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Journal articles on the topic 'Permanent magnets'
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1
Dong, S. X., B. Li, B. S. Zhang, X. Q. Wang, and G. Y. Feng. "Design of A Permanent Quadrupole Magnet with Adjustable Magnetic Field Gradient." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, no. 2 (2024): 022029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/2/022029.
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Abstract As compared to traditional magnets, permanent magnets can effectively reduce energy consumption and eliminate the impact of current ripple and the water cooling system on beam current. The use of permanent magnets in accelerators has become a new trend as permanent magnet technology has advanced. In HALF (Hefei Advanced Light Facility), we have designed a permanent magnet based on the quadrupole magnet, and the central magnetic field strength of the permanent magnet can be adjusted, indicating that single or multiple permanent magnets can be developed to replace different sizes of quadrupole magnets in accelerators, greatly improving systematization. The magnet’s mechanical design has been finalized, and the prototype of the permanent magnet will be manufactured and tested soon.
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Vannest, Jeremiah, and Julia Zhang. "Partially Segmented Permanent-Magnet Losses in Interior Permanent-Magnet Motors." Energies 18, no. 11 (2025): 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112879.
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Permanent-magnet losses in interior permanent-magnet (IPM) motors can result in high magnet temperatures and potential demagnetization. This study investigates using partially segmented magnets as an alternative to traditional segmented magnets to reduce these losses. Partial segmentation involves cutting slots into the magnet to redirect the eddy current path and reduce losses. The research explores analytical and finite element modeling of eddy current losses in partially segmented magnets in IPM machines. Various configurations and orientations of partial segmentation were examined to assess their impact on eddy current losses. Axial slots for the partially segmented magnets were found to be the most effective slotting direction for the baseline IPM motor’s aspect ratio. This study also explores several methods for measuring permanent-magnet loss in IPM machines. A locked rotor test fixture was designed to measure losses induced by switching harmonics. AC loss measurements for the test fixture were conducted to compare magnets with and without partial segmentation. The results showed a significant reduction in permanent-magnet loss for the partially segmented magnets, particularly at higher currents and across all the tested switching frequencies and phase angles. Additionally, the transient temperature of the partially segmented magnets was found to be 12 °C lower than without partial segmentation after a 30 min test.
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Amjadian, Mohsen, and Anil K. Agrawal. "Planar arrangement of permanent magnets in design of a magneto-solid damper by finite element method." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 7 (2020): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20905968.
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This article studies the energy dissipation mechanism of a proposed magneto-solid damper using a three-dimensional finite element model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The energy dissipation mechanism of the magneto-solid damper dissipates energy through combined actions of friction and eddy current damping. The key components of the magneto-solid damper are a steel plate, two copper plates placed on two sides of the steel plate in parallel, and two planar arrays of permanent magnets each one placed between the steel plate and one of the copper plates. These arrays are kept away from the steel and copper plates through narrow gaps; the gaps between them and the steel plate are filled with thin friction pads made of non-magnetic materials. The attractive magnetic interaction between the permanent magnet arrays and the steel plate provides the normal force for the friction developed between the friction pads and the steel plate when the permanent magnet arrays move relative to the steel plate. The motion of the permanent magnet arrays relative to the copper plates, on the other hand, provides the eddy current damping. The main contribution of this article is to optimize the pole arrangement of the permanent magnets and demonstrate that how the optimum pole arrangement can affect the energy dissipation capacity of the magneto-solid damper. The analysis results show that, for a given number and size of the permanent magnets, alternate arrangement of the poles of permanent magnets along the direction of their motion is the most optimal case resulting in large and smooth hysteresis force–displacement loops. This pole arrangement has also been used to find the optimum size of the steel and copper plates by addressing edge and skin effects in the design of the damper.
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Zhang, Yuyang, Yonggang Leng, Hao Zhang, et al. "Comparative study on equivalent models calculating magnetic force between permanent magnets." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing and Special Equipment 1, no. 1 (2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jimse-09-2020-0009.
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PurposeAn appropriate equivalent model is the key to the effective analysis of the system and structure in which permanent magnet takes part. At present, there are several equivalent models for calculating the interacting magnetic force between permanent magnets including magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. How to choose the most appropriate and efficient model still needs further discussion.Design/methodology/approachThis paper chooses cuboid, cylindrical and spherical permanent magnets as calculating objects to investigate the detailed calculation procedures based on three equivalent models, magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. By comparing the accuracies of those models with experiment measurement, the applicability of three equivalent models for describing permanent magnets with different shapes is analyzed.FindingsSimilar calculation accuracies of the equivalent magnetizing current model and magnetic charge model are verified by comparison between simulation and experiment results. However, the magnetic dipole–dipole model can only accurately calculate for spherical magnet instead of other nonellipsoid magnets, because dipole model cannot describe the specific characteristics of magnet's shape, only sphere can be treated as the topological form of a dipole, namely a filled dot.Originality/valueThis work provides reference basis for choosing a proper model to calculate magnetic force in the design of electromechanical structures with permanent magnets. The applicability of different equivalent models describing permanent magnets with different shapes is discussed and the equivalence between the models is also analyzed.
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Kaňuch, Ján, and Želmíra Ferková. "Design and simulation of disk stepper motor with permanent magnets." Archives of Electrical Engineering 62, no. 2 (2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2013-0022.
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Abstract In this paper the design and the magneto-static simulation of axial-flux permanent- magnet stepper motor with the disc type rotor is presented. Disk motors are particularly suitable for electrical vehicles, robots, valve control, pumps, centrifuges, fans, machine tools and manufacturing. The brushless machine with axial flux and permanent magnets, also called the disc-type machine, is an interesting alternative to its cylindrical radial flux counterpart due to the disk shape, compact construction and high torque density. This paper describes a design of four phase microstepping motor with the disc type rotor. The FEM modeling and the 3D magneto-static simulation of the disk stepper motor with permanent magnets is being subject of the article, too. Disc rotor type permanent magnet stepper motor for high torque to inertia ratio is ideal for robotics and CNC machines.
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Idayanti, Novrita, Azwar Manaf, and Dedi Dedi. "Magnet Nanokomposit Sebagai Magnet Permanen Masa Depan [Nanocomposite Magnets as Future Permanent Magnets]." Metalurgi 33, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v33i1.433.
