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Chen, Mon-Chu, Filipe Fortes, Roberta Klatzky, and William Long. "Change Detection on Periphery and Dual-Task Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 17 (September 2002): 1645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601725.
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A variation of the Wickens' Task was performed to examine the assumption that people can detect certain stimuli on their periphery without decreasing the performance of the primary task. Participants were instructed to respond to a change in a peripheral stimulus without shifting their gaze from a primary task in the center of their visual field. Our data suggests that both type and magnitude of change have a significant effect on detection rate and reaction time. The data also suggests that the performance of the primary task did not decay after the change of the stimuli occurred. Based on these findings, we argue that people can detect various types of changes without shifting gaze and without degrading task performance. Therefore, an interface particularly designed for peripheral vision is possible, and it will potentially provide benefits to both productivity and safety.
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Fotios, S., J. Uttley, and C. Cheal. "Maintaining foveal fixation during a peripheral detection task." Lighting Research & Technology 48, no. 7 (August 3, 2016): 898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153515583710.
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van Winsum, Wim. "The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60, no. 6 (May 23, 2018): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818776880.
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Objective: The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects. Background: The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment. Method: vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors. Results: Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving. Conclusion: This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload. Application: This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.
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van Winsum, Wim. "A threshold model for stimulus detection in the peripheral detection task." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 65 (August 2019): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.014.
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Ranney, Thomas A., Joanne L. Harbluk, and Y. Ian Noy. "The Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 22 (September 2002): 1814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602208.
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Twenty-one subjects completed two sets of (8) laps around a 7.5-mile test track during two 4-hour sessions. They drove an instrumented vehicle while performing a combination of car following, peripheral target detection, and secondary (in-vehicle) tasks of varying complexity. Subjects performed one set of laps with each of two interfaces, voice-based and visual/manual. Secondary tasks comprised three categories including baseline tasks (radio tuning, phone dialing), simple tasks (message retrieval plus voice memo creation), and complex tasks (simple task components plus phone dialing and information retrieval from automated phone systems). Measures of driving performance, target-detection, secondary task performance and eye movements were recorded. Analyses were conducted to determine whether the voice-based interface reduced the relative distraction potential for secondary tasks of varying complexity. Generally, differences between tasks were stronger than differences between interface conditions. Measures of car-following performance, target detection, and secondary task performance revealed differences attributable to task complexity. Differences between the two interfaces were observed on peripheral target detection measures and on several driving performance measures. Overall, the benefits of using the voice-based interface were not large enough to appreciably reduce the distraction potential associated with performing the secondary tasks in the car-following scenario.
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Williams, Stephan R., and C. Elaine Chapman. "Time Course and Magnitude of Movement-Related Gating of Tactile Detection in Humans. III. Effect of Motor Tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1968.
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This study investigated the relative importance of central and peripheral signals for movement-related gating by comparing the time course and magnitude of movement-related decreases in tactile detection during a reference motor task, active isotonic digit 2 (D2) abduction, with that seen during three test tasks: a comparison with active isometric D2 abduction (movement vs. no movement) evaluated the contribution of peripheral reafference generated by the movement to gating; a comparison with passive D2 abduction (motor command vs. no motor command; movement generated by an external agent) allowed us to evaluate the contribution of the central motor command to tactile gating; and finally, the inclusion of an active “no apparatus,” or freehand, D2 abduction task allowed us to evaluate the potential contribution of incidental peripheral reafference generated by the position detecting apparatus to the results (apparatus vs. no apparatus). Weak electrical stimuli (2-ms pulse; intensity, 90% detected at rest) were applied to D2 at different delays before and after movement onset or electromyographic (EMG) activity onset. Significant time-dependent movement-related decreases in detection were obtained with all tasks. When the results obtained during the active isotonic movement task were compared with those obtained in the three test tasks, no significant differences in the functions describing detection performance over time were seen. The results obtained with the isometric D2 abduction task show that actual movement of a body part is not necessary to diminish detection of tactile stimuli in a manner similar to the decrease produced by isotonic, active movement. In the passive test task, the peak decrease in detection clearly preceded the onset of passive movement (by 38 ms) despite the lack of a motor command and, presumably, no movement-related peripheral reafference. A slightly but not significantly earlier decrease was obtained with active movement (49 ms before movement onset). Expectation of movement likely did not contribute to the results because stimulus detection during sham passive movement trials (subjects expected but did not receive a passive movement) was not different from performance at rest (no movement). The results obtained with passive movement are best explained by invoking backward masking of the test stimuli by movement-related reafference and demonstrate that movement-related reafference is sufficient to produce decreases in detection with a time course and amplitude not significantly different from that produced by active movement.
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Chan, H. S., and Alan J. Courtney. "Effects of Priority Assignment of Attentional Resources, Order of Testing, and Response Sequence on Tunnel Vision." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3 (June 1994): 899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259407800345.
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The effects of relative priority of attentional resources allocated to simultaneous peripheral and foveal tasks, response sequence to the tasks, and order of testing with two levels of foveal cognitive loading on tunnel vision were studied with 32 Chinese undergraduates. Two levels of foveal condition were used for the foveal task while the peripheral task required a single-target detection. Performance decrement value and a significant interaction of levels x eccentricities indicated that tunnel vision was most prominent when the foveal task was primary. Greater magnitude of tunnel vision was obtained when the more difficult foveal task was tested prior to the no-foveal-load condition. Responding sequence to the tasks was nonsignificant.
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Tayama, Tadayuki, and Qingyan Han. "Motion detection by the peripheral vision on visual search task." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 2EV—060–2EV—060. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_2ev-060.
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Chan, H. S., and Alan J. Courtney. "Effects of Cognitive Foveal Load on a Peripheral Single-Target Detection Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (October 1993): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.515.
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This experiment investigated the effects of foveal cognitive load on a primary peripheral single-target detection task. Four levels of foveal task with cognitive loads involving identification and summation of numerals were used. Number of correct targets detected seemed unaffected by the foveal load in the near periphery but a decrement occurred beyond 7.7°. Response times for correct responses showed large dispersion compared with that for correct locations. At a low cognitive load, foveal task performance showed no deterioration for all eccentricities tested, but at a higher cognitive load performance declined gradually across eccentricities. Mild evidence of runnel vision was obtained as indicated by the significant interaction of cognitive loads × eccentricities. Resources theory accounted well for the results.
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Morey, Stephanie A., Jason S. McCarley, and Nicole A. Thomas. "Unchanging Capacity." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601116.
