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Skučaitė, Neringa, Vytautė Pečiulienė, and Vita Mačiulskienė. "Microbial infection and its control in cases of symptomatic apical periodontitis: A review." Medicina 45, no. 5 (December 1, 2008): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45050043.
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Apical periodontitis is an inflammation of dental periapical tissues developed as a response to colonization of microorganisms in root canal system. Etiology of periapical pathology is associated with different species of microorganisms that are not fully defined yet. The changes in the composition of root canal microbiota as well as other factors, such as host resistance to various infections and concomitant viral infection, etc., can influence development of the symptomatic apical periodontitis. Etiology of disease is reviewed in this article. The purpose of treatment of symptomatic apical periodontitis is to eliminate the infection in root canal system and to obtain relief of symptoms. It can be done by conventional root canal therapy, which can be combined with anti-inflammatory medication. Indications for antibiotic therapy in such cases are limited to particular occasions, which are considered in article. Nevertheless, findings show that usually dentists prescribe antibiotics improperly in clinical practice. It can render drugs ineffective against diseases of dental origin as well as against potentially fatal infectious diseases. Selection of antibiotics for the treatment of root canal infections is reviewed in this article. Importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is emphasized. There is a need for more research on microbial causes and interactions in different forms of apical periodontitis to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Kucia, Marzena, Ewa Wietrak, Mateusz Szymczak, and Paweł Kowalczyk. "Effect of Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Other Natural Components against Anaerobic Periodontal Bacteria." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194519.
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In this present study, the bacteriostatic effect of Salistat SGL03 and the Lactobacillus salivarius strain contained in it was investigated in adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on selected red complex bacteria living in the subgingival plaque, inducing a disease called periodontitis, i.e., chronic periodontitis. Untreated periodontitis can lead to the destruction of the gums, root cementum, periodontium, and alveolar bone. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and others. Our hypothesis was verified by taking swabs of scrapings from the surface of the teeth of female hygienists (volunteers) on full and selective growth media for L. salivarius. The sizes of the zones of growth inhibition of periopathogens on the media were measured before (in vitro) and after consumption (in vivo) of Salistat SGL03, based on the disk diffusion method, which is one of the methods of testing antibiotic resistance and drug susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, each of the periopathogens analyzed by the reduction inoculation method, was treated with L. salivarius contained in the SGL03 preparation and incubated together in Petri dishes. The bacteriostatic activity of SGL03 preparation in selected periopathogens was also analyzed using the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using the Salistat SGL03 dietary supplement in the prophylaxis and support of the treatment of periodontitis—already treated as a civilization disease.
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Yoshimasu, Y., T. Ikeda, N. Sakai, A. Yagi, S. Hirayama, Y. Morinaga, S. Furukawa, and R. Nakao. "Rapid Bactericidal Action of Propolis against Porphyromonas gingivalis." Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 8 (March 1, 2018): 928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518758034.
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Propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, is used as a folk medicine for treatment of periodontal diseases. However, its mode of the action and the compounds responsible for its activities remain obscure. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the antibacterial activities of ethanol-extracted propolis (EEP) and EEP-derived compounds toward Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen for periodontal diseases. Broth microdilution and agar dilution assays were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of EEP against a range of oral bacterial species, of which P. gingivalis showed a higher level of sensitivity than oral commensals such as streptococci. Its antibacterial activity toward P. gingivalis was maintained even after extensive heat treatment, demonstrating a high level of thermostability. EEP also induced death of P. gingivalis cells by increasing membrane permeability within 30 min. Spatiotemporal analysis based on high-speed atomic force microscopy revealed that EEP immediately triggered development of aberrant membrane blebs, followed by bleb fusion events on the bacterial surface. Furthermore, we isolated artepillin C, baccharin, and ursolic acid from EEP as antibacterial compounds against P. gingivalis. Of those, artepillin C and baccharin showed bacteriostatic activities with membrane blebbing, while ursolic acid showed bactericidal activity with membrane rupture. In particular, ursolic acid demonstrated a greater ability to affect bacterial membrane potential with increased membrane permeability, probably because of its highly lipophilic nature as compared with other compounds. Taken together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the antibacterial activities of EEP and its exquisite membrane-targeting antibacterial compounds and imply the applicability of narrow-spectrum therapeutics with EEP for treatment of periodontitis. In addition, the advanced technology utilized in the present study to visualize the nanometer-scale dynamics of microorganisms will contribute to expanding our understanding of the activities of antimicrobials and the mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria.
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Paraniak, R. P., B. M. Kalyn, and T. B. Nahirniak. "Value and feasibility of probiotic use." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (June 11, 2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8723.
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The article substantiates the importance, the principle of the action of probiotics, the purpose of their application, the mechanisms of therapeutic and prophylactic action, the effectiveness of the use of probiotic drugs and the feasibility of their application. It is known that the ideal probiotic should be of the origin of the body for which it will be used, be resistant to acids and bile, capable of adhesion and colonization in the intestinal tract or other ecosystems, to produce antibiotic substances, to prevent the development of cariogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, to be safe for use in products and clinics and have a well-defined and validated clinical trial with a positive effect on human or animal health. Positive effects of probiotics are manifested in reducing the duration of toxic effects or increasing the resistance to action of pathogens. The components of probiotics are representatives of normal microflora, and therefore the main mechanisms that determine their degree and direction of healing effect on the host organism are colonization resistance and immunomodulatory ability, regulation of metabolic processes and detoxification action, anti-carcinogenic activity. These functions are implemented through enzymatic, vitamin-synthesizing, antagonistic and adhesive activity. Strains of bacteria of probiotics produce a wide range of digestive enzymes - amylase, lipase, protease, pectinase, endoglucanose and phytase. Important impetus for the use of probiotics was the recommendations and requirements for limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock used for therapeutic purposes. The adverse effect of fodder antibiotics is the appearance of diarrhea in animals, as well as the risk of the formation and rapid reproduction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella spec. Probiotic drugs are most often used in the treatment of a number of pathological conditions occurring against the background of disturbed normal microflora of the human body. Probiotic drugs can also be used for the prevention and treatment of major dental diseases: caries, chronic generalized periodontitis of catarrhal gingivitis, aphthous stomatitis. In experimental studies, it has been shown that intestinal microbiota, interacting with the host organism, can increase the number of osteoclasts, for example, in the femoral bones, and, consequently, decrease their density, which confirms the growth of catabolic activity of bones under conditions of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Recently, for the normalization of metabolic processes in the organism of farm animals and poultry began to use probiotic drugs, which, in essence, are a living microbial supplement to the feed and have a positive effect on the body through improving its intestinal microbial balance. Probiotics, as environmentally safe drugs, help to reduce the man-caused and microbial stress on the animals organism in conditions of intensive production of livestock products, which prevents the development of many pathologies in animals, and, consequently, in humans. Probiotic products should be characterized by a pronounced antagonistic activity to a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, to be strong immunomodulators and to produce bacteriocin and enzymes. The bacteria that are part of the probiotics should remain viable when passing through the gastrointestinal tract of animals and poultry, as well as in the production of feed (for example, in granulation). At present, the effectiveness of the use of probiotics for stimulation of growth intensity and prevention of diseases of young animals, increase of productivity and quality of received products, prevention of gynecological diseases in cows, prevention of viral diseases of bees and increase of their productivity, reduction of parasitic diseases in fish and increase of efficiency of fish farming is substantiated. A promising direction for improving probiotics is the development of complex drugs, which include different types of bacterial cultures that complement each other by specific activity and the effect on opportunistic microorganisms.
