Relevant bibliographies by topics / Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms

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Academic literature on the topic 'Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms"

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Skučaitė, Neringa, Vytautė Pečiulienė, and Vita Mačiulskienė. "Microbial infection and its control in cases of symptomatic apical periodontitis: A review." Medicina 45, no. 5 (December 1, 2008): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45050043.

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Apical periodontitis is an inflammation of dental periapical tissues developed as a response to colonization of microorganisms in root canal system. Etiology of periapical pathology is associated with different species of microorganisms that are not fully defined yet. The changes in the composition of root canal microbiota as well as other factors, such as host resistance to various infections and concomitant viral infection, etc., can influence development of the symptomatic apical periodontitis. Etiology of disease is reviewed in this article. The purpose of treatment of symptomatic apical periodontitis is to eliminate the infection in root canal system and to obtain relief of symptoms. It can be done by conventional root canal therapy, which can be combined with anti-inflammatory medication. Indications for antibiotic therapy in such cases are limited to particular occasions, which are considered in article. Nevertheless, findings show that usually dentists prescribe antibiotics improperly in clinical practice. It can render drugs ineffective against diseases of dental origin as well as against potentially fatal infectious diseases. Selection of antibiotics for the treatment of root canal infections is reviewed in this article. Importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is emphasized. There is a need for more research on microbial causes and interactions in different forms of apical periodontitis to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Kucia, Marzena, Ewa Wietrak, Mateusz Szymczak, and Paweł Kowalczyk. "Effect of Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Other Natural Components against Anaerobic Periodontal Bacteria." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194519.

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In this present study, the bacteriostatic effect of Salistat SGL03 and the Lactobacillus salivarius strain contained in it was investigated in adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on selected red complex bacteria living in the subgingival plaque, inducing a disease called periodontitis, i.e., chronic periodontitis. Untreated periodontitis can lead to the destruction of the gums, root cementum, periodontium, and alveolar bone. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and others. Our hypothesis was verified by taking swabs of scrapings from the surface of the teeth of female hygienists (volunteers) on full and selective growth media for L. salivarius. The sizes of the zones of growth inhibition of periopathogens on the media were measured before (in vitro) and after consumption (in vivo) of Salistat SGL03, based on the disk diffusion method, which is one of the methods of testing antibiotic resistance and drug susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, each of the periopathogens analyzed by the reduction inoculation method, was treated with L. salivarius contained in the SGL03 preparation and incubated together in Petri dishes. The bacteriostatic activity of SGL03 preparation in selected periopathogens was also analyzed using the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using the Salistat SGL03 dietary supplement in the prophylaxis and support of the treatment of periodontitis—already treated as a civilization disease.
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Yoshimasu, Y., T. Ikeda, N. Sakai, A. Yagi, S. Hirayama, Y. Morinaga, S. Furukawa, and R. Nakao. "Rapid Bactericidal Action of Propolis against Porphyromonas gingivalis." Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 8 (March 1, 2018): 928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518758034.

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Propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, is used as a folk medicine for treatment of periodontal diseases. However, its mode of the action and the compounds responsible for its activities remain obscure. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the antibacterial activities of ethanol-extracted propolis (EEP) and EEP-derived compounds toward Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen for periodontal diseases. Broth microdilution and agar dilution assays were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of EEP against a range of oral bacterial species, of which P. gingivalis showed a higher level of sensitivity than oral commensals such as streptococci. Its antibacterial activity toward P. gingivalis was maintained even after extensive heat treatment, demonstrating a high level of thermostability. EEP also induced death of P. gingivalis cells by increasing membrane permeability within 30 min. Spatiotemporal analysis based on high-speed atomic force microscopy revealed that EEP immediately triggered development of aberrant membrane blebs, followed by bleb fusion events on the bacterial surface. Furthermore, we isolated artepillin C, baccharin, and ursolic acid from EEP as antibacterial compounds against P. gingivalis. Of those, artepillin C and baccharin showed bacteriostatic activities with membrane blebbing, while ursolic acid showed bactericidal activity with membrane rupture. In particular, ursolic acid demonstrated a greater ability to affect bacterial membrane potential with increased membrane permeability, probably because of its highly lipophilic nature as compared with other compounds. Taken together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the antibacterial activities of EEP and its exquisite membrane-targeting antibacterial compounds and imply the applicability of narrow-spectrum therapeutics with EEP for treatment of periodontitis. In addition, the advanced technology utilized in the present study to visualize the nanometer-scale dynamics of microorganisms will contribute to expanding our understanding of the activities of antimicrobials and the mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria.
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Paraniak, R. P., B. M. Kalyn, and T. B. Nahirniak. "Value and feasibility of probiotic use." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (June 11, 2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8723.