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Hunkun, Jiao, and Oleg Avrunin. "Feasibility analysis of implant movement along arc trajectory under non-contact control in magnetic stereotaxic system." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 3(25) (September 30, 2023): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2023.25.174.
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In this paper, the non-contact control of magnetic implants by changing the external magnetic field in the magnetic stereotaxic system is introduced, and the feasibility of making them move along the arc trajectory is analyzed. Through COMSOL software, the process of moving the miniature magnetic implant along the arc trajectory was simulated, the change of the micro-magnetic implant trajectory after the external magnetic field was changed, the relative position relationship between the large permanent magnets was determined, and the mechanical analysis of the miniature magnetic implant moving along the arc trajectory was carried out. In this experiment, we fix a large permanent magnet, only move the second permanent magnet, first, observe the process of small permanent magnets moving along a straight trajectory, determine the position of the large permanent magnet magnetic field when it contacts the small permanent magnet, and then, analyze the force of the small permanent magnet through the force calculation module, and determine the relative position relationship between the two large permanent magnets by comparing and , and when the small permanent magnet will start to move along the arc trajectory. Then, according to the previous data, we move two adjacent large permanent magnets at the same time at a certain interval, record the movement trajectory of the small magnet, Finally, with the force calculation module of the COMSOL software, force analysis of small permanent magnets moving along arc trajectories. The data from this experiment will be used to determine the relative position relationship between two large permanent magnets adjacent to each other during the actual experiment, and under what conditions the small permanent magnets will move along the arc trajectory. The purpose of this experiment is to provide theoretical and data support for the subsequent practical experiments of the magnetic stereotactic system, and all parameters in the COMSOL software are derived from the actual measurement data, so as to improve the reliability of the simulation results.
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Ma, Jun. "The Effect of the Horizontal Distance between the Permanent Magnets on the Levitation Force in Hybrid Magnetic Levitation System." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.987.
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It has been investigated that the interaction force in hybrid magnetic levitation systems with a GdBCO bulk superconductor and a permanent magnet system and two permanent magnets (PM2) and two cubic permanent magnets (PM3) system in their coaxial configuration at liquid nitrogen temperature. A single-domain GdBCO sample is of 20mm and 10mm in thickness, the permanent magnet PM1 is of rectangular parallelepiped shape, the permanent magnets PM2 and PM3 are of cubic shape; the system placed on the middle of system and their coaxial configuration; It is found that the maximum levitation force decreases from 46.3N to 16.3N while the horizontal distance (Dpp) between the rectangle permanent magnet and two cubic permanent magnets (PM2) is increased from 0mm to 24mm and the horizontal distance (Dsp) between a GdBCO bulk superconductor and two cubic permanent magnets (PM3) is 0mm, The results indicate that the higher levitation force can be obtained by introducing PM-PM levitation system based on scientific and reasonable design of the hybrid magnetic levitation system, which is helpful for designing and constructing superconducting magnetic levitation systems.
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Zhu, Caoxiang, Kenneth Hammond, Adam Rutkowski, et al. "PM4Stell: A prototype permanent magnet stellarator structure." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 11 (2022): 112501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102754.
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Permanent magnets provide a possible solution to simplify complicated stellarator coils. A prototype permanent magnet stellarator structure, PM4Stell, has been funded to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using permanent magnets to create the shaping field of a stellarator. Permanent magnets in uniform cubes with three polarization directions will be carefully placed to generate the required magnetic field for a National Compact Stellarator eXperiment-like equilibrium together with planar toroidal field coils. Discrete magnets will be glued together and inserted into a “post-office-box-like” supporting structure. Electromagnetic and structural analyses have been done to validate the design. Error field correction magnets will be used to shim possible error fields. The design efforts of the prototype permanent magnet stellarator structure are discussed.
10
Sun, R. X., Z. G. Deng, Y. F. Gou, et al. "Feasibility of low-cost magnetic rail designs by integrating ferrite magnets and NdFeB magnets for HTS Maglev systems." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 25n26 (2015): 1542043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215420436.
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Permanent magnet guideway (PMG) is an indispensable part of high temperature superconducting (HTS) Maglev systems. Present PMGs are made of NdFeB magnets with excellent performance and cost much. As another permanent magnet material, the ferrite magnet is weak at magnetic energy product and coercive force, but inexpensive. So, it is a possible way to integrate the ferrite and NdFeB magnets for cutting down the cost of present PMGs. In the paper, the equivalent on magnetic field intensity between ferrite magnets and NdFeB magnets was evaluated by finite element simulation. According to the calculation results, the magnetic field of the PMG integrating ferrite magnets and NdFeB magnets can be increased remarkably comparing with the pure ferrite PMG. It indicates that low-cost PMG designs by integrating the two permanent magnet materials are feasible for the practical HTS Maglev system.
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Panchal, T. H., A. N. Patel, and R. M. Patel. "Reduction of cogging torque of radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor by magnet shifting technique." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.3.03.
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Introduction. In spite of many advantages of radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motors it suffers from the distinct disadvantage of high cogging torque. The designer must emphasize to reduce the cogging torque during the design stage. This paper introduces magnet shifting technique to mitigate cogging torque of surface mounted radial flux brushless DC motor. Methodology. Initially 200 W, 1000 rpm surface mounted radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor is designed with symmetrical placement of permanent magnets with respect to each other on rotor core. Cogging torque profile of this initial motor is obtained by performing finite element modelling and analysis. Originality. This design has been improved by shifting the position of permanent magnets with respect to adjacent permanent magnets. The effect of magnet shifting on cogging torque has been analyzed by performing finite element analysis. Results. It has been examined that the peak to peak cogging torque is decreased from 1.1 N×m to 0.6 N×m with shifting of permanent magnets respectively.
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Nagai, Keita, Naohiro Sugita, and Tadahiko Shinshi. "Batch Fine Magnetic Pattern Transfer Method on Permanent Magnets Using Coercivity Change during Heating for Magnetic MEMS." Micromachines 15, no. 2 (2024): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15020248.
