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Journal articles on the topic 'Permafrost landscapes'
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1
Baskakova, A. I. "Using the theory of landscape studies to assess the distribution of different types of riverbeds in the Arctic zone." Arctic and Antarctic Research 70, no. 2 (2024): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2024-70-2-174-184.
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The paper presents an assessment of the distribution of riverbed types in homogeneous landscape areas of the Arctic zone located in various permafrost conditions. The Arctic territories of the Komi Republic, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are considered. For the first time, a distribution scheme of riverbed types for the middle rivers of the Russian Arctic regions has been compiled, based on a typification developed for permafrost conditions. The analysis showed that tundra landscapes are characterized by a greater distribution of unlimited alluvial rivers, compared with taiga landscapes. There is also a low proportion of orographic low-flows channels in permafrost conditions. Orographic flood channels are not typical of landscapes of Eastern European groups and are found in Siberian landscape groups, which is explained by the combined influence of limiting conditions and types of permafrost. There is an increase in limited alluvial channels from Arctic tundra landscapes to landscapes to those of taiga groups. As a result of the assessment, it is shown that the shape of riverbeds is influenced by permafrost, determining the nature of riverbed formation in the region.
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Shestakova, A. A. "Mapping patterns of distribution and modern conditions of permafrost landscapes in Yakutia." Geoinformatika, no. 4 (2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2020-4-52-62.
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Digital thematic maps of the modern condition of permafrost landscapes of Yakutia on a scale of 1:1 500 000 have been compiled. A quantitative analysis of the patterns of their spatial distribution was carried out, the differentiation of permafrost landscapes by geocryological characteristics was made, and the areas that are most vulnerable to modern climate change and anthropogenic impacts were identified. The analysis of a series of digital thematic maps of the modern condition of permafrost landscapes in Yakutia showed that 34% of the total territory is occupied by landscapes with soil temperatures from −2 to −4 °C, the least common high-temperature permafrost landscapes (from 0 to −2 °C) – about 4% of the territory. Landscapes with active layer thickness values of about 1 m are spread over 36% of the territory, which is the highest indicator. Insignificant territories (up to 3%) are occupied by landscapes with active layer thickness of up to 3 and 3,5 m. The most widespread landscapes are those with low-ice deposits (less than 0,2) – 38,7%, and landscapes with heavy-ice deposits (more than 0,4) occupy 31%. The most dangerous process is thermokarst, which occurs in the interalassic and slightly drained types of terrain. Key words: permafrost landscape, temperature of soils, ice content of deposits, cryogenic processes, digital maps, GIS model.
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Fedorov, Alexander N. "Permafrost Landscapes: Classification and Mapping." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110468.
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Permafrost landscapes occupy 25% of the world’s land area. The formation, dynamics, and evolution of these landscapes are greatly controlled by permafrost processes and thus require special approaches to classification and mapping. Alases, pingoes, edoma, thermokarst mounds, stone streams, low-centre polygonal tundra, and other surface features are associated with the presence of permafrost. Permafrost degradation and greenhouse gas emission due to global climate warming are among the major potential dangers facing the world. Improvements in knowledge about permafrost landscapes are therefore increasingly important. This special issue, titled “Permafrost Landscapes: Classification and Mapping”, presents articles on classification, mapping, monitoring, and stability assessment of permafrost landscapes, providing an overview of current work in the most important areas of cold regions research.
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М.Н., ЖЕЛЕЗНЯК, та ФЕДОРОВ А.Н. "УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ПРИРОДНЫХ СИСТЕМ И ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ СООРУЖЕНИЙ В АРКТИКЕ И СУБАРКТИКЕ". ЭКОНОМИКА ВОСТОКА РОССИИ, № 1(12) (20 листопада 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25801/src.2020.73.31.017.
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в последние три десятилетия в связи с современными изменениями климата и антропогенными нарушениями на территории Якутии происходит активизация криогенных процессов, которые негативно отражаются в ландшафтах и социально-экономической сфере в области вечной мерзлоты. Оценка современного состояния и тенденций развития мерзлотных ландшафтов Якутии в условиях глобального изменения климата и их влияние на устойчивость инженерных сооружений являются важной задачей для развивающихся районов Арктики и Субарктики России. Сильнольдистые криогенные ландшафты, занимающие около 30 % территории Якутии, в условиях современного потепления климата находятся в критическом состоянии. Результаты полевых наблюдений показывают, что любое антропогенное воздействие может привести к деградации вечной мерзлоты и ухудшению социально-экономической ценности этих ландшафтов. С этими ландшафтами в Якутии связаны наиболее населенные территории – аласные районы. Поэтому проблема изучения тенденций развития криогенных ландшафтов имеет не только экологическую, но и социально-экономическую, культурную и историческую актуальность. Current climatic changes and anthropogenic disturbances have intensified the development of permafrost-related processes in Yakutia during the last two decades, adversely affecting the landscapes and socio-economic conditions in this permafrost region. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the current state and trends in permafrost landscapes in Yakutia under global climate change. It provides a review of the current scientific literature, as well as analysis of field observations at monitoring sites of the Melnikov Permafrost Institute. The ice-rich permafrost landscapes which occupy about 25 % of Yakutia are in a critical condition under the current climate warming. The results of field observations show that any anthropogenic impact can lead to permafrost degradation and deterioration of the socio-economic value of these landscapes. Alases, which are related to these landscapes, are the most populated areas in Yakutia. Understanding the trends in permafrost-landscape dynamics has therefore not only ecological, but also socio-economic, cultural and historical importance. KEY WORDS: global warming, air temperature, permafrost landscape, engineering structures, Yakutia.
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Zakharov, Moisei, Sébastien Gadal, Jūratė Kamičaitytė, Mikhail Cherosov, and Elena Troeva. "Distribution and Structure Analysis of Mountain Permafrost Landscape in Orulgan Ridge (Northeast Siberia) Using Google Earth Engine." Land 11, no. 8 (2022): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081187.
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An analysis of the landscape spatial structure and diversity in the mountain ranges of Northeast Siberia is essential to assess how tundra and boreal landscapes may respond to climate change and anthropogenic impacts in the vast mountainous permafrost of the Arctic regions. In addition, a precise landscape map is required for knowledge-based territorial planning and management. In this article, we aimed to explore and enhanced methods to analyse and map the permafrost landscape in Orulgan Ridge. The Google Earth Engine cloud platform was used to generate vegetation cover maps based on multi-fusion classification of Sentinel 2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI time series data. Phenological features based on the monthly median values of time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) were used to recognize geobotanical units according to the hierarchical concept of permafrost landscapes by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. In addition, geomorphological variables of megarelief (mountains and river valleys) were identified using the GIS-based terrain analysis and landform classification of the ASTER GDEM scenes mosaic. The resulting environmental variables made it possible to categorize nine classes of mountain permafrost landscapes. The result obtained was compared with previous permafrost landscape maps, which revealed a significant difference in distribution and spatial structure of intrazonal valleys and mountain tundra landscapes. Analysis of the landscape structure revealed a significant distribution of classes of mountain Larix-sparse forests and tundra. Landscape diversity was described by six longitudinal and latitudinal landscape hypsometric profiles. River valleys allow boreal–taiga landscapes to move up to high-mountainous regions. The features of the landscape structure and diversity of the ridge are noted, which, along with the specific spatial organization of vegetation and relief, can be of key importance for environmental monitoring and the study of regional variability of climatic changes.
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Fedorov, Nikolai A., and Aliona A. Shestakova. "Current State of Permafrost Landscapes of the Prilensky Plateau." Geoinformatika, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2023-1-71-78.
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The article presents the results of studying the structure of permafrost landscapes in the area of discontinuous distribution of permafrost soils in large-scale mapping. The actual material was collected by the authors in the course of research and field work on the Power of Siberia project. Maps of terrain types, types of vegetation and a permafrost-landscape map of the key area "Mezhalasie" were compiled. Natural territorial complexes in the area of survey were systematized. The features of the permafrost landscapes distribution were studied, their differentiation was carried out, and the area of icy soils distribution was calculated.
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Fedorov, Alexander N. "Permafrost Landscape Research in the Northeast of Eurasia." Earth 3, no. 1 (2022): 460–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3010028.