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Complex workspaces often require operators to divide attention between information within the visual periphery and a visual central task. For an air traffic controller, for example, monitoring complex displays while also watching for potential hazards is essential for avoiding aircraft collisions. In such environments, fast and accurate detection of peripheral events may be critical for safe performance. Presenting targets redundantly offers a potential way of speeding up target detection (Little, Eidels, Fific, & Wang, 2015; Townsend & Eidels, 2011). It remains unclear, however, whether redundant-target processing remains efficient with a concurrent central task. A series of experiments examined the effects of dual-tasking on peripheral redundant-target processing, either between- (Experiments 1a & 1b) or within-participants (Experiment 4). Furthermore, Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated target-distractor discriminability and distractor presence to examine the effects of target salience on dual-task processing efficiency. One hundred and one undergraduate students ( N =20 in each of Experiments 1a to 3; N = 21 in Experiment 4) performed a redundant-target task either by itself (Experiment 1a) or whilst performing a manual tracking task (Experiments 1b-4). The tracking task required participants to maneuver a joystick using both hands to align a cursor with a moving red target. The detection task required participants to press a joystick button bimanually whenever a target appeared at a location in the peripheral visual field. Experiments 1a, 1b, and Experiment 4 employed “T” as the target item and “L” as distractor items that appeared randomly rotated in 90° steps. In Experiment 2, target salience was increased by employing “X” as the target item and “O” for the distractor items. Experiment 3 tested peripheral target processing in the absence of distractors; hence, only the target item “T” was employed. Processing efficiency in the target-detection task was calculated using measures of resiliency (Little et al., 2015) or workload capacity (Townsend & Eidels, 2011). In all five experiments, processing of redundant targets was less efficient than predicted by a standard parallel race model (Raab, 1962; Townsend & Eidels, 2011). Surprisingly, processing efficiency differed negligibly between the single and dual-task conditions. Capacity may be protected from task-load effects due to separate information-processing resource pools within the central and peripheral visual fields (Wickens, 2002). Neither increasing the discriminability between targets and distractors, nor removing distractors entirely, had any effect on redundant-target processing efficiency. Results suggest target processing in the visual periphery is capacity-limited, but that processing efficiency is robust against changes to concurrent task load or target salience.
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Mathôt, Sebastiaan, and Yavor Ivanov. "The effect of pupil size and peripheral brightness on detection and discrimination performance." PeerJ 7 (December 19, 2019): e8220. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8220.
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It is easier to read dark text on a bright background (positive polarity) than to read bright text on a dark background (negative polarity). This positive-polarity advantage is often linked to pupil size: A bright background induces small pupils, which in turn increases visual acuity. Here we report that pupil size, when manipulated through peripheral brightness, has qualitatively different effects on discrimination of fine stimuli in central vision and detection of faint stimuli in peripheral vision. Small pupils are associated with improved discrimination performance, consistent with the positive-polarity advantage, but only for very small stimuli that are at the threshold of visual acuity. In contrast, large pupils are associated with improved detection performance. These results are likely due to two pupil-size related factors: Small pupils increase visual acuity, which improves discrimination of fine stimuli; and large pupils increase light influx, which improves detection of faint stimuli. Light scatter is likely also a contributing factor: When a display is bright, light scatter creates a diffuse veil of retinal illumination that reduces perceived image contrast, thus impairing detection performance. We further found that pupil size was larger during the detection task than during the discrimination task, even though both tasks were equally difficult and similar in visual input; this suggests that the pupil may automatically assume an optimal size for the current task. Our results may explain why pupils dilate in response to arousal: This may reflect an increased emphasis on detection of unpredictable danger, which is crucially important in many situations that are characterized by high levels of arousal. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the ergonomics of display design.
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Vater, Christian, Ralf Kredel, and Ernst-Joachim Hossner. "Examining the functionality of peripheral vision." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 2 (December 11, 2017): 010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2017ciss010.
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In sports, it is important not only to locate gaze on the right location to utilize the high acuity of foveal vision, but also to attend to other objects in the environment without looking directly at them, accordingly, using peripheral vision. Peripheral vision becomes especially important if, for example, the processing of information from more than one location (e.g. players) is decisive in making accurate decisions. Since such decisions generally must be made under high spatio-temporal demands, costly eye-movements might be advantageously avoided by using peripheral vision for information pick-up from multiple cues. In a series of studies, we aimed to translate the demands found in sports and to investigate the functionality of peripheral vision in a well-controlled experimental paradigm, the multiple object tracking (MOT) task. MOT was implemented in a dual task, along with an additional event-detection task. The present article first presents an overview of sport-specific studies focusing on the functionality of peripheral vision and following, summarizes a series of three published MOT studies. These studies show that peripheral vision is used for simultaneous target monitoring and target-change detection and that visual and attentional demands affect gaze anchoring and change-detection rates. Results also reveal a dysfunctionality of saccades, and further suggest an event- and distance-optimized gaze-anchoring position. In the final portion of this article, we derive specific applications for future sports-specific research. Specifically, we suggest to: (a) use dual-task situations in sport-specific settings, such as monitoring multiple players in soccer and playing a pass at specific moments, (b) investigate the costs of saccades in sports situations with high spatio-temporal demands, as in martial arts, and finally, (c) manipulate attentional and visual demands. For each of these avenues of research, we sketch sports-specific experiments currently being conducted in our research group.
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FITZMAURICE, MARNIE C., VIVIAN M. CIARAMITARO, LARRY A. PALMER, and ALAN C. ROSENQUIST. "Visual detection deficits following inactivation of the superior colliculus in the cat." Visual Neuroscience 20, no. 6 (November 2003): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380320609x.
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Lesion or inactivation of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat results in an animal that fails to orient toward peripheral visual stimuli which normally evoke a brisk, reflexive orienting response. A failure to orient toward a visual stimulus could be the result of a sensory impairment (a failure to detect the visual stimulus) or a motor impairment (an inability to generate the orienting response). Either mechanism could explain the deficit observed during SC inactivation since neurons in the SC can carry visual sensory signals as well as motor commands involved in the generation of head and eye movements. We investigated the effects of SC inactivation in the cat in two ways. First, we tested cats in a visual detection task that required the animals to press a central, stationary foot pedal to indicate detection of a peripheral visual stimulus. Such a motor response does not involve any components of the orienting response and is unlikely to depend on SC motor commands. A deficit in this task would indicate that the SC plays an important role in the detection of visual targets even in a task that does not require visual orienting. Second, to further investigate the visual orienting deficit observed during SC inactivation and to make direct comparisons between detection and orienting performance, we tested cats in a standard perimetry paradigm. Performance in both tasks was tested following focal inactivation of the SC with microinjections of muscimol at various depths and rostral/caudal locations throughout the SC. Our results reveal a dramatic deficit in both the visual detection task and the visual orienting task following inactivation of the SC with muscimol.
