Journal articles: 'Periodic vehicle inspection'

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Das, Subasish, Srinivas R. Geedipally, Karen Dixon, Xiaoduan Sun, and Chaolun Ma. "Measuring the Effectiveness of Vehicle Inspection Regulations in Different States of the U.S." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (April 12, 2019): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119841563.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) guideline on state motor vehicle inspection programs recommends that states should maintain a vehicle safety inspection program to reduce the crash outcomes from the number of vehicles with existing or potential conditions. Some states have started to terminate the vehicle safety inspection program because of insufficient effectiveness measures, budget constraints, and modern safer automobiles. Despite the consensus that these periodic inspection programs improve vehicle condition and improve safety, research remains inconclusive about the effect of safety inspection programs on crash outcomes. There is little recent research on the relationship between vehicle safety inspection programs and whether these programs reduce crash rates or crash severities. According to the 2011–2016 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data, nearly 2.6% of fatal crashes happened as a result of the vehicle’s pre-existing manufacturing defects. NHTSA’s vehicle complaint database incorporates more than 1.4 million complaint reports. These reports contain extended information on vehicle-related disruptions. Around 5% of these reports involve some level of injury or fatalities. This study used these two databases to determine the effectiveness of vehicle inspection regulation programs in different states of the U.S. A statistical significance test was performed to determine the effectiveness of the vehicle safety inspection programs based on the states with and without safety inspection in place. This study concludes that there is a need for vehicle safety inspections to be continued for the reduction of vehicle complaints.

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Jarosiński, Wojciech, and Piotr Wiśniowski. "Verifying the Efficiency of a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Particle Counters with Two Different Measurements in Periodic Technical Inspection of Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165128.

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The article presents the possibility of verifying the efficiency of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) with the use of particle counters using two different measurement methods. The tests were carried out at a vehicle inspection station using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a diffusion charger (DC). This article presents the results of measurements of 50 vehicles. Removal of the diesel particulate filter from a vehicle is prohibited but is a known phenomenon throughout the EU. The task of periodic technical inspections is to eliminate vehicles that are inoperative and do not meet the environmental protection requirements. However, to date, European vehicle inspection stations do not have an effective tool to counter tampering with diesel particulate filters. The performed measurements allowed us to prove the hypothesis that both methods of measurement allow the effective confirmation of the presence of DPF in a vehicle during the periodic technical inspection of the vehicle and verification of the quality of its operation. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of both measurement methods were assessed.

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Mikulić, Iva, Igor Bošković, and Goran Zovak. "Effects of Driving Style and Vehicle Maintenance on Vehicle Roadworthiness." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 5 (October 5, 2020): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i5.3443.

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Vehicles that are non-roadworthy pose a hazard for all road users and can be one of the main causes of traffic accidents. Previous studies have analysed the impact of the driving style on environmental sustainability and road safety. Starting from this, there was a need to further investigate the relationship between the driving style and vehicle roadworthiness as well. Vehicles that do not comply with the prescribed requirements should be excluded from traffic at a periodic technical inspection. However, the causes of detected vehicle defects cannot be established at a periodic technical inspection. The paper therefore, examines the factors affecting vehicle roadworthiness. First, the failure rate and mileage of vehicles at periodic technical inspection regarding the type of ownership was examined. In addition, a questionnaire was conducted to collect data about the driving style and maintenance habits of different types of car owners. The paper argues that vehicles owned by legal entities were generally in a worse condition than the vehicles owned by natural persons, due to the increased vehicle exploitation, but also due to a more aggressive driving style. Finally, it was found that by modifying their driving style, the drivers can affect the condition of their vehicles, considering the same mileage and maintenance habits.

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W.T., White. "Does periodic vehicle inspection prevent accidents?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 18, no. 1 (February 1986): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(86)90036-9.

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Krishnappa, Vinod, H. Scott Matthews, and Yi Liu. "Data-Driven Analysis to Support Revised Tire Tread Inspection Standards." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 16, 2019): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851456.

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Despite a long-term focus on passenger vehicle safety, there are still 38,000 vehicle-related fatalities annually. Some are the result of failure to maintain safety components of vehicles, such as brakes, tires, or headlights. Following NHTSA guidelines, 18 states have implemented periodic safety inspection programs in which certified inspectors assess components, and owners are required to repair or replace deficient components. In the case of tires, when the tread depth falls to 2/32 in., its stopping distance becomes excessive. Thus, this tread depth level was built into the safety inspection thresholds for tires. One challenge is that, in an annual vehicle inspection, if a tire passes at a level of 3/32 in., it may fall below the safe (2/32 in.) threshold soon after inspection. In an era of higher vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and reduced attention to maintenance, perhaps the thresholds set for safety inspections should be higher than the “safe level” to provide a buffer. Using 6 million safety inspection records from Pennsylvania from 2006 to 2016 we calculated tread depth deterioration and annual VMT at the vehicle level. We estimated the “percent of vehicles at risk of having unsafe tires before the next inspection” (using the 2/32 in. threshold) to be about 30%. We also estimated how the percent of at-risk vehicles decreases as the inspection thresholds are raised, and found an attractive threshold at about 5/32 in. for which the percent of at-risk vehicles would be very low. Such changes could further reduce fatal and non-fatal accidents.

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Nakamura, Satoru, Atsushi Yamashita, Fumihiro Inoue, Daisuke Inoue, Yusuke Takahashi, Nobukazu Kamimura, and Takao Ueno. "Inspection Test of a Tunnel with an Inspection Vehicle for Tunnel Lining Concrete." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0762.