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The results of permafrost landscape studies on northeastern Eurasia are presented in this review. The assessment of permafrost vulnerability to disturbances and global warming was the basis for the development of these studies. The permafrost landscape, considering the morphological features of the landscape and the permafrost together, is a timely object of study. The theoretical developments of Soviet physical geographers and landscape scientists are the basis for permafrost landscape studies. Over the past four decades, numerous permafrost landscape studies have been carried out on northeastern Eurasia (and Russia). Considering the results of these studies is the main objective of this article. The analysis of the problems of permafrost landscape identification, classification, and mapping and the study of their dynamics and evolution after disturbances and long-term development were carried out. Permafrost landscape studies employ the research methods of landscape science and geocryology. Environmental protection and adaptation of socioeconomic conditions to modern climate warming will determine the prospects for studying permafrost landscapes.
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Oblogov, Gleb E., Alexander A. Vasiliev, Dmitry A. Streletskiy, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, and Kelsey E. Nyland. "Localized Vegetation, Soil Moisture, and Ice Content Offset Permafrost Degradation under Climate Warming." Geosciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13050129.
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Rapid Arctic warming is expected to result in widespread permafrost degradation. However, observations show that site-specific conditions (vegetation and soils) may offset the reaction of permafrost to climate change. This paper summarizes 43 years of interannual seasonal thaw observations from tundra landscapes surrounding the Marre-Sale on the west coast of the Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia. This robust dataset includes landscape-specific climate, active layer thickness, soil moisture, and vegetation observations at multiple scales. Long-term trends from these hierarchically scaled observations indicate that drained landscapes exhibit the most pronounced responses to changing climatic conditions, while moist and wet tundra landscapes exhibit decreasing active layer thickness, and river floodplain landscapes do not show changes in the active layer. The slow increase in seasonal thaw depth despite significant warming observed over the last four decades on the Yamal Peninsula can be explained by thickening moss covers and ground surface subsidence as the transient layer (ice-rich upper permafrost soil horizon) thaws and compacts. The uneven proliferation of specific vegetation communities, primarily mosses, is significantly contributing to spatial variability observed in active layer dynamics. Based on these findings, we recommend that regional permafrost assessments employ a mean landscape-scale active layer thickness that weights the proportions of different landscape types.
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Chen, Yating, Aobo Liu, and Xiao Cheng. "Landsat-Based Monitoring of Landscape Dynamics in Arctic Permafrost Region." Journal of Remote Sensing 2022 (April 29, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9765087.
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Ice-rich permafrost thaws as a result of Arctic warming, and the land surface collapses to form characteristic thermokarst landscapes. Thermokarst landscapes can bring instability to the permafrost layer, affecting regional geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology and may further lead to permafrost degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. Field observations in permafrost regions are often limited, while satellite imagery provides a valuable record of land surface dynamics. Currently, continuous monitoring of regional-scale thermokarst landscape dynamics and disturbances remains a challenging task. In this study, we combined the Theil–Sen estimator with the LandTrendr algorithm to create a process flow for monitoring thermokarst landscape dynamics in Arctic permafrost region on the Google Earth Engine platform. A robust linear trend analysis of the Landsat Tasseled Cap index time series based on the Theil–Sen estimator and Mann–Kendall test showed the overall trends in greenness, wetness, and brightness in northern Alaska over the past 20 years. Six types of disturbances that occur in thermokarst landscape were demonstrated and highlighted, including long-term processes (thermokarst lake expansion, shoreline retreat, and river erosion) and short-term events (thermokarst lake drainage, wildfires, and abrupt vegetation change). These disturbances are widespread throughout the Arctic permafrost region and represent hotspots of abrupt permafrost thaw in a warming context, which would destabilize fragile thermokarst landscapes rich in soil organic carbon and affect the ecological carbon balance. The cases we present provide a basis for understanding and quantifying specific disturbance analyses that will facilitate the integration of thermokarst processes into climate models.
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Fedorov, Alexander, Nikolay Vasilyev, Yaroslav Torgovkin, et al. "Permafrost-Landscape Map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on a Scale 1:1,500,000." Geosciences 8, no. 12 (2018): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120465.
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The history of permafrost landscape map compilation is related to the study of ecological problems with permafrost. Permafrost-landscape studies are now widely used in geocryological mapping. Permafrost-landscape classifications and mapping are necessary for studying the trends in development of the natural environment in northern and high-altitude permafrost regions. The cryogenic factor in the permafrost zone plays a leading role in the differentiation of landscapes, so it must be considered during classification construction. In this study, a map’s special content was developed using publications about Yakutian nature, archive sources from academic institutes, the interpretation of satellite images, and special field studies. Overlays of 20 types of terrain, identified by geological and geomorphological features, and 36 types of plant groupings, allowed the systematization of permafrost temperature and active layer thickness in 145 landscape units with relatively homogeneous permafrost-landscape conditions in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. This map serves as a basis for applied thematic maps related to the assessment and forecast of permafrost changes during climate warming and anthropogenic impacts.
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Bouchard, Frédéric, Yannick Agnan, Lisa Bröder, Julien Fouché, Catherine Hirst, and Ylva Sjöberg. "The SPLASH Action Group – Towards standardized sampling strategies in permafrost science." Advances in Polar Science 31, no. 3 (2020): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0009.
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The Action Group called ‘Standardized methods across Permafrost Landscapes: from Arctic Soils to Hydrosystems’ (SPLASH) is a community-driven effort aiming to provide a suite of standardized field strategies for sampling mineral and organic components in soils, sediments, and water across permafrost landscapes. This unified approach will allow data from different landscape interfaces, field locations and seasons to be shared and compared, thus improving our understanding of the processes occurring during lateral transport in circumpolar Arctic watersheds.
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Guan, Shaoyang, Chao Wang, Yixian Tang, et al. "North American Circum-Arctic Permafrost Degradation Observation Using Sentinel-1 InSAR Data." Remote Sensing 16, no. 15 (2024): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16152809.
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In the context of global warming, the accelerated degradation of circum-Arctic permafrost is releasing a significant amount of carbon. InSAR can indirectly reflect the degradation of permafrost by monitoring its deformation. This study selected three typical permafrost regions in North America: Alaskan North Slope, Northern Great Bear Lake, and Southern Angikuni Lake. These regions encompass a range of permafrost landscapes, from tundra to needleleaf forests and lichen-moss, and we used Sentinel-1 SAR data from 2018 to 2021 to determine their deformation. In the InSAR process, due to the prolonged snow cover in the circum-Arctic permafrost, we used only SAR data collected during the summer and applied a two-stage interferogram selection strategy to mitigate the resulting temporal decorrelation. The Alaskan North Slope showed pronounced subsidence along the coastal alluvial plains and uplift in areas with drained thermokarst lake basins. Northern Great Bear Lake, which was impacted by wildfires, exhibited accelerated subsidence rates, revealing the profound and lasting impact of wildfires on permafrost degradation. Southern Angikuni Lake’s lichen and moss terrains displayed mild subsidence. Our InSAR results indicate that more than one-third of the permafrost in the North American study area is degrading and that permafrost in diverse landscapes has different deformation patterns. When monitoring the degradation of large-scale permafrost, it is crucial to consider the unique characteristics of each landscape.
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Kalinicheva, S. V. "Assessment of the permafrost landscapes stability in Eastern Siberia: the case of Yakutia." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University Series "Earth Sciences", no. 3 (September 26, 2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2587-8751-2024-3-51-59.
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The article provides an assessment of the stability of permafrost landscapes by two criteria: temperature and ice content of ground. The methods of assessing the stability of landscapes are presented: the Parmuzin scale, developed by him during the zoning of the north of Western Siberia by the potential possibility of thermokarst development and the Grave principle, on the basis of which a map scheme of the Yakut ASSR was previously compiled by the degree of surface sensitivity to technogenic impacts. Using the two presented methods of Parmuzin and Grave, based on the Permafrost-landscape map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on a scale of 1: 1,500,000, as well as maps of ground temperature of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the depth of the layer of annual fluctuations and ice content of surface deposits, landscape stability maps were compiled, the territory of Yakutia was divided into zones according to the degree of resistance to technogenic impacts. On the map compiled according to the Parmuzin method, landscapes according to the degree of resistance to technogenic impacts are differentiated into four gradations: unstable, relatively unstable, relatively stable and stable. Thus, according to this method, unstable landscapes occupy the smallest area of the study territory and are distributed mainly in the region with insular and discontinuous distribution of permafrost. Landscapes of the Central Yakut Plain, Prilenskoye Plateau and other lowlands with continuous permafrost distribution are characterized as relatively unstable. Relatively stable landscapes occupy the predominant part of Yakutia. Landscapes of mountainous regions are characterized as stable. According to the Grave method, landscapes on the map are divided into three gradations: relatively unstable, relatively stable and stable. According to the above-mentioned method, the territory of Central Yakutia, located in the area of highly icy soils and coastal arctic zones, is characterized as relatively unstable. The rest of the territory is assessed as relatively stable and stable.