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Avner, Benjamin S., Arsenio M. Fialho, and Ananda M. Chakrabarty. "Overcoming drug resistance in multi-drug resistant cancers and microorganisms." Bioengineered 3, no. 5 (September 18, 2012): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bioe.21130.
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Huang, Jie, Zirun Wang, Sigdel Krishna, Qin Hu, Ming Xuan, and Huixu Xie. "Environment-sensitive hydrogels as potential drug delivery systems for the treatment of periodontitis." Materials Express 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1705.
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Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms colonized in periodontal pocket. The disease leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues including gums, periodontal ligaments, dental cementum and alveolar bone has been regarded as a latent risk factor of other medical problems. The therapeutic effects of periodontitis are unsatisfactory currently, though a great many strategies have been used to enhance the results of its treatments. Recently, environment-sensitive hydrogels have been proposed to be drug delivery systems for this disease, which possesses environment-response, less system side effects as well as reduced treatment frequency. In this mini-review, we present the changes of periodontitis micro-environment, and then introduce various environment-sensitive hydrogels as drug delivery systems in the treatment of periodontitis. Finally, the limitations and aspects to improve of this vehicle applied to the treatment of periodontitis are discussed. We hope this review will provide better understanding of the hydrogel applications in periodontitis therapy.
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Demirev, Plamen A., Nathan S. Hagan, Miquel D. Antoine, Jeffrey S. Lin, and Andrew B. Feldman. "Establishing Drug Resistance in Microorganisms by Mass Spectrometry." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 24, no. 8 (April 9, 2013): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13361-013-0609-x.
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Noor, Rashed, Syeda Muntaka Maniha, Taskina Murshed, and M. Majibur Rahman. "Effectiveness of Antibiotics: Anti-Bacterial Activity or Microbial Drug Resistance?" Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v36i2.45537.
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Antibiotics, both broad- and narrow spectrum, are widely used for treatment of specific infection by a consortium of microorganisms or by a single pathogen, respectively. Oral or intravenous, or even topical administration of different categories of antibiotics in various forms is a common practice round the globe. Yet for the recent years a major public health issue has been raised by the emergence of the drug-resistance microorganisms. A number of researches focused on the issue of the ineffectiveness of antibiotics as well as regarding the evolution of the drugresistance genes within the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolation of the drug-resistant microorganisms including the multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria from a range of patients with microbiological infections has been seriously challenging the disease mitigation approaches. Besides, the dominance of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), etc. are quite frequent as evident from different case studies. Current review focused on the origin and evolution of such drug-resistance incidences, and the promising remedies over the problems of drug-resistance.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 111-114
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Liu, Yutong, and Xuanrong Xu. "Drug Resistance of Ocular Bacteria Considering Biofilm Mechanism." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127103041.
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In order to further analyze the relationship between the coating mechanism of microorganisms and their drug resistance, a study of ocular bacterial drug resistance considering the coating mechanism of microorganisms was proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of drug resistance was analyzed, and on this basis, the experimental study was carried out. Staphylococcus aureus DH5 with RP4 was used as the control α( R) Objective to investigate the relationship between drug-resistant bacteria and coating mechanism in the cross genus conjugation system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOi and donor bacteria. The conclusion is that: under the condition that the horizontal transfer of drug-resistant genes between transgeneric bacteria in biofilm is inhibited, the frequency of drug-resistant gene conjugation and transfer gradually decreases, and the inhibition of the formation of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm will directly lead to the decrease of bacterial drug resistance.
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Rigo, Graziela Vargas, and Tiana Tasca. "Vaginitis: Review on Drug Resistance." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 16 (December 14, 2020): 1672–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200804112340.
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Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women’s well-being.
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Lage, H. "ABC-transporters: implications on drug resistance from microorganisms to human cancers." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00203-6.
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Pillai, Segaran P., and Delbert M. Shankel. "Effects of antimutagens on development of drug/antibiotic resistance in microorganisms." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 402, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00291-1.
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Sidelnikova, L., I. Dikova, and S. Zakharova. "Rationale and assessment of the effectiveness of systemic antibiotic therapy of generalized periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 102, no. 3 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2020-3-28.
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Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of systemic antibiotic therapy with Tsiprolet A in patients with periodontitis generalizovanim and diabetes. Object and Methods. We examined and treated 25 patients with generalized periodontitis I–II degree and IDDM by a single scheme of clinical studies and index, as recommended by WHO. All patients were treated with topical anti-inflammatory antibiotic therapy using paste «Parasept». In the study group (12 pers.) Additionally given Tsiprolet A for systemic antibiotic therapy. Results. Using the drug «Tsiprolet A» complex therapy of generalized periodontitis in patients with IDDM provided decrease microbial contamination of periodontal pockets almost 3 times, most clearly manifested antibacterial effect against oral Trichomonas and fungi of the genus Candida. Clinical and laboratory values in group were 2-fold better than the control. Conclusion. The drug «Tsiprolet A» has a strong antibacterial effect: 40 % overall reduced colonization of the oral cavity, disappear pathogenic forms of microorganisms (trichomonas, yeast-like fungi, etc.), restored normal microbiocenosis oral cavityю Using Tsiprolet A combined with pasta Parasept in complex treatment of patients with generalized periodontitis and diabetes helps stimulate local protective factors in the mouth, high anti-inflammatory effect, which allows to predict the increase in terms of remission of generalized periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Zięba, Magdalena, Paweł Chaber, Khadar Duale, Magdalena Martinka Maksymiak, Maciej Basczok, Marek Kowalczuk, and Grazyna Adamus. "Polymeric Carriers for Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071574.
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Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues caused by pathogenic microorganisms and characterized by disruption of the tooth-supporting structures. Conventional drug administration pathways in periodontal disease treatment have many drawbacks such as poor biodistribution, low selectivity of the therapeutic effect, burst release of the drug, and damage to healthy cells. To overcome this limitation, controlled drug delivery systems have been developed as a potential method to address oral infectious disease ailments. The use of drug delivery devices proves to be an excellent auxiliary method in improving the quality and effectiveness in periodontitis treatment, which includes inaccessible periodontal pockets. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding the applications of various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Furthermore, to present a more comprehensive understanding of the difficulties concerning the treatment of PD, a brief description of the mechanism and development of the disease is outlined.
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Duceac, Letiția Doina, Gabriela Calin, Lucian Eva, Constantin Marcu, Elena Roxana Bogdan Goroftei, Marius Gabriel Dabija, Geta Mitrea, et al. "Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Loaded Chitosan Used to Limit Microorganisms Resistance." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 4792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214792.