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Marincola, Loretta B., and Gerald M. Long. "Perceptual Style and Dual-Task Performance as a Function of Task Difficulty and Task Emphasis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1091.
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Differences in dual-task performance by field-dependent and field-independent college students were investigated. The perceptual styles of the 102 subjects were determined by their performance on the Rod-and-Frame Test. Dual-task performance required the subjects to perform concurrently a central tracking task and a peripheral light-detection task. The effect of stress on dual-task performance was examined by employing three widely differing levels of tracking task difficulty. Three sets of instructions varied the relative importance of the two tasks within the dual-task situation. Both manipulation of task difficulty and instructional set had powerful effects on performance. However, performance differences among subjects with differing perceptual styles were found only on the central tracking task, with field-independent subjects consistently outperforming field-dependent ones. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical basis for the perceptual style of field-dependence/field-independence as well as the potential value of this dimension in dual-task situations.
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Tse, P. U., D. L. Sheinberg, and N. K. Logothetis. "Attentional Enhancement Opposite a Peripheral Flash Revealed Using Change Blindness." Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (March 2003): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01425.
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We describe a new method for mapping spatial attention that reveals a pooling of attention in the hemifield opposite a peripheral flash. Our method exploits the fact that a brief full-field blank can interfere with the detection of changes in a scene that occur during the blank. Attending to the location of a change, however, can overcome this change blindness, so that changes are detected. The likelihood of detecting a new element in a scene therefore provides a measure of the occurrence of attention at that element's location. Using this measure, we mapped how attention changes in response to a task-irrelevant peripheral cue. Under conditions of visual fixation, change detection was above chance across the entire visual area tested. In addition, a “hot spot” of attention (corresponding to near-perfect change detection) elongated along the cue-fixation axis, such that performance improved not only at the cued location but also in the opposite hemifield.
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Hsieh, Li, Richard Young, and Sean Seaman. "Development of the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task: A Surrogate Test for Driver Distraction." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0965.
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Britton, Linda A., and Eugene R. Delay. "Effects of Noise on a Simple Visual Attentional Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3 (June 1989): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3.875.
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15 male and 15 female subjects scanned an array of lights during one of three types of white-noise conditions (continuous, 1-Hz pulse rate, and 10-Hz pulse rate) at 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB. Detection of light stimuli increased under the lower intensities and decreased under the higher intensities in the continuous and the 1-Hz pulse-rate conditions, but decreased as intensity increased in 10-Hz pulse-rate noise. Detection of peripheral stimuli was greatest during continuous noise and lowest during 10-Hz pulse-rate noise. These data are interpreted in terms of changes in attentional focus which result from altered levels of arousal.
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Uttley, J., S. Fotios, and C. Cheal. "Effect of illuminance and spectrum on peripheral obstacle detection by pedestrians." Lighting Research & Technology 49, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153515602954.
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Obstacle detection is an important visual task for pedestrians. An experiment was carried out to measure the ability to detect peripheral obstacles under variations of illuminance and scotopic/photopic luminance ratio and with older and younger test participants. The LED array used in this work enabled scotopic/photopic ratio to be varied whilst chromaticity was held constant. The tests employed a full-scale model with dynamic fixation and walking to better simulate pedestrian experience than in past work. Detection performance increased with illuminance, reaching a plateau at 2.0 lux. A higher scotopic/photopic ratio improved obstacle detection but only at the lowest illuminance used in this study (0.2 lux). Older participants showed poorer obstacle detection performance than younger participants but again only at the lowest illuminance.
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Bayless, Sarah J., and Alistair J. Harvey. "Testing Alcohol Myopia Theory: Examining the Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Simultaneous Central and Peripheral Attention." Perception 46, no. 1 (October 4, 2016): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672221.
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The effect of alcohol intoxication on central and peripheral attention was examined as a test of Alcohol Myopia Theory (AMT). Previous research has supported AMT in the context of visual attention, but few studies have examined the effects of alcohol intoxication on central and peripheral attention. The study followed a 2 (alcohol treatment) × 2 (array size) × 2 (task type) mixed design. Forty-one participants (placebo or intoxicated) viewed an array of four or six colored circles, while simultaneously counting the flashes of a centrally presented fixation cross. Participants were instructed to prioritize flash counting accuracy. The subsequently presented colored probe matched the cued peripheral stimulus on 50% of trials. Flash counting and probe identification accuracy were recorded. There was a significant main effect of alcohol treatment on accuracy scores, as well as an alcohol treatment by task type interaction. Accuracy scores for the central flash counting task did not differ between treatment groups, but scores for peripheral probe identification were lower in the alcohol group. As predicted by AMT, alcohol impairment was greater for peripheral probe detection than for the central and prioritized flash counting task. The findings support the notion that alcohol intoxication narrows attentional focus to the central aspects of a task.
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Morey, Stephanie A., Nicole A. Thomas, and Jason S. McCarley. "Dual-Task Redundant-Target Processing: The Case of the Limited Capacity Parallel Model." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621476.
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We examined the effect of a central tracking task on visual target processing efficiency in a combined target detection / manual tracking paradigm. Participants performed a redundant-target task by itself, and concurrently with the tracking task. A measure of workload capacity gauged target processing efficiency. Processing was less efficient than predicted by a standard parallel race model under both levels of task load. However, data suggested no difference in processing efficiency between the single-and dual-task conditions. Our findings provide further evidence that processing capacity for peripheral visual targets is consistently limited but robust against changes to concurrent task load.
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Petro, Bela, Ágota Lénárt, Zsófia Anna Gaál, Petia Kojouharova, Tibor Kökény, Csaba Ökrös, and István Czigler. "Automatic detection of peripheral stimuli in shooters and handball players: an event-related potential study." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06071-2.
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AbstractThis study examined the practice-related sensitivity of automatic change detection. The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component of event-related potentials was compared in handball players and in sport shooters. Whereas effective performance in handball requires processing of a wide visual field, effective performance in shooting requires concentration to a narrow field. Thus, we hypothesized larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli violating the regularity of sequential stimulation in handball players. Participants performed a tracking task, while task-irrelevant checkerboard patterns (a frequent and an infrequent type) were presented in the lateral parts of the visual field. We analyzed the vMMN, a signature of automatic detection of violating sequential regularity, and sensory components (P1, N1, and P2). We obtained larger vMMN in the handball players’ group indicating larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli. These results suggest the plasticity of the automatic visual processing, i.e., it can adapt to sport-specific demands, and this can be captured even in a short experimental session in the laboratory.