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Users of bridges and tunnels are generally concerned about the aging of these structures. Periodic inspections are necessary to keep old bridges and tunnels healthy. Inspection engineers must approach the inspection points as close as possible by mobile elevating of the work platform for close visual inspection of lining concrete. The inspection of a road tunnel particularly requires traffic regulation. Furthermore, it takes much time to perform visual inspection and hammering test for the vast area. Moreover, the inspection results have variations by inspectors. We propose an “Inspection Vehicle” for inspection of tunnel lining concrete by a new technology for infrastructure maintenance. This study reports the finding on element technology of an inspection vehicle and applies a tunnel inspection test.

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Martín-delosReyes, Luis Miguel, Pablo Lardelli-Claret, Laura García-Cuerva, Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, Eladio Jiménez-Mejías, and Virginia Martínez-Ruiz. "Effect of Periodic Vehicle Inspection on Road Crashes and Injuries: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126476.

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This systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of periodic motor vehicle inspections on road crashes and injuries, compared to less exposure to periodic inspections or no inspections. The Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were used to search the literature. Ecological studies were specifically excluded. A reverse search of the results with these databases and of other identified narrative reviews was also performed. Of the 5065 unique references initially extracted, only six of them met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review: one experimental study, two cohort studies with an internal comparison group, two cohort studies without a comparison group, and one case–control study. Two authors independently extracted the information and assessed the quality of each study. Due to the heterogeneity of the designs and the intervention or comparison groups used, quantitative synthesis of the results was not attempted. Except for the case–control study, which showed a significant association between road crashes and the absence of a valid vehicle inspection certificate, the other studies showed either a small reduction in crash rates (around 9%), no association, or a higher crash rate in vehicles with more inspections. In all observational studies, the risk of residual confounding bias was significant and could have explained the results. Therefore, although the research reviewed here suggests that periodic inspection may be associated with a slight reduction in road crashes, the marked heterogeneity along with probable residual confounding in most reports prevented us from establishing causality for this association.

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Johnson, Alan W., Theodore Heiman, Martha Cooper, and Raymond R. Hill. "Assessing Transport Aircraft Inspection Strategies." International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2010100101.

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Complex aircraft require periodic maintenance checks to assess needed repairs for continued vehicle availability. However, such checks are expensive and the associated aircraft downtime can reduce fleet mission effectiveness. The United States Air Force plans to consolidate the time-based (isochronal) C-5 aircraft major inspection activities for eight C-5 home stations into three locations. Isochronal inspections rely on a calendar method to schedule inspections and disregard actual flying hours between inspections. By having the same personnel perform these inspections for all flying units and by adopting commercial aircraft condition-based inspection strategies, the Air Force hopes to gain efficiencies in performing these inspections. Conversely, the site phase-out schedule and reduced number of inspection locations raises questions about whether overall C-5 mission capability will be reduced. These proposed revisions were simulated in a designed experiment to assess the impacts to fleet availability and inspection site workload.

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Orynycz, Olga, Karol Tucki, Andrzej Wasiak, Robert Sobótka, and Arkadiusz Gola. "Evaluation of the Brake’s Performance Dependence Upon Technical Condition of Car Tires as a Factor of Road Safety Management." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010009.

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The social cost, as one of the factors determining sustainability of socio-economic development, is strongly dependent upon a number of casualties and mortality in road accidents. The condition of car tires appears to be one of the important factors determining the occurrence of accidents. The vast majority of vehicles are tested every year at vehicle inspection stations. One of the elements affecting the result of the technical condition test and basically the quality of vehicle braking is the technical condition of the tires. Their technical condition is a very important factor responsible for the quality of acceleration, braking, maintaining, or changing the direction of driving. As a consequence, it has a significant impact on road safety. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of tires on the results of tests performed at a vehicle inspection station. The study presents the results of bench measurements of the impact of selected features of tire condition of two vehicles during routine periodic inspections at a vehicle inspection station (VIS). The focus was on an attempt to assess the impact of inflation pressure, age, and tire tread wear on the braking process. The technical studies performed might be a source for legal steps assuring better management of road safety. It can also be expected that the tire choice and condition may affect fuel consumption, and therefore the amount of energy consumed by the road transport.

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YAMAMOTO, Toshiyuki, Ryuichi KITAMURA, and Hiroaki FUJII. "The Effects of a Periodic Vehicle Inspection Program on Household Vehicle Transactions Behavior." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 667 (2001): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.137.

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Anilovich, I., and A. S. Hakkert. "Survey of vehicle emissions in Israel related to vehicle age and periodic inspection." Science of The Total Environment 189-190 (October 1996): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05210-2.

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Christensen, Peter, and Rune Elvik. "Effects on accidents of periodic motor vehicle inspection in Norway." Accident Analysis & Prevention 39, no. 1 (January 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.003.

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García-Pozuelo, D., V. Díaz, and M. J. L. Boada. "Improving Vehicle Safety: A New Methodology for Vehicle Steering System Inspection by Means of Forces Measure." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 870349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/870349.

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Some mechanical systems, such as steering, brakes, and suspension, critically affect the safety of the vehicle. These systems are subject to wear through use and time, changing their status throughout the lifetime of a vehicle. It is, therefore, essential to develop adequate components and procedures of inspection that ensure the correct operation of these systems. Moreover, the steering inspection must guarantee certain requirements, such as, being able to test any vehicle steering system and being low priced. In addition, one of the most important requirements for any inspection procedure is to provide the measurements in a short time. This fact conditions the measurement process and sensors to be employed. The current steering system that measures the steering angles is time consuming. The aim of this research is to introduce a steering system inspection based on forces measured by means of a dynamometer plate. The main features of the proposed system ensure minimum testing time, and simple operation and avoid manipulation of the vehicle. In addition, precise and objective limits for acceptance and rejection have been established. Therefore, the proposed procedure meets all the requirements for the periodic motor vehicle inspection (PMVI).

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Ercolessi, Stefano, Giovanni Fabbrocino, and Carlo Rainieri. "Indirect Measurements of Bridge Vibrations as an Experimental Tool Supporting Periodic Inspections." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030039.