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From their discovery, antibiotics have significantly improved clinical treatments of infections, thus leading to diminishing morbidity and mortality in critical care patients, as well as surgical, transplant and other types of medical procedures. In contemporary medicine, a significant debate regarding the development of multi-drug resistance involves all types of pathogens, especially in acute care hospitals due to suboptimal or inappropriate therapy. The possibility of nanotechnology using nanoparticles as matrices to encapsulate a lot of active molecules should increase drug efficacy, limit adverse effects and be an alternative helping to combat antibiotic resistance. The major aim of this study was to obtain and to analyze physico-chemical features of chitosan used as a drug-delivery system in order to stop the antibiotic resistance of different pathogens. It is well known that World Health Organization stated that multidrug resistance is one of the most important health threats worldwide. In last few years, nano-medicine emerged as an improved therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant infections agents. This work relies on enhancement of the antimicrobial efficiency of ceftriaxone against gram(+) and gram(−) bacteria by antibiotic encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles. Physicochemical features of ceftriaxone-loaded polymer nanoparticles were investigated by particle size distribution and zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TG/TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characteristics techniques. The obtained results revealed an average particle size of 250 nm and a zeta potential value of 38.5 mV. The release profile indicates an incipient drug deliverance of almost 15%, after 2 h of approximately 83%, followed by a slowed drug release up to 24 h. Characteristics peaks of chitosan were confirmed by FTIR spectra indicating a similar structure in the case of ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. A good encapsulation of the antibiotic into chitosan nanoparticles was also provided by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Morphological characteristics shown by SEM micrographs exhibit spherical nanoparticles of 30–250 nm in size with agglomerated architectures. Chitosan, a natural polymer which is used to load different drugs, provides sustained and prolonged release of antibiotics at a specific target by possessing antimicrobial activity against gram(+) and gram(−) bacteria. In this research, ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were investigated as a carrier in antibiotic delivery.
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Silenko, G. М., and H. M. Sylenko. "A CLINICAL CASE OF THE USE OF AN IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUG IN THE COMPLEX THERAPY OF SEVERE GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2020.06.
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Disorders in the periodontal tissues in generalized periodontitis have a significant negative impact on the patient’s somatic and psycho-emotional health, causing not only dental, but also medical and social difficulties. Although scientific research has been studied, the search for new drugs for treatment and prevention of periodontal tissue diseases, the introduction of new methods have been provided, but the prevalence of generalized periodontitis includes 88-100% among adults. Destructive periodontal changes in chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) are often irreversible and, in combination with dysfunction of the dento-alveolar apparatus and premature loss of teeth, they impair the quality of patients’ life and decrease their social adaptation.
SIgA is the most important external secretory immunoglobulin. The functions of sIgA are the following: agglutination of bacteria, change of bacterial metabolism, delayed colonization of microorganisms, neutralization of viruses, bacterial toxins, enzymes, decrease the virulence of infectious agents and increase the opsonization of microorganisms. Receptors of slgA molecules have an affinity for some proteins of pathogens and, therefore, provide the formation of passive immunity against bacterial and viral infections.
The aim of the work was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the proposed immunomodulatory treatment for patients with severe generalized periodontitis. To achieve this goal, a clinical case of the drug Derinat as an addition to the complex therapeutic treatment of severe generalized periodontitis in a patient with a deficiency of secretory immunoglobulin A in the oral fluid (54, 6 mg/l) was used and presented by us.
The patient’s treatment was done comprehensively, purposefully, individually including local and general therapy, and effective, conservative, surgical and orthopedic measures in the conditions of outpatient supervision of patients were also performed. The periodontal protocol included following steps: 1) a comprehensive examination of general and dental status; 2) professional oral hygiene, elimination of aggravating factors, selective grinding of teeth; selection of individual care products; 3) the appointment of the antibacterial drug such as Azithromycin 500 mg - 7 days; 4) immunomodulatory therapy with the use of Derinat by applications in periodontal pockets for 15 minutes - 7 days; 5) prosthetics with partial removable plate prostheses on the upper and lower jaws; 6) evaluation of intermediate results of treatment: repeated clinical examination and completion of a control periodontal card.
The data, which has been obtained, indicated a significant positive trend in treatment, the absence of complaints on 2nd day of treatment and clinical improvement on 3rd or 4th days. Dental status data (hygiene index (1,0), PMA index (0%), periodontal index (1,2), bleeding index (1) and depth of periodontal pockets (2-3 mm)) has been significantly improved after the proposed treatment. The extension of the remission period is more than a year.
Conclusions. The use of immunomodulatory drugs in the complex therapy of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis can significantly improve the results of conservative treatment, reduce the treatment time and prolong the period of remission due to the pathogenetic effect on the key links of the immune defense in the oral cavity.
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Duceac, Letitia Doina, Elena Tarca, Madalina Irina Ciuhodaru, Marinela Monica Tantu, Roxana Elena Bogdan Goroftei, Elena Ariela Banu, Daniela Damir, Mihai Glod, and Alina Costina Luca. "Study on the Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6881.
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A major public health threat that affects humans is recognized worldwide as an occurrence of antibiotic resistance regarding bacterial pathogen. Multidrug resistant microorganisms appeared in the hospitals and in the community settings respectively insinuating that the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present even outside the hospital environment. First stage of bacterial adaptation and the top of evolution is represented by the bacterial response to the drug assault. Then, the survival of the fittest is a consequence of the biochemical and genetically alteration. Therefore, of extreme importance are the innovative methods and devices for therapeutic approaches against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
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Abootorabi, Mitra. "A Review on the Biological Resistance of Terricolous Microorganisms." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2648.
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The excessive use of chemical pesticides to confront pests causes environmental pollution. Furthermore, plant pathogens resist chemical pesticides. When such pathogens accumulate in plants or soil, they will cause harmful effects on humans. Biological control is an alternative method that reduces or terminates the use of chemical compounds in agriculture. Biological control is also carried out by microorganisms. Bacteria are the main group of these microorganisms. Due to the extensive presence in the soil, tolerating changes of temperature, pH, and salinity as well as producing endospore resistant species, Bacillus bacteria are used in biological control of soil. Bacillus species are often found in soil and rhizosphere. These bacteria help with the control of plant pathogens by producing siderophore, secretion of enzymes, production of antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance. In this study, various biological control mechanisms which are carried out by microorganisms have been reviewed.
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Pérez-Laguna, Vanesa, Isabel García-Luque, Sofía Ballesta, Antonio Rezusta, and Yolanda Gilaberte. "Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Antibiotics or Antifungals against Microorganisms That Cause Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Planktonic and Biofilm Approach to Overcome Resistances." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070603.
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The present review covers combination approaches of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) plus antibiotics or antifungals to attack bacteria and fungi in vitro (both planktonic and biofilm forms) focused on those microorganisms that cause infections in skin and soft tissues. The combination can prevent failure in the fight against these microorganisms: antimicrobial drugs can increase the susceptibility of microorganisms to aPDT and prevent the possibility of regrowth of those that were not inactivated during the irradiation; meanwhile, aPDT is effective regardless of the resistance pattern of the strain and their use does not contribute to the selection of antimicrobial resistance. Additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects in vitro are evaluated and the best combinations are presented. The use of combined treatment of aPDT with antimicrobials could help overcome the difficulty of fighting high level of resistance microorganisms and, as it is a multi-target approach, it could make the selection of resistant microorganisms more difficult.
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Paliy, G. K., S. V. Pavliuk, A. O. Dudar, D. V. Paliy, and A. V. Kulyk. "Characteristics of the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 22, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2018-22(3)-04.