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Andres, Michael, Laurie Geers, Sophie Marnette, Françoise Coyette, Mario Bonato, Konstantinos Priftis, and Nicolas Masson. "Increased Cognitive Load Reveals Unilateral Neglect and Altitudinal Extinction in Chronic Stroke." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 6 (May 21, 2019): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719000249.
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AbstractObjective: Neuropsychological studies suggest that the ability to compensate for the presence of spatial neglect highly depends on the attentional resources a patient can rely on. The present research aimed to study neglect in situations where attentional resources are limited due to multitasking. Method: We examined two patients more than 3 years after a right-hemispheric stroke. Both had received neuropsychological rehabilitation for left neglect and did not show any impairment in standard tests. We used a dual-task paradigm combining a peripheral target detection task with a central shape recognition task. Peripheral targets could appear in left/right positions but also in lower/upper positions. Results: In patient #1, dual-task condition exacerbated left neglect and extinction. Patient #2 did not show any sign of neglect along the horizontal axis, but omitted half of the lower targets when they were presented simultaneously with upper targets under dual-task condition. This behavior reflects altitudinal extinction as the detection of single targets appearing either in upper or lower position was preserved. Conclusion: The present findings show that dual-tasking is a sensitive tool for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spatial attention deficits, which are often overlooked by standard methods, especially in chronic stage. (JINS, 2019, 25, 644–653)
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Perrott, David R., John Cisneros, Richard L. McKinley, and William R. D'Angelo. "Aurally Aided Detection and Identification of Visual Targets." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 1 (October 1995): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900125.
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The experiments described in this report provide baseline performance measures of aurally directed detection and search for visual targets in an observer's immediate space. While the simple target detection task was restricted to the frontal hemi-field (extending 180 degrees in azimuth and 150 degrees in elevation), visual search performance (discrimination of which of two light arrays was present on a given trial) was evaluated for both the frontal and rear hemi-fields. In both tasks, the capacity to process information from the visual channel was improved substantially (a 10-50 percent reduction in latency) when spatial information from the auditory modality was provided concurrently. While performance gains were greatest for events in the rear hemi-field and in the peripheral regions of the frontal hemi-field, significant effects were also evident for events within the subject's central visual field. The relevance of these results to the development of virtual 3-D sound systems is discussed.
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Smith, Daniel T., and Soazig Casteau. "The effect of offset cues on saccade programming and covert attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818759468.
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Salient peripheral events trigger fast, “exogenous” covert orienting. The influential premotor theory of attention argues that covert orienting of attention depends upon planned but unexecuted eye-movements. One problem with this theory is that salient peripheral events, such as offsets, appear to summon attention when used to measure covert attention (e.g., the Posner cueing task) but appear not to elicit oculomotor preparation in tasks that require overt orienting (e.g., the remote distractor paradigm). Here, we examined the effects of peripheral offsets on covert attention and saccade preparation. Experiment 1 suggested that transient offsets summoned attention in a manual detection task without triggering motor preparation planning in a saccadic localisation task, although there were a high proportion of saccadic capture errors on “no-target” trials, where a cue was presented but no target appeared. In Experiment 2, “no-target” trials were removed. Here, transient offsets produced both attentional facilitation and faster saccadic responses on valid cue trials. A third experiment showed that the permanent disappearance of an object also elicited attentional facilitation and faster saccadic reaction times. These experiments demonstrate that offsets trigger both saccade programming and covert attentional orienting, consistent with the idea that exogenous, covert orienting is tightly coupled with oculomotor activation. The finding that no-go trials attenuates oculomotor priming effects offers a way to reconcile the current findings with previous claims of a dissociation between covert attention and oculomotor control in paradigms that utilise a high proportion of catch trials.
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Dykes, James, Elmar Schmeisser, Paul Garcia, Leon McLin, Carita DeVilbiss, and Lawrence Harrington. "THE EFFECTS OF SPECTACLE SIDESHIELD TRANSMITTANCE AND HAZE ON PERIPHERAL DETECTION IN A DUAL-TASK PARADIGM." Optometry and Vision Science 78, SUPPLEMENT (December 2001): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200112001-00164.
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Bengler, Klaus, Martin Kohlmann, and Christian Lange. "Assessment of cognitive workload of in-vehicle systems using a visual peripheral and tactile detection task setting." Work 41 (2012): 4919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0786-4919.
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Melrose, Amber, Ximena J. Nelson, Yinnon Dolev, and William S. Helton. "Vigilance all the way down: Vigilance decrement in jumping spiders resembles that of humans." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (September 17, 2018): 1530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818798743.
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The inability to maintain signal detection performance with time on task, or vigilance decrement, is widely studied in people. Despite suggestions that limitations in sustained attention may be a fundamental characteristic of animal cognition, there has been limited research on the vigilance decrement in other animals. We conducted two experiments to explore vigilance in jumping spiders. Our first experiment established that the vigilance decrement, decline in signal detections with time on task, occurs in these spiders in laboratory settings. Our second experiment tested whether this phenomenon was simply the result of habituation of sensory receptors by employing two dishabituation manipulations. Neither dishabituation manipulation appeared to have an effect. Thus, the vigilance decrement in spiders appears to be due to something more than simply peripheral sensory habituation. We suggest that limitations in sustained attention may be a widespread phenomenon among animals that needs addressing when theorising about the vigilance decrement.
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Hayashi, Daisuke, and Madoka Ohnishi. "Influence of Multiple Types of Proximity on the Degree of Visual Crowding Effects Within a Single Gap Detection Task." i-Perception 10, no. 2 (March 2019): 204166951983726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669519837263.
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The visual system cannot recognize an object (target) in peripheral vision when presented with neighboring similar stimuli (flanker). This object recognition disability is known as crowding. Studies have shown that various types of proximity, such as spatial distance or semantic category, affect the degree of crowding. However, thus far, these effects have mostly been studied separately. Hence, their underlying similarities and differences are still unknown. In this study, we developed a novel gap detection task and tested whether the effect of three different types of proximity in crowding (the relative position between target gap and nearest flanker edge, the flanker location compared with the target location, and the semantic category of the target) can be measured within a single task. A psychometric function analysis revealed that two of the assumed types of proximity affected the degree of crowding within a single task.
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Summers, Van, Matthew J. Makashay, Sarah M. Theodoroff, and Marjorie R. Leek. "Suprathreshold Auditory Processing and Speech Perception in Noise: Hearing-Impaired and Normal-Hearing Listeners." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 04 (April 2013): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.4.4.