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Fedorov, Alexander N., Pavel Y. Konstantinov, Nikolay F. Vasiliev, et al. "Ice Volumes in Permafrost Landscapes of Arctic Yakutia." Land 11, no. 12 (2022): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122329.
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This article is devoted to the study of the distribution of ground ice volumes in the upper layers of 5–10 m permafrost in the permafrost landscapes of Arctic Yakutia. Compilation of such a map will serve as a basis for assessing the vulnerability of permafrost to global warming, anthropogenic impact and forecasting the evolution of permafrost landscapes. The map was compiled using ArcGIS software, which supports attribute table mapping. The ground ice map of Arctic Yakutian permafrost landscapes shows that about 19% of the area is occupied by ultra ice-rich (above 0.6 in volumetric ice content) sediments. Very high ice volumes (0.4–0.6) are cover approximately 27%, moderate ice volumes (0.2–0.4)—25% of the area, and low ice volumes (less than 0.2)—about 29% of Arctic Yakutia.
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Muster, Sina, Kurt Roth, Moritz Langer, et al. "PeRL: a circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake database." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 1 (2017): 317–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-317-2017.
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Abstract. Ponds and lakes are abundant in Arctic permafrost lowlands. They play an important role in Arctic wetland ecosystems by regulating carbon, water, and energy fluxes and providing freshwater habitats. However, ponds, i.e., waterbodies with surface areas smaller than 1. 0 × 104 m2, have not been inventoried on global and regional scales. The Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL) database presents the results of a circum-Arctic effort to map ponds and lakes from modern (2002–2013) high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery with a resolution of 5 m or better. The database also includes historical imagery from 1948 to 1965 with a resolution of 6 m or better. PeRL includes 69 maps covering a wide range of environmental conditions from tundra to boreal regions and from continuous to discontinuous permafrost zones. Waterbody maps are linked to regional permafrost landscape maps which provide information on permafrost extent, ground ice volume, geology, and lithology. This paper describes waterbody classification and accuracy, and presents statistics of waterbody distribution for each site. Maps of permafrost landscapes in Alaska, Canada, and Russia are used to extrapolate waterbody statistics from the site level to regional landscape units. PeRL presents pond and lake estimates for a total area of 1. 4 × 106 km2 across the Arctic, about 17 % of the Arctic lowland ( < 300 m a.s.l.) land surface area. PeRL waterbodies with sizes of 1. 0 × 106 m2 down to 1. 0 × 102 m2 contributed up to 21 % to the total water fraction. Waterbody density ranged from 1. 0 × 10 to 9. 4 × 101 km−2. Ponds are the dominant waterbody type by number in all landscapes representing 45–99 % of the total waterbody number. The implementation of PeRL size distributions in land surface models will greatly improve the investigation and projection of surface inundation and carbon fluxes in permafrost lowlands. Waterbody maps, study area boundaries, and maps of regional permafrost landscapes including detailed metadata are available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.868349.
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Vasiliev, I. S. "Mountain permafrost landscapes of Yakutia." Geography and Natural Resources 30, no. 1 (2009): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gnr.2009.03.017.
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Zakharov, М. I., and S. V. Fedorova. "Post-anthropogenic dynamics of rural landscapes of southeastern Yakutia in the case of Ust-Yudoma village." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University Series "Earth Sciences", no. 2 (June 10, 2025): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.25587/2587-8751-2025-1-81-93.
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Understanding the dynamics of human-modified natural landscapes after the minimization of anthropogenic impact is an important aspect of dynamic landscape science. The problem of formation of abandoned rural settlements has background and tendencies to intensify in the conditions of urbanization. The aim of this study is to identify the features of post-anthropogenic transformation of rural settlement landscapes for the abandoned village of Ust-Yudoma in the Ust-Maysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The study region is in the middle taiga landscape zone with continuous permafrost. The landscape structure of the study area consists of 12 typological units mapped based on field studies and interpretation of remote sensing data. It is noted that anthropogenically-modified landscapes are divided into three types according to vegetation associations: young growth of pine, raspberry-hipberry mixed herbaceous communities and ivanchai-grass meadows. Multitemporal Landsat images were analyzed to identify key stages of post-anthropogenic landscape dynamics. Maps of the main landscape cover types were compiled using the Semi-Automatic Classification Plagin plugin according to the Random Forest algorithm. A significant part of the village territory is characterized by poorly disturbed pine lingonberry forests with participation of birch on permafrost-taiga loamy soils. The most anthropogenically disturbed territories of private homestead plots consist of raspberry thickets with participation of willow-grass meadows and pine overgrowth on permafrost-taiga loamy soils. Using the images from 1986 to 2024, the stages of pine forest regeneration in the non-forested areas of the village were established. The study of post-anthropogenic dynamics allows us to understand how natural landscapes recover after the cessation of human activity. This contributes to the development of theoretical models of natural processes, the development of effective land resource strategies, and helps to predict further changes in rural landscapes.
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Oblogov, Gleb E., Alexander A. Vasiliev, Irina D. Streletskaya, et al. "Methane Content and Emission in the Permafrost Landscapes of Western Yamal, Russian Arctic." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100412.
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We present the results of studies of the methane content in soils of the active layer and underlying permafrost, as well as data on the emission of methane into the atmosphere in the dominant landscapes of typical tundra of the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula. A detailed landscape map of the study area was compiled, the dominant types of landscapes were determined, and vegetation cover was described. We determined that a high methane content is characteristic of the wet landscapes: peat bogs within the floodplains, water tracks, and lake basins. Average values of the methane content in the active layer for such landscapes varied from 2.4 to 3.5 mL (CH4)/kg, with a maximum of 9.0 mL (CH4)/kg. The distribution of methane in studied sections is characterized by an increase in its concentration with depth. This confirms the diffuse mechanism of methane transport in the active layer and emission of methane into the atmosphere. The transition zone of the upper permafrost contains 2.5–5-times more methane than the active layer and may become a significant source of methane during the anticipated permafrost degradation. Significant fluxes of methane into the atmosphere of 2.6 mg (CH4) * m−2 * h−1 are characteristic of the flooded landscapes of peat bogs, water tracks, and lake basins, which occupy approximately 45% of the typical tundra area.
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Varlamov, Stepan P., Yuri B. Skachkov, and Pavel N. Skryabin. "Influence of Climate Change on the Thermal Condition of Yakutia’s Permafrost Landscapes (Chabyda Station)." Land 9, no. 5 (2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050132.
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This paper presents the results of 39 years of observations conducted at the Chabyda station to monitor the thermal state of permafrost landscapes under current climatic warming. The analysis of long-term records from weather stations in the region has revealed one of the highest increasing trends in mean annual air temperature in northern Russia. The partitioning of the energy balance in different landscape units within the study area has been analyzed. Quantitative relationships in the long-term variability of ground thermal parameters, such as the ground temperature at the bottom of the active layer and seasonal thaw depth, have been established. The ground temperature dynamics within the depth of zero annual amplitude indicates that both warm and cold permafrost are thermally stable. The short-term variability of the snow accumulation regime is the main factor controlling the thermal state of the ground in permafrost landscapes. The depth of seasonal thaw is characterized by low interannual variability and exhibits little response to climate warming, with no statistically significant increasing or decreasing trend. The results of the ground thermal monitoring can be extended to similar landscapes in the region, providing a reliable basis for predicting heat transfer in natural, undisturbed landscapes.
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Kalinicheva, Svetlana, Alexander Fedorov, and Mikhail Zhelezniak. "Mapping Mountain Permafrost Landscapes in Siberia Using Landsat Thermal Imagery." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010004.