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Recent collapses and malfunctions of European bridges threatened the service conditions of road networks and pointed out the need for robust procedures to mitigate the impact of material degradation and overloading of existing bridges. Condition assessment of bridges remains a challenging task, which could take advantage of cost-effective and reliable inspection strategies. The advances in sensors as well as Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) ensure a significant enhancement of the capabilities in recording and processing physical and mechanical data. The present paper focuses on the paradigm of indirect vibration measurements for modal parameter identification in operational conditions. It is very attractive because of the related opportunities of application of dynamic tests as a tool for periodic inspections while significantly mitigating their impact on the traffic flow. In this framework the instrumented vehicle acts as a dynamic measurement device for periodic inspections and provides valuable information on the structural response of the bridge at a low-cost. Vehicle-bridge interaction models are here applied to realistically simulate the traffic-induced vibration response of bridges and assess the accuracy of modal parameter estimates obtained from indirect vibration measurements characterized by different noise levels.

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Keall, Michael D., and Stuart Newstead. "An evaluation of costs and benefits of a vehicle periodic inspection scheme with six-monthly inspections compared to annual inspections." Accident Analysis & Prevention 58 (September 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.036.

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Pejić, Goran, Franjo Bijelić, Goran Zovak, and Zoran Lulić. "Model for Calculating Average Vehicle Mileage for Different Vehicle Classes Based on Real Data: A Case Study of Croatia." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 2 (April 19, 2019): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i2.3043.

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Mileage data collected via surveys based on self-estimation, reports from garages and other sources which use estimations are rough estimates and differ greatly from the actual mileage. Vehicle mileage is a major factor in emission calculations and needs to be as accurate as possible to obtain reliable emission models. Odometer readings are collected annually at the periodic technical inspection in Croatia. Average mileage data were analyzed for vehicles up to 20 years of age in 2017. Vehicles were classified by curb weight and fuel type. Such classification proved to follow driver behavior and the intended purpose of the vehicle. For each vehicle class, the model was applied using the vehicle age and its population size as inputs for calculating average mileage. Real data shows that vehicles in Croatia considerably exceed the estimated mileage in the years following the first registration of the vehicle and that they cannot be compared to data collected in other studies based on estimations. The difference lies in the covered mileage after vehicles reach ten years of age. The outcome of this study has resulted in a model for calculating average vehicle mileage. The model is suitable for use in various analyses for Croatia or for countries with similar driving habits and economic status now and for years to come.

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Fosser, Stein. "An experimental evaluation of the effects of periodic motor vehicle inspection on accident rates." Accident Analysis & Prevention 24, no. 6 (December 1992): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(92)90012-8.

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Wang, Xian Lun, Li Li, and Yu Xia Cui. "Detection and Location of Underwater Pipeline Based on Mathematical Morphology for an AUV." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.591.

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Underwater pipelines of oil and gas need periodic inspection to prevent damage due to the biological activity of water, turbulent current and tidal abrasion. Currently, vision-based autonomous underwater vehicle plays an important role in this field. A system has been designed to help an autonomous vehicle in sea-bottom survey operation. Image understanding and object recognition directly affect the accuracy of inspection. An image smoothing method based on mathematical morphology is proposed. The disturbances on acquired images caused by the motion are partially removed. A series of algorithms about image preprocessing, segmentation and recognition are proposed to access pipeline contours from the top-view images effectively. Navigation data based on Hough transformation is presented after the analysis of contours. Finally, the processing effect on a pipeline image demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.

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Iroshnikov, Denis V., Lyubov Yu Larina, and Aleksandr I. Sidorkin. "Autonomous Vehicles within the Urban Space and Transport Security Challenges: Legal Aspect." Journal of Politics and Law 13, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p133.

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Nowadays autonomous vehicles are getting widespread use in different parts of the world. In some countries, they are being tested within the urban traffic whereas other counties have been already operating them. Such vehicles possess a number of obvious advantages. We cannot but agree that these cars are the future. However, before complete implementation and mass use of autonomous transport on public roads, it is necessary to resolve a number of problems concerning their safety towards road-users. Except for ethical, economic, and other aspects, it also embraces the legal aspect. The article analyses legal problems of ensuring transport security when using autonomous vehicles. It also touches upon the issues of obligations and liability. Special attention is paid to the matters of criminal liability for offences involving an autonomous vehicle. The conducted legal research allowed concluding that it is necessary to improve legislation in the sphere of operating such vehicles. It is essential to enshrine in law autonomous vehicles (whether fully-autonomous or partially-autonomous) operation rules, oblige their owners to perform regular diagnostic assessment, and to add demands to periodic vehicle inspection. When regulating criminal liability for harm caused by a self-driving vehicle, one must proceed from the layer of its autonomy which stipulates bringing the general public to responsibility.

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Zollini, Sara, Maria Alicandro, Donatella Dominici, Raimondo Quaresima, and Marco Giallonardo. "UAV Photogrammetry for Concrete Bridge Inspection Using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA)." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 3180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193180.

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Monitoring infrastructures is becoming an important and challenging issue. In Italy, the heritage consists of more than 60,000 bridges, which need to be inspected and detected in order to guarantee their strength and durability function during nominal lifespan. In this paper, a non-destructive survey methodology for study concrete bridges surface deterioration and viaducts is presented. Terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has been used for visual inspection of a standard concrete overpass in L’Aquila (Italy). The obtained orthomosaic has been processed by means of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) to identify and classify deteriorated areas and decay forms. The results show a satisfactory identification and survey of deteriorated areas. It has also been possible to quantify metric information, such as width and length of cracks and extension of weathered areas. This allows to perform easy and fast periodic inspections over time in order to evaluate the evolution of deterioration and plan urgency of preservation or maintenance measures.

