Relevant bibliographies by topics / Permanent plot

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Permanent plot'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Mark Burkitt, Simon Lewis, and Oliver Phillips. "ForestPlots.net – managing permanent plot information across the tropics." Biodiversity & Ecology 4 (September 10, 2012): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7809/b-e.00064.

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Vanclay, Jerome K. "TROPIS : Tree Growth and Permanent Plot Information System." Journal of Forest Planning 4, no. 1 (1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20659/jfp.4.1_1.

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Buttler, A. "Permanent plot research in wet meadows and cutting experiment." Vegetatio 103, no. 2 (December 1992): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00047697.

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Smits, N. A. C., J. H. J. Schaminée, and L. Duuren. "70 years of permanent plot research in The Netherlands." Applied Vegetation Science 5, no. 1 (February 24, 2002): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2002.tb00541.x.

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Beetson, Trevor, Marks Nester, and Jerry Vanclay. "Enhancing a Permanent Sample Plot System in Natural Forests." Statistician 41, no. 5 (1992): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2348919.

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Peet, Robert, Michael Lee, Michael Jennings, and Don Faber-Langendoen. "VegBank – a permanent, open-access archive for vegetation-plot data." Biodiversity & Ecology 4 (September 10, 2012): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7809/b-e.00080.

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Myster, Randall W. "Vegetation Dynamics of a Permanent Pasture Plot in Puerto Rico1." BIOTROPICA 35, no. 3 (2003): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/02053.

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Myster, Randall W. "Vegetation Dynamics of a Permanent Pasture Plot in Puerto Rico1." Biotropica 35, no. 3 (September 2003): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00596.x.

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Sulistyawati, Endah, Nuri Nurlaila Setiawan, Ahmad Iqbal, Reza Alhumaira, Sylvanita Fitriana, Theo Syamuda, and Devi Nandita Choesin. "Forest tree dynamics from the first four years of permanent plot in Mount Papandayan, Indonesia: mortality, recruitment, and growth." Annals of Forest Research 65, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2022.2117.

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A permanent plot is a powerful tool to study the vegetation’s dynamics and regeneration in the forest ecosystem. This study presents the first four-year tree vegetation monitoring in a one-hectare permanent plot established in a mixed forest of Mount Papandayan (MP) Nature Reserve, Indonesia. Besides studying the structure and floristic tree community composition in the plot, this study aims to study the changes and in mortality and growth of the tree community after four years of plot establishment. A one-hectare permanent plot was established in 2010 and all trees inside the plot with a diameter over 5 cm were tagged and measured in 2011 and 2015. There were 1,820 trees from 33 species and 20 families recorded during the first monitoring in 2011. Four years later, there were more trees recorded (1,845 trees) with an average growth rate of 1.17 cm. The mortality rate (2.8%) was lower than the recruitment rate (4.2%) and there were no changes in the domination of Distylium stellare. The results of this study will help to provide the preliminary data on actual in situ tree mortality and growth, which will help to develop a more complete tree species selection criteria for MP restoration.
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Small, Erin D., Jeremy S. Wilson, and Alan J. Kimball. "Methodology for the Re-location of Permanent Plot Markers Using Spatial Analysis." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.1.30.

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Abstract A well-designed method of establishing, maintaining, and remeasuring permanent plots plays an essential role in long-term data collection. This article describes the re-location of plots set up 25 years earlier using conventional techniques of paced distances and compass directions. As a result, we needed to design and use a method for re-locating plot markers originally established without the benefit of spatial coordinates. Preplanned ground searches using a GIS, digital orthophotoquads, landmark maps, and aerial photographs improved our plot location efficiency and success. In 2003, we were able to re-locate 90% of the plots set up in 1978 to measure the vegetation dynamics after a fire in Baxter State Park, Maine. The spatial coordinates of these permanent plots were documented for future measurement. Lessons learned and techniques developed for this project can facilitate the re-location of permanent plots in other studies and can also be used to improve the documentation of newly established plot locations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Bollero, Real Alberto. "Isotropic nanocrystalline (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B permanent magnets." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1069758225796-19366.