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In magnetic microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), permanent magnets in the form of a thick film or thin plate are used for structural and manufacturing purposes. However, the geometric shape induces a strong self-demagnetization field during thickness–direction magnetization, limiting the surface magnetic flux density and output power. The magnets must be segmented or magnetized in a fine and multi-pole manner to weaken the self-demagnetization field. Few studies have been performed on fine multi-pole magnetization techniques that can generate a higher surface magnetic flux density than segmented magnets and are suitable for mass production. This paper proposes a batch fine multi-pole magnetic pattern transfer (MPT) method for the magnets of MEMS devices. The proposed method uses two master magnets with identical magnetic patterns to sandwich a target magnet. Subsequently, the coercivity of the target magnet is reduced via heating, and the master magnet’s magnetic pattern is transferred to the target magnet. Stripe, checkerboard, and concentric circle patterns with a pole pitch of 0.3 mm are magnetized on the NdFeB master magnets N38EH with high intrinsic coercivity via laser-assisted heating magnetization. The MPT yields the highest surface magnetic flux density at 160 °C, reaching 39.7–66.1% of the ideal magnetization pattern on the NdFeB target magnet N35.
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Fischbacher, Johann, Alexander Kovacs, Markus Gusenbauer, et al. "Micromagnetics of rare-earth efficient permanent magnets." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51 (April 20, 2018): 193002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aab7d1.
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The development of permanent magnets containing less or no rare-earth elements is linked to profound knowledge of the coercivity mechanism. Prerequisites for a promising permanent magnet material are a high spontaneous magnetization and a sufficiently high magnetic anisotropy. In addition to the intrinsic magnetic properties the microstructure of the magnet plays a significant role in establishing coercivity. The influence of the microstructure on coercivity, remanence, and energy density product can be understood by using micromagnetic simulations. With advances in computer hardware and numerical methods, hysteresis curves of magnets can be computed quickly so that the simulations can readily provide guidance for the development of permanent magnets. The potential of rare-earth reduced and free permanent magnets is investigated using micromagnetic simulations. The results show excellent hard magnetic properties can be achieved in grain boundary engineered NdFeB, rare-earth magnets with a ThMn<sub>12</sub> structure, Co-based nano-wires, and L1<sub>0</sub>-FeNi provided that the magnet's microstructure is optimized.
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Chang, Sungwoo, Noboru Niguchi, Je-Hoon Lee, and Katsuhiro Hirata. "Improvement of Torque Performance and Energy Density of PM-Type Vernier Motor Utilizing Saddle Coil and Salient Pole." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062818.
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In electric motors, the use of rare-earth magnets has been increasing rapidly. A stronger magnet force of the magnet enables the motor’s higher performance, resulting in the most high-performance motors generally using rare-earth magnets. However, these magnets have two crucial disadvantages: the potential restrictions on the supply of rare-earth magnetic materials and the sharp fluctuation in price. Thus, many recent researches focus on developing high-performance electric motors and reducing the use of critical rare-earth magnets. By increasing the torque density of the motor, we can reduce the use of permanent magnets. Focusing on this point, and we presented a double half permanent magnet (DHPM)-type vernier motor. This paper proposed a new saddle coil permanent magnet vernier motor with improved performance compared to its predecessor. The main feature of the proposed motor is that the permanent magnet and coil in the stator of a DHPM-type vernier motor is replaced by salient poles and saddle coils, respectively. We also investigate its characteristics through various simulations.
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Manh, Tien Ho, Dinh Bui Minh, Tu Pham Minh, and Vuong Dang Quoc. "Investigation of the Influence of Skewed Slots and Degmagnetization Effects to Line Start Permanent Magnet Assistance Synchronous Reluctance Motors." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (2023): 9807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5307.
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A permanent magnet assistance synchronous reluctance motor can start directly with a net voltage or a power converter via a torque control method. However, this motor has usually a higher irreversible demagnetization level in comparison with interior permanent magnet motors, due to the fewer permanent magnets in rotor slots. In order to cope with this disadvantage, different arrangements of permanent magnets in the rotor of the line-start permanent magnet assistance synchronous reluctance motor are proposed in this paper. The V magnet shape taking skewed slots and demagnetization effect into account with the short circuit current are investigated by the finite element approach. The efficiency, torque, and output power of the proposed model have been also improved. Finally, the rotor with 3V layered magnets is prototyped to verify the efficiency of the proposed motor.
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Pangkung, Andareas, A. M. Shiddiq Yunus, Mustari Nur Mulyadi, and Padidi Alfrianto Illa. "Rancang Bangun Alternator Mobil Menggunakan Magnet Permanen." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Sinergi 19, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/sinergi.v19i2.3021.
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The electric power system is one of the sources of electricity found in the vehicle which functions as a starter and electric component of the vehicle. The battery (battery) is a source of electricity to meet the electrical system in the car, but the battery is only a place to store electric charge. Therefore, there is an alternator as a power generator to charge the battery. The alternator on a car uses artificial magnets in its rotor which still require excitation. Therefore, it encourages the author to analyze the comparison of alternators using permanent magnets and artificial magnets. The problem that arises is how to compare rotation, voltage, and output power on the alternator using permanent magnets and artificial magnets. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of the output power generated by the alternator using permanent magnets and artificial magnets. Research and Development Methods are research methods used to produce certain products, and test the effectiveness of these products. Based on the results of the tests carried out, it was found that at the same rotation an alternator with a permanent magnet generates a greater output power than the artificial magnet. However, at the same rotation the motor requires more input power to rotate the alternator when using permanent magnets. When the alternator output voltage is the same, the rotation of the alternator using the permanent magnet is lower.
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Li, Ziwei, Afef Kedous-Lebouc, Jean-Marc Dubus, Lauric Garbuio, and Sophie Personnaz. "Direct reuse strategies of rare earth permanent magnets for PM electrical machines – an overview study." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 86, no. 2 (2019): 20901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2019180289.
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The global supply of heavy rare earth magnets can become risky with the soaring demand of rare earth permanent magnet (PM) machines. One of the promising solutions is to reuse or recycle permanent magnets from end-of-Life electrical machines. This paper is an overview study of the state-of-the-art permanent magnet reuse and recycling research for electrical machines. Some methodologies for quantifying the recyclability of permanent magnet of electrical machines are also introduced.
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Wijaya, Fransisco Danang, Budi Azhari, and Harnoko Stephanus. "Optimum Permanent Magnets Configuration in Flat-Quasi Linear Permanent Magnet Generators." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11966.