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The resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs is an important problem of medicine. The aim – to study forming of the resistance to decamethoxine® (DCM®), decaminum (DC) and properties of microorganisms. In the study, a quantitative assessment of antimicrobial drugs was performed based on the activity index of the drug (AID), which shows the ratio of the working concentration of antiseptic to its minimum active concentration for a specific agent. The first indicator for determining the AID is derived from the instructions for the use of the drug, the relevant directories. Minimum inactivation concentration (MIC) values was determined experimentally in strains of the corresponding species that did not have contact with medicinal products. Microbiological studies on diphtheria rods, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus, clinical strains of Candida albicans, which possessed typical tinctorial, morphologic, and cultural properties were carried out in this work. The effective concentrations of medicinal antimicrobial drugs decamethoxine®, decaminum, levorinum, nystatin were determined by means of the method of double serial dilutions. Conditions were defined for the formation of resistant forms of microorganisms (nutrient medium, microbial load, concentration of drugs). There was analyzed the resistance of Staphylococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Candida albicans drugs and the monitoring of the resistance of microorganisms to decamethoxine®, decaminum, levorinum, nystatin was carried out. According to the results of experimental study on the nutrient medium the slow forming of resistance in Staphylococci, C.diphtheria, C.albicans to DCM and DC were found. These studies showed a lack of cross-resistance of clinical strains of C.albicans to antimycotics DCM® and DC, on the one hand, and levorinum and nystatin on the other. Resistant to DCM of C.albicans were found to be susceptible to decaminum (3,9 μg/ml), levorinum (0,12 μg/ml) and nystatin (1,9 μg/ml). While forming the resistance to antimicrobial drugs changes of morphology with the formation of polymorphic cells have been established in microorganisms. The loss of biological activity of microorganisms due to changes in the activity of microbial cell enzymes during the formation of resistance was determined. The expediency of using DCM®, decaminum, levorinum, nystatin for prevention, treatment, overcoming of resistance in resistant variants of microorganisms to DCM®, decaminum.
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Atilano Carvalho, Pedro, Ana Monteiro, Bruno Almeida, Filomena Horta Correia, Vera Resende, Carla Nunes, and Sílvia Lopes. "Perfil Epidemiológico dos Isolamentos dos Microrganismos ‘Problema’." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.10838.
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Introduction: Infections are a major problem and the presence of drug-resistant microorganisms has significant clinical and economic impact. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiological profile of “problem” microorganisms isolated in a hospital in the north of Portugal.Material and Methods: All isolated microorganisms were analyzed, between January 2014 and June 2015. Data obtained was then processed using statistical software.Results: We analyzed 8146 microbiological isolations and found a prevalence of 23% of ‘problem’ microorganisms (in descending order of frequency: Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus pneumonia), 57.55% of which isolated in male patients. The most frequent mechanism of drug resistance for the overall sample was the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and resistance to oxacillin for ‘problem’ microorganisms.Discussion: In this sample, we observed a much higher prevalence of ‘problem’ microorganisms than that reported in other countries, which shows the need of improvement of surveillance mechanisms and treatment of these cases. Microorganisms that showed higher resistance were Staphylococcus aureus (resistant to oxacillin) and Enterococcus (resistant to vancomycin). Those were isolated in patients with a higher mean age compared to non-resistant microorganisms. Most of these microorganisms were isolated in hospitalized patients or intermediate and intensive care units, what relates them with healthcare associated infections.Conclusion: The prevalence of infection by ‘problem’ microorganisms during the studied period was 23%. The detection and control of the spread of these microorganisms are paramount due to its impact on health costs, morbidity and survival of patients.
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Kotey, Fleischer CN, Nicholas TKD Dayie, Patience B. Tetteh-Uarcoo, and Eric S. Donkor. "Candida Bloodstream Infections: Changes in Epidemiology and Increase in Drug Resistance." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 14 (January 2021): 117863372110269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786337211026927.
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The literature on bloodstream infections (BSIs) have predominantly been biased towards bacteria, given their superior clinical significance in comparison with the other types of microorganisms. Fungal pathogens have epidemiologically received relatively less attention, although they constitute an important proportion of BSI aetiologies. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical relevance of fungal BSIs in the context of Candida species, as well as treatment options for the infections, emphasizing the compelling need to develop newer antifungals and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programmes in the wake of the rapid spread of antifungal resistance.
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Tortorella, Emiliana, Pietro Tedesco, Fortunato Palma Esposito, Grant January, Renato Fani, Marcel Jaspars, and Donatella de Pascale. "Antibiotics from Deep-Sea Microorganisms: Current Discoveries and Perspectives." Marine Drugs 16, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16100355.
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The increasing emergence of new forms of multidrug resistance among human pathogenic bacteria, coupled with the consequent increase of infectious diseases, urgently requires the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial drugs with new modes of action. Most of the antibiotics currently available on the market were obtained from terrestrial organisms or derived semisynthetically from fermentation products. The isolation of microorganisms from previously unexplored habitats may lead to the discovery of lead structures with antibiotic activity. The deep-sea environment is a unique habitat, and deep-sea microorganisms, because of their adaptation to this extreme environment, have the potential to produce novel secondary metabolites with potent biological activities. This review covers novel antibiotics isolated from deep-sea microorganisms. The chemical classes of the compounds, their bioactivities, and the sources of organisms are outlined. Furthermore, the authors report recent advances in techniques and strategies for the exploitation of deep-sea microorganisms.
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Sharma, Aditi, Avadh Biharee, Amit Kumar, and Vikas Jaitak. "Antimicrobial Terpenoids as a Potential Substitute in Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 14 (October 21, 2020): 1476–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200520103427.
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There was a golden era where everyone thought that microbes can no longer establish threat to humans but the time has come where microbes are proposing strong resistance against the majority of antimicrobials. Over the years, the inappropriate use and easy availability of antimicrobials have made antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to emerge as the world’s third leading cause of death. Microorganisms over the time span have acquired resistance through various mechanisms such as efflux pump, transfer through plasmids causing mutation, changing antimicrobial site of action, or modifying the antimicrobial which will lead to become AMR as the main cause of death worldwide by 2030. In order to overcome the emerging resistance against majority of antimicrobials, there is a need to uncover drugs from plants because they have proved to be effective antimicrobials due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids. Terpenoids abundant in nature are produced in response to microbial attack have huge potential against various microorganisms through diverse mechanisms such as membrane disruption, anti-quorum sensing, inhibition of protein synthesis and ATP. New approaches like combination therapy of terpenoids and antimicrobials have increased the potency of treatment against various multidrug resistant microorganisms by showing synergism to each other.
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Puzin, S. N., I. V. Pryanikov, N. B. Vanchenko, K. G. Karakov, and M. A. Shurgaya. "MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHRONIC GENERAL PARODONTITIS." Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation 21, no. 3-4 (December 15, 2018): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9537-2018-21-3-4-129-133.
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A healthy smile is one of the main components of a person’s attractiveness, which makes it possible to improve the quality of communication with others in a personal and social aspect. Dental health depends on the state of the periodontal complex. The vast majority of people of different ages suffer from periodontal disease and seek dental care. The significant prevalence, the adverse effect of foci of periodontal infection on the body, the large loss of teeth cause both medical and social significance of this problem. In this regard, the tasks for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues are determined before the dentist. The treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis is a complex and lengthy process that requires a comprehensive approach from the dentist, finding new remedies and methods of treatment. The article presents the results of the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity using the drug “Galavit”. After the course of treatment, the index indicators reflected the achievement of positive dynamics. The content of the total aerobic and anaerobic microflora of the periodontal pockets was eliminated 1.5 - 2 times. In the comparison group in the dynamics of treatment to the end of therapy, there was a decrease in the number of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms to etiologically significant indicators. The results of the study indicate the superiority of the use of complex therapeutic measures with the use of the drug “Galavit” over the traditional treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. It is proposed for practicing dentists to use the drug in question in a complex scheme for the treatment of periodontal tissue diseases, since this drug has shown its high clinical efficacy.