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Background: It is widely believed that suprathreshold distortions in auditory processing contribute to the speech recognition deficits experienced by hearing-impaired (HI) listeners in noise. Damage to outer hair cells and attendant reductions in peripheral compression and frequency selectivity may contribute to these deficits. In addition, reduced access to temporal fine structure (TFS) information in the speech waveform may play a role. Purpose: To examine how measures of peripheral compression, frequency selectivity, and TFS sensitivity relate to speech recognition performance by HI listeners. To determine whether distortions in processing reflected by these psychoacoustic measures are more closely associated with speech deficits in steady-state or modulated noise. Research Design: Normal-hearing (NH) and HI listeners were tested on tasks examining frequency selectivity (notched-noise task), peripheral compression (temporal masking curve task), and sensitivity to TFS information (frequency modulation [FM] detection task) in the presence of random amplitude modulation. Performance was tested at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz at several presentation levels. The same listeners were tested on sentence recognition in steady-state and modulated noise at several signal-to-noise ratios. Study Sample: Ten NH and 18 HI listeners were tested. NH listeners ranged in age from 36 to 80 yr (M = 57.6). For HI listeners, ages ranged from 58 to 87 yr (M = 71.8). Results: Scores on the FM detection task at 1 and 2 kHz were significantly correlated with speech scores in both noise conditions. Frequency selectivity and compression measures were not as clearly associated with speech performance. Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) analyses indicated only small differences in speech audibility across subjects for each signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) condition that would predict differences in speech scores no greater than 10% at a given SNR. Actual speech scores varied by as much as 80% across subjects. Conclusions: The results suggest that distorted processing of audible speech cues was a primary factor accounting for differences in speech scores across subjects and that reduced ability to use TFS cues may be an important component of this distortion. The influence of TFS cues on speech scores was comparable in steady-state and modulated noise. Speech recognition was not related to audibility, represented by the SII, once high-frequency sensitivity differences across subjects (beginning at 5 kHz) were removed statistically. This might indicate that high-frequency hearing loss is associated with distortions in processing in lower-frequency regions.
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Richardson, Matthew L., Allison I. Shim, and Bruce G. Berg. "Investigating the effects of intensity on the bandwidth of peripheral filtering in an amplitude-modulation notch detection task." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805388.
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Deuse, Lisa, Olga Wudarczyk, Lena Rademacher, Peter Kaleta, Wolfram Karges, Stella Kacheva, Gerhard Gründer, and Sarah Lammertz. "Peripheral Oxytocin Predicts Higher-Level Social Cognition in Men Regardless of Empathy Quotient." Pharmacopsychiatry 52, no. 03 (March 28, 2018): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0590-4850.
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Abstract Introduction Pharmaceutical oxytocin (OT) administration is being tested as a novel treatment for social deficits in various psychiatric populations. However, little is known about how naturally occurring variation in peripheral OT relates to differences in social cognition. This study investigates whether healthy individuals with very high or very low levels of empathy differ in endogenous OT and whether OT plasma levels can predict performance in a mentalizing task. Methods 40 healthy men were included based upon their score above the 85th or below the 15th percentile of the empathy quotient inventory 1. Participants’ abilities to interpret social information was assessed via the Social Detection Task 2. Plasma OT levels were analyzed using enzyme immunoassay. Results OT plasma levels predicted mentalizing performance for more ambiguous social scenes (i. e., difficult items) for all participants. We found no group differences in OT plasma levels between subjects with high and low empathy. Discussion These findings confirm a link between peripheral OT and the ability to read subtle nonverbal social cues in healthy individuals, which is independent of self-reported empathy.
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Shim, Allison I., Bruce G. Berg, and Ewa M. Borucki. "Investigating the relationship between carrier frequency and effective bandwidth of peripheral filtering in an amplitude‐modulation notch detection task." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (April 2011): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3588207.
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Odegaard, Brian, Min Yu Chang, Hakwan Lau, and Sing-Hang Cheung. "Inflation versus filling-in: why we feel we see more than we actually do in peripheral vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1755 (July 30, 2018): 20170345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0345.
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Do we perceive fine details in the visual periphery? Here, we propose that phenomenology in the visual periphery can be characterized by an inflated sense of perceptual capacity, as observers overestimate the quality of their perceptual inputs. Distinct from the well-known perceptual phenomenon of ‘filling-in’ where perceptual content is generated or completed endogenously, inflation can be characterized by incorrect introspection at the subjective level. The perceptual content itself may be absent or weak (i.e. not necessarily filled-in), and yet such content is mistakenly regarded by the system as rich. Behaviourally, this can be reflected by metacognitive deficits in the degree to which confidence judgements track task accuracy, and decisional biases for observers to think particular items are present, even when they are not. In two experiments using paradigms that exploit unique attributes of peripheral vision (crowding and summary statistics), we provide evidence that both types of deficits are present in peripheral vision, as observers' reports are marked by overconfidence in discrimination judgements and high numbers of false alarms in detection judgements. We discuss potential mechanisms that may be the cause of inflation and propose future experiments to further explore this unique sensory phenomenon. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access’.
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Crassini, Boris, Brian Brown, and Ken Bowman. "Age-Related Changes in Contrast Sensitivity in Central and Peripheral Retina." Perception 17, no. 3 (June 1988): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170315.
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Eight young (average age 20.4 years) and eight elderly (average age 64.4 years) observers took part in three experiments designed to study age-related changes in peripheral retinal function. A further eight young (average age 22.3 years) and eight elderly (average age 63.8 years) observers took part in a replication of experiment 3. All observers had normal or better-than-normal visual acuity and no evidence of ocular pathology. All testing was monocular and the eye with better visual acuity was used. In the first experiment contrast sensitivity was measured in central retina and 10 deg temporally, at spatial frequencies of 0.2, 0.8, 2.0, and 5.0 cycles deg−1. Young observers had better contrast sensitivities than older observers, but only at higher spatial frequencies (2.0 and 5.0 cycles deg−1). For both groups, contrast sensitivity was poorer with peripheral presentation of stimuli than with central presentation, but not for the lowest spatial frequency used (0.2 cycle deg−1). In the second experiment observers had to detect the presence of a sharp edge (square-wave luminance profile), while in the third and fourth experiments the target was a ‘fuzzy’ edge (sine-wave profile). Edges were again presented centrally or 10 deg temporally. As expected from the data of experiment 1, young observers were better able to detect the sharp edge than were the older observers in both central and peripheral viewing conditions. For both age groups, edge detection was better during central viewing than during peripheral viewing. However, contrary to expectations based on the results of experiment 1, detection of the fuzzy edge was better for central than for peripheral viewing for both age groups in experiments 3 and 4. The apparent (and expected) equality of performance found in experiment 3 for young and elderly observers in detecting the fuzzy edge was shown to be due to the range of contrast values used. When appropriate contrast values were used in experiment 4, young observers detected fuzzy edges presented in central retina better than did elderly observers. The results of experiment 1 show sparing of the ability to process low spatial frequencies across (i) age and (ii) retinal location, and are discussed in terms of the notion of (i) models of age-related loss of visual function and (ii) cortical magnification. The results of experiments 2, 3, and 4 provide some support for the proposition that the contrast sensitivity of observers may be used to predict their performance on other visual tasks. However, consideration must be given to the influence of the nature of the psychophysical task required of observers when making such predictions.