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Nanokristalline Permanentmagnete zeigen ungewöhnliche magnetische Eigenschaften aufgrund von Oberflächen- und Grenzflächeneffekten, die verschieden von denen massiver oder mikrokristalliner Materialien sind. Diese Arbeit zeigt Ergebnisse einer systematischen Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen Mikrostruktur und magnetischen Eigenschaften von isotropen nanokristallinen (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B-Permanentmagneten. Hochkoerzitive Magnete vom Typ (Nd,Pr)FeB wurden durch hochenergetisches Mahlen in der Kugelmühle oder Rascherstarrung hergestellt. Der Einfluss geringer Mengen von Zusätzen wie Dy und Zr und die Substitution von Nd durch Pr auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften wird dargestellt. Weiterhin wurde eine Einschätzung des Warmumformverhaltens dieser Materialien durchgeführt. Hochenergetisches Kugelmahlen einer Legierung mit der Anfangszusammensetzung Pr9Nd3Dy1Fe72Co8B6.9Zr0.1 führte, nach Glühbehandlung, zu fast einphasigem Magnetpulver mit einem maximalen Energieprodukt von (BH)max~140 kJm-3. Das hochenergetische Kugelmahlen wurde zu einer sehr vielseitigen Technik zur Herstellung hochleistungsfähiger Nanokompositmagnete weiterentwickelt. Das Zulegieren unterschiedlicher Anteile von weichmagnetischem alpha-Fe ist damit sehr effektiv möglich. Der Zusatz von 25 Gew.-% alpha-Fe führt zu einem hohen (BH)max=178kJm-3. Dies wird auf eine sehr effektive Austauschkopplung zwischen den hart- und weichmagnetischen Phasen zurückgeführt. Die Natur der intergranularen Wechselwirkungen kann durch die Wohlfarth´sche Remanenzanalyse (?deltaJ-plot¡§) beschrieben werden. Im speziellen wurden deltaJ-Diagramme für verschiedene (i) alpha-Fe Gehalte, (ii) Korngrößen und (iii) Austauschlängen erstellt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in den Nanokompositmagneten auf Pr-Basis keine Spinumorientierung auftritt. Abschließend zeigt die Arbeit die Möglichkeit der Nutzung einer mechanisch aktivierten Gas-Festkörper-Reaktion auf, mit der eine sehr feinkörnige Mikrostruktur erhalten wird. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit stöchiometrischen Nd2(Fe1-xCox)14B-Legierungen begonnen (x=0-1). Die Verbindungen wurden unter höheren Wasserstoffdrücken und Temperaturen gemahlen, wodurch sie zu NdH2+delta und krz-(Fe,Co) (x=0-0.75) oder kfz-Co (x=1) entmischt wurden. Die Korngrößen des rekombinierten Nd2(Co,Fe)14B-Materials liegen im Bereich von 40-50 nm
Nanocrystalline permanent magnets present unusual magnetic properties because of surface/interface effects different from those of bulk or microcrystalline materials. This work presents results of a systematic investigation of the relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties in isotropic nanocrystalline (Nd,Pr)(Fe,Co)B permanent magnets. Highly coercive (Nd,Pr)FeB-type magnets have been produced using high energy ball milling and melt-spinning. The influence of small amounts of additives, Dy and Zr, and the substitution of Nd by Pr on the microstructural and magnetic properties are shown. An assessment of the hot deformation behaviour has been carried out. Intensive milling of an alloy with starting composition Pr9Nd3Dy1Fe72Co8B6.9Zr0.1 yields, after annealing treatment, nearly single-phase magnet powders with a maximum energy product (BH)max?î140kJm-3. Co has a beneficial effect on the intrinsic magnetic properties but also on the microstructure, with a mean grain size of 20nm. Intensive milling is used to produce high-performance nanocomposite magnets by blending this latter alloy with different fractions of soft magnetic alfa-Fe. Addition of 25wt.% alfa-Fe leads to a high (BH)max=178 kJm-3 due to an effective exchange-coupling between the hard and the soft magnetic phases. The intergrain interactions between the crystallites of the nanocomposite structure are analysed. Demagnetisation recoil loops of the nanocomposite magnets show relatively open minor loops due to the exchange-spring mechanism. Information about the intergrain interactions during demagnetisation are obtained by plotting the deviation of the demagnetising remanence from the Wohlfarth-model (¡§deltaJ-plot¡¨). Exchange-coupling phenomena are studied by analysing the evolution of the corresponding deltaJ values when varying (i) the alfa-Fe content, (ii) the annealing temperature, i.e. the grain size and (iii) the measurement temperature. Low temperature measurements do not reveal any sign of spin reorientation for these Pr-based nanocomposite magnets. The work concludes showing the possibility of using a mechanically activated gas-solid reaction to obtain an effective grain refined microstructure starting from stoichiometric Nd2(Fe1-xCox)14B alloys (x=0-1). These compounds were milled under enhanced hydrogen pressure and temperature leading to their disproportionation into NdH2+delta and bcc-(Fe,Co) (x=0-0.75) or fcc-Co (x=1). Grain sizes of recombined Nd2(Fe,Co)14B materials were found to be 40-50nm
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Figuera, Dilcia. "FACET Simulation in the Imataca Forest Reserve, Venezuela: Permanent Plot Data and Spatial Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5282/.