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Blows, Stephanie, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Jennie Connor, Shanthi Ameratunga, and Robyn Norton. "Does periodic vehicle inspection reduce car crash injury? Evidence from the Auckland Car Crash Injury Study." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27, no. 3 (June 2003): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00401.x.

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Diaz, V., M. Ramirez, and B. Munoz. "A wheel model for the study of the wheel angle measurement in the periodic motor vehicle inspection." International Journal of Vehicle Design 34, no. 3 (2004): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2004.003963.

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Ivanovic, Antun, Lovro Markovic, Marko Car, Ivan Duvnjak, and Matko Orsag. "Towards Autonomous Bridge Inspection: Sensor Mounting Using Aerial Manipulators." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 8279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188279.

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Periodic bridge inspections are required every several years to determine the state of a bridge. Most commonly, the inspection is performed using specialized trucks allowing human inspectors to review the conditions underneath the bridge, which requires a road closure. The aim of this paper was to use aerial manipulators to mount sensors on the bridge to collect the necessary data, thus eliminating the need for the road closure. To do so, a two-step approach is proposed: an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a pressurized canister sprays the first glue component onto the target area; afterward, the aerial manipulator detects the precise location of the sprayed area, and mounts the required sensor coated with the second glue component. The visual detection is based on an Red Green Blue - Depth (RGB-D) sensor and provides the target position and orientation. A trajectory is then planned based on the detected contact point, and it is executed through the adaptive impedance control capable of achieving and maintaining a desired force reference. Such an approach allows for the two glue components to form a solid bond. The described pipeline is validated in a simulation environment while the visual detection is tested in an experimental environment.

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Kiggundu, Amin Tamale. "Capabilities and Gaps Assessments of Urban Air Quality Manage-ment in Uganda." Indonesian Journal of Geography 47, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.6740.

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Today, large cities across the globe are facing a pervasive problem of air pollution. The purpose of this study is to assess the capabilities and gaps in urban air quality management in Uganda as well as proposing strategies for curbing air pollution. This study applied face to face interviews, targeting key informants such as the environmental experts, urbanization researchers and officials from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Results show that rapid motorization, continued dependence on fossil fuels, open waste burning, biomass burning, industrialization, bushfires and urbanization are the key causes of air pollution in Uganda. To reduce air pollution and improve urban air quality it is critical to promote non-motorised mass transport, increase electricity access, regulate open waste burning, establish laboratories, strengthen local research and training capacity, promote collaborations, introduce more fuel efficient vehicles and periodic vehicle inspection and carry out public awareness campaigns about air pollution.

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Elvira-Hernández, Ernesto A., Francisco López-Huerta, Héctor Vázquez-Leal, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, and Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May. "Aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle with infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage in pipeline networks." Acta Universitaria 30 (February 12, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2020.2534.

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Oil pipeline networks require periodic inspection to detect damages that can generate oil leakage in natural and human environments. These damages can be caused by geological hazard and interference from third party. In order to detect these damages, low-cost techniques that consider both the oil pipeline networks and the environment are required. In this paper, the aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with Eppler 748 sailplane airfoil (wingspan of 1.635 m) is presented. The UAV can include a small infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage of a pipeline network using the infrared radiation related to oil. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the UAV is developed to predict its lift and drag coefficients as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of attack (AoA). The air velocity profile around UAV is estimated with the CFD simulations. In addition, a scale model (1:6.5) of the UAV is fabricated using a 3D printer, which is tested employing a subsonic wind tunnel. For the UAV with AoA of 0, the drag and lift coefficients obtained with the CFD model have a similar behavior with respect to those measured through the subsonic wind tunnel. The designed UAV could be used for low-cost inspections of damages in oil pipeline networks in comparison with the use of helicopters or light aircraft.

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Balke, Marcin, Iwona Balke, and Robert Karpiński. "Determination and verification of technical data in the process of vehicle classification for the purposes of registration and periodic technical inspection." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.089.

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The article brings closer the topic of records and classification of vehicles in Poland. Quoted have been, both selected the applicable laws as well as fundamental principles applied in the field. Since 2004, in order to harmonize the vehicles classification and improve their verification, the procedures used during the registration of vehicles have been supplemented by the auxiliary system, i.e. the electronic catalogue of makes and type-approved vehicles admitted to the operation in the territory of the Polish Republic elaborated by the Motor Transport Institute so-called “The ITS Catalogue”.

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Idzior, Marek, Edward Czapliński, and Marzena Korzik. "Effect of emission measurement of toxic exhaust components of automotive vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines on the environment during mandatory check tests at vehicle inspection stations." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.116.

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The article describes aspects related to the impact of toxic components of exhaust gases from motor vehicles, which are equipped with spark-ignition engines for environmental pollution and a negative impact on human health. The paper presents aspects related to the structure of passenger cars in Poland and the European Union, which are in operation and subject to mandatory control tests. The methodology of performing mandatory periodic check-ups in diagnostic stations and on the basis of the developed research results also includes a group of vehicles that does not meet the legal requirements for the measurement of exhaust emissions. The results of passenger car tests in selected European Union countries have been presented.

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Gajek, Andrzej, Piotr Strzępek, and Krzysztof Dobaj. "Algorithms for diagnostics of the hydraulic pressure modulators of ABS / ESP systems in stand conditions." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818201020.

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The article presents possibilities of extending the scope of ABS / ESP systems control as part of periodic vehicle technical inspection. It was proposed to check the functioning of the ABS / ESP system based on the evaluation of its effects in the form of dynamic changes of braking forces measured on the roller diagnostic stand. The tested system is started by a diagnostic tester through the OBD socket in the car during the implementation of active tests. The effect of the system is checked on the basis of the analysis of the course of braking forces. This allows to detect those mechatronic system failures that are not detected by on-board diagnostic systems. The algorithms for control of ABS and ESP modulators using diagnostic testers are presented.