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Shader, Maureen J., Sandra Gordon-Salant, and Matthew J. Goupell. "Impact of Aging and the Electrode-to-Neural Interface on Temporal Processing Ability in Cochlear-Implant Users: Gap Detection Thresholds." Trends in Hearing 24 (January 2020): 233121652095656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520956560.
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Accurate processing of temporal information is critical to understanding speech through a cochlear implant (CI). This has potential implications for the growing population of CI users who are ≥65 years of age because of age-related auditory temporal processing deficits. The goal of this study was to measure temporal processing ability in a gap detection task in younger, middle-aged, and older CI users and to determine the relative contributions of chronological age and peripheral neural survival to performance. Single-electrode gap detection thresholds (GDTs) were measured using direct stimulation at five electrode locations and three electrical stimulation rates. The relationship between peripheral status (e.g., electrode-to-neural interface) and GDTs was assessed by the slope of the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) amplitude growth function. Results showed that ECAP slope was the strongest subject-level predictor of GDTs. Steeper ECAP slopes, which are partially indicative of better peripheral function, were associated with better GDTs in younger participants. However, ECAP slope significantly interacted with stimulation rate and age, suggesting that ECAP slopes were not predictive of GDTs in middle-aged and older participants at some stimulation rates. ECAP slope was also related to age, with middle-aged and older participants exhibiting relatively shallow slopes and smaller ranges of slopes compared with younger participants. This pattern of ECAP results limited the evaluation of the independent effects of aging per se and peripheral status on temporal processing ability.
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Borland, R. G., D. H. Brennan, A. N. Nicholson, and P. A. Smith. "Studies on the Possible Central and Peripheral Effects in Man of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor (Pyridostigmine)." Human Toxicology 4, no. 3 (May 1985): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718500400310.
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1 The effect of a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor (pyridostigmine: 30 mg, 8-hourly for 3 days) on psychomotor performance and visual function and on the electrical activity of the brain was studied in healthy man. 2 It was not possible to detect any change during the six individual experimental sessions over the 3 days, but with pooling of the data there was a drug effect. The threshold for detection of a flickering light was increased and less responses were missed on a dynamic visual-acuity task. Visuo-motor coordination was impaired. 3 The observations were consistent with the known activity of the drug and suggest an increase in central arousal and minimal alteration in motor coordination.
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Zhang, Haiyan, Yonglong Luo, Qingying Yu, Liping Sun, Xuejing Li, and Zhenqiang Sun. "A Framework of Abnormal Behavior Detection and Classification Based on Big Trajectory Data for Mobile Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (December 22, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8858444.
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Big trajectory data feature analysis for mobile networks is a popular big data analysis task. Due to the large coverage and complexity of the mobile networks, it is difficult to define and detect anomalies in urban motion behavior. Some existing methods are not suitable for the detection of abnormal urban vehicle trajectories because they use the limited single detection techniques, such as determining the common patterns. In this study, we propose a framework for urban trajectory modeling and anomaly detection. Our framework takes into account the fact that anomalous behavior manifests the overall shape of unusual locations and trajectories in the spatial domain as well as the way these locations appear. Therefore, this study determines the peripheral features required for anomaly detection, including spatial location, sequence, and behavioral features. Then, we explore sports behaviors from the three types of features and build a taxi trajectory model for anomaly detection. Anomaly detection, including sports behaviors, are (i) detour behavior detection using an algorithm for global router anomaly detection of trajectories having a pair of same starting and ending points; this method is based on the isolation forest algorithm; (ii) local speed anomaly detection based on the DBSCAN algorithm; and (iii) local shape anomaly detection based on the local outlier factor algorithm. Using a real-life dataset, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods in detecting outliers. Furthermore, experiments show that the proposed algorithms perform better than the classical algorithm in terms of high accuracy and recall rate; thus, the proposed methods can accurately detect drivers’ abnormal behavior.
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Lerens, Elodie, Laurent Renier, and Anne De Volder. "The spatial distribution of auditory attention in early blindness." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646767.
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Early blind people compensate for their lack of vision by developing superior abilities in the remaining senses such as audition (Collignon et al., 2006; Gougoux et al., 2004; Wan et al., 2010). Previous studies reported supra-normal abilities in auditory spatial attention, particularly for the localization of peripheral stimuli in comparison with frontal stimuli (Lessard et al., 1998; Röder et al., 1999). However, it is unknown whether this specific supra-normal ability extends to the non-spatial attention domain. Here we compared the performance of early blind subjects and sighted controls, who were blindfolded, during an auditory non-spatial attention task: target detection among distractors according to tone frequency. We paid a special attention to the potential effect of the sound source location, comparing the accuracy and speed in target detection in the peripheral and frontal space. Blind subjects displayed shorter reaction times than sighted controls for both peripheral and frontal stimuli. Moreover, in the two groups of subjects, we observed an interaction effect between the target location and the distractors location: the target was detected faster when its location was different from the location of the distractors. However, this effect was attenuated in early blind subjects and even cancelled in the condition with frontal targets and peripheral distractors. We conclude that early blind people compensate for the lack of vision by enhancing their ability to process auditory information but also by changing the spatial distribution of their auditory attention resources.
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Juni, Mordechai Z., and Miguel P. Eckstein. "The wisdom of crowds for visual search." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 10, 2017): E4306—E4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610732114.