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Tree diameter data from 29 years of observations in six permanent plots was used to calculate the growth rate parameter of the FACET gap model for 39 species in the Imataca forests in Venezuela. The compound topographic index was used as a measure of differential soil water conditions and was calculated using geographic information systems. Growth rate values and topographic conditions typical of hill and valley were input to FACET to simulate dynamics at the species level and by ecological and functional groups. Species shade-tolerance led to expected successional patterns. Drought-tolerant/saturation-intolerant species grew in the hills whereas drought-intolerant/saturation-tolerant species occurred in the valleys. The results help to understand forest composition in the future and provide guidance to forest management practices.
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Pinter, Giselle de Souza Leite. "Estudos de padrões morfológicos de tronco, raízes e casca externa de árvores emergentes e de dossel da floresta ombrófila densa no parque estadual \'Carlos Botelho\', SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-02022009-154703/.

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Árvores emergentes e de dossel da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Sub-montana de uma Parcela Permanente (10,24ha) no Parque Estadual "Carlos Botelho", SP, foram estudadas e descritas morfologicamente considerando padrões de tronco, raízes e casca externa com a finalidade de auxiliar na identificação de campo. O critério de inclusão (DAP igual ou superior a 48cm) abrangeu 324 indivíduos de 64 espécies pertencentes a 36 famílias. São fornecidas descrições, ilustrações e chave de identificação para as espécies estudadas baseadas em características do tronco à altura do peito e da base; das raízes aparentes e rentes ao tronco; das raízes superficiais; e das texturas da casca externa nas regiões da árvore mencionadas. Considerando que não há uma terminologia padrão para descrição dos caracteres estudados, é proposta aqui uma nomenclatura, além de serem utilizados termos propostos por Torres et al. (1994) e Ribeiro et al. (1999), com adaptações para as variações observadas no local de estudo. O tronco foi diferenciado em cilíndrico ou acanalado, com base reta ou dilatada. As raízes variaram entre digitadas e sapopemas. Foram categorizados 13 padrões básicos de textura da casca externa: liso, áspero, sujo, rugoso, fissurado, fendido, lenticelado, reticulado, com placas, escamoso, laminado, variegado e com depressões. O uso de terminologia padronizada na descrição de características de tronco, raízes e casca permite sua aplicação e comparação com dados de estudos desenvolvidos em diferentes regiões, sendo importante ressaltar sua utilização aliada a outros caracteres da planta para uma identificação mais eficiente.
Emergent and canopy trees of lowmontane dense ombrophyllous forest in a permanent plot (10,24ha) in "Carlos Botelho" State Park, SP, were studied and morphologically described. Trunk, roots and outer bark patterns were considered in order to make field identification easier. A total of 324 trees, 64 species and 36 families were included (DAP ≥ 48cm) and analyzed. We provide descriptions, figures and an identification key based on the following features: trunk at breast high; trunk base; apparent roots; superficial roots; and texture of outer bark. Since there is not a standard morphological nomenclature for these patterns, we propose a nomenclature here, besides using those terms proposed by Torres et al. (1994) and Ribeiro et al. (1999) with some adaptations. Trunk are named terete or angular, straight or with an expanded base. Roots are named digitated or buttressed. Thirteen basic patterns of outer bark texture were named: entire, rough, messy, rugose, fissured, cracked, lenticellate, reticulate, flaky, scaly, laminate, variegated and dippled. Using this terminology allows its application and comparison with data from different areas. They should be used with other features, reproductive and vegetative ones, in order to allow a correct identification.
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Karfakis, Theodoros. "Amazonian forest functional composition and resilience to sellective logging : an enquiry using permanent sample plot data and computer simulation models." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/31410.