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Raveendran, Radhika, Apoorva Suresh, Vignesh Rajaram, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Artificial neural network approach for air brake pushrod stroke prediction in heavy commercial road vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (August 23, 2018): 2467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018794594.

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In heavy commercial road vehicles, the air brake system is a critical vehicle safety system whose performance degradation increases the risk of accidents and hence requires periodic inspection and maintenance. The wear of brake pad lining and brake drum during operation leads to increase in the stroke of a component called pushrod whose ‘out-of-adjustment’ creates severe brake performance degradation. The fact that the driver does not receive a corresponding tactile feedback till it is too severe adds to the complexity of manual detection. Motivated by the increase in onboard sensing, electronics, and computation capabilities, this study proposes an artificial neural network–based approach to predict pushrod stroke based on measurement of brake chamber pressure. Here, a back propagation algorithm was used to train the multilayer feed-forward network. The effect of excessive pushrod stroke on vehicle braking response was first studied using a Hardware-in-Loop system that consists of brake system hardware and a commercial vehicle dynamics simulation software (IPG TruckMaker®). Experimental data collected from this system with manual slack adjuster and automatic slack adjuster have then been used to train and test the artificial neural network for pushrod stroke prediction. The performance of the prediction scheme has been tested over the entire range of brake operating conditions. The prediction error corresponding to manual slack adjuster was found to be within ±15% in 322 out of the entire test set of 328 instances (98.17%) and automatic slack adjuster within ±8% in all 57 test sets (100%). Statistical analysis based on confidence interval revealed a prediction error between −1.62% and −3.05% for manual slack adjuster and 0.43% and −1.62% for automatic slack adjuster for 99% confidence interval, which demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed prediction scheme.

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Psalmen Hasibuan, Rijal, and Medis Sejahtera Surbakti. "Study of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) relationship with International Roughness Index (IRI) on Flexible Pavement." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925803019.

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Road is an infrastructure that built to support the movement of the vehicle from one place to another for different purposes. Today, it is often found damage to road infrastructure, both local roads, and arterial roads. Therefore, to keep the pavement condition to remain reliable, in Indonesia has a periodic program by conducting an objective functional inspection of roads regulated by Bina Marga using the International Roughness Index (IRI). However, the IRI examination is not sufficient to represent the actual field condition; it is necessary to perform subjective functional examination by appraising the road one of them is Pavement Condition Index (PCI, ASTM D 6433). This method has been widely applied in some countries because it has many advantages. However, to do this inspection requires considerable cost, then there needs to be a model to get the relationship between these two parameters of the road. The selected case study was arterial road segment in Medan City, that is in Medan inner ring road. Based on the results of the analysis, there is a difference between the functional conditions of PCI and IRI. The equation derived from these two parameters is by exponential regression equation, with equation IRI = 16.07exp-0.26PCI. with R2 of 59% with correlation coefficient value (r) of -0.768. The value of R2 indicates that PCI gives a strong influence on IRI value.

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Wong, Leslie, Benjamin Steven Vien, Yue Ma, Thomas Kuen, Frank Courtney, Jayantha Kodikara, and Wing Kong Chiu. "Remote Monitoring of Floating Covers Using UAV Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071118.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is commonly the material of choice for covered anaerobic lagoons (CAL) at wastewater treatment plants. The membrane floats on the wastewater, and hence is called a “floating cover”, and is used for odour control and to harvest the methane-rich biogas as a renewable resource to generate electricity. The floating cover is an expensive and high-value asset that demands an efficient methodology for the determination of a set of engineering quantities for structural integrity assessment. Given the dynamics of the anaerobic activities under the floating cover, the state of deformation of the floating cover is an engineering measurand that is useful for its structural health assessment. A non-contact measurement strategy is preferred as it offers practical and safety-related benefits over other methods. In collaboration with Melbourne Water Corporation (MWC), an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted photogrammetry approach was developed to address this need. Following the definition of the appropriate flight parameters required to quantify the state of deformation of the cover, a series of periodic flights were operated over the very large floating covers at MWC’s Western Treatment Plant (WTP) at Werribee, Victoria, Australia. This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of this inspection technique to determine the state of deformation of the floating covers measured over a ten-month period.

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Rauber, Édina Regina, Fabiane Bordin, Mônica Müller Anschau, Mauricio Roberto Veronez, Luiz Gonzaga da Silveira Jr., and Carlo Framarim. "Análise bibliográfica sobre as potencialidades da aquisição de imagens multi e hiperespectrais por VANTs no auxílio à inspeção de obras de arte especiais." Revista Brasileira de Geomática 6, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rbgeo.v6n1.5924.

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Bridges arose with the intention to facilitate the urban mobility. Therefore, it is essential the realization of periodic inspections and preventive maintenance, in order to identify possible pathological manifestations. Nowadays the techniques used are based on visual inspection, which the main problem is accessibility to all places in the bridge. In this sense, it is search other methods that can help these inspections, such as the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (VANTs) and multi and hyperspectral images. The methodology of the work consisted on the analysis of the current methods of inspection and identification of its requirements to compose solutions using the remote acquisition system. The inspection with this system ensures agility and security, as well as aid in the interpretation and analysis for the diagnosis of pathological manifestations.

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Hockey, Richard. "Periodic motor vehicle inspections are not the answer." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27, no. 6 (December 2003): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00618.x.

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Burtscher, H., Th Lutz, and A. Mayer. "A New Periodic Technical Inspection for Particle Emissions of Vehicles." Emission Control Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-00128-z.

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Assemi, Behrang, and Mark Hickman. "Relationship between heavy vehicle periodic inspections, crash contributing factors and crash severity." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 113 (July 2018): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.018.