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Decision-making accuracy typically increases through collective integration of people’s judgments into group decisions, a phenomenon known as the wisdom of crowds. For simple perceptual laboratory tasks, classic signal detection theory specifies the upper limit for collective integration benefits obtained by weighted averaging of people’s confidences, and simple majority voting can often approximate that limit. Life-critical perceptual decisions often involve searching large image data (e.g., medical, security, and aerial imagery), but the expected benefits and merits of using different pooling algorithms are unknown for such tasks. Here, we show that expected pooling benefits are significantly greater for visual search than for single-location perceptual tasks and the prediction given by classic signal detection theory. In addition, we show that simple majority voting obtains inferior accuracy benefits for visual search relative to averaging and weighted averaging of observers’ confidences. Analysis of gaze behavior across observers suggests that the greater collective integration benefits for visual search arise from an interaction between the foveated properties of the human visual system (high foveal acuity and low peripheral acuity) and observers’ nonexhaustive search patterns, and can be predicted by an extended signal detection theory framework with trial to trial sampling from a varying mixture of high and low target detectabilities across observers (SDT-MIX). These findings advance our theoretical understanding of how to predict and enhance the wisdom of crowds for real world search tasks and could apply more generally to any decision-making task for which the minority of group members with high expertise varies from decision to decision.
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Marendaz, C., C. Robert, and F. Bonthoux. "Deafness and Attentional Visual Search: A Developmental Study." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970303.
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Neurophysiological (epigenetic specialisation of cortical areas) as well as behavioural (sign language, visual control of spatial surroundings) constraints suggest that deaf people should develop heightened abilities of processing parafoveal/peripheral visual information. Electrophysiological (visual event-related potentials) and psychophysical research using visual detection tasks on congenitally deaf adults corroborates this viewpoint (Neville, 1994 The Cognitive Neurosciences 219 – 231). The aim of this study was to examine whether this ability remains when the visual detection task requires a spatiotemporal organisation of attention. Forty congenitally bilaterally deaf (from a specialised institution) and sixty-four hearing subjects, subdivided into five age groups (from 7 years of age to young adults) performed four visual search tasks. The results showed that the younger deaf children performed dramatically worse than the aged-matched hearing children. This difference in performance between deaf and hearing children, however, disappeared at an age level of 11 years. Deaf adults did not perform significantly better than hearing adults. The data obtained in children have been replicated in a longitudinal study (re-test two years after). We are currently trying to determine which attentional mechanisms are more deficient in young deaf children (spatiotemporal organisation of search, engagement/disengagement of attention, etc) and what underlies the apparent amelioration of their deficit during development.
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Ishai, Alumit, and Dov Sagi. "Visual Imagery Facilitates Visual Perception: Psychophysical Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 4 (July 1997): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.476.
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Visual imagery is the invention or recreation of a perceptual experience in the absence of retinal input.The degree to which the same neural representations are involved in both visual imagery and visual perception is unclear. Previous studies have shown that visual imagery interferes with perception (Perky effect). We report here psychophysical data showing a direct facilitatory effect of visual imagery on visual perception. Using a lateral masking detection paradigm of a Gabor target, flanked by peripheral Gabor masks, observers performed imagery tasks that were preceded by perceptual tasks. We found that both perceived and imaginary flanking masks can reduce contrast detection threshold. At short target-to-mask distances imagery induced a threshold reduction of 50% as compared with perception, while at long target-to-mask distances imagery and perception had similar facilitatory effect. The imagery-induced facilitation was specific to the orientation of the stimulus, as well as to the eye used in the task. These data indicate the existence of a stimulus-specific short-term memory system that stores the sensory trace and enables reactivation of quasi-pictorial representations by topdown processes. We suggest that stimulus parameters dominate the imagery-induced facilitation at short target-to-mask distances, yet the topdown component contributes to the effect at long target-to-mask distances.
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Reisert, Johannes, Glen J. Golden, Michele Dibattista, and Alan Gelperin. "Odor sampling strategies in mice with genetically altered olfactory responses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e0249798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249798.
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Peripheral sensory cells and the central neuronal circuits that monitor environmental changes to drive behaviors should be adapted to match the behaviorally relevant kinetics of incoming stimuli, be it the detection of sound frequencies, the speed of moving objects or local temperature changes. Detection of odorants begins with the activation of olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity following inhalation of air and airborne odorants carried therein. Thus, olfactory receptor neurons are stimulated in a rhythmic and repeated fashion that is determined by the breathing or sniffing frequency that can be controlled and altered by the animal. This raises the question of how the response kinetics of olfactory receptor neurons are matched to the imposed stimulation frequency and if, vice versa, the kinetics of olfactory receptor neuron responses determine the sniffing frequency. We addressed this question by using a mouse model that lacks the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 4 (NCKX4), which results in markedly slowed response termination of olfactory receptor neuron responses and hence changes the temporal response kinetics of these neurons. We monitored sniffing behaviors of freely moving wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice while they performed olfactory Go/NoGo discrimination tasks. Knockout mice performed with similar or, surprisingly, better accuracy compared to wildtype mice, but chose, depending on the task, different odorant sampling durations depending on the behavioral demands of the odorant identification task. Similarly, depending on the demands of the behavioral task, knockout mice displayed a lower basal breathing frequency prior to odorant sampling, a possible mechanism to increase the dynamic range for changes in sniffing frequency during odorant sampling. Overall, changes in sniffing behavior between wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice were subtle, suggesting that, at least for the particular odorant-driven task we used, slowed response termination of the odorant-induced receptor neuron response either has a limited detrimental effect on odorant-driven behavior or mice are able to compensate via an as yet unknown mechanism.
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Gwilliam, James C., Takashi Yoshioka, Allison M. Okamura, and Steven S. Hsiao. "Neural coding of passive lump detection in compliant artificial tissue." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00032.2013.
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Here, we investigate the neural mechanisms of detecting lumps embedded in artificial compliant tissues. We performed a combined psychophysical study of humans performing a passive lump detection task with a neurophysiological study in nonhuman primates ( Macaca mulatta) where we recorded the responses of peripheral mechanoreceptive afferents to lumps embedded at various depths in intermediates (rubbers) of varying compliance. The psychophysical results reveal that human lump detection is greatly degraded by both lump depth and decreased compliance of the intermediate. The neurophysiology results reveal that only the slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) afferents provide a clear spatial representation of lumps at all depths and that the representation is affected by lump size, depth, and compliance of the intermediate. The rapidly adapting afferents are considerably less sensitive to the lump. We defined eight neural response measures that we hypothesized could explain the psychophysical behavior, including peak firing rate, spatial spread of neural activity, and additional parameters derived from these measures. We find that peak firing rate encodes the depth of the lump, and the neural spatial spread of the SA1 response encodes for lump size but not lump shape. We also find that the perception of lump size may be affected by the compliance of the intermediate. The results show that lump detection is based on a spatial population code of the SA1 afferents, which is distorted by the depth of the lump and compliance of the tissue.