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The article substantiates the importance, the principle of the action of probiotics, the purpose of their application, the mechanisms of therapeutic and prophylactic action, the effectiveness of the use of probiotic drugs and the feasibility of their application. It is known that the ideal probiotic should be of the origin of the body for which it will be used, be resistant to acids and bile, capable of adhesion and colonization in the intestinal tract or other ecosystems, to produce antibiotic substances, to prevent the development of cariogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, to be safe for use in products and clinics and have a well-defined and validated clinical trial with a positive effect on human or animal health. Positive effects of probiotics are manifested in reducing the duration of toxic effects or increasing the resistance to action of pathogens. The components of probiotics are representatives of normal microflora, and therefore the main mechanisms that determine their degree and direction of healing effect on the host organism are colonization resistance and immunomodulatory ability, regulation of metabolic processes and detoxification action, anti-carcinogenic activity. These functions are implemented through enzymatic, vitamin-synthesizing, antagonistic and adhesive activity. Strains of bacteria of probiotics produce a wide range of digestive enzymes - amylase, lipase, protease, pectinase, endoglucanose and phytase. Important impetus for the use of probiotics was the recommendations and requirements for limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock used for therapeutic purposes. The adverse effect of fodder antibiotics is the appearance of diarrhea in animals, as well as the risk of the formation and rapid reproduction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella spec. Probiotic drugs are most often used in the treatment of a number of pathological conditions occurring against the background of disturbed normal microflora of the human body. Probiotic drugs can also be used for the prevention and treatment of major dental diseases: caries, chronic generalized periodontitis of catarrhal gingivitis, aphthous stomatitis. In experimental studies, it has been shown that intestinal microbiota, interacting with the host organism, can increase the number of osteoclasts, for example, in the femoral bones, and, consequently, decrease their density, which confirms the growth of catabolic activity of bones under conditions of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Recently, for the normalization of metabolic processes in the organism of farm animals and poultry began to use probiotic drugs, which, in essence, are a living microbial supplement to the feed and have a positive effect on the body through improving its intestinal microbial balance. Probiotics, as environmentally safe drugs, help to reduce the man-caused and microbial stress on the animals organism in conditions of intensive production of livestock products, which prevents the development of many pathologies in animals, and, consequently, in humans. Probiotic products should be characterized by a pronounced antagonistic activity to a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, to be strong immunomodulators and to produce bacteriocin and enzymes. The bacteria that are part of the probiotics should remain viable when passing through the gastrointestinal tract of animals and poultry, as well as in the production of feed (for example, in granulation). At present, the effectiveness of the use of probiotics for stimulation of growth intensity and prevention of diseases of young animals, increase of productivity and quality of received products, prevention of gynecological diseases in cows, prevention of viral diseases of bees and increase of their productivity, reduction of parasitic diseases in fish and increase of efficiency of fish farming is substantiated. A promising direction for improving probiotics is the development of complex drugs, which include different types of bacterial cultures that complement each other by specific activity and the effect on opportunistic microorganisms.
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Avner, Benjamin S., Arsenio M. Fialho, and Ananda M. Chakrabarty. "Overcoming drug resistance in multi-drug resistant cancers and microorganisms." Bioengineered 3, no. 5 (September 18, 2012): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bioe.21130.

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Huang, Jie, Zirun Wang, Sigdel Krishna, Qin Hu, Ming Xuan, and Huixu Xie. "Environment-sensitive hydrogels as potential drug delivery systems for the treatment of periodontitis." Materials Express 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1705.