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Intensive development of South Yakutia, a mountainous area in the Russian sporadic permafrost zone, must be founded on knowledge about regional permafrost conditions. New permafrost maps for mountainous areas in South Yakutia (the Elkon Mountains and the Olekma-Chara Upland) are presented that provide a more detailed and updated description of permafrost distribution in the area than those that were hitherto available. These maps are based on the previously-developed and tested method of detecting permafrost and unfrozen ground using Landsat-5/TM satellite data with relatively high resolution. The method represents a scheme for permafrost identification based on a set of landscape indicators: terrain elevation, slope angle and exposition, vegetation, snow cover, and land surface temperature (LST). A correlation analysis of satellite data to full-scale field data has been carried out for the two areas under consideration. Indicator properties of LST obtained by Landsat-5/TM Band 6 Infrared have been characterized in detail for detection and regional mapping of permafrost. The effect of landscape factors (landscape cryo-indicators) on ground temperature and condition, frozen or unfrozen reflected in LST intensity, is demonstrated.
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Hantson, Wouter, Daryl Yang, Shawn P. Serbin, Joshua B. Fisher, and Daniel J. Hayes. "Scaling Arctic landscape and permafrost features improves active layer depth modeling." Environmental Research: Ecology 4, no. 1 (2025): 015001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-664x/ad9f6c.
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Abstract Tundra ecosystems in the Arctic store up to 40% of global below-ground organic carbon but are exposed to the fastest climate warming on Earth. However, accurately monitoring landscape changes in the Arctic is challenging due to the complex interactions among permafrost, micro-topography, climate, vegetation, and disturbance. This complexity results in high spatiotemporal variability in permafrost distribution and active layer depth (ALD). Moreover, these key tundra processes interact at different scales, and an observational mismatch can limit our understanding of intrinsic connections and dynamics between above and below-ground processes. Consequently, this could limit our ability to model and anticipate how ALD will respond to climate change and disturbances across tundra ecosystems. In this paper, we studied the fine-scale heterogeneity of ALD and its connections with land surface characteristics across spatial and spectral scales using a combination of ground, unoccupied aerial system, airborne, and satellite observations. We showed that airborne sensors such as AVIRIS-NG and medium-resolution satellite Earth observation systems like Sentinel-2 can capture the average ALD at the landscape scale. We found that the best observational scale for ALD modeling is heavily influenced by the vegetation and landform patterns occurring on the landscape. Landscapes characterized by small-scale permafrost features such as polygon tussock tundra require high-resolution observations to capture the intrinsic connections between permafrost and small-scale land surface and disturbance patterns. Conversely, in landscapes dominated by water tracks and shrubs, permafrost features manifest at a larger scale and our model results indicate the best performance at medium resolution (5 m), outperforming both higher (0.4 m) and lower resolution (10 m) models. This transcends our study to show that permafrost response to climate change may vary across dominant ecosystem types, driven by different above- and below-ground connections and the scales at which these connections are happening. We thus recommend tailoring observational scales based on landforms and characteristics for modeling permafrost distribution, thereby mitigating the influences of spatial-scale mismatches and improving the understanding of vegetation and permafrost changes for the Arctic region.
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Fedorov, Alexander N., Varvara A. Novopriezzhaya, Nikolay A. Fedorov, Pavel Y. Konstantinov, and Vera V. Samsonova. "Retrospective Analysis of Permafrost Landscape Evolution in Yakutia during the Holocene Warm Intervals." Land 9, no. 11 (2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110463.
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The observed global warming has significant impacts on permafrost. Permafrost changes modify landscapes and cause damage to infrastructure. The main purpose of this study was to estimate permafrost temperatures and active-layer thicknesses during the Holocene intervals with significantly warmer-than-present climates—the Atlantic (5500 years BP), Subboreal (3500 years BP) and Subatlantic (1000 years BP) optimums. Estimates were obtained using the ready-to-use models derived by G.M. Feldman, as well as mathematical modeling taking account of the paleogeography of the Holocene warm intervals. The data obtained were analyzed to reveal the regional patterns of warming impacts on different permafrost landscapes. The study results will be useful in predicting future permafrost changes in response to climate warming.
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Vincent, Warwick F., Mickaël Lemay, and Michel Allard. "Arctic permafrost landscapes in transition: towards an integrated Earth system approach." Arctic Science 3, no. 2 (2017): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0027.
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Permafrost science and engineering are of vital importance for northern development and climate adaptation given that buildings, roads, and other infrastructure in many parts of the Arctic depend on permafrost stability. Permafrost also has wide-ranging effects on other features of the Arctic environment including geomorphology, biogeochemical fluxes, tundra plant and animal ecology, and the functioning of lake, river, and coastal marine ecosystems. This review presents an Earth system perspective on permafrost landscapes as an approach towards integration across disciplines. The permafrost system can be described by a three-layer conceptual model, with an upper buffer layer that contains vegetation or infrastructure. Snow and liquid water strongly affect the thermal properties and stability of these layers and their associated interfaces, resulting in critical times and places for accelerated degradation of permafrost and for exchanges of mass and heat with the hydrosphere and atmosphere. Northern permafrost landscapes are now in rapid transition as a result of climate warming and socioeconomic development, which is affecting their ability to provide geosystem and ecosystem services. The Earth system approach provides a framework for identifying linkages, thresholds, and feedbacks among system components, including human systems, and for the development of management strategies to cope with permafrost change.
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Arendt, Carli A., Jeffrey M. Heikoop, Brent D. Newman, et al. "Increased Arctic NO3− Availability as a Hydrogeomorphic Consequence of Permafrost Degradation and Landscape Drying." Nitrogen 3, no. 2 (2022): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020021.
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Climate-driven permafrost thaw alters the strongly coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles within the Arctic tundra, influencing the availability of limiting nutrients including nitrate (NO3−). Researchers have identified two primary mechanisms that increase nitrogen and NO3− availability within permafrost soils: (1) the ‘frozen feast’, where previously frozen organic material becomes available as it thaws, and (2) ‘shrubification’, where expansion of nitrogen-fixing shrubs promotes increased soil nitrogen. Through the synthesis of original and previously published observational data, and the application of multiple geospatial approaches, this study investigates and highlights a third mechanism that increases NO3− availability: the hydrogeomorphic evolution of polygonal permafrost landscapes. Permafrost thaw drives changes in microtopography, increasing the drainage of topographic highs, thus increasing oxic conditions that promote NO3− production and accumulation. We extrapolate relationships between NO3− and soil moisture in elevated topographic features within our study area and the broader Alaskan Coastal Plain and investigate potential changes in NO3− availability in response to possible hydrogeomorphic evolution scenarios of permafrost landscapes. These approximations indicate that such changes could increase Arctic tundra NO3− availability by ~250–1000%. Thus, hydrogeomorphic changes that accompany continued permafrost degradation in polygonal permafrost landscapes will substantially increase soil pore water NO3− availability and boost future fertilization and productivity in the Arctic.
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Shestakova, Alena A. "Assessment of the stability of permafrost landscapes in the developed territories of Western Yakutia." Geoinformatika, no. 3 (September 27, 2024): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2024-3-45-52.
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Using GIS technologies, a Map of the resistance of permafrost landscapes of the developed territories of Western Yakutia on a scale of 1:1,000,000 to anthropogenic impacts was compiled. The ice content of the underlying rocks, soil temperature, the thickness of the active layer and the distribution of cryogenic processes were accepted as stability criteria. At the same time, a point system for assessing the stability of landscapes was used. Spatial analysis of permafrost landscapes showed that the largest areas are occupied by stable landscapes (66.8%), relatively stable and relatively unstable landscapes occupy 19,5 and 13,7%, respectively.
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Arp, C. D., M. S. Whitman, B. M. Jones, G. Grosse, B. V. Gaglioti, and K. C. Heim. "Beaded streams of Arctic permafrost landscapes." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (2014): 11391–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-11391-2014.