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Batista, Guilherme V., Cassius T. Scarpin, José E. Pécora, and Angel Ruiz. "A New Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm to Solve the Periodic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem with Continuous Moves." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3201656.

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This paper describes a variant of the Periodic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem for inspections in a railroad network. Inspections are performed by vehicles over a time horizon on which some stretches need evaluation more frequently than others due to its use. Each car can evaluate one stretch per day without being attached to a depot; at each day, the shift may start and end at different locations. This characterizes the problem as the Periodic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem with Continuous Moves in which firstly the delays on attendances are minimized and, second, the displacement costs. We present a mathematical model and an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to solve the problem. The use of a local search procedure and some principles of Granular Tabu Search is crucial for the algorithm’s performance. The numerical results are promising, especially for critical situations where the arcs’ needs are close to the total vehicles’ capacity.

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Calvo, J. A., V. Díaz, E. Olmeda, J. L. San Román, and A. Gauchía. "Procedure to verify the maximum speed of automatic transmission mopeds in periodic motor vehicle inspections." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 9 (September 2008): 1615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto714.

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Cacace, Jonathan, Santos M. Orozco-Soto, Alejandro Suarez, Alvaro Caballero, Matko Orsag, Stjepan Bogdan, Goran Vasiljevic, Emad Ebeid, Jose Alberto Acosta Rodriguez, and Anibal Ollero. "Safe Local Aerial Manipulation for the Installation of Devices on Power Lines: AERIAL-CORE First Year Results and Designs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 6220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136220.

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The power grid is an essential infrastructure in any country, comprising thousands of kilometers of power lines that require periodic inspection and maintenance, carried out nowadays by human operators in risky conditions. To increase safety and reduce time and cost with respect to conventional solutions involving manned helicopters and heavy vehicles, the AERIAL-CORE project proposes the development of aerial robots capable of performing aerial manipulation operations to assist human operators in power lines inspection and maintenance, allowing the installation of devices, such as bird flight diverters or electrical spacers, and the fast delivery and retrieval of tools. This manuscript describes the goals and functionalities to be developed for safe local aerial manipulation, presenting the preliminary designs and experimental results obtained in the first year of the project.

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Outa, Roberto, Fabio Roberto Chavarette, Vishnu Narayan Mishra, Aparecido C. Gonçalves, Luiz G. P. Roefero, and Thiago C. Moro. "Prognosis and fail detection in a dynamic rotor using artificial immunological system." Engineering Computations 37, no. 9 (April 20, 2020): 3127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2019-0351.

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Purpose In recent years, the mechanical industries began to apply many investments in research and technological development to obtain efficient methods to analyze the integrity of structures and prevent disasters and/or accidents, ensuring people’s lives and preventing economic losses. Any structure, whether mechanical or aeronautical, before being put into use undergoes a structural integrity assessment and testing. In this case, non-destructive evaluations are performed, aiming to estimate the degree of safety and reliability of the structure. For this, there are techniques traditionally used such as ultrasonic inspection, X-ray, acoustic emission tests, among other techniques. The traditional techniques may even have a good instrumental apparatus and be well formulated for structural integrity assessment; however, these techniques cannot meet growing industrial needs, even more so when structures are in motion. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate artificial immune systems (AISs), ate and strengthen the emergence of an innovative technological tool, the biological immune systems and AISs, and these are presented as computing methods in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM). Design/methodology/approach The concept of SHM is based on a fault detection mechanism used in industries, and in other applications, involving the observation of a structure or a mechanical system. This observation occurs through the dynamic response of periodic measurements, later related to the statistical analysis, determining the integrity of the system. This study aims to develop a methodology that identifies and classifies a signal in normal signals or in faults, using an algorithm based on artificial immunological systems, being the negative selection algorithm, and later, this algorithm classifies the failures in probabilities of failure and degree of fault severity. The results demonstrate that the proposed SHM is efficient and robust for prognosis and failure detection. Findings The present study aims to develop different fast access methodologies for the prognosis and detection of failures, classifying and judging the types of failures based on AISs. The authors declare that the present study was neither published in any other vehicle of scientific information nor is under consideration for publication in another scientific journal, and that this paper strictly followed the ethical procedures of research and publication as requested. Originality/value This study is original by the fact that conventional structural integrity monitoring methods need improvements, which intelligent computing techniques can satisfy. Intelligent techniques are tools inspired by natural and/or biological processes and belong to the field of computational intelligence. They present good results in problems of pattern recognition and diagnosis and thus can be adapted to solve problems of monitoring and identifying structural failures in mechanical and aeronautical engineering. Thus, the proposal of this study demonstrates and strengthens the emergence of an innovative technological tool, the biological immune system and the AIS, and these are presented as computation methods in the field of SHM in rotating systems – a topic not yet addressed in the literature.

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Biundini, Iago Z., Milena F. Pinto, Aurelio G. Melo, Andre L. M. Marcato, Leonardo M. Honório, and Maria J. R. Aguiar. "A Framework for Coverage Path Planning Optimization Based on Point Cloud for Structural Inspection." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020570.

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Different practical applications have emerged in the last few years, requiring periodic and detailed inspections to verify possible structural changes. Inspections using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) should minimize flight time due to battery time restrictions and identify the terrain’s topographic features. In this sense, Coverage Path Planning (CPP) aims at finding the best path to coverage of a determined area respecting the operation’s restrictions. Photometric information from the terrain is used to create routes or even refine paths already created. Therefore, this research’s main contribution is developing a methodology that uses a metaheuristic algorithm based on point cloud data to inspect slope and dams structures. The technique was applied in a simulated and real scenario to verify its effectiveness. The results showed an increasing 3D reconstructions’ quality observing optimizing photometric and mission time criteria.

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Konczak, Jaroslaw, and Marcin Walkiewicz. "Applying performance data of military vehicles as a source of verification of technical specifications and criteria for implemented military equipment." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 189, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6235.