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Lawley, Justin S., Hannes Gatterer, Katrin A. Dias, Erin J. Howden, Satyam Sarma, William K. Cornwell, Christopher M. Hearon, et al. "Safety, hemodynamic effects, and detection of acute xenon inhalation: rationale for banning xenon from sport." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 1511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00290.2019.
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This study aimed to quantify the sedative effects, detection rates, and cardiovascular responses to xenon. On 3 occasions, participants breathed xenon (FiXe 30% for 20 min; FiXe 50% for 5 min; FiXe 70% for 2 min) in a nonblinded design. Sedation was monitored by a board-certified anesthesiologist. During 70% xenon, participants were also verbally instructed to operate a manual value with time-to-task failure being recorded. Beat-by-beat hemodynamics were measured continuously by ECG, photoplethysmography, and transcranial Doppler. Over 48 h postadministration, xenon was measured in blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Xenon caused variable levels of sedation and restlessness. Task failure of the self-operating value occurred at 60–90 s in most individuals. Over the first minute, 50% and 70% xenon caused a substantial reduction in total peripheral resistance ( P < 0.05). All dosages caused an increase in cardiac output ( P < 0.05). By the end of xenon inhalation, slight hypertension was observed after all three doses ( P < 0.05), with an increase in middle cerebral artery velocity ( P < 0.05). Xenon was consistently detected, albeit in trace amounts, up to 3 h after all three doses of xenon inhalation in blood and urine with variable results thereafter. Xenon inhalation caused sedation incompatible with self-operation of a breathing apparatus, thus causing a potential life-threatening condition in the absence of an anesthesiologist. Yet, xenon can only be reliably detected in blood and urine up to 3 h postacute dosing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Breathing xenon in dosages conceivable for doping purposes (FiXe 30% for 20 min; FiXe 50% for 5 min; FiXe 70% for 2 min) causes an initial rapid fall in total peripheral resistance with tachycardia and thereafter a mild hypertension with elevated middle cerebral artery velocity. These dose duration intervals cause sedation that is incompatible with operating a breathing apparatus and can only be detected in blood and urine samples with a high probability for up to ~3 h.
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Lacasse, J., and L. H. Martin. "Detection of CD1 mRNA in Paneth cells of the mouse intestine by in situ hybridization." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 10 (October 1992): 1527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.10.1382091.
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Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) antigens are a family of non-MHC but Class I-like molecules that have been identified in humans and rodents. Although their function(s) remains unknown, it has been proposed that CD1 may present antigens to specific subsets of peripheral T-cells. We now provide evidence in support of this hypothesis through the demonstration by in situ hybridization that Paneth cells of the mouse intestine express CD1 mRNA. These cells are thought to be involved in the immunological regulation of intestinal flora and could accomplish this task through interactions with intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. The expression and localization of CD1 mRNA was confirmed by both autoradiographic and non-isotopic techniques. The relevance of these results to CD1 function as well as to Paneth cell biology is discussed.
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Biondi, Francesco N., Monika Lohani, Rachel Hopman, Sydney Mills, Joel M. Cooper, and David L. Strayer. "80 MPH and out-of-the-loop: Effects of real-world semi-automated driving on driver workload and arousal." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621427.
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The introduction of semi-automated driving systems is expected to mitigate the safety consequences of human error. Observational findings suggest that relinquishing control of vehicle operational control to assistance systems might diminish driver engagement in the driving task, by reducing levels of arousal. In this study, drivers drove a Tesla Model S with Autopilot in both semi-automated and manual modes. Driver behavior was monitored using a combination of physiological and behavioral measures. Compared to manual driving, a reduction in driver physiological activation was observed during semi-automated driving. Also, performance to the peripheral detection task suffered in semi-automated mode, with slower response times recorded in this condition than during manual driving. Taken together, our data suggest that semi-automated driving might not ease safety consequences of human error. Instead, these findings suggest it might cause a drop in driver monitoring, possibly followed by a spike in automation-generated distraction.
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Takahashi, Hiroshi, and Makoto Itoh. "A Driving Simulation Study on Visual Cue Presented in the Peripheral Visual Field for Prompting Driver’s Attention." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 2 (April 20, 2019): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0274.
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This paper proposes a method for prompting drivers’ spatial attention by presenting visual cue in their peripheral visual field. Computer-generated images of forward-facing driving scenes were projected on a screen 6 m wide and 1.8 m high, with a 140° viewing angle. The gaze movement of subjects was measured when hazardous events were presented, such as cardboard boxes collapsing onto the road or a child running out into the road. The task defined for the subjects was to detect visual cue presented in their central visual field while observing the driving scene in front of them. A preceding visual cue was presented in the right and left visual fields, at a visual angle of 10° to 40°, for 1–5 s in advance of the visual cue presented in the center of the visual field. The detection time for the visual cue in the central visual field was then measured. The results of the experiments conducted with six subjects revealed two types of gaze movement patterns with respect to a hazardous event. In one type, the subjects broadly captured the overall scene without shifting their gaze markedly; in the other type, the subjects sequentially scanned the scene and fixed their gaze on the hazardous event when it occurred. The former type tended to be seen in subjects with long driving experience. It was also found that presenting visual cue in the peripheral visual field quickened recognition of the visual cue in the central visual field. By varying the viewing angle at which the preceding cue was presented in the peripheral visual field and the time interval between the presentation of the preceding cue and the detection cue in the central visual field, conditions were found for assisting prompt detection of the latter visual cue.
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Raskina, Tat'yana, O. Malyshenko, M. Pirigova, M. Letaeva, and Yu Averkieva. "MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS." Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology 5, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2409-3750-2020-5-4-19-28.
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The study included 72 men with a reliable diagnosis of AS, mean age – 43,2±9,1 years. X-ray examination of the axial skeleton and peripheral joints was carried out, HLA-B27 was determined. Disease activity was assessed using the index ВАSDАI, functional disorders with the help of the BASFI index. BMD was determined by two-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The control group consisted of 74 healthy men, mean age – 46,7±0,9 years. Given the chronic nature and asymptomatic course of osteoporosis, the task of doctors working with this group of patients is an active search for osteoporosis using all available diagnostic techniques for the early detection of this condition and subsequent correction of the drug treatment.
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Neville, Helen J., and Donald Lawson. "Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. I. Normal hearing adults." Brain Research 405, no. 2 (March 1987): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90295-2.
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Neville, Helen J., and Donald Lawson. "Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. II. Congenitally deaf adults." Brain Research 405, no. 2 (March 1987): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90296-4.
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