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Itoh, Hideomi, Kanako Tago, Masahito Hayatsu, and Yoshitomo Kikuchi. "Detoxifying symbiosis: microbe-mediated detoxification of phytotoxins and pesticides in insects." Natural Product Reports 35, no. 5 (2018): 434–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7np00051k.
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Keyzer, Hendrik, Stephen J. Fey, Barry Thornton, and Jette E. Kristiansen. "Molar ratios of therapeutic water-soluble phenothiazine·water-insoluble phospholipid adducts reveal a Fibonacci correlation and a putative link for structure–activity relationships." RSC Advances 5, no. 27 (2015): 20865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16551a.
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Coussens, Nathan P., Ashley L. Molinaro, Kayla J. Culbertson, Tyler Peryea, Gergely Zahoránszky-Köhalmi, Matthew D. Hall, and Dayle A. Daines. "Better living through chemistry: Addressing emerging antibiotic resistance." Experimental Biology and Medicine 243, no. 6 (February 6, 2018): 538–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370218755659.
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The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is recognized as a major threat to human health worldwide. While the use of small molecule antibiotics has enabled many modern medical advances, it has also facilitated the development of resistant organisms. This minireview provides an overview of current small molecule drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans, the unintended consequences of antibiotic use, and the mechanisms that underlie the development of drug resistance. Promising new approaches and strategies to counter antibiotic-resistant bacteria with small molecules are highlighted. However, continued public investment in this area is critical to maintain an edge in our evolutionary “arms race” against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Impact statement The alarming increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a rapidly emerging threat to human health throughout the world. Historically, small molecule drugs have played a major role in controlling bacterial infections and they continue to offer tremendous potential in countering resistant organisms. This minireview provides a broad overview of the relevant issues, including the diversity of FDA-approved small molecule drugs and mechanisms of drug resistance, unintended consequences of antibiotic use, the current state of development for small molecule antibacterials and financial challenges that impact progress towards novel therapies. The content will be informative to diverse stakeholders, including clinicians, basic scientists, translational scientists and policy makers, and may be used as a bridge between these key players to advance the development of much-needed therapeutics.
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Burchard, Thomas, Lamprini Karygianni, Elmar Hellwig, Annette Wittmer, and Ali Al-Ahmad. "Microbial Composition of Oral Biofilms after Visible Light and Water-Filtered Infrared a Radiation (VIS+wIRA) in Combination with Indocyanine Green (ICG) as Photosensitizer." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (August 23, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090532.
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In view of increasing antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative treatment method used to eradicate the microbial community of oral biofilms that can be responsible for different oral infections. In order to investigate changes in the microbial composition after application of aPDT with visible light and water-filtered infrared A (VIS+wIRA) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG), oral microorganisms of the initial and mature biofilm were evaluated by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). To determine surviving microorganisms using MALDI-TOF-MS, an in situ biofilm was irradiated with VIS+wIRA for five minutes in the presence of ICG (300 and 450 µg/mL, respectively). Treatment with chlorhexidine (0.2%) served as positive control. Identified microorganisms of the initial biofilm treated with ICG showed a clear reduction in diversity. The microbial composition of the mature oral biofilm also showed changes after the implementation of aPDT, which mainly resulted in a shift in the percentage of bacterial species. The resulting destruction of the microbial balance within the oral biofilm by aPDT using VIS+wIRA and ICG can be seen as an advantageous supplementary approach in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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Puca, Valentina, Roberta Zita Marulli, Rossella Grande, Irene Vitale, Antonietta Niro, Gina Molinaro, Silvia Prezioso, Raffaella Muraro, and Pamela Di Giovanni. "Microbial Species Isolated from Infected Wounds and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis: Data Emerging from A Three-Years Retrospective Study." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101162.
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The antimicrobial resistance is a topic of global interest in the treatment of wound infections. The goal of this retrospective study was both the identification of the microorganisms responsible for wound infections and the determination of their drug susceptibility pattern. The study was performed from 2017 to 2019 and included 239 patients. Thirty-four species were isolated by culture methods and identified and analysed for their susceptibility patterns to antimicrobials through the Walk Away automated system. The presence of one species was the most frequent condition (75.3%), whereas a co-infection was detected in 24.7% of samples. The most common species were Gram-negative (57.9%), amongst which the most prevalent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40.2%), Escherichia coli (20.7%), Proteus mirabilis (11.2%), and Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus (9.5%). Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 36.6%, Staphylococcus aureus (79.4%) being the most predominant species. At least one resistance to antibiotics was detected in 88.2% of isolates, while a multi-drug-resistance versus no less than 6 antimicrobials was detected in 29.2% of isolates. Although multi-drug resistant species and co-infections were observed, those were less frequently observed at the wound site. These conditions make the microorganisms eradication more difficult. The detection of a polymicrobial infection and multi-drug resistant microorganisms followed by a proper therapeutic treatment would lead to the resolution of the infection, promoting wound healing and the limitation of the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Burchard, Thomas, Lamprini Karygianni, Elmar Hellwig, Marie Follo, Thomas Wrbas, Annette Wittmer, Kirstin Vach, and Ali Al-Ahmad. "Inactivation of oral biofilms using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and indocyanine green." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 14 (July 2019): 1721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0522.
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Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) of visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) on planktonic oral microorganisms as well as on oral biofilm. Methods: The irradiation was conducted for 5 min in combination with ICG. Treatment with chlorhexidine served as a positive control. The number of colony forming units and bacterial vitality were quantified. Results: All tested bacterial strains and salivary bacteria were killed at a level of 3log10. The colony forming units of the initial mature oral biofilms were strongly reduced. The high bactericidal effect of aPDT was confirmed by live/dead staining. Conclusion: The aPDT using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and ICG has the potential to treat periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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Szalewski, David A., Victoria S. Hinrichs, Denise K. Zinniel, and Raúl G. Barletta. "The pathogenicity ofAspergillus fumigatus, drug resistance, and nanoparticle delivery." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 7 (July 2018): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0749.
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The genus Aspergillus includes fungal species that cause major health issues of significant economic importance. These microorganisms are also the culprit for production of carcinogenic aflatoxins in grain storages, contaminating crops, and economically straining the production process. Aspergillus fumigatus is a very important pathogenic species, being responsible for high human morbidity and mortality on a global basis. The prevalence of these infections in immunosuppressed individuals is on the rise, and physicians struggle with the diagnosis of these deadly pathogens. Several virulence determinants facilitate fungal invasion and evasion of the host immune response. Metabolic functions are also important for virulence and drug resistance, since they allow fungi to obtain nutrients for their own survival and growth. Following a positive diagnostic identification, mortality rates remain high due, in part, to emerging resistance to frequently used antifungal drugs. In this review, we discuss the role of the main virulence, drug target, and drug resistance determinants. We conclude with the review of new technologies being developed to treat aspergillosis. In particular, microsphere and nanoparticle delivery systems are discussed in the context of improving drug bioavailability. Aspergillus will likely continue to cause problematic infections in immunocompromised patients, so it is imperative to improve treatment options.
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Ichim, Daniela Luminita, Letitia Doina Duceac, Constantin Marcu, Alin Constantin Iordache, Irina Mihaela Ciomaga, Alina Costina Luca, Elena Roxana Bogdan Goroftei, Geta Mitrea, Daniela Damir, and Liviu Stafie. "Synthesis and Characterization of Colistin Loaded Nanoparticles Used to Combat Multi-drug Resistant Microorganisms." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 10 (November 15, 2019): 3734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.10.7635.