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In the article the authors have attempted to analyze the specifications and criteria imposed on military vehicles acquired by the Polish Armed Forces. The issues of selection of the target operation standard, interval between periodic maintenance inspections, fault tolerance and reliability, which are defined in tactical-technical criteria by administrators, were addressed. The technical specifications are the essential component of qualification studies. The data obtained from research of prototypes and the initial years of exploitation of the new military equipment (SpW) constitute the source of verification for technical-tactical criteria (ZTT) or initial technical-tactical criteria (WZTT) adopted for implementation. The article also discusses the issues related to estimation of probability of the tasks to be executed by military vehicles in typical operating conditions depending on the lifetime, mileage or method of storage. Presumable combat losses, which are independent from the adopted operation system of the military equipment, have been omitted. The research works in the field of reliability are conducted in the Armored Fighting Vehicles Laboratory of the Military Institute of Armored and Automotive Technology in Sulejówek. Additionally, the authors have addressed the possibility of the application of computer simulation for the purpose of military vehicles reliability.

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Jacob-Loyola, Nicolás, Felipe Muñoz-La Rivera, Rodrigo F. Herrera, and Edison Atencio. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Physical Progress Monitoring of Construction." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124227.

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The physical progress of a construction project is monitored by an inspector responsible for verifying and backing up progress information, usually through site photography. Progress monitoring has improved, thanks to advances in image acquisition, computer vision, and the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, no comprehensive and simple methodology exists to guide practitioners and facilitate the use of these methods. This research provides recommendations for the periodic recording of the physical progress of a construction site through the manual operation of UAVs and the use of point clouds obtained under photogrammetric techniques. The programmed progress is then compared with the actual progress made in a 4D BIM environment. This methodology was applied in the construction of a reinforced concrete residential building. The results showed the methodology is effective for UAV operation in the work site and the use of the photogrammetric visual records for the monitoring of the physical progress and the communication of the work performed to the project stakeholders.

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Alizadeh Kaklar, J., R. Ghajar, and H. Tavakkoli. "Modelling of nonlinear hunting instability for a high-speed railway vehicle equipped by hollow worn wheels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 230, no. 4 (August 3, 2016): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419316636968.

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One of the reasons for frequent vibrations of coaches and hunting instability are hollow worn wheels. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the wheel surface hollowing on the inconstancy and vibrations of a wagon. Considering the nonlinearity of the hollow surface, as well as both single and double point wheel-rail contacts are the significant points of this study. In order to do this, 800 wheel profiles of 100 coaches were measured in a controlled manner in a period of six months as an infield study. Statistical methods were used to categorize the measured hollow wheel profiles and select eight of the most observed ones. Then, a nonlinear mathematical model of a high-speed railway vehicle with 21 degrees of freedom was used for dynamic analysis of a wagon equipped by the hollow worn wheels on a tangent track. In order to model the effect of hollowing on the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle, the nonlinearity of wheel profile was taken into account. Also, both single and double point wheel-rail contacts were considered for accurate modelling of the wheel-rail interaction forces. Based on the results of the study, the tread hollowing must be considered as an independent dimensional parameter in periodic inspections. Also, it was concluded that worn wheels should be inspected regularly and re-profiled before their false flanges exceed a limit of 2 mm, in order to prevent the hunting phenomenon, and ensure being away from derailment of a passenger railway vehicle. Validation of the mathematical modelling was performed through the modelling of vehicle in ADAMS/Rail and comparing the results.

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Pérez-González, Andrés, Álvaro Jaramillo-Duque, and Juan Bernardo Cano-Quintero. "Automatic Boundary Extraction for Photovoltaic Plants Using the Deep Learning U-Net Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 6524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146524.

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Nowadays, the world is in a transition towards renewable energy solar being one of the most promising sources used today. However, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems present great challenges for their proper performance such as dirt and environmental conditions that may reduce the output energy of the PV plants. For this reason, inspection and periodic maintenance are essential to extend useful life. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for inspection and maintenance of PV plants favor a timely diagnosis. UAV path planning algorithm over a PV facility is required to better perform this task. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how to extract the boundary of PV facilities with some techniques. This research work focuses on an automatic boundary extraction method of PV plants from imagery using a deep neural network model with a U-net structure. The results obtained were evaluated by comparing them with other reported works. Additionally, to achieve the boundary extraction processes, the standard metrics Intersection over Union (IoU) and the Dice Coefficient (DC) were considered to make a better conclusion among all methods. The experimental results evaluated on the Amir dataset show that the proposed approach can significantly improve the boundary and segmentation performance in the test stage up to 90.42% and 91.42% as calculated by IoU and DC metrics, respectively. Furthermore, the training period was faster. Consequently, it is envisaged that the proposed U-Net model will be an advantage in remote sensing image segmentation.

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De Blasiis, Maria Rosaria, Alessandro Di Benedetto, and Margherita Fiani. "Mobile Laser Scanning Data for the Evaluation of Pavement Surface Distress." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060942.