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<p>Flat-quasi type of linear permanent magnet generators (LPMGs) have been considered to be applied for several applications, such for wave energy conversion and free piston combustion engine. One of the important issues concerning LPMG is the permanent magnets configuration, due to its effects to the generator’s excitation performance. In this paper, a 1 kW flat-quasi LPMG would be designed and built. During the process, optimum permanent magnets configuration was required and researched. The optimum configuration considered the output power and resulted cogging force. Invetigation was then conducted by modifying several variables, including poles’ arrangement, pole length, number of pole, and pole skewing angle. The modification constraints were total permanent magnets’ volume and generator dimension. The results showed that permanent magnet configuration with halbach arrangement, pole length equals 55% of the slot pitch length, and 61.19<sup>o</sup> skewing angle produced the optimum output values.</p>
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Wijaya, Fransisco Danang, Budi Azhari, and Harnoko Stephanus. "Optimum Permanent Magnets Configuration in Flat-Quasi Linear Permanent Magnet Generators." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2589-2602.
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<p>Flat-quasi type of linear permanent magnet generators (LPMGs) have been considered to be applied for several applications, such for wave energy conversion and free piston combustion engine. One of the important issues concerning LPMG is the permanent magnets configuration, due to its effects to the generator’s excitation performance. In this paper, a 1 kW flat-quasi LPMG would be designed and built. During the process, optimum permanent magnets configuration was required and researched. The optimum configuration considered the output power and resulted cogging force. Invetigation was then conducted by modifying several variables, including poles’ arrangement, pole length, number of pole, and pole skewing angle. The modification constraints were total permanent magnets’ volume and generator dimension. The results showed that permanent magnet configuration with halbach arrangement, pole length equals 55% of the slot pitch length, and 61.19<sup>o</sup> skewing angle produced the optimum output values.</p>
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Radwan-Pragłowska, Natalia, and Tomasz Węgiel. "Permanent Magnet Selections for AFPM Disc Generators." Energies 15, no. 20 (2022): 7601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207601.
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In this article, the field (FEM) and analytical analyses were used for the optimal selection of magnets material for the Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator (AFPMG), without building the prototype before. The tested generator is an axial flux machine which consists of a single stator and two rotor discs with Permanent Magnets (PM). Three-dimensional (3D) ANSYS Maxwell package was used for magnetostatic and transient field (FEM) simulations. Two types of PM were selected for the analysis: Ceramic (also known as “Ferrite”) magnets made from Strontium Ferrite powder and Neodymium Iron Boron magnets (NdFeB). The authors compared obtained electromotive forces (EMF) and generator powers for selected magnets materials, performed FFT analyses of voltages and currents and indicated the optimal solutions. In addition to the operational properties of the AFPMG, the magnet and manufacturing costs were compared.
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Solomon, I. Khmelnik. "Permanent Magnets in Nanostructures and Organisms." Trends in Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology 1, no. 2 (2019): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3360131.
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<em>It is indicated that permanent magnets are present in organisms and nanostructures. Based on the solution of Maxwell's equations, a mathematical model of the structure of the electromagnetic field of a permanent magnet and a mathematical model of the distribution of magnetic dipoles in the body of a permanent magnet are built.</em>
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T., H. Panchal, N. Patel A., and M. Patel R. "Reduction of cogging torque of radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor by magnet shifting technique." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2022.3.03.
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<strong><em>Introduction. </em></strong><em>In spite of many advantages of radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motors it suffers from the distinct disadvantage of high cogging torque. The designer must emphasize to reduce the cogging torque during the design stage. This paper introduces magnet shifting technique to mitigate cogging torque of surface mounted radial flux brushless DC motor. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Initially 200 W, 1000 rpm surface mounted radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor is designed with symmetrical placement of permanent magnets with respect to each other on rotor core. Cogging torque profile of this initial motor is obtained by performing finite element modelling and analysis. <strong>Originality.</strong> This design has been improved by shifting the position of permanent magnets with respect to adjacent permanent magnets. The effect of magnet shifting on cogging torque has been analyzed by performing finite element analysis. <strong>Results.</strong> It has been examined that the peak to peak cogging torque is decreased from 1.1 N×m to 0.6 N×m with shifting of permanent magnets respectively.</em>
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Ma, Jun. "The Effect of the Distance between the Permanent Magnets on the Levitation Force in Hybrid Magnetic Levitation System." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.278.
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t has been investigated that the interaction force in hybrid magnetic levitation systems with two GdBCO bulk superconductors and two permanent magnets system and a cubic permanent magnet (PM2) and a cubic permanent magnet (PM3) system in their coaxial configuration at liquid nitrogen temperature. The two single-domain GdBCO samples are of φ20mm and 10mm in thickness, the permanent magnet PM1 is of rectangular parallelepiped shape, the permanent magnets PM2 and PM3 are of cubic shape; the system placed on the middle of system and their coaxial configuration; It is found that the maximum levitation force decreases from 40.6N to 17.8N while the distance (Dpp) between the permanent magnets is increased from 0mm to 24mm and the distance (Dsp) between the two GdBCO bulk superconductors and a cubic permanent magnet PM3 is 0mm, The results indicate that the higher levitation force can be obtained by introducing PM-PM levitation system based on scientific and reasonable design of the hybrid magnetic levitation system, which is helpful for designing and constructing superconducting magnetic levitation systems.
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Baloyi, Mphamela Enos, Phuti Ngoepe, and Hasani Chauke. "The influence of Holmium substitution on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd2Fe14B: a first principle study." MATEC Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338807004.
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In this study, the ab initio density functional theory (DFT) approach is used to investigate the effect of Holmium (Ho) on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd2Fe14B magnets. Neodymium-based permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B) are the potential permanent magnets to be used in various applications such as wind turbines and electric vehicles. These magnets possess high magnetic field strength and resistance to demagnetization. However, they suffer from low operating temperatures below 585 K. Substitution of Nd with Ho enhances the magnetic strength of the Nd2Fe14B permanent magnet. NdHoFe14B magnets are found to be thermodynamically stable due to negative heats of formation, which is in good agreement with the calculated density of states. Partial substitution of Nd with Ho improves the stability and the magnetic strength of Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets. The findings will provide insight into the future development of permanent magnetic compounds with good magnetic strength.