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Some infectious agents frequently act on human body. Multi-drug resistant microorganisms (MDR) develop the capacity to stabilize biofilms. The use of antimicrobials loaded nanoparticles can defeat antibiotic resistance mechanism. The major aim of this study was the synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of Colistin molecules intercalated nanoparticles in order to enhance antibiotic efficacy against multi-drug resistant microorganisms. Advanced characterization techniques were used to analyze new nanostructures containing antibiotics in order to improve antimicrobial efficacy of the free drug. Nano-encapsulated Colistin is presumed to be more efficient in the eradication of severe infections caused by MDR.
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Yazici, Aysenur, Serkan Ortucu, Mesut Taskin, and Lisa Marinelli. "Natural-based Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Peptides from Microorganisms." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 24 (January 16, 2019): 2102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666181112143351.
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As the resistance to antimicrobial molecules increases among bacteria, the need for new antimicrobial molecules increases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which may be a new generation of antibiotic candidates, are important in this respect. AMPs are small, cationic and amphipathic peptide sequences. In eukaryotes, they are synthesized as a part of the immune system. Substantially, AMPs are discovered in all kingdoms of life such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Approximately 3,000 AMPs have been reported in the literature. However, most of these AMPs have been synthesized through chemical synthesis. Nature has a huge source of microorganisms, and in the literature, there is a tendency to increase every year the number of bacteria and fungus-derived AMPs thanks to their biotechnological importance. The exploration of AMP and antibiofilm peptide (ABP) producer microorganisms brings with it a lot of challenges experimentally. In this review study, we want to highlight the importance and challenge of these natural peptides derived from microorganisms. We will also propose a new explanation for ABPs.
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Vozna, I. V., S. V. Pavlov, and O. V. Voznyi. "The influence of oral antimicrobial peptide content on the quantitative microflora composition in periodontal pockets among residents of a large industrial region." Zaporozhye Medical Journal 23, no. 3 (June 7, 2021): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.3.229655.
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The aim was to study the influence of periodontal pocket microecology state on the local nonspecific resistance in steelworkers with generalized periodontitis. Materials and methods. In total, 178 patients were examined. The study group consisted of 126 patients with generalized periodontitis of initial (n = 8), I (n = 32), II (n = 68) and III (n = 18) degree of severity, chronic course, exposed to work-related hazardous agents. The comparison group consisted of 32 patients with periodontitis of initial (n = 5), I (n = 10), II (n = 11) and III (n = 6) degree of severity without exposure to harmful conditions of steel industry. The control group included 20 otherwise healthy individuals. Detection of the main five periodontopathogenic microorganisms in the crevicular fluid was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction method. The levels of lactoferrin and cathelicidin LL-37 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were less common, than other opportunistic bacteria in both study groups with initial severity of generalized periodontitis. With the disease development, there was a tendency to increase the number of positive samples for all microorganisms. A correlation was found between the microorganism presence in the sample and the severity of periodontal disease. In the patients of clinical groups, the concentration of cathelicidin LL-37 in the oral fluid was reduced. In the study group, a moderate inverse correlation between cathelicidin and Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as a weak inverse correlation between cathelicidin and Prevotella intermedia were revealed. Lactoferrin was correlated directly and moderately with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia but weakly - with Treponema denticola. In the comparison group, there were a statistically significant moderate inverse correlation between cathelicidin and Porphyromonas gingivalis as well a direct correlation between lactoferrin and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Correlations between the concentrations of cathelicidin and lactoferrin in the oral fluid and other periodontopathogens were revealed to be weak. Conclusions. The studies have shown significant disruptions of the oral cavity microecology in the patients exposed to harmful effects of steel industry. The correlation between the concentration of antimicrobial peptides and periodontal pathogens in the periodontal pockets has been found.
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Castanys-Muñoz, Esther, José María Pérez-Victoria, Francisco Gamarro, and Santiago Castanys. "Characterization of an ABCG-Like Transporter from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania with a Role in Drug Resistance and Transbilayer Lipid Movement." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 10 (July 21, 2008): 3573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00587-08.
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ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis treatment is hampered by the increased appearance of treatment failure. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are usually involved in drug resistance both in tumor cells and in microorganisms. Here we report the characterization of an ABCG-like transporter, LiABCG6, localized mainly at the plasma membrane in Leishmania protozoan parasites. When overexpressed, this half-transporter confers significant resistance to the leishmanicidal agents miltefosine and sitamaquine. This resistance phenotype is mediated by a reduction in intracellular drug accumulation. LiABCG6 also reduces the accumulation of short-chain fluorescent phospholipid analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. As a whole, these results suggest that LiABCG6 could be implicated in phospholipid trafficking and drug resistance.
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Lastauskienė, Eglė, Vitalij Novickij, Auksė Zinkevičienė, Irutė Girkontaitė, Algimantas Paškevičius, Jurgita Švedienė, Svetlana Markovskaja, and Jurij Novickij. "Application of pulsed electric fields for the elimination of highly drug-resistant Candida grown under modelled microgravity conditions." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 05 (September 4, 2018): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550418000332.
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AbstractCandida lusitaniaeandC. guilliermondiiare perfect model organisms for the study ofCandidagenera behaviour in various conditions. Both of them are rare pathogens capable to cause candidiasis in the patients with weakened immune system and can undergo morphology switches related to the increased antifungal drug resistance.Candidagenera yeasts are able to inhabit diverse range of ecological niches including space ships and space stations. During the long-term expeditions, astronauts are affected by various factors that can change the state immune system. In such conditions, the commensal usually non-pathogenic microorganisms can spread through the body of the host and cause infections. Weakened immune system and limited use of drugs in spaceships promote the search of the alternative methods for the biocontrol of microorganisms. Several studies demonstrate that microorganisms are altering their gene expression, physiology, morphology, pathogenicity and evolving resistance to the antifungals under microgravity conditions. Our research indicated that switch to the pseudohyphae morphology leads up 30-fold increased resistance to amphotericin B inC. lusitaniaeandC. guilliermondii. Cultivation of yeasts in rotary cell culture system (RCCS) is related to the altered cell growth and resistance to the antifungal treatment. Our results showed that growth in the RCCS led to the extreme increase in cell resistance to amphotericin B as compared with the standard growth conditions. In our research, we applied electroporation for the biocontrol of twoCandidaspecies.C. lusitaniaeandC. guilliermondiicells grown in RCCS exhibited significantly increased survivability after pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment in comparison with cells grown under routine conditions. We have shown that PEF bursts of 2.5–25 kV cm−1of 100 µs × 8 duration display a dose-dependent permeabilization of both studiedCandidaspecies. Our research indicated that budding cells and pseudohyphae morphology cells, with increased resistance to amphotericin B, can be effectively inactivated after applying PEF higher than 15 kV cm−1.
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Singh, Pawan, Navneet Verma, Prevesh Kumar, and Priynaka Nagu. "REVIEW ON A POTENTIAL OF ANTIBIOTICS." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (October 15, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1936.
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Observations about the growth of some microorganisms inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms have been reported since the late 1800s. These observations of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterial. This paper deliberates important findings of the educations conducted by numerous national and international combined organizations on a brief indication of the antibacterial agents׳ detection in recent years. In India especially the developing antibiotics, need to institute methods for the suitable choice of drug conduct a compound problem involving prescribers, dispensers, and consumers.