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Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms colonized in periodontal pocket. The disease leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues including gums, periodontal ligaments, dental cementum and alveolar bone has been regarded as a latent risk factor of other medical problems. The therapeutic effects of periodontitis are unsatisfactory currently, though a great many strategies have been used to enhance the results of its treatments. Recently, environment-sensitive hydrogels have been proposed to be drug delivery systems for this disease, which possesses environment-response, less system side effects as well as reduced treatment frequency. In this mini-review, we present the changes of periodontitis micro-environment, and then introduce various environment-sensitive hydrogels as drug delivery systems in the treatment of periodontitis. Finally, the limitations and aspects to improve of this vehicle applied to the treatment of periodontitis are discussed. We hope this review will provide better understanding of the hydrogel applications in periodontitis therapy.
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Demirev, Plamen A., Nathan S. Hagan, Miquel D. Antoine, Jeffrey S. Lin, and Andrew B. Feldman. "Establishing Drug Resistance in Microorganisms by Mass Spectrometry." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 24, no. 8 (April 9, 2013): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13361-013-0609-x.

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Noor, Rashed, Syeda Muntaka Maniha, Taskina Murshed, and M. Majibur Rahman. "Effectiveness of Antibiotics: Anti-Bacterial Activity or Microbial Drug Resistance?" Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v36i2.45537.

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Antibiotics, both broad- and narrow spectrum, are widely used for treatment of specific infection by a consortium of microorganisms or by a single pathogen, respectively. Oral or intravenous, or even topical administration of different categories of antibiotics in various forms is a common practice round the globe. Yet for the recent years a major public health issue has been raised by the emergence of the drug-resistance microorganisms. A number of researches focused on the issue of the ineffectiveness of antibiotics as well as regarding the evolution of the drugresistance genes within the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolation of the drug-resistant microorganisms including the multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria from a range of patients with microbiological infections has been seriously challenging the disease mitigation approaches. Besides, the dominance of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), etc. are quite frequent as evident from different case studies. Current review focused on the origin and evolution of such drug-resistance incidences, and the promising remedies over the problems of drug-resistance. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 111-114
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Liu, Yutong, and Xuanrong Xu. "Drug Resistance of Ocular Bacteria Considering Biofilm Mechanism." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127103041.

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In order to further analyze the relationship between the coating mechanism of microorganisms and their drug resistance, a study of ocular bacterial drug resistance considering the coating mechanism of microorganisms was proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of drug resistance was analyzed, and on this basis, the experimental study was carried out. Staphylococcus aureus DH5 with RP4 was used as the control α( R) Objective to investigate the relationship between drug-resistant bacteria and coating mechanism in the cross genus conjugation system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOi and donor bacteria. The conclusion is that: under the condition that the horizontal transfer of drug-resistant genes between transgeneric bacteria in biofilm is inhibited, the frequency of drug-resistant gene conjugation and transfer gradually decreases, and the inhibition of the formation of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm will directly lead to the decrease of bacterial drug resistance.
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Rigo, Graziela Vargas, and Tiana Tasca. "Vaginitis: Review on Drug Resistance." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 16 (December 14, 2020): 1672–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200804112340.

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Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women’s well-being.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms"

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Roe, Darcie Elizabeth. "Prevalence and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9310.

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Laxminarayan, Ramanan. "Economics of antibiotic resistance /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7412.

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Abrahem, Abrahem F. "Mechanisms of drug resistance in malaria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0033/MQ50704.pdf.

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Dodgen, Taylor L. "Escherichia coli and Antibiotic Resistance to Tetracycline Antibiotics." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2008. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Joseph, Renu. "Evolution of multiple antimicrobial drug resistance conservation of genes encoding streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance among Escherichia coli with increasing multi-drug resistance /." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2007/R_Joseph_111707.pdf.

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Ho, Pak-leung, and 何柏良. "Emerging antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290999.

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Ho, Pak-leung. "Emerging antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41290999.

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Wong, Kin-man Gilman. "Antibiotic resistance in laribacter hongkongensis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42182347.