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Abstract. Beaded streams are widespread in permafrost regions and are considered a common thermokarst landform. However, little is known about their distribution, how and under what conditions they form, and how their intriguing morphology translates to ecosystem functions and habitat. Here we report on a Circum-Arctic inventory of beaded streams and a watershed-scale analysis in northern Alaska using remote sensing and field studies. We mapped over 400 channel networks with beaded morphology throughout the continuous permafrost zone of northern Alaska, Canada, and Russia and found the highest abundance associated with medium- to high-ice content permafrost in moderately sloping terrain. In the Fish Creek watershed, beaded streams accounted for half of the drainage density, occurring primarily as low-order channels initiating from lakes and drained lake basins. Beaded streams predictably transition to alluvial channels with increasing drainage area and decreasing channel slope, although this transition is modified by local controls on water and sediment delivery. Comparison of one beaded channel using repeat photography between 1948 and 2013 indicate relatively stable form and 14C dating of basal sediments suggest channel formation may be as early as the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Contemporary processes, such as deep snow accumulation in stream gulches effectively insulates river ice and allows for perennial liquid water below most beaded stream pools. Because of this, mean annual temperatures in pool beds are greater than 2 °C, leading to the development of perennial thaw bulbs or taliks underlying these thermokarst features. In the summer, some pools stratify thermally, which reduces permafrost thaw and maintains coldwater habitats. Snowmelt generated peak-flows decrease rapidly by two or more orders of magnitude to summer low flows with slow reach-scale velocity distributions ranging from 0.1 to 0.01 m s−1, yet channel runs still move water rapidly between pools. This repeating spatial pattern associated with beaded stream morphology and hydrological dynamics may provide abundant and optimal foraging habitat for fish. Thus, beaded streams may create important ecosystem functions and habitat in many permafrost landscapes and their distribution and dynamics are only beginning to be recognized in Arctic research.
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Aas, Kjetil S., Léo Martin, Jan Nitzbon, et al. "Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model." Cryosphere 13, no. 2 (2019): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-591-2019.
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Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are our primary tool for projecting future climate change, but their ability to represent small-scale land surface processes is currently limited. This is especially true for permafrost landscapes in which melting of excess ground ice and subsequent subsidence affect lateral processes which can substantially alter soil conditions and fluxes of heat, water, and carbon to the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate that dynamically changing microtopography and related lateral fluxes of snow, water, and heat can be represented through a tiling approach suitable for implementation in large-scale models, and we investigate which of these lateral processes are important to reproduce observed landscape evolution. Combining existing methods for representing excess ground ice, snow redistribution, and lateral water and energy fluxes in two coupled tiles, we show that the model approach can simulate observed degradation processes in two very different permafrost landscapes. We are able to simulate the transition from low-centered to high-centered polygons, when applied to polygonal tundra in the cold, continuous permafrost zone, which results in (i) a more realistic representation of soil conditions through drying of elevated features and wetting of lowered features with related changes in energy fluxes, (ii) up to 2 ∘C reduced average permafrost temperatures in the current (2000–2009) climate, (iii) delayed permafrost degradation in the future RCP4.5 scenario by several decades, and (iv) more rapid degradation through snow and soil water feedback mechanisms once subsidence starts. Applied to peat plateaus in the sporadic permafrost zone, the same two-tile system can represent an elevated peat plateau underlain by permafrost in a surrounding permafrost-free fen and its degradation in the future following a moderate warming scenario. These results demonstrate the importance of representing lateral fluxes to realistically simulate both the current permafrost state and its degradation trajectories as the climate continues to warm. Implementing laterally coupled tiles in ESMs could improve the representation of a range of permafrost processes, which is likely to impact the simulated magnitude and timing of the permafrost–carbon feedback.
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Petrov, Marat I., Alexander N. Fedorov, Pavel Y. Konstantinov, and Radomir N. Argunov. "Variability of Permafrost and Landscape Conditions Following Forest Fires in the Central Yakutian Taiga Zone." Land 11, no. 4 (2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040496.
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In the last two decades in Central Yakutia, there has been a significant change in cryogenic landscapes related to climate warming and anthropogenic disturbances. This period is characterized by the activity of forest fires, which significantly impact permafrost landscapes. We observed the dynamics of cryogenic landscapes after a forest fire in 2001 at the Neleger station in Central Yakutia, 35 km northwest of Yakutsk. The observations included ground temperature and active layer thickness monitoring and statements of changes in the soil moisture content of the active layer. Increases in ground temperature, the active layer thickness, and soil moisture content on the burnt site after a forest fire in Neleger station were noted in the first six to seven years after the disturbance. We found that, following forest fires, permafrost progressively restabilizes as forest cover redevelops over time. The results of the studies will become the basis for planning restoration work after forest fires in permafrost landscapes of Central Yakutia.
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Shestakova, Alyona A., Alexander N. Fedorov, Yaroslav I. Torgovkin, et al. "Mapping the Main Characteristics of Permafrost on the Basis of a Permafrost-Landscape Map of Yakutia Using GIS." Land 10, no. 5 (2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050462.
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The purpose of this article was to compile four separate digital thematic maps of temperature and ice content of permafrost, the active layer thickness, and cryogenic processes in Yakutia as a basis for assessing changes to modern climate changes and anthropogenic disturbances. In this work, materials on permafrost were used, serving as the basis for compiling a permafrost landscape map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The maps were compiled using ArcGIS software, which supports attribute table mapping. The ground temperature and active layer thickness maps reflected landscape zonality and regional differences. Peculiarities of genetic types of Quaternary deposits and climatic conditions reflected the ice content of surface sediments and cryogenic process distribution maps. One of the most common is ground temperatures from −2.1 to −4.0 °C, which were found to occupy about 37.4% of the territory of Yakutia. More than half of the region was found to be occupied by permafrost landscapes with a limited thickness of the active layer up to 1.1 m. Ice-rich permafrost (more than 0.4 in ice content) was found to be typical for about 40% of the territory. Thermokarst is the most hazardous process that occurs in half of Yakutia.
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Maslakov, Alexey, Larisa Zotova, Nina Komova, Mikhail Grishchenko, Dmitry Zamolodchikov, and Gennady Zelensky. "Vulnerability of the Permafrost Landscapes in the Eastern Chukotka Coastal Plains to Human Impact and Climate Change." Land 10, no. 5 (2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050445.
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Permafrost landscapes are particularly susceptible to the observed climate change due to the presence of ice in the ground. This paper presents the results of the mapping and assessment of landscapes and their vulnerability to potential human impact and further climate change in the remote region of Eastern Chukotka. The combination of field studies and remote sensing data analysis allowed us to identify the distribution of landscapes within the study polygon, reveal the factors determining their stability, and classify them by vulnerability to the external impacts using a hazard index, H. In total, 33 landscapes characterized by unique combinations of vegetation cover, soil type, relief, and ground composition were detected within the 172 km2 study polygon. The most stable landscapes of the study polygon occupy 31.7% of the polygon area; they are the slopes and tops of mountains covered with stony-lichen tundra, alpine meadows, and the leveled summit areas of the fourth glacial-marine terrace. The most unstable areas cover 19.2% of the study area and are represented by depressions, drainage hollows, waterlogged areas, and places of caterpillar vehicle passage within the terraces and water-glacial plain. The methods of assessment and mapping of the landscape vulnerability presented in this study are quite flexible and can be adapted to other permafrost regions.
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Carpino, Olivia, Kristine Haynes, Ryan Connon, James Craig, Élise Devoie, and William Quinton. "Long-term climate-influenced land cover change in discontinuous permafrost peatland complexes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 6 (2021): 3301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3301-2021.
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Abstract. The discontinuous permafrost zone is undergoing rapid transformation as a result of unprecedented permafrost thaw brought on by circumpolar climate warming. Rapid warming over recent decades has significantly decreased the area underlain by permafrost in peatland complexes. It has catalysed extensive landscape transitions in the Taiga Plains of northwestern Canada, transforming forest-dominated landscapes to those that are wetland dominated. However, the advanced stages of this landscape transition, and the hydrological and thermal mechanisms and feedbacks governing these environments, are unclear. This study explores the current trajectory of land cover change across a 300 000 km2 region of northwestern Canada's discontinuous permafrost zone by presenting a north–south space-for-time substitution that capitalizes on the region's 600 km latitudinal span. We combine extensive geomatics data across the Taiga Plains with ground-based hydrometeorological measurements collected in the Scotty Creek basin, Northwest Territories, Canada, which is located in the medial latitudes of the Taiga Plains and is undergoing rapid landscape change. These data are used to inform a new conceptual framework of landscape evolution that accounts for the observed patterns of permafrost thaw-induced land cover change and provides a basis for predicting future changes. Permafrost thaw-induced changes in hydrology promote partial drainage and drying of collapse scar wetlands, leading to areas of afforestation forming treed wetlands without underlying permafrost. Across the north–south latitudinal gradient spanning the Taiga Plains, relatively undisturbed forested plateau–wetland complexes dominate the region's higher latitudes, forest–wetland patchwork are most prevalent at the medial latitudes, and forested peatlands are increasingly present across lower latitudes. This trend reflects the progression of wetland transition occurring locally in the plateau–wetland complexes of the Scotty Creek basin and informs our understanding of the anticipated trajectory of change in the discontinuous permafrost zone.