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This study set out to explore the hypothesis that previously undisturbed Amazonian terra firme (non-flooded) tropical forests show a gradient in resilience to selective logging as a function of tree species functional composition and in particular a positive relation with the presence of a specific ecological guild regarded as intermediate in the process of ecological succession known as the light hardwoods (LHW's). Field data came from the Manaus and Tapajos regions in Brazil and the Puerto Maldonado region in Peru. In response to drought stress induced canopy opening which is the natural disturbance analogue to selective logging, there was a significantly better performance in terms of turnover (diameter growth, mortality and recruitment) of the LHW's relative to climax species. Inresponse to selective logging trees growing within logging gaps showed a similar growth performance gradient 3 years after logging when species ecological guild was not taken under account. In series simulation experiments where conducted to determine actual stand levelcompositional and biomass responses to logging. Forest dynamics models in the SYMFORframework were used to conduct simulations of the most common logging practices. Results indicated that functional composition deviation from undisturbed forest showed a positive relation with resilience with LHW's proportions but only up to a certain threshold. Above this their proportion was positively related with deviation from primary forest conditions and therefore negatively related to resilience. A similar pattern was observed for stand basal area with intermediate sites showing the greatest resilience. For sites with low and medium proportions the opposite pattern was observed with sites of highest proportions showing the second greatest resilience followed by sites with lowest. This study indicates that there is a positive correlation between proportions of LHW trees in a forest stand and resilience to selective logging as currently practiced in the Brazilian Amazon but only up to a certain compositional threshold in functional composition.
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Kribel, Jacob Robert George. "Long Term Permanent Vegetation Plot Studies in the Matoaka Woods, Williamsburg, Virginia : Establishment and Initial Data Analysis of Plots Established with the North Carolina Vegetation Survey Protocol, Resampling of Single Circular Plots and a Comparison of Results from North Carolina Vegetation Survey Protocol and Single Circular Plot Methods." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624378.

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Pardi, Mariana Meireles. "Espécies Arbustivo-arbóreas em clareiras e micro-sítios de luz em 5,12ha de Floresta de Restinga na Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-29082007-102348/.

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Estudos da dinâmica de florestas tropicais evidenciam a importância do conhecimento da relação existente entre a luz e a distribuição das espécies para o entendimento da regeneração e manutenção da diversidade dessas comunidades. Para contribuir com este conhecimento para as espécies que ocorrem nas Restingas o presente estudo descreveu a distribuição dos indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com DAP maior que 4,8cm em treze categorias indiretas de regime de luz em 5,12 hectares de uma Floresta de Restinga situada na Ilha do Cardoso, Município de Cananéia, SP. Estas categorias correspondem aos diferentes microsítios de luz do mosaico florestal, e são oriundas da combinação entre condições quanto ao tipo ou ausência de cobertura (cobertura decídua, cobertura perenifólia ou a pleno sol) e situações de localização dos indivíduos arbustivoarbóreos na floresta (clareira, sub-bosque, dossel). As espécies amostradas foram classificadas em grupos ecológicos de acordo com a literatura disponível em pioneiras, secundárias iniciais, sub-bosque, clímax e não classificadas para correlação com a distribuição de seus indivíduos nas categorias de luz. Foram amostrados 7.277 indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos sendo 381 pioneiros distribuídos em 12 espécies, 4.138 secundários iniciais distribuídos em 24 espécies, 48 típicos de sub-bosque distribuídos em duas espécies, 2.133 climáxicos distribuídos em 48 espécies e 577 indivíduos distribuídos em 19 espécies permaneceram sem classificação. Das 105 espécies amostradas, 35 apresentaram uma distribuição preferencial por determinados microsítios de luz. Estes padrões de distribuição encontrados sugeriram que a quantidade de luz que chega ao subbosque das Florestas de Restinga não restringe a ocorrência de espécies pioneiras apenas às clareiras. Para algumas espécies a classificação em grupos ecológicos encontrada na literatura não foi coerente com a distribuição dos indivíduos, tendo sido sugerida uma classificação diferente de acordo com sua ocorrência nessa Floresta de Restinga, que só se confirmará através de repetições deste estudo ao longo do tempo. Foram delimitadas 77 clareiras na área de estudo durante a classificação dos indivíduos nas categorias indiretas de regime de luz, para as quais foram estimadas área, forma, composição de espécies e de indivíduos para análise da distribuição das espécies e grupos ecológicos em seu interior e favorecer futuras comparações com estudos recorrentes na área ou com estudos de regeneração natural. Repetições desse método numa mesma área, ao longo do tempo, e em diferentes áreas da mesma formação florestal proporcionarão o acúmulo de dados não só sobre a distribuição momentânea dos indivíduos, mas da dinâmica dessas florestas, promovendo o conhecimento sobre o comportamento ecológico das espécies e dos padrões de distribuição das mesmas em relação à luz.
Tropical Forest dynamics studies elucidate the importance of knowledge about the relationship between light and distribuition of species to understanding the regeneration and diversity mainteinence of these communities. To contribute with this knowledge to Restinga Forest species this study described the distribuition of trees with dbh (diameter at breast high) ≥4,8cm in thirteen (13) indirect light categories, in 5,12ha of a Restinga Forest in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananeia Municipal District, Sao Paulo State. These categories correspond to different light micro-sites within the forest mosaic and are derived of the combination of the type or absence of covery where the individuals can be under of (under decidual trees, under evergreen trees or under intense light) and the position which each individual can ocupy within the forest (gap, understory, canopy). All the species were classified in ecological groups according to available literature into pioneers, early secondary, understory, climax and non-classified to correlation with their individuals distribuition within the light categories. There were sampled 7.277 tree specimens represented by 381 pioneers of 12 different species, 4.138 early secondary of 24 species, 48 understory of 2 species, 2.133 climax of 48 species and 577 non-classified specimens of 19 different species. Among the 105 species sampled, 35 presented preferential distribuition for some light micro-sites. These distribuition patterns suggest that the light quantity reaching the understory doesn't restrict the occurence of pioneer species only to gaps. For some species the classification in ecological groups found in the literature were not coherent with the individuals distribuition and there were been suggested another classification according to its occurence in the Restinga Forest, which will be confirmed only through repetitions of this study among time. There were delimited 77 gaps in the study area during the classification in the indirect light categories, to which there were estimated area, shape, species and individuals compositions to assess the distribuition of species and ecological grups within these gaps and support comparisons with repeated studies in this area and with natural regeneration studies. Recurring studies using this method over the same spot during time or in different areas of the same Forest formation will provide data accumulation not only about the instantaneous distribuition of the specimens, but also about these forests dynamics, promoting the knowledge about the ecological bahaviour of species and about distribuition patterns of these species according to light regimes.
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Lamedica, Silvia. "FORESTE DI AREA TEMPERATA: STRUTTURE E DINAMICHE A CONFRONTO IN POPOLAMENTI VERGINI E LASCIATI A LIBERA EVOLUZIONE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421643.

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A proper understanding of forest stands structure and dynamics is important in order to apply a sustainable forest management. Forest structure analysis studies the interactions between size classes of the trees, age classes, species, the role of natural and human disturbances etc. Those relationships emerge from the interpretation of different data (dbh, height, age, annual increments, deadwood, XY position of each tree in the stand…), which give information in order to assess the organization and functionality of the ecosystem. Time and space are the two main factors in the analysis of forest structure and dynamics. Concerning time, the order of magnitude should be consistent with the generation time of the ecosystems, so in forest analysis we need to carry out long-term research. In this context, permanent plots are essential instruments, since they permit the acquisition of database at regular intervals in long-term projects, which reflect the tendency of ecosystems to change slowly. The spatial scale of these plots should be set in order to catch the trends and dynamics of the vegetation. In particular, surfaces of 1-4 ha are considered large enough to capture the presence of groups and gradients, which are the expression of the ongoing dynamics in the population at a mesoscale level. This work focused on the study of forest spatial structures in some stands which are representative of different forest types with different exploitation regimes. The analyses were conducted in 4 ha permanent plots, located in the Eastern Carpathians (virgin forests) and the Alps (previously managed stands left to natural development). On the plots, all the trees taller than 1.3 m were mapped and for each tree dbh, height, height of lowest living branch, crown radii projection, increment cores, etc. were measured. The main objective was to compare virgin and managed forest, in order to assess the extent of human impact on the structure and dynamics of the latter stands. In general we found that natural areas, without major disturbances, present more complex spatial structures than the previously managed ones, even if sometimes they were left to natural development for some decades. The human impact lead towards a simplification in the stands structure and composition: signs of this impact are the unimodal diameter distributions, random spatial distribution of trees, spatial structures with almost monospecific groups. This homogeneous structure is still evident even after decades since the last human intervention. In the long term we will see if those stands will develop towards more natural structures or if they will tend to maintain their actual structure.
Un’appropriata comprensione della struttura e delle dinamiche dei popolamenti è basilare per una gestione forestale sostenibile. Lo studio della struttura dei popolamenti forestali passa attraverso la definizione delle relazioni tra classi dimensionali, età, specie, del ruolo dei disturbi naturali e antropici e così via. Queste relazioni emergono dall’interpretazione di dati di natura diversa (diametro, altezza, età, incrementi annuali, necromassa, posizione di ogni individuo…) che forniscono informazioni differenti ma tutte utili al fine di valutare in misura più o meno approfondita l’organizzazione e le funzionalità dell’ecosistema. Lo studio della struttura e delle dinamiche di un popolamento deve tenere in considerazione due fattori fondamentali: il tempo e lo spazio. Per quanto riguarda il primo, questo deve essere conforme con i tempi generazionali degli ecosistemi studiati e perciò nel nostro caso si parla necessariamente di lungo periodo. La predisposizione di aree di monitoraggio permanente quindi si rivela particolarmente utile ai nostri scopi, in quanto permette di disporre di database per l’acquisizione di dati a intervalli regolari nell’ambito di progetti di lunga durata, che riflettono la tendenza degli ecosistemi ad evolvere lentamente. La scala spaziale di queste aree si dovrebbe calibrare in modo tale da essere sufficiente per evidenziare le tendenze e dinamiche della vegetazione in esame. In particolare, superfici di 1-4 ha costituiscono un livello di mesoscala sufficiente a cogliere la presenza di gruppi e gradienti che sono molto spesso espressione delle dinamiche in atto nel popolamento. Il presente lavoro si è concentrato sullo studio delle strutture spaziali di popolamenti forestali scelti in base al diverso impatto antropico subito nel corso della loro vita. Le analisi sono state effettuate all’interno di aree di monitoraggio permanente di 4 ha poste in parte in foreste