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Yoon, Keun-young, and Yong-min You. "Optimal Design of a Novel Consequent-Pole Interior Permanent Magnet Motor with Flared-Structured Rotor." Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14041496.
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Interior permanent magnet motors are widely used in applications requiring high power density and high efficiency due to their high torque-generating capabilities. Recently, given the price fluctuations and unstable supply of rare earth permanent magnets, alternative configurations with reduced use of permanent magnets are being sought. Among the various candidates related to this, the consequent-pole type rotor structure can halve the number of permanent magnets used compared with conventional structures. However, in a no-load analysis, the waveform of the back electromotive force becomes asymmetric, generating a harmonic component. As a result, there is a disadvantage that the torque ripple increases. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a novel rotor structure that applies a consequent-pole structure to an embedded permanent-magnet motor structure, wherein a number of permanent magnets are arranged in a flared structure to constitute a single polarity. In the proposed flared-structured magnet arrangement, it is possible to adjust the angle of the permanent magnet and the polar angle to mitigate the asymmetry of the back-EMF waveform. The proposed structure was optimized with a genetic algorithm and a prototype of the optimal model was constructed and experimentally evaluated to verify its validity. Finally, the performance improvement and validity of the proposed structure were verified by comparing the analysis results of the optimal model with the experimental results.
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Mills, Allan. "William Gilbert and ‘Magnetization by Percussion’." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 65, no. 4 (2011): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2011.0014.
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In his De Magnete William Gilbert claims that it is possible to make a magnet by hammering a red-hot bar of wrought iron arranged north–south on an anvil. This is contrary to modern ideas concerning the ‘Curie temperature’ (770°C for carbon steel), and to the recognized susceptibility of steel magnets to mechanical abuse. It has proved impossible to replicate Gilbert's technique experimentally. Only lengthy cold hammering of hardened carbon steel specimens on a large ferrous anvil produced weak permanent magnets.
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Han, Zefeng, Engang Wang, and Lin Xu. "Study the Effect of SEN Depth on Jet Flow and Level Fluctuation under Permanent Magnet Controlling in Continuous Casting Mould by Numerical Simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2329, no. 1 (2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2329/1/012010.
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Abstract In this paper, a new method named permanent magnet controlling mould to get majorization flow pattern and suppress fluctuation of free surface was proposed. The effect of permanent magnet controlling on the molten steel in the continuous casting process is simulated by using k-ε turbulence model. The features of permanent magnetic field and flow field inside a 1450 mm × 230 mm mould with combined permanent magnets have been calculated. The calculated results showed that the magnetic field generated by combined permanent magnets could take over both meniscus region and jet flow impingement region. Additionally, Lorentz force generated by the combined permanent magnets can effectively control the upper vortex and suppress the level fluctuation. With the SEN depth increasing, the fluctuation of free surface becomes more stable. However, the lower vortex core gets into the deeper of the slab.
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Yang, YiFei, and XiaoBin Zhu. "Analysis of the operating principle of a dual-armature consequent-pole bearingless flux reversal permanent magnet machine." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (2022): 085315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083907.
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This paper proposes a new type of dual-armature alternating pole bearingless magnetic flux reverse permanent magnet machine, which combines the advantages of the alternating pole structure and the dual-armature structure. This machine shows the advantages of high torque density and good fault tolerance, which can not only reduce the number of permanent magnets but also further improve the machine’s torque. It is suitable for use in wind power, aerospace, and other applications. The dual-armature alternating pole bearingless magnetic flux reverse permanent magnet machine is used to improve the torque performance and suspension force. Based on the dual-armature alternating pole magnetic flux reverse machine, by adding an additional set of stator teeth to suspended windings, a new type of dual-armature alternating pole bearingless magnetic flux reverse permanent magnet machine is obtained. The number of permanent magnets is halved, and each permanent magnet has the same polarity. The ferromagnetic pole piece next to the permanent magnet automatically acts as the other pole. Based on the introduction of its related structure, the stator flux, rotor flux, stator back electromotive force, cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, etc., are analyzed. This new machine can reduce the number of permanent magnets and has a higher torque conferring advantages of output capacity and low torque ripple.
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Goll, Dagmar, Felix Trauter, Ralf Loeffler, Thomas Gross, and Gerhard Schneider. "Additive Manufacturing of Textured FePrCuB Permanent Magnets." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091056.
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Permanent magnets based on FePrCuB were realized on a laboratory scale through additive manufacturing (laser powder bed fusion, L-PBF) and book mold casting (reference). A well-adjusted two-stage heat treatment of the as-cast/as-printed FePrCuB alloys produces hard magnetic properties without the need for subsequent powder metallurgical processing. This resulted in a coercivity of 0.67 T, remanence of 0.67 T and maximum energy density of 69.8 kJ/m3 for the printed parts. While the annealed book-mold-cast FePrCuB alloys are easy-plane permanent magnets (BMC magnet), the printed magnets are characterized by a distinct, predominantly directional microstructure that originated from the AM process and was further refined during heat treatment. Due to the higher degree of texturing, the L-PBF magnet has a 26% higher remanence compared to the identically annealed BMC magnet of the same composition.
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Accardo, Antonella, Trentalessandro Costantino, and Ezio Spessa. "LCA of Recycled (NdDy)FeB Permanent Magnets through Hydrogen Decrepitation." Energies 17, no. 4 (2024): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040908.
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Compared to conventional fossil-fueled vehicles, electric vehicles offer several environmental benefits. However, even electric vehicles are not completely environmentally friendly because many of their parts are not recycled today. These parts, especially the magnets that power them, end up in landfills at the end of the vehicle’s life cycle. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of recycled (NdDy)FeB permanent magnets obtained by means of a novel hydrogen-decrepitation-based, magnet-to-magnet recycling technique. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used to compare, on a like-to-like basis, recycled and virgin permanent magnets. The core data provided by an industry partner served as the foundation for modelling the recycling process. Three different functional units were investigated based on three parameters, namely the magnet mass, magnetization coercivity, and energy product. Results revealed that the recycled magnet outperformed the virgin magnet in most impact categories. In terms of carbon footprint, recycling permanent magnets through hydrogen decrepitation would allow for an 18─33% reduction with respect to their production from virgin materials, depending on the assumed functional unit.
