal compris. Dans cette étude, nous avons adopté une approche de modélisation des changements de couvert afin d'identifier les variables déterminant l'augmentation du couvert arbustif à proximité d'Umiujaq, Québec. Nous avons modélisé les changements survenus entre 1990/1994 et 2010 et avons utilisé ces modèles afin de générer des prédictions sur l'augmentation du couvert arbustif. Nous avons trouvé que les arbustes tendent à coloniser plus facilement les sites à basse altitude ainsi que les pentes modérées, alors que leur couvert est plus susceptible d'augmenter à proximité de peuplements arbustifs déjà existants. Les probabilités d'arbustation prédites dans la région étaient cohérentes avec les patrons de changement inférés par les observations sur le terrain, mais pas par les changements récents de NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index, ou indice de végétation par différence normalisée) dans la région. Nos résultats indiquent que davantage de recherche est requise sur les impacts à grande échelle de l'arbustation sur les écosystèmes nordiques et sur le lien entre les changements de couvert végétal et les variations dans les indices dérivés de données de télédétection.
A circumpolar increase in shrub cover has been underway in northern ecosystems in recent decades, but the landscape-scale drivers of this shrubification are not well understood. In this study, we adopted a land cover change modelling approach to identify variables driving shrub cover increase near Umiujaq, Québec. We modelled land cover change in this area over the period 1990/1994-2010 and used these models to generate spatially explicit predictions of shrub cover increase. We found that shrubs tended to colonize low-elevation areas and moderate slopes more easily, whereas their cover was more likely to increase in the vicinity of existing shrub stands. The predicted probabilities of shrub cover increase in the region were consistent with patterns of change inferred from field observations, but not from recent local changes in NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Our findings warrant further research on the large-scale impacts of shrubification on ecosystem function and the link between land cover changes and variations in indices derived from remote sensing.
Parhizkar, Masoumeh. "Modelling coupled surface water-groundwater flow and heat transport in a catchment in a discontinuous permafrost zone in Umiujaq, Northern Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66690.
Full textGroundwater systems are expected to respond to climate change in a complex way. In cold regions, simulating the effect of climate change requires a state-of-the-art integrated hydrologic model. In this research, a fully coupled 3D numerical model has been developed to simulate groundwater-surface water flow and heat transport in a 2-km² catchment in Umiujaq, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Canada. The catchment is located in a discontinuous permafrost zone. It contains a lower aquifer, consisting of a thick coarse-grained glaciofluvial layer, overlain by a frost-susceptible silty marine unit and a perched upper aquifer. Detailed field investigations have been carried out to characterize the catchment, including its hydraulic and thermal properties and the subsurface geology. Three different calibration methods using the inverse calibration code PEST were used to calibrate the 3D flow model against measured hydraulic heads, assuming a fixed distribution of low hydraulic conductivity for discontinuous permafrost blocks. Heat transfer was not considered for this calibration. Results showed that using simplified calibration methods, such as the zoning method, is not efficient in this study area, which is highly heterogeneous. Using a more detailed calibration, such as the pilot-points method of PEST, gave a better fit to observed values. However, the computational time was significantly higher. In subsequent simulations, which included heat transport, different approaches for assigning initial temperatures during model spin-up were investigated. Results show that including the spin-up process in the simulations produces more realistic simulated temperatures. Furthermore, the spin-up improves the model fit to deeper subsurface temperatures because areas of the subsurface below the depth where seasonal surface temperature variations penetrate require longer simulation times to reach equilibrium with the applied boundary conditions. Applying the annual average surface temperature as the boundary condition to the heat transport simulation provided a better fit to observed values in the summer compared to winter. During winter, because of different snow thicknesses throughout the catchment, using a uniform surface temperature results in a poor fit to observed values. v Simulations show that warm water entering the subsurface increases the subsurface temperature in the recharge areas. As groundwater flows through the subsurface, it loses thermal energy. Therefore, discharging water is cooler than recharging water. This causes the rate of temperature rise to be lower in discharge areas than in recharge areas. The modelling results have helped provide insights into 3D simulation of coupled water flowheat transfer processes. Furthermore, it will help users of cryo-hydrogeological models in understanding effective parameters in development and calibration of model to develop their own site-specific models.
Verreault, Jean. "Caractérisation du pergélisol et stratégie d'adaptation pour les aéroports du Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26327.
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