Keywords: Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, bacterial Infection
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Rath, Shakti, Sourav Chandra Bidyasagar Bal, and Debasmita Dubey. "Oral Biofilm: Development Mechanism, Multidrug Resistance, and Their Effective Management with Novel Techniques." Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5041/rmmj.10428.
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Biofilms are formed by the congregation of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on a firm surface. Dental plaque is one of the most commonly forming biofilms in the oral cavity and appears as a slimy layer on the surface of the teeth. In general, the formation is slow, but biofilms are very adaptive to the changing environment, and a mature biofilm can cause many health-related problems in humans. These biofilms remain unaffected by antibiotics as they do not allow the penetration of antibiotics. Moreover, the increased level of virulence and antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in the oral biofilm or dental plaque has made its clinical management a serious clinical challenge worldwide. Chlorhexidine-like antimicrobial drugs have been partially effective in removing such organisms; however, the precise and continuous elimination of these microorganisms without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the oral cavity is still a challenge. This paper focuses on the process of oral biofilm formation, related complications, development of drug-resistant bacteria in these biofilms, and their effective management by the use of different novel techniques.
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Santosh, A. N., A. N. Viresh, and B. K. Sharmada. "Microbiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Odontogenic Space Infection." International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2014/v3i1/80675.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Dental infections, including gingivitis, odontogenic infections periodontitis, dental caries and, result in frequent dental visits. Infection can be mild buccal space infection or severe life threatening multi space infection.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To appraise causative microorganisms responsible for odontogenic space infections and to evaluate sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 90 patients with orofacial space infections were considered. Pus samples were collected with aseptic precautions and examined in the department of microbiology for culture and antibiotic sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Aerobic organisms were highly sensitive to Ceftriaxone 95.2%, Levofloxacin 90.5% and Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid for 81% and were resistance to Ampicillin and Cefaclor 47.6%. Anaerobic organisms were 100% resistance to Ampicillin and were 100% sensitive to Cephalothin, Cephalexin, Gatifloxacin, Linezolid and Tazact. 91.7% were sensitive to Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid. Ampicillin resistance was seen in 47.6% of aerobes and 100% of the anaerobes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study confirms that the microbiological flora of odontogenic infections consists of complex mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The microorganisms isolated were Streptococcus viridians, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coagulase negative Staphylococci. Most common anaerobic organisms were Peptococci and Peptostreptococci. Amoxicillin/Clavulunic acid and Cefotaxime were most effective antibiotics.</p>
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Song, Wenjing, and Shaohua Ge. "Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061033.
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Oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Plaque biofilm—a major cause of caries, periodontitis and other dental diseases—is a complex community of bacteria or fungi that causes infection by protecting pathogenic microorganisms from external drug agents and escaping the host defense mechanisms. Antimicrobial nanoparticles are promising because of several advantages such as ultra-small sizes, large surface-area-to-mass ratio and special physical and chemical properties. To better summarize explorations of antimicrobial nanoparticles and provide directions for future studies, we present the following critical review. The keywords “nanoparticle,” “anti-infective or antibacterial or antimicrobial” and “dentistry” were retrieved from Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases in the last five years. A total of 172 articles met the requirements were included and discussed in this review. The results show that superior antibacterial properties of nanoparticle biomaterials bring broad prospects in the oral field. This review presents the development, applications and underneath mechanisms of antibacterial nanoparticles in dentistry including restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, orthodontics, dental prostheses and periodontal field.
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Danilova, V. V., S. I. Bevz, S. S. Ovcharenko, O. S. Shevchenko, and L. D. Todoriko. "Analysis of the Etiological Structure and Profile of Drug Resistance of Causative Agents of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Young Children Who Were on Mechanical Ventilation." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3 (November 19, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2019-3-16-19.
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Background. The results of the treatment of young children who are on artificial lung ventilation in the departments of anesthesiology and intensive care (DAIC) depend directly on the antibiotic therapy policy used in the department.
Aim. Analysis of the etiological structure and the level of antibiotic resistance of pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in young children in the conditions of the DAIC of the Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital № 1 in Kharkov for the period 2000-2018.
Materials and methods. 89 children with nosocomial pneumonia who were undergoinig artificial lung ventilation in the anesthesiology and intensive care unit up to 3 year-olds.
Results. Gram-negative microorganisms (MOs) were isolated in 84.3% (n=75), gram-positive MOs – in 12.35% (n=11), micosis of different species in 3.37% (n=3). The study of antibiotic resistance of strains of microorganisms isolated from endotracheal aspirate in infants with nosocomial pneumonia, significantly indicates the predominance in the structure of pathogens of gram-negative microorganisms having multiple or panresistant microorganisms
Conclusions. Carrying out regular monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity will allow more flexible implementation of antibiotic therapy policy in the DAIC, which, in turn, will increase the effectiveness of treatment, will reduce the economic costs and mortality of this contingent of patients.
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Gazanion, Élodie, Christopher Fernández-Prada, Barbara Papadopoulou, Philippe Leprohon, and Marc Ouellette. "Cos-Seq for high-throughput identification of drug target and resistance mechanisms in the protozoan parasiteLeishmania." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (May 9, 2016): E3012—E3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520693113.
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Innovative strategies are needed to accelerate the identification of antimicrobial drug targets and resistance mechanisms. Here we develop a sensitive method, which we term Cosmid Sequencing (or “Cos-Seq”), based on functional cloning coupled to next-generation sequencing. Cos-Seq identified >60 loci in theLeishmaniagenome that were enriched via drug selection with methotrexate and five major antileishmanials (antimony, miltefosine, paromomycin, amphotericin B, and pentamidine). Functional validation highlighted both known and previously unidentified drug targets and resistance genes, including novel roles for phosphatases in resistance to methotrexate and antimony, for ergosterol and phospholipid metabolism genes in resistance to miltefosine, and for hypothetical proteins in resistance to paromomycin, amphothericin B, and pentamidine. Several genes/loci were also found to confer resistance to two or more antileishmanials. This screening method will expedite the discovery of drug targets and resistance mechanisms and is easily adaptable to other microorganisms.
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Wolny-Koładka, Katarzyna, Mateusz Malinowski, Anna Pieklik, and Sławomir Kurpaska. "Microbiological air contamination in university premises and the evaluation of drug resistance of staphylococci occurring in the form of a bioaerosol." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17748463.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate exposure to microbiological aerosol of persons staying in selected office and teaching areas of the university premises. The number and biodiversity of microorganisms constituting the bioaerosol, in particular the Staphylococcus spp., and their drug resistance profile, were determined. Moreover, the influence of temperature, level of airborne particle concentration and the type of ventilation on the number of microorganisms was analysed. The monitoring was carried out using the MAS-100 impactor. The level of airborne particle concentration was measured using the DustTrak II dust meter. The analysis of drug resistance level of staphylococci was carried out using the disk-diffusion method. On the basis of research conducted, the highest microbiological air contamination was found in the biomass lab, due to the research carried out there. On the other hand, no unequivocal link between the concentration of microorganisms present in the air and the type of ventilation used was found. Airborne particles concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the standard limit values – therefore the air was classified as contaminated. In the sampled air, multi-resistant staphylococci were found, which may pose an epidemiological threat to persons staying in the analysed premises.
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FLUCKEY, W. M., G. H. LONERAGAN, R. WARNER, and M. M. BRASHEARS. "Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Salmonella and Escherichia coli Isolates from Cattle Feces, Hides, and Carcasses." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.3.551.