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Vijay, V. Warhate. "Exposure to Electro-Magnetic Fields: Global Standards for Packaging, Safety Certification and Handling of Magnetic Material." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 4, no. 18 (2023): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8045823.
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Superconducting electromagnets, ambient temperature electromagnets, permanent magnets, rare-earth magnets are Hazardous Magnetic Materials. According to Biological effects and epidemiological studies (100 kHz–300 GHz), available experimental evidence indicates that the exposure of resting humans for approximately 30 min to EMF producing a whole-body SAR of between 1 and 4 W kg<sup>-1</sup>. Individuals with pacemakers or internal medical devices should use caution when handling strong magnets. Magnetic fields may affect the operation of these devices. Packaging, Labelling and Safety Certification are important global standards for Handling of Magnetic Materials. Researchers and magnet manufacturers have been put many efforts into the recycling of bulk magnet wastes due to the concerns of environmental protection and rare-earth resource supplies. Rare-earth magnets should be disposed of in compliance with local, state, and Federal law. All strong permanent magnets should be thermally demagnetized prior to disposal. Alternatively, all strong permanent magnets should be placed in a steel container prior to disposal so the magnets do not attract waste disposal equipment or refuse containers.
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Yang, Jiajia, Rujun Wu, and Chenbing Wang. "Effect of Permanent Magnet Segmentation Structure on Eddy Current Loss of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2655, no. 1 (2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2655/1/012026.
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Abstract For this essay, the mechanism of cutting a magnet to reduce its loss is investigated using the equivalent circuit of magnet segmentation, and the method is verified by the finite element method. The results indicate that the segmentation of magnets can effectively reduce the eddy current loss of magnets. The larger the product of segmented lengths is, the smaller the eddy current loss is. The higher the number of segments is, the lower of loss value is. The rotational speed and eddy current loss are in the square. Load multiple and eddy current loss is in cubic growth.
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Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Masashi Abe, Tomoki Yako, Yasuhiro Fuwa, and Nobuhiro Terunuma. "Bipolar Correction Magnet With Permanent Magnets." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 30, no. 4 (2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2020.2968042.
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Fujii, Nobuo, Kokichi Ogawa, and Toshio Matsumoto. "Revolving magnet wheels with permanent magnets." Electrical Engineering in Japan 116, no. 1 (1996): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391160110.
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Martinez, Maria, David Reigosa, Daniel Fernandez, and Fernando Briz. "Comparative Analysis of High Frequency Signal Injection Based Torque Estimation Methods for SPMSM, IPMSM and SynRM." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030592.
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Torque estimation in permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines is required in many applications. Torque produced by a permanent magnet synchronous machine depends on the permanent magnets’ flux and d q -axes inductances, whereas torque in synchronous reluctance machines depends on the d q -axes inductances. Consequently, precise knowledge of these parameters is required for proper torque estimation. The use of high frequency signal both for permanent magnets’ flux and d q -axes inductances estimation has been recently shown to be a viable option. This paper reviews the physical principles, implementation and performance of high-frequency signal injection based torque estimation for permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines.
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Möwius, Stefan, Nicolas Kropff, and Mircea Velicescu. "Measurement technologies for permanent magnets." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 4 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i4.572.
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<p class="Abstract">Permanent magnets have a broad application in many important fields in modern technology. They have become indispensable in the automotive, aerospace, acoustic, telecommunications, energy generation, and many more industries. Physically, a permanent magnet is a metastable system. Fluctuations in composition and processing parameters can cause fluctuations in magnetic properties. To obtain the optimal performance in their application, users require careful control of non-machined parts and of the finished machined magnets. In most cases, the measurement of the final control of the assembled magnetic systems must be performed. The aim of this paper is to review the most common measurement methods used for the magnetic properties of permanent magnets, to comment on their advantages and limitations, and to discuss the level of accuracy that they can achieve.</p>
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Wu, Shasha, Baojian Wang, Tao Zhang, and Quanhao Gu. "Design Optimization and Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of an Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor with Unequal-Thickness Magnets." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (2022): 7863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157863.
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To improve electromagnetic performance, an axial-flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor (AFPMBLDCM) with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the structure and magnetic circuit of the AFPMBLDCM with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets were designed. Then, the mathematical models and design method of the main parameters were derived. According to the rated power and rated speed, the main parameters were further designed, and the analytical model was established by using Maxwell 3D. The air-gap flux density, back electromotive force (EMF) and torque under no-load and load conditions were calculated and analyzed to verify the validity of the model and design. Finally, based on a parameter scanning optimization method, the effects of the permanent magnet thickness, pole arc coefficient and permanent magnet radius on cogging torque were analyzed. The optimized parameters of the AFPMBLDCM with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets were obtained. The results show that the sinusoidal degree of the air-gap magnetic field is improved, and the maximum torque ripple of the AFPMBLDCM is reduced to 2.92%.
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Corner, W. D. "Permanent magnets." Physics in Technology 19, no. 4 (1988): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4624/19/4/305.
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Wang, Zhi Hua, Mei Zhang, Na Li, and Li Wang. "Simulation and Experimental Study of Oscillator for Permanent Magnet Vibration-to-Electrical Power Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.158.
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This paper presents the simulation and testing of Vibration-to-Electrical Power Generators (VEPG) with different kinds of permanent magnet oscillators for scavenging ambient vibrations. The finite element method is used for magnetic fields calculation. Firstly, single permanent magnet type oscillators are simulated under the sinusoidal vibration. The calculation results show that the permanent magnet oscillator with diameter 20 mm and height 5 mm will realize 4 V peak-peak voltage. Secondly, multiple permanent magnets type oscillators are simulated under the same vibration and comparative studied with the single permanent magnet type. The results show that multiple permanent magnets oscillator with suitable structure will dramatically improve the power density of VEPG. By the end, prototypes with different kinds of oscillators are tested on the condition of sinusoidal vibration. And the experimental results agree well with the simulation ones.
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Efremov, Dmitry, Alla Gerasimova, Nikita Kislykh, and Cristina Shaibel. "Additive Technology Methods for Manufacturing Permanent Magnets." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134601010.