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Grubbs, Joseph R. "The effects of Triclosan derivatives against the growth of Staphylococcus Aureus." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2008. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Egervärn, Maria. "Antibiotic resistance in Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00002017/01/Acta_Thesis%2C_Egerv%C3%A4rn_090508.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms"

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Antimicrobial drug resistance. [Totowa, N.J.]: Humana Press, 2009.

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Meszaros, Agoston. Multiple drug resistance. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Peters, Wallace. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in malaria. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press, 1987.

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Weber, J. Todd. Antimicrobial resistance: Beyond the breakpoint. Basel: Karger, 2010.

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Antibiotic resistance protocols. 2nd ed. New York: Humana Press, 2010.

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The new threat of drug-resistant microbes: The return of untreatable common infections? 4th ed. South Easton, MA: Western Schools Press, 2000.

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Noskin, Gary A. Contemporary diagnosis and management of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Newtown, Pennsylvania, USA: Handbooks in Health Care Co., 2008.

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Antimicrobial resistance: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, special hearing. Washington : U.S. G.P.O: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 2001.

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Microbial efflux pumps: Current research. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2013.

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Yi, Kyŏng-wŏn. Hangsaengje naesŏng kyunju ŭnhaeng kuchuʻk =: Establishment of culture collection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. [Seoul: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Periodontitis Drug resistance in microorganisms"

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Boden, Lisa, and Dominic Mellor. "Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 109–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_7.

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Abstract Despite a large and rapidly growing volume of research activity and output, primarily on the biological bases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), epidemiological understanding of the causal mechanisms at play behind the apparent recent global rise in prevalence of AMR has, arguably, progressed very little. Despite this inconvenient fact, political imperative and expedience, among other drivers, have given substantial impetus to an interventionist approach against what are considered to be the culprits for the apparent growing prevalence of AMR and its impacts. Concern about the rise in prevalence of microbial infections that are resistant to therapeutic agents designed to kill them has arisen almost exclusively in relation to human health. (Public awareness and concern about antihelmintic resistance, for which the impacts are much more substantial for animal health, at least in developed temperate countries, are trivial by comparison). Nevertheless, antimicrobial drugs have been, and are, widely used in animal health and production throughout the world, and the contribution of this diverse usage to the ‘global AMR problem’ has historically been controversial. There is growing acceptance, notwithstanding the limitations in causal understanding noted previously, of AMR as an ecological problem of competing populations of microorganisms experiencing both natural and anthropogenic selection pressures in compartments that transcend species and other boundaries. Typifying what is described as a ‘One Health’ problem, AMR is therefore considered to be most amenable to conjoint mitigation efforts in all compartments: i.e. interventions in human health, animal health, food and the environment in a coherent manner. In animals, this calls into question the motivations and practices for antimicrobial drug usage, the majority of which are justified on the basis of promoting animal health and welfare and securing a food supply for a growing human population. Not surprisingly, there are great differences in animal husbandry and food demand, and in availability, access and regulation of antimicrobial usage in animals, and in surveillance of AMR, which are likely to be starkest between developed and developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that the impacts of AMR, and the impacts of efforts to mitigate AMR that are directed to the ‘animal compartment’ of the ecosystem, will be felt equally across the world.
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Minukhin, Valeriy, Anatoliy Mel’nyk, and Inna Torianyk. "INFLAMMATORY PARODONTIC DISEASES. CLASSICAL TRADITIONS OF MEDICAMENTAL THERAPY AND CONTEMPORANEITY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-3-11.