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Desyatkin, R. V., S. N. Lessovaia, M. V. Okoneshnikova, A. Z. Ivanova, and N. V. Platonova. "Permafrost Affected Soils of the Alazeya River Basin: Properties, Mineralogy and Classification." Почвоведение, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0032180x2260086x.
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Physico-chemical properties and vertical distribution patterns of clay minerals in the weakly differentiated soils were studied. The soils are located in the Kolyma lowland plain; they have formed in a cold and ultracontinental climate. The study objects cover a broad range of the landscape diversity: the marsh and alas meadows and typical northern taiga landscapes. Despite the fact that weathering processes are weakly developed at high latitudes, mineral transformation represented by chlorite-illite association led to presence of (i) vermiculite in the acidic soil horizons of the alas meadow and the zonal northern taiga landscapes and (ii) iron hydroxide – lepidocrocite in the profile from the marsh meadow. It was shown that classification of the Kriozem located in the open woodland landscapes that are typical in the northern taiga does not cause difficulties based on the profile-genetic approaches of the national classification system. Oppositely, classification of the permafrost affected soils located in the intrazone landscapes of the marsh and alas meadows should be further clarified.
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Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., Dmitry A. Streletskiy, Jonathon D. Little, and Frederick E. Nelson. "Isotropic thaw subsidence in undisturbed permafrost landscapes." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 24 (2013): 6356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058295.
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Lytkin, Vasylii, Alexander Suleymanov, Lilia Vinokurova, et al. "Influence of Permafrost Landscapes Degradation on Livelihoods of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Rural Communities." Land 10, no. 2 (2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020101.
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Climate change and the degradation of permafrost prove to be severe challenges for humanity. At present, the northern communities and those living in rural areas are already facing the consequences. This article is based on field research conducted in the Yunkyur, Olyokminsky, and Amginsky Districts of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) during 2018–2020. These settlements have one of the richest agricultural traditions in the region; however, the inhabitants of these villages now face serious consequences of permafrost degradation. The authors rely on a mixed set of methods and approaches, including sociological surveys, expert and in-depth interviewing, and appropriate archival and museum materials. Methodology of remote sensing and landscape–geocryological research was integrated. The resulting studies made it possible to demonstrate increasingly widespread thermokarst processes in the key areas studied. The authors determined that the degradation of permafrost has led to problems with the safety and development of the housing stock, especially deformation of houses and outbuildings, and reduction of areas suitable for construction. Territories affected by thermokarst also drop out of agricultural use. Finally, the authors identify some adaptation mechanisms to mitigate the effects of changes in permafrost landscapes.
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Varlamov, Stepan P., Yuri B. Skachkov, and Pavel N. Skryabin. "Evolution of the thermal state of permafrost under climate warming in Central Yakutia." Holocene 29, no. 9 (2019): 1401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619855959.
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The relevance of the problem under review is explained by the need to study the thermal response of permafrost to the modern climate change. Evolution of the thermal state of grounds has been studied with a view to evaluate the effects of modern climate warming on permafrost in Central Yakutia. The leading method to study this problem is the arrangement and performance of long-term monitoring observations of the permafrost thermal state that enable quantitative evaluation of the thermal response of upper permafrost layers to climatic fluctuations of recent decades. The analysis of long-term records from weather stations in the region has clearly revealed one of the highest increasing trends in the mean annual air temperature in northern Russia. Quantitative relationships in the long-term variability of ground thermal parameters, such as ground temperature at the bottom of the active layer, at the bottom of the annual heat exchange layer, and active thaw depth, have been established. The thermal state dynamics of the annual heat exchange layer under climate warming indicates that both warm and cold permafrost are thermally stable. Short-term variability of the snow accumulation regime is the main factor controlling the thermal state of the ground in permafrost landscapes. The active-layer thickness is characterized by low interannual variability and exhibits little response to climate warming, with no statistically meaningful increasing or decreasing trend. The results of ground thermal monitoring can be extended to similar landscapes in the region, providing a reliable basis for predicting heat transfer in natural landscapes.
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Beckebanze, Lutz, Zoé Rehder, David Holl, Christian Wille, Charlotta Mirbach, and Lars Kutzbach. "Ignoring carbon emissions from thermokarst ponds results in overestimation of tundra net carbon uptake." Biogeosciences 19, no. 4 (2022): 1225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1225-2022.
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Abstract. Arctic permafrost landscapes have functioned as a global carbon sink for millennia. These landscapes are very heterogeneous, and the omnipresent water bodies within them act as a carbon source. Yet, few studies have focused on the impact of these water bodies on the landscape carbon budget. We deepen our understanding of carbon emissions from thermokarst ponds and constrain their impact by comparing carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from these ponds to fluxes from the surrounding tundra. We use eddy covariance measurements from a tower located at the border between a large pond and semi-terrestrial tundra. When we take the open-water areas of thermokarst ponds into account, our results show that the estimated summer carbon uptake of the polygonal tundra is 11 % lower. Further, the data show that open-water methane emissions are of a similar magnitude to polygonal tundra emissions. However, some parts of the pond's shoreline exhibit much higher emissions. This finding underlines the high spatial variability in methane emissions. We conclude that gas fluxes from thermokarst ponds can contribute significantly to the carbon budget of Arctic tundra landscapes. Consequently, changes in the water body distribution of tundra landscapes due to permafrost degradation may substantially impact the overall carbon budget of the Arctic.
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Siewert, Matthias B. "High-resolution digital mapping of soil organic carbon in permafrost terrain using machine learning: a case study in a sub-Arctic peatland environment." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (2018): 1663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1663-2018.
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Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in northern peatlands and permafrost-affected soils are key components in the global carbon cycle. This article quantifies SOC stocks in a sub-Arctic mountainous peatland environment in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Abisko, northern Sweden. Four machine-learning techniques are evaluated for SOC quantification: multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, support vector machine and random forest. The random forest model performed best and was used to predict SOC for several depth increments at a spatial resolution of 1 m (1×1 m). A high-resolution (1 m) land cover classification generated for this study is the most relevant predictive variable. The landscape mean SOC storage (0–150 cm) is estimated to be 8.3 ± 8.0 kg C m−2 and the SOC stored in the top meter (0–100 cm) to be 7.7 ± 6.2 kg C m−2. The predictive modeling highlights the relative importance of wetland areas and in particular peat plateaus for the landscape's SOC storage. The total SOC was also predicted at reduced spatial resolutions of 2, 10, 30, 100, 250 and 1000 m and shows a significant drop in land cover class detail and a tendency to underestimate the SOC at resolutions > 30 m. This is associated with the occurrence of many small-scale wetlands forming local hot-spots of SOC storage that are omitted at coarse resolutions. Sharp transitions in SOC storage associated with land cover and permafrost distribution are the most challenging methodological aspect. However, in this study, at local, regional and circum-Arctic scales, the main factor limiting robust SOC mapping efforts is the scarcity of soil pedon data from across the entire environmental space. For the Abisko region, past SOC and permafrost dynamics indicate that most of the SOC is barely 2000 years old and very dynamic. Future research needs to investigate the geomorphic response of permafrost degradation and the fate of SOC across all landscape compartments in post-permafrost landscapes.
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Siewert, M. B., and M. B. Siewert. "High-resolution digital mapping of soil organic carbon in permafrost terrain using machine learning: a case study in a sub-Arctic peatland environment." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (2018): 1663–82. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1663-2018.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in northern peatlands and permafrost-affected soils are key components in the global carbon cycle. This article quantifies SOC stocks in a sub-Arctic mountainous peatland environment in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Abisko, northern Sweden. Four machine-learning techniques are evaluated for SOC quantification: multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, support vector machine and random forest. The random forest model performed best and was used to predict SOC for several depth increments at a spatial resolution of 1 m (1×1 m). A high-resolution (1 m) land cover classification generated for this study is the most relevant predictive variable. The landscape mean SOC storage (0–150 cm) is estimated to be 8.3 ± 8.0 kg C m<sup>−2</sup> and the SOC stored in the top meter (0–100 cm) to be 7.7 ± 6.2 kg C m<sup>−2</sup>. The predictive modeling highlights the relative importance of wetland areas and in particular peat plateaus for the landscape's SOC storage. The total SOC was also predicted at reduced spatial resolutions of 2, 10, 30, 100, 250 and 1000 m and shows a significant drop in land cover class detail and a tendency to underestimate the SOC at resolutions > 30 m. This is associated with the occurrence of many small-scale wetlands forming local hot-spots of SOC storage that are omitted at coarse resolutions. Sharp transitions in SOC storage associated with land cover and permafrost distribution are the most challenging methodological aspect. However, in this study, at local, regional and circum-Arctic scales, the main factor limiting robust SOC mapping efforts is the scarcity of soil pedon data from across the entire environmental space. For the Abisko region, past SOC and permafrost dynamics indicate that most of the SOC is barely 2000 years old and very dynamic. Future research needs to investigate the geomorphic response of permafrost degradation and the fate of SOC across all landscape compartments in post-permafrost landscapes.