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The paper presents the results of studying the possibility of using the selective laser melting method for production of permanent magnets. This process allows to manufacture not only product models and prototypes, but also finished functional products by adding material layer by layer and bonding particles and layers to each other. We have considered the application areas of selective laser melting (SLM) based on powders obtained by different methods for the study. In addition, we have analyzed the traditional magnetic alloy casting technology, studied magnetic materials, and compared the powder magnet properties with standard data. We have found that the parameters of powders obtained by gas atomization are qualitatively superior to those of powders obtained using other methods, whereas the resulting magnets meet the requirements for magnets. Based on the 25Kh15KA alloy powder atomized by gas atomization, a SLM plant allows to manufacture permanent magnets with a material density of 7.59–7.55 g/cu.cm, which meets the requirements recommended by the State Standard GOST 24897-81, and to obtain the magnet properties that can be achieved using traditional metallurgical technologies.
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Baek, Soo-Whang, ., and . "Study on Improvement of Torque Characteristics of IPM BLDC Motor for Electric Water Pump using Ferrite Magnet." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.39 (2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.39.23696.
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Background/Objectives: The objectives of this study are to propose a design method to replace the permanent magnets of brushless DC (BLDC) motors used in electric water pumps (EWPs) with ferrite materials and to improve the torque characteristics.Methods/Statistical analysis: Using the proposed design algorithm presented in this study, the shape of the ferrite permanent magnet used in the rotor was changed, and the output at the same level was confirmed when compared with that of the conventional model that uses rare-earth magnet. In addition, finite element (FE) analysis verified that the cogging torque and torque-ripple characteristics of the proposed model using a ferrite material improved.Findings: An EWP operated by a BLDC motor is used to improve the engine performance of a vehicle. Applying permanent magnets made of a ferrite material is necessary, which is advantageous in terms of cost in the design of BLDC motors. In particular, ferrite permanent magnets have a good demagnetization characteristic at high temperature compared with rare-earth magnets. By improving the cogging torque and torque ripple of the motor, achieving robust characteristics from disturbance and precisely controlling the system become possible. In this study, BLDC motors for EWPs were designed by replacing the rare-earth permanent magnets with low-cost ferrite permanent magnets. The shape design of the rotor using ferrite permanent magnet was implemented to make the output characteristics of the proposed model conform to the output characteristics of the conventional model, and simultaneously, the cogging torque and torque-ripple characteristics improved. To verify the suitability of the proposed design method, the design results were analyzed using 2D FE-analysis.Improvements/Applications: The proposed design algorithm is suitable for cost reduction and performance improvement of BLDC motors that drive EWPs for automobiles. Â
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Oka, Masaru, Takashi Todaka, Masato Enokizono, Kousuke Nagaya, and Tomoyuki Fujita. "Study on Improvement of Transmission Torque for a Surface Permanent Magnet Type Magnetic Gear." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.237.
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Magnetic gears are a force transmitter consisting of permanent magnets. The mechanical input can be transmitted to an output shaft without contact by magnetic forces. The magnetic gears are not worn out because there is no friction. As a result, the running costs such as the maintenance fee can be suppressed and the resources can be saved. However, the transmission torques of the conventional magnetic gears, which have so far been developed, are very low. Besides, new structure models designed for high torque density need a lot of permanent magnets and multi-pole constructions. Those structures are complex and the manufacturing is difficult. In this research, we applied a flux concentration type surface permanent magnet arrangement to a surface permanent magnet type magnetic gear in order to improve the transmission torque and to reduce the amount of permanent magnets. The magnetic flux distribution, the gap flux density and the transmission torque of the developed new models are numerically analyzed by using the two-dimensional finite element method. In this paper, a permanent magnet structure optimized to reduce its amount and influence of the flux concentration type surface permanent magnet arrangement on the gap flux density distribution and transmission torque are reported.
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Lee, Oliver Mitchell, and Mohammadali Abbasian. "Reducing Rare-Earth Magnet Reliance in Modern Traction Electric Machines." Energies 18, no. 9 (2025): 2274. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092274.
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Currently, electric machines predominantly rely on costly rare-earth NdFeB magnets, which pose both economic and environmental challenges due to rising demand. This research explores recent advancements in machine topologies and magnetic materials to identify and assess promising solutions to this issue. The study investigates two alternative machine topologies to the conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM): the permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMaSynRM), which reduces magnet usage, and the wound-field synchronous machine (WFSM), which eliminates magnets entirely. Additionally, the potential of ferrite and recycled NdFeB magnets as substitutes for primary NdFeB magnets is evaluated. Through detailed simulations, the study compares the performance and cost-effectiveness of these solutions against a reference permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Given their promising performance characteristics and potential to reduce or eliminate the use of rare-earth materials in next-generation electric machines, it is recommended that future research should focus on novel topologies like hybrid-excitation, axial-flux, and switched reluctance machines with an emphasis on manufacturability and also novel magnetic materials such as FeN and MnBi that are currently seeing synthesis challenges.
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Garwood, Davis, Liyu Liu, Jirayu Mongkolkiattichai, Jin Yang, and Peter Schauss. "A hybrid Zeeman slower for lithium." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (2022): 033202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081080.
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Zeeman slowers come in two commonly used types: electromagnet-based slowers and permanent-magnet slowers. Both have characteristic advantages and disadvantages. The electric currents required to create strong magnetic fields lead to heat dissipation that limits the achievable fields, while permanent-magnet slowers cause bias magnetic fields at the position of the magneto-optical trap. Here, we combine both approaches and their advantages at our lithium-6 triangular-lattice quantum gas microscope and extend the field of an electromagnet-based Zeeman slower using permanent magnets. We observe nearly doubled loading rates of the magneto-optical trap and no significant stray fields in the trapping region. Our approach allows for a stronger magnetic field in places where geometric constraints prevent the use of coils, and it provides a low-cost upgrade to the loading rate at established experiments.
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Kryshchuk, R. S. "APPLICATION OF PHASE CURRENT LOOPS FOR MODELING THE HARMONIC MAGNETIC FIELD OF A MAGNETOELECTRIC GENERATOR." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2024, no. 5 (2024): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2024.05.030.