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Dental pathology is represented by a wide range of diseases of hard and soft tissues of these organs, various types of injuries, anomalies of shape, number, location, periodontitis. Inflammatory periodontal diseases are one of the most common human diseases, which lead to significant socio-economic losses and reduced quality of life. At the beginning of the XXI century, prevention and treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases remains an urgent problem of medicine. The high frequency of periodontal lesions is largely due to the peculiarities of its structure and function, general human health, the constant influence of microorganisms, among which the dominant role is played by opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria. The microflora in inflammatory periodontal diseases differs from the microflora of the oral cavity of a healthy person by the presence of peculiar symbiotic associations with a specific dominant species of the pathogen. The main element of the modern protocol of medical care for periodontal disease is the systemic or local use of antimicrobials. Modern antibiotics and chemotherapeutics used in dental practice for the treatment of CPD, totally affect all parts of the biocenosis of the oral cavity and lead to its undesirable changes. In addition, even a short-term positive effect of the use of these drugs can be combined with a selective increase in the resistance of pathogens to antibacterial drugs, which generally reduces the expected effectiveness of traditional therapy. Inflammatory periodontal diseases, prospects of their treatment by classical methods and with the use of modern medical technologies were studied in the work. For the objectification of the study used archival materials and their own work over the past 15 years. The purpose of the study: to identify promising areas of integrated use of traditional and innovative treatments for inflammatory periodontal disease. The subject of the study was to clarify the issues of antibacterial, antifungal activity of hop products, the rate of formation of resistance in microorganisms, the adequacy of physical, physicochemical properties of gel compositions. Particular attention was paid to the use of antibacterial properties of gel compositions based on hop products. It is established that the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in modern medical practice for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases has a number of significant limitations due to the short duration of their therapeutic effect, negative impact on human microbiocenosis and the formation of acquired resistance of pathogenic microflora to widely used drugs. The results of previous studies have demonstrated the prospects of herbal medicines, namely, created on the basis of hop products for the prevention and treatment of diseases of microbial origin. It was found that the antibacterial and antifungal action of gel preparations of optimal composition with EHV 0.5% significantly exceeds the specified indicators of such known and currently used drugs. Therefore, it is clear the scientific and practical meaning of the use in protocols for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases (as drugs for local therapy) phytomedicine based on hop herbal substance. Thus, a clear prospect of using new compositions of drugs with high antibacterial properties based on plant raw materials (including hops) for the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease. Solving this problem is a timely and socially appropriate fact.
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"Application of Laser Modified Medicines in Fighting Multiple Drug Resistance Acquired by Microorganisms." In Laser Optofluidics in Fighting Multiple Drug Resistance, edited by Tatiana Tozar, Alexandru Stoicu, Viorel Nastasa, Marcela Popa, Adriana Smarandache, Marieta Costache, and Mariana Carmen Chi, 338–65. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681084985117010015.

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"The Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Against Multi-Drug-Resistance Microorganisms: A Review." In Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, edited by Pio Maria Furneri, Virginia Fuochi, Edmondo Lissandrello, Giulio Petronio Petroniox, Petronio Petronio, Massimo Fresta, and Donatella Paolino, 23–54. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681082912117050004.

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Mukherjee, Riya, Anjali Priyadarshini, Ramendra Pati Pandey, and Vethakkani Samuel Raj. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus." In Staphylococcus aureus [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96888.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-Positive bacteria that are responsible to cause skin infections and also shows toxic shock syndrome. Several antibiotics were given against the S. aureus infections but eventually, the prevalence of multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus started emerging. Since then Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA)were very common which causes nosocomial infections. Microorganisms for the need of the survival undergoes mutational changes either in their chromosomal DNA/RNA which confers the resistance. One of the famous examples is the resistance against methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus. The evolution of S. aureus is successful in developing multiple resistant strains. Plasmids are capable of carrying the resistant genes and also several toxic genes. In a recent study, it has been observed that drug resistance genes are located in the R plasmids and they are also responsible in conferring multi drug resistance and induce less utilization of multiple antimicrobial therapy. MRSA was not only resistant to methicillin, studies proved MRSA strains were resistant to macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol. Resistance to vancomycin was very evidently observed, and its transfer among the population and rising of resistant strains was becoming a major threat globally. The resistance of all these antimicrobial agents against the pathogenic microorganisms are taking a rise in some patients due to prolong use of the antimicrobial agents by these patients. The multi drug resistance has enhanced the mortality and morbidity rate which referred to the infecting agents as the “Super Bugs”. Survival of the microorganisms has increased due to the gradual development of extensive resistance against varied antimicrobial drugs. Possible treatments with combinations are found to be the only hope for infections against S. aureus. Few drugs are in development such as Dalbavancin, Oritavancin, Tigecycline. These are the possible treatments upon which the work is going on to reduce the resistance against the invasive MRSA. This chapter highlights the profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and the resistance patterns along with transmission and the role of the plasmid in transmitting the resistance.
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