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The surface conditions of road pavements, including the occurrence and severity of distresses present on the surface, are an important indicator of pavement performance. Periodic monitoring and condition assessment is an essential requirement for the safety of vehicles moving on that road and the wellbeing of people. The traditional characterization of the different types of distress often involves complex activities, sometimes inefficient and risky, as they interfere with road traffic. The mobile laser systems (MLS) are now widely used to acquire detailed information about the road surface in terms of a three-dimensional point cloud. Despite its increasing use, there are still no standards for the acquisition and processing of the data collected. The aim of our work was to develop a procedure for processing the data acquired by MLS, in order to identify the localized degradations that mostly affect safety. We have studied the data flow and implemented several processing algorithms to identify and quantify a few types of distresses, namely potholes and swells/shoves, starting from very dense point clouds. We have implemented data processing in four steps: (i) editing of the point cloud to extract only the points belonging to the road surface, (ii) determination of the road roughness as deviation in height of every single point of the cloud with respect to the modeled road surface, (iii) segmentation of the distress (iv) computation of the main geometric parameters of the distress in order to classify it by severity levels. The results obtained by the proposed methodology are promising. The procedures implemented have made it possible to correctly segmented and identify the types of distress to be analyzed, in accordance with the on-site inspections. The tests carried out have shown that the choice of the values of some parameters to give as input to the software is not trivial: the choice of some of them is based on considerations related to the nature of the data, for others, it derives from the distress to be segmented. Due to the different possible configurations of the various distresses it is better to choose these parameters according to the boundary conditions and not to impose default values. The test involved a 100-m long urban road segment, the surface of which was measured with an MLS installed on a vehicle that traveled the road at 10 km/h.

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Salagai, Oleg O., Evgenij A. Bryun, Igor V. Bukhtiyarov, Lyudmila P. Kuzmina, Roman V. Vlasovskikh, Mariya M. Kolyaskina, and Aleksey E. Petukhov. "Methodological approaches to identifying markers of alcohol abuse in employees according to medical examination." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 61, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-2-72-76.

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Introduction. The diagnosis and appointment of adequate therapy for both alcohol dependence syndrome and somatic pathology of alcoholic origin often depends on the timely establishment of the fact of alcohol abuse, for example, during periodic medical examinations, since most patients either deny the use of alcohol, or significantly underestimate its amount. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for the objective identification of individuals with risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption that contribute to the development of pathological conditions and diseases that increase the likelihood of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. Materials and methods. Within the framework of the study, 204 people (162 men, 42 women) working in various types of economic activities, aged from 18 to 65 years, were surveyed. All patients were sent to the clinic FSBSI "Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health" to pre-or periodic inspections in the order of the health Ministry of Russia from 12.04.2011 No. 302n (ed. by 18.05.2020). All the examined patients underwent a biochemical blood test: carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Also, all the surveyed were conducted a questionnaire aimed at identifying alcoholism. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using the program STATISTICA 13.2 (Stat Soft Inc., USA). Results. The study of the CDT content in the blood serum of the examined patients revealed an increase above the reference values in 10%, while 7% of the examined patients regularly consumed alcohol during the last 2 weeks (CDT≥2.5%), 3% - consumed moderately (CDT1,2-2,4%). The correlation analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between the results of the questionnaire and the CDT content in the blood serum (r=0.24, p=0.002 with the question about the use of 6 or more doses at a time and r=0.30, p=0.0001 with the total score). Conclusion. The most informative marker of chronic alcohol use is the definition of CDT in combination with a questionnaire aimed at identifying alcoholism. The use of these markers during periodic and preliminary medical examinations can allow a high degree of confidence to identify persons who are prone to chronic alcohol consumption in order to carry out preventive measures and prevent them from working with various sources of increased danger, including work related to the management of vehicles.

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�arkan, Branislav. "Composition of exhaust gases of spark ignition engines under conditions of periodic inspection of vehicles in Slovakia Skład spalin z silników o zapłonie iskrowym w warunkach okresowych badań pojazdów na Słowacji." PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 1, no. 3 (March 5, 2017): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/62.2017.3.36.

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"Cost-effectiveness of Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection (PMVI): A review of the literature." Journal of Safety Research 17, no. 2 (June 1986): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(86)90098-8.

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Khadka, Ashim, Arash Afshar, Mehrdad Zadeh, and Javad Baqersad. "Strain monitoring of wind turbines using a semi-autonomous drone." Wind Engineering, July 2, 2021, 0309524X2110278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x211027814.

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In this work, an approach is proposed that can perform a nondestructive evaluation of wind turbine structures using a non-contact, three-dimensional full-field optical digital image correlation (DIC) technique. This approach can quantify the level of strain and loading conditions that rotating structures such as wind turbines experience during operation. The optical technique does not interfere with the structural functionality of the wind turbine. Moreover, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for remote inspection enables robust measurements for periodic inspection. The strain obtained using the proposed approach is validated using strain gauges mounted on the blades. A control algorithm is designed for the UAV to stabilized and obtain the desired field of interest and working distance based on the turbine size. Blending the benefits of the remote accessibility of UAVs and full-field dynamic evaluation of structures using strain data obtained with DIC is a novel method of monitoring wind turbines.

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Forssén, Kim, Kari Mäki, Minna Räikkönen, and Riitta Molarius. "Resilience of Electricity Distribution Networks Against Extreme Weather Conditions." ASCE-ASME J Risk and Uncert in Engrg Sys Part B Mech Engrg 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4035843.

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Extreme weather forms a major threat to electricity distribution networks and has caused many severe power outages in the past. A reliable electrical grid is something most of us take for granted, but storms, heavy snowfall, and other effects of extreme weather continue to cause disruptions in electricity supply. This paper contributes to ensuring the continuity of electricity supply under adverse weather events. The aim is to describe and to analyze how the continuity of electricity supply can be ensured in the case of extreme weather. Based on the research, the energy sector is highly dependent on the existing locations and structures of the current infrastructure. Aging infrastructure is commonly seen as a main vulnerability factor. The most vulnerable parts of the electricity distribution system to extreme weather conditions are the networks built as overhead lines. However, the resilience of the networks against extreme weather can be increased significantly in all phases of a disaster management cycle. Methods and technological solutions proposed in this paper to alleviate such problems include adjacent forest management and periodic aerial inspections, situational awareness, distributed generation and microgrids, placement of overhead lines, underground cabling, and unmanned air vehicles. However, it must be noticed that the methods and their value for stakeholders are context-dependent. Thus, their applicability and appropriateness may change over time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Periodic vehicle inspection'

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