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The model of electromagnetic field of a magnetoelectric generator with a smooth cylindrical rotor and surface-mounted permanent magnets is investigated. Permanent magnets are interpreted using complex amplitudes of a system of current loops with harmonic currents. The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the harmonic magnetic field of a magnetoelectric generator with permanent magnets by replacing the permanent magnets with phase current loops with complex current amplitudes and to investigate its adequacy. Three variations of model representation of permanent magnets placed on the surface of the magnetic core are utilized. Depending on the model representation of permanent magnets, two dynamic generator models and two harmonic models have been developed. For each model, equations of the electromagnetic field are written. An example of a three-phase scheme of current loops of the rotor for modeling the electromagnetic field of the magnetoelectric generator with complex amplitudes of currents is presented. Comparison of the magnetic field induction, current, voltage, and electromagnetic torque is performed with three variations of magnet width relative to the pole pitch. References 14, figures 5, table 1.
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Dobzhanskyi, Oleksandr, Viktor Grebenikov, Rupert Gouws, Rostyslav Gamaliia, and Eklas Hossain. "Comparative Thermal and Demagnetization Analysis of the PM Machines with Neodymium and Ferrite Magnets." Energies 15, no. 12 (2022): 4484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124484.
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This paper provides computer analysis and experiential investigation of the permanent magnet machines with neodymium and ferrite permanent magnets to discuss the feasibility of utilizing induction machines-oriented equipment for PM machine production. For this purpose, the machines are obtained by replacing the squirrel-cage rotor of the induction motor with the flux-focusing (tangential) and surface-mounted (radial) permanent magnet rotors. Electromechanical parameters of the machines as electromagnetic torque and output power are discussed and compared. The temperatures of the neodymium and ferrite magnets are also calculated at rated current, and short circuit scenarios and the performance of two different cooling systems in minimizing the temperature effect on the machines are investigated. Furthermore, the demagnetization of permanent magnets at various load conditions is also studied. Finally, the results of the computer modeling are validated by the physical prototypes of the machines. The characteristics of the electrical machines under study were calculated using the Simcenter MagNet and Simcenter MotorSolve software packages.
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Kriswanto, Rizqi Fitri Nuryanto, Renaldy Prasdiansyah, et al. "Analysis of an Axial Permanent Magnetic Bearing for 1MW Horizontal Axis Wind." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 94, no. 1 (2022): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.94.1.172187.
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One way to reduce maintenance costs while improving wind turbine efficiency is to replace mechanical bearings with permanent magnetic bearings. The permanent magnetic bearing is a free contact bearing in which the rotor is elevated from the stator by the magnet's repelling force. The purpose of this study is to analyze the variation of permanent magnet width and the gap distance between the rotor-stator magnets that can produce the magnetic axial force opposing the thrust force of 1MW horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). The method used in this study is a magnetic force simulation using finite element method by varying the magnet thickness, width of the gap, and displacement between the rotor-stator of the PMB model. The PMB model consists of rotor and stator magnets arranged in 3 layers with Nd2Fe14B type material with a magnetic flux density of 1.45 T. Variations in thickness of the rotor and stator magnets are 0.1; 0.15, respectively; 0.2 (m), while variations in the width of the magnetic gap are 4, 5, 6 (mm). The results of the study found that the displacement that produces an axial magnetic force that can support a thrust force of 199.5kN is the lowest in the PMB model with a magnetic thickness of 0.15m with a magnetic gap of 4mm, while the highest is at a magnetic thickness of 0.1m with a magnet gap of 6mm. The greater the thickness of the PMB axial magnet design, the greater the displacement that provides zero axial magnetic forces. Further, the maximum of the magnetic axial force is rise on with increasing magnet thickness.
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Kappel, Wilhelm. "Energy saving using permanent magnets on the electric machines." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2019.4.1.57.
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The paper deals with the energy balance of permanent magnets in their circuit of use, when its permeance varies. The focus is on the dynamic-permanent circuit, in which the magnet is magnetized in the circuit. Its main features are defined and described operation using the demagnetization curve, the load line and the return curve. It is demonstrated that performing mechanical work in a cyclical evolution is possible only by external energy input. The different types of permanent magnets are presented and described to be used at high temperature. Electric motors that use permanent magnets instead of electric excitation lead to significant energy savings.
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Paranthaman, M. Parans, Volkan Yildirim, Tej Nath Lamichhane, et al. "Additive Manufacturing of Isotropic NdFeB PPS Bonded Permanent Magnets." Materials 13, no. 15 (2020): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153319.
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Extrusion based additive manufacturing of polymer composite magnets can increase the solid loading volume fraction with greater mechanical force through the printing nozzle as compared to traditional injection molding process. About 63 vol% of isotropic NdFeB magnet powders were compounded with 37 vol% of polyphenylene sulfide and bonded permanent magnets were fabricated while using Big Area Additive Manufacturing without any degradation in magnetic properties. The polyphenylene sulfide bonded magnets have a tensile stress of 20 MPa, almost double than that of nylon bonded permanent magnets. Additively manufactured and surface-protective-resin coated bonded magnets meet the industrial stability criterion of up to 175 °C with a flux-loss of 2.35% over 1000 h. They also exhibit better corrosion resistance behavior when exposed to acidic (pH = 1.35) solution for 24 h and also annealed at 80 °C over 100 h (at 95% relative humidity) over without coated magnets. Thus, polyphenylene sulfide bonded, additively manufactured, protective resin coated bonded permanent magnets provide better thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties.
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Koleleni, Yusuf Ismail. "Relationship between Temperature and the Magnetic Strength." Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics 9, no. 1 (2025): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2025/v9i1182.
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The magnetic field will attract ferrous materials like iron or nickel. It also attracts or repels other magnets depending, on the polarity of the other magnets Permanent magnets are made from materials that will remain magnetized and are hence able to maintain the magnetic field around them continuously. The study aims at investigating the effect of temperature on the strength of magnets; emphasizing both the scientific and practical significance the work provides knowledge to undertand the properties of magnets of its strength when confronted with different temperatures. Once the results are achieved then further studies on permanent loss of magnetic performance on a magnet when heated above. Curie temperature will follow. The methodology is based on Observations on the effect of temperature on the strength of magnets were made. The deflections made on the compass needle on magnet heated at different temperatures from 25o C to 98o C were recorded. The general conclusions were the effects of the temperature to the rate of the pull of a magnet are inversely proportional. That is the temperature of a magnet increases, it becomes weaker and as the temperature of a magnet decreases, it becomes stronger.