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Kulakov, A. P. "Intra-landscape differentiation of vegetation cover of the mountain cryolithozone of Northern Transbaikalia." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 21, no. 2 (2022): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2022059.
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In this paper, the intra-landscape differentiation of vegetation cover within the representative areas of the Verkhnecharsky basin and the Kodar ridge, which are part of the high-altitude cryolithozone of Northern Transbaikalia, is considered. Based on the results of field and remote observations, the main factors affecting the distribution and condition of vegetation cover within heterogeneous landscape tracts have been identified. On the basis of geosystem approach, the regularity of the redistribution of the main types of vegetation depending on the existing permafrost landscape situation in the basin and highland areas is analyzed. The conducted research can serve as an environmental basis for the organization of environmental monitoring and indication of the state of permafrost mountain landscapes in connection with the current climate change and active economic development of the region.
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Varlamov, Stepan Prokopievich, Yuri Borisovich Skachkov, and Pavel Nikolaevich Skryabin. "Long-Term Variability in Ground Thermal State in Central Yakutia’s Tuymaada Valley." Land 10, no. 11 (2021): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111231.
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This paper presents the results of long-term temperature monitoring at the Yakutsk and Zeleny Lug stations, which are experimental sites, for the thermal state of valley permafrost landscapes under the conditions of modern climate warming. An analysis of the long-term data from meteorological stations in the region clearly showed one of the highest trends of increase in the mean annual air temperature in the north of Russia. Here, we established quantitative regularities in the long-term variability of the ground temperature at the bottom of the active layer and at zero amplitude. The dynamics of the ground temperature of the layer of zero amplitude during climate warming indicate the thermal stability of permafrost. The main regulating factor of the thermal state of grounds in permafrost landscapes is short-term fluctuations in the regime of snow accumulation. Active layer thickness is characterized by low interannual variability, weak climate warming responses, and insignificant trends. The results of studies of the thermal regime of soils can be extended to the same types of valley landscapes in the Lena River, and are a reliable basis for predicting heat transfer in natural and disturbed landscapes.
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Morgenstern, A., G. Grosse, F. Günther, I. Fedorova, and L. Schirrmeister. "Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 3 (2011): 1495–545. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-1495-2011.
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Abstract. Distinctive periglacial landscapes have formed in late-Pleistocene ice-rich permafrost deposits (Ice Complex) of Northern Yakutia, Siberia. Thermokarst lakes and thermokarst basins alternate with ice-rich Yedoma uplands. We investigate different thermokarst stages in Ice Complex deposits of the Lena River Delta using remote sensing and geoinformation techniques. The morphometry and spatial distribution of thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands, thermokarst lakes in basins, and thermokarst basins are analyzed, and possible dependence upon relief position and cryolithological context is considered. Of these thermokarst stages, developing thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands alter ice-rich permafrost the most, but occupy only 2.2 % of the study area compared to 20.0 % occupied by thermokarst basins. The future potential for developing large areas of thermokarst on Yedoma uplands is limited due to shrinking distances to degradational features and delta channels that foster lake drainage. Further thermokarst development in existing basins is restricted to underlying deposits that have already undergone thaw, compaction, and old carbon mobilization, and to deposits formed after initial lake drainage. Therefore, a distinction between developmental stages of thermokarst and landscape units is necessary to assess the potential for future permafrost degradation and carbon release due to thermokarst in Siberian Yedoma landscapes.
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Giest, Frieda P., Maren Jenrich, Guido Grosse, et al. "Organic carbon, mercury, and sediment characteristics along a land–shore transect in Arctic Alaska." Biogeosciences 22, no. 12 (2025): 2871–87. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2871-2025.
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Abstract. Climate warming in the Arctic results in thawing permafrost and associated processes like thermokarst, especially in ice-rich permafrost regions. Since permafrost soils are one of the largest organic carbon reservoirs of the world, their thawing leads to the release of greenhouse gases due to increasing microbial activity with rising soil temperature, further exacerbating climate warming. To enhance the predictions of potential future impacts of permafrost thaw, a detailed assessment of changes in soil characteristics in response to thermokarst processes in permafrost landscapes is needed, which we investigated in this study in an Arctic coastal lowland. We analysed six sediment cores from the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, each representing a different landscape feature along a gradient from upland to thermokarst lake and drained basin to thermokarst lagoon in various development stages. For the analysis, a multiproxy approach was used, including sedimentological (grain size, bulk density, ice content), biogeochemical (total organic carbon (TOC), TOC density (TOCvol), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), TOC/TN ratio, mercury (Hg)), and lipid biomarker (n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and their ratios) parameters. We found that a semi-drained state of thermokarst lakes features the lowest OC content, and TOC and TN are generally higher in unfrozen deposits, hinting at a more intact state of organic matter. Indicated by the average chain length (ACL), δ13C, Paq, and Pwax, we found a stronger influence of aquatic organic matter (OM) in the OM composition in the soils covered by water compared to those not covered by water. Moreover, the results of the δ13C, TOC/TN ratio, and CPI indicate that the saline deposits contain stronger degraded OM than the deposits not influenced by saltwater. Additionally, we found positive correlations between the TOC and TOCvol and the Hg content in the deposits. The results indicate that thermokarst-influenced deposits tend to accumulate Hg during thawed periods and thus contain more Hg than the upland permafrost deposits that have not been impacted by lake formation. Our findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of carbon storage and vulnerability to decomposition in coastal permafrost landscapes, reflecting the interplay of environmental factors, landform characteristics, and climate change impacts on Arctic permafrost environments.
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Vysotskaya, Anna, and Alexey Medvedkov. "Information resources for assessing the environmental potential of geosystems (on the example of the territory of the Yenisei North)." InterCarto. InterGIS 29, no. 1 (2023): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2023-1-29-20-33.
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The experience of using open data to create thematic maps for the territory of the Yenisey Siberia on the most important components of the ecological assessment of landscapes is considered. An assessment of the ecologically significant properties of landscapes, revealing their environmental role, is the basis for substantiating the protection of nature and ethnoecosystems in the face of increasing anthropogenic impact. In this regard, the possibilities of using geospatial data for solving problems of this type in the boreal cryolithozone (on the example of the territory of the Yenisei Siberia) are discussed. To achieve this goal, taking into account the availability of open data, the most informative indicators (continuity and temperature of permafrost, net primary production, latent heat flux, uniformity of the habitat of plants and animals) characterizing the ecologically significant properties of the landscape were selected. The permafrost continuity characteristics determine not only the inertia of the state of permafrost landscapes under external influences, but also the potential for the activity of cryogenic processes. The temperature of frozen rocks diagnoses the nature of the response of permafrost geosystems to climatic influences. The environmental protection potential of landscapes is estimated using the combined accounting of net primary production and latent heat flux. Bioproduction characteristics make it possible to compare territories in terms of their vulnerability to external influences and their ability to recover. The calculated values of the latent heat flux largely indicate the homeostatic function of forests. The homogeneity of the habitat of plants and animals is considered as an indirect indicator of the diversity of natural resource conditions for traditional nature management. Mapping of geocryological conditions was made using vector data presented in the information system “Land Resources of Russia”. Processed data from the MODIS spectroradiometer were used to create maps of net primary production and latent heat fluxes. Mapping of the homogeneity of biogeocenotic conditions was made based on the results of calculating statistical patterns in the distribution of the improved vegetation index (EVI) from the Global Habitat Heterogeneity database. The results of comparing the homogeneity of biogeocenotic conditions with the geomorphological features of the region under study are considered. The inconsistency of the conclusions obtained solely on the basis of the analysis of geospatial data without involving the results of field studies is shown. The difficulties of using geospatial data for landscape-ecological analysis of territories with a layered relief structure (the Central Siberian Plateau, the Yenisei Ridge, etc.) are discussed.
