Academic literature on the topic 'Perlocutionary effects'

Slurs are incendiary terms—many deny that sentences containing them can ever be true. And utterances where they occur embedded within normally “quarantining” contexts, like conditionals and indirect reports, can still seem offensive. At the same time, others find that sentences containing slurs can be true; and there are clear cases where embedding does inoculate a speaker from the slur’s offensiveness. This chapter argues that four standard accounts of the “other” element that differentiates slurs from their more neutral counterparts—semantic content, perlocutionary effect, presupposition, an

The purpose of the paper is to give a detailed description of the features of the communicative environment of the English imperative sentence in dialogical communication. The subject of the research is the imperative sentence surrounded by the other functional types of sentences that are realized in a certain com-municative environment of English dialogical speech. The research methodology includes structural – semantic, context – situational, presuppositional and communicative – pragmatic analyzes. Realization of the intention of imperative sen-tences and the achievement of a perlocutionary effect occurs in the appropriate com-municative environment. It regulates, along with linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the type, the degree of realization of the intention of the imperative sentence as a direct speech act. The communicative environment of these utterances in verbal communication is typified and presupposes the inclusion in it of a certain set of functional types of statements in the sequence of their speech implementation. There is a direct correlation between the communicative environment, the position of the imperative sentences in it and the realization of the imperative intention. Imperative statements, entering a certain communicative environment, being surrounded by the other, similar utterances, declarative, interrogative, emotional, are not simply included in their environment, but form an integral piece of text, a coherent sequence of statements, where the place of each one is functionally defined. Therefore, the nature of the leading intention of the communicative context depends not only on its perlocutionary force, but also largely depends on the interaction of all components of the dialogical entity. In most cases, the function of an interrogative statement in the communicative situation of imperativeness is reduced to narrowing or concretizing the topic of conversation, or to strengthening of unambiguous intentions. Although in some cases the question, being a direct speech act, performs the main function in the implementation of the communicative intention of the speaker, it forms the basis of a complex of statements. The function of an emotive communicative unit was considered in communicative linguistics and earlier, but not as a function of the component of an imperative utterance, therefore we note that an emotive part of the dialogue not only emotionally colors the entire communicative move, but also gives the imperative component a great perlocutionary force. Practical implications of the results of the paper is in the possibility of their use in optimization of the dialogical communication of students of foreign language faculties, in the lectures on theoretical and communicative grammar and functional stylistics, in the organization of lecture courses and special seminars on the theory of dialogue. Value / originality. The English imparetive sentence is analyzed from the point of view of its implementation in a communicative environment, the character of functioning in a certain environment is investigated, which helps to realize the intention of the imperativeness.