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To determine patterns of cross-contamination and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms commonly associated with cattle, 60 cattle shipped to a commercial abattoir (20 in each of three separate trial periods) were followed through processing. Samples for bacterial isolation were collected from the feces and hides immediately before shipping, from the hides at the abattoir after exsanguination, and from the carcasses before evisceration and in the cooler. Samples were cultured for Salmonella and non–type-specific Escherichia coli. Salmonella was identified in 33.9% (n = 20) of the fecal samples and on 37.3% (n = 22) of the hides before shipment. At the abattoir, the proportion of hides from which Salmonella was isolated increased (P < 0.001) to 84.2% (48 hides). Nonspecific E. coli and Salmonella were recovered from 40.4 and 8.3% of preevisceration carcass samples, respectively. No Salmonella or nonspecific E. coli were recovered from hotbox carcass samples. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial drug susceptibility. For nonspecific E. coli, 80.3% (n = 270) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug. For Salmonella, 97% (n = 101) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug; however, only 4.0% were resistant to two or more. The most common resistance was to sulfamethoxazole. These results indicate that the presence of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs is common in cattle and beef. Further studies are needed to identify the sources and causes of this drug resistance.
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Chatterjee, Rudrangshu, Dushyant Singh, M. L. Aggarwal, Ajit Varma, Abhishek Chauhan, and Swati Tripathi. "Assessment of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extract against New Multiple Drug Resistance Human Enteric Pathogens." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 10 (2020): 2647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22869.
Full textAbstract:
Sewage waters are the primary habitats to harbour antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) especially multi-drug resistance (MDR) human enteric pathogens. Microorganisms acquire resistance towards many commercial antibiotics due to their inappropriate use. In this study, human enteric pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized and shows the resistance against five different clinically significant commonly prescribed antibiotics. The bacterial strains were isolated from different sewage treatment plants located in Delhi city, India. Samples were analyzed for the detection of pathogenic human enteric bacteria through morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis. Methanolic leaf extract of Murraya koenigii showed the significant antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant human enteric pathogens. Thus, Murraya koenigii leaves would be a potential alterantive to antibiotic regimens for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections.
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Mittal, Rajinder Pal, and Vikas Jaitak. "Plant-Derived Natural Alkaloids as New Antimicrobial and Adjuvant Agents in Existing Antimicrobial Therapy." Current Drug Targets 20, no. 14 (October 14, 2019): 1409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666190618124224.
Full textAbstract:
Infectious diseases, instigated by pathogenic microorganisms are the cause of numerous health problems in developing countries. Infectious diseases got a place in the list of top ten death causes worldwide. The reason behind that level of severity is antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance makes the antimicrobial agents useless when used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Microbes have very smartly achieved resistance against synthetic and semi-synthetic antimicrobial agents for their survival. Therefore, the handling of these diseases has become challenging. The resistance developing power is the reason for their existence since a million years. Due to their highly dangerous nature, proper treatment of infectious diseases has become a topic of concern. This leads the scientists or researchers to focus their research towards natural agents. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites to cope up with biotic and abiotic changes in the environment. Alkaloids are one of the secondary metabolites, synthesized by plants. Alkaloids protect the plant from predators and help them to fight with pathogens. The protecting nature of alkaloids can be used as a strong weapon in battle with resistant microorganisms. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of alkaloids obtained from different plants and their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. Their mechanism of action against microorganisms is also given in the review.
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Corrêa, Rúbia C. G., Sandrina A. Heleno, Maria J. Alves, and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira. "Bacterial Resistance: Antibiotics of Last Generation used in Clinical Practice and the Arise of Natural Products as New Therapeutic Alternatives." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200224105153.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial resistance to therapeutical drugs has been a serious issue over the last decades. In fact, the quick development of resistance mechanisms by the microorganisms has been fatal for millions of people around the world, turning into a public health issue. The major cause of the resistance mechanisms is the overuse of antimicrobials. European countries try to implement mechanisms to overcome antimicrobial resistance in the community through the rational use of antimicrobials. The scientific community has been exhaustively dedicated to the discovering of new, safer and efficient drugs, being the exploitation of natural resources, mainly plants and fungi, considered as a hot topic in the field of antimicrobial agents. Innumerous reports have already shown the promising capacity of natural products or molecules extracted from these natural resources, to act as bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents. More importantly, these natural agents present significantly lower harmful effects. Bearing that in mind, this review aims at giving a contribution to the knowledge about the synthetic antibiotics of the last generation. Moreover, it is intended to provide information about the last advances regarding the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Thus, a compilation of the chemical characteristics, efficiency, harmful outcomes and resistance mechanisms developed by the microorganisms can be consulted in the following sections together with a critical discussion, in line with the recent approaches. Furthermore, modern strategies for the prospection of novel anti-infective compounds for tackling resistant bacteria have been considered as also a current synopsis of plants and mushrooms with relevant antimicrobial potentials.
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Singh, Vijendra Pal, Sangeeta Umesh Nayak, Sunil Kumar Nettemu, Sowmya Nettem, Yen Hui Lee, and Madhu B. Verma. "Azithromycin in Periodontal Therapy: Beyond the Antibiotics." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v2i2.23616.
Full textAbstract:
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, in which microorganisms in plaque biofilm play a major role. Scaling and root planing is the primary mode of non-surgical treatment for periodontal disease. Adjunctive use of an antimicrobial is advocated in certain periodontal disease conditions. Azithromycin might be considered a promising adjunctive drug in the treatment for periodontal disease because of its distinguished characteristic of immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic property along with the accumulation in higher concentration into the acute reactant cells and sustained release at the site of infection. This antibiotic is popular for its very simple dosage regime and limited side effects. The objective of this literature review to highlight the mechanism and potential favourable role in the management of various form of the periodontal disease.
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Khaitovich, M. V. "Anti-inflammatory systemic pharmacotherapy of periodontitis (a literature review)." Oral and General Health 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/ogh.2.1.2021.227061.
Full textAbstract:
A search was conducted in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library. Periodontal disease is the main cause of tooth loss. Periodontitis is an inflammatory dise-ase caused by a specific microflora and leads to the progressive destruction of the ligaments of the tooth and alveolar bone. This is accompanied by the formation of the gums recession, the formation of periodontal pockets, both separately and mutually. Periodontitis is observed in 9–85 % of children, 70–90 % of adolescents, more than half of adults. Activation of inflammation in the periodontium is inextricably linked with systemic processes in the body, which are accompanied by an inflammatory response, and therefore perio-dontitis is a concomitant factor in coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease/ischemic stroke, adversely affects the digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems. Uncontrolled inflammatory response of the body in the conditions of microbial biofilm, which is tightly adjacent to the tooth surface, leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues, bone loss. If the acute inflammation subsides in time, preventing destruction without the complete return of tissues to homeostasis, it leads to damage caused by neutrophils and chronic inflammation. Systemic anti-inflammatory therapy with the use of non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is an important direction of periodontitis therapy, which reduces the intensity of inflammation, minimizes the destruction of periodontal tissues, limits the resource of nutrients for pathogenic microorganisms, prevents resorption of alveolar bone. For the prevention of gastropathy, it is advisable to use a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2 misoprostol in the complex therapy. The mana-gement of drug interaction should be used when prescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to a patient taking sulfonylureas, warfarin, antihypertensive drugs, and the like.