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Medvedkov, Aleksey, and Maria Kotova. "Evaluation of the fire-fighting potential of forest landscapes of the Baikal natural territory using thermal infrared information data (on the example of the territory of the Baikal-Lena Reserve)." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-37-45.
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The article considers the experience of a comparative assessment of the fire potential fire-stop capability of different types of forests in the conditions of southern permafrost zone. The presented methodology is based on the processing of thermal infrared data from the Landsat TM satellite. On this basis, there were obtained surface temperatures for sites with different forest growing conditions and bioproduction characteristics. This approach has been tested on the example of modal landscapes of the Baikal-Lena State Nature Reserve, located in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory. The possibility of using surface temperatures to estimate the fire-fighting role of different types of forests is based on the equation of the heat balance of the earth’s surface. The thermal values obtained from the processing of thermal infrared images reflect the measure of the emission of sensible heat flux by the landscape. Near-surface temperatures vary by forest type. Forest types with the highest fire-fighting role are characterized by a higher moisture exchange potential and the lowest surface temperature values. It has been revealed that forests on permafrost have higher surface temperature values. Most fire vulnerable forest landscapes coincide with valleys of intermountain depressions, lowlands, bottom of bolsons, submontane uplands and smooth hillsides. Those have different degree of water-logged areas with islands of permafrost and low values of phytomass. Those nature complexes are more fire-dangerous in periods of long droughts due to lower transpiration potential and less influence on micro- and mesoclimat as compared with forest on unfrozen rocks. This technique has been tested in contrasting forest-growing areas of the boreal permafrost zone and can be applied in regions of Russia, Canada and the United States that are similar in terms of landscape and geographic characteristics. This approach can also be used to improve the fire safety systems in Russian forest reserves.
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Mann, Paul J., Jens Strauss, Juri Palmtag, et al. "Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes." Ambio 51, no. 2 (2021): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01666-z.
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AbstractArctic warming is causing ancient perennially frozen ground (permafrost) to thaw, resulting in ground collapse, and reshaping of landscapes. This threatens Arctic peoples' infrastructure, cultural sites, and land-based natural resources. Terrestrial permafrost thaw and ongoing intensification of hydrological cycles also enhance the amount and alter the type of organic carbon (OC) delivered from land to Arctic nearshore environments. These changes may affect coastal processes, food web dynamics and marine resources on which many traditional ways of life rely. Here, we examine how future projected increases in runoff and permafrost thaw from two permafrost-dominated Siberian watersheds—the Kolyma and Lena, may alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions through river networks. We demonstrate that the unique composition of terrestrial permafrost-derived OC can cause significant increases to aquatic carbon degradation rates (20 to 60% faster rates with 1% permafrost OC). We compile results on aquatic OC degradation and examine how strengthening Arctic hydrological cycles may increase the connectivity between terrestrial landscapes and receiving nearshore ecosystems, with potential ramifications for coastal carbon budgets and ecosystem structure. To address the future challenges Arctic coastal communities will face, we argue that it will become essential to consider how nearshore ecosystems will respond to changing coastal inputs and identify how these may affect the resiliency and availability of essential food resources.
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Nitzbon, Jan, Moritz Langer, Léo C. P. Martin, Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, and Julia Boike. "Effects of multi-scale heterogeneity on the simulated evolution of ice-rich permafrost lowlands under a warming climate." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (2021): 1399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1399-2021.
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Abstract. In continuous permafrost lowlands, thawing of ice-rich deposits and melting of massive ground ice lead to abrupt landscape changes called thermokarst, which have widespread consequences on the thermal, hydrological, and biogeochemical state of the subsurface. However, macro-scale land surface models (LSMs) do not resolve such localized subgrid-scale processes and could hence miss key feedback mechanisms and complexities which affect permafrost degradation and the potential liberation of soil organic carbon in high latitudes. Here, we extend the CryoGrid 3 permafrost model with a multi-scale tiling scheme which represents the spatial heterogeneities of surface and subsurface conditions in ice-rich permafrost lowlands. We conducted numerical simulations using stylized model setups to assess how different representations of micro- and meso-scale heterogeneities affect landscape evolution pathways and the amount of permafrost degradation in response to climate warming. At the micro-scale, the terrain was assumed to be either homogeneous or composed of ice-wedge polygons, and at the meso-scale it was assumed to be either homogeneous or resembling a low-gradient slope. We found that by using different model setups and parameter sets, a multitude of landscape evolution pathways could be simulated which correspond well to observed thermokarst landscape dynamics across the Arctic. These pathways include the formation, growth, and gradual drainage of thaw lakes; the transition from low-centred to high-centred ice-wedge polygons; and the formation of landscape-wide drainage systems due to melting of ice wedges. Moreover, we identified several feedback mechanisms due to lateral transport processes which either stabilize or destabilize the thermokarst terrain. The amount of permafrost degradation in response to climate warming was found to depend primarily on the prevailing hydrological conditions, which in turn are crucially affected by whether or not micro- and/or meso-scale heterogeneities were considered in the model setup. Our results suggest that the multi-scale tiling scheme allows for simulating ice-rich permafrost landscape dynamics in a more realistic way than simplistic one-dimensional models and thus facilitates more robust assessments of permafrost degradation pathways in response to climate warming. Our modelling work improves the understanding of how micro- and meso-scale processes affect the evolution of ice-rich permafrost landscapes, and it informs macro-scale modellers focusing on high-latitude land surface processes about the necessities and possibilities for the inclusion of subgrid-scale processes such as thermokarst within their models.
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McCaully, Rachael E., Carli A. Arendt, Brent D. Newman, et al. "High nitrate variability on an Alaskan permafrost hillslope dominated by alder shrubs." Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (2022): 1889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1889-2022.
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Abstract. In Arctic ecosystems, increasing temperatures are driving the expansion of nitrogen (N) fixing shrubs across tundra landscapes. The implications of this expansion to the biogeochemistry of Arctic ecosystems are of critical importance and more work is needed to better understand the form, availability, and transportation potential of N from these shrubs across a variety of Arctic landscapes. To gain insights into the processes controlling N within a permafrost hillslope system, the spatiotemporal variability of nitrate (NO3-) and its environmental controls were investigated at an alder (Alnus viridis spp. fruticosa) dominated permafrost tundra landscape in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA. Soil pore water was collected from locations within alder shrubland growing along a well-drained hillslope and was compared to soil pore water collected from locations outside (upslope, downslope, and between) the alder shrubland. Soil pore water collected within alder shrubland had an average NO3-N (nitrogen from nitrate) concentration of 4.27±8.02 mg L−1 and differed significantly from locations outside alder shrubland (0.23±0.83 mg L−1; p<0.05). Temporal variation in NO3-N within and downslope of alder shrubland co-occurred with precipitation events where NO3- that accumulated in the soil was likely flushed downslope during rainfall. These findings have important implications for nutrient availability and mobility in N-limited permafrost systems that are experiencing shrub expansion in response to a warming Arctic.
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Murashova, Elena Georgievna, and Svetlana Alexandrovna Rodomanskaya. "PERMAFROST PROCESSES IN LANDSCAPES OF THE AMUR REGION." V mire nauchnykh otkrytiy, no. 12.1 (January 4, 2015): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/wsd-2014-12.1-14.
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Rowland, J. C., C. E. Jones, G. Altmann, et al. "Arctic Landscapes in Transition: Responses to Thawing Permafrost." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 26 (2010): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010eo260001.
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Kunitsky, Viktor V., Igor I. Syromyatnikov, and Andrey V. Litovko. "Response of Permafrost Thermal State to Global Climatic Change in Urbanised Landscapes, Yakutsk, Russia." Land 11, no. 9 (2022): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091513.
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A study was undertaken to investigate the structure and condition of urban permafrost in the city of Yakutsk. The response of permafrost to recent climate change was assessed for a Shergin Shaft site in a cryogenic landscape. The results indicate that the thickness of the active layer which consists of anthropogenic soils experienced no change during the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. However, the thermal state of the underlying alluvial sediments has changed significantly in response to the warming of the climate. The permafrost temperatures at a depth of 10 m increased by about 3 °C between 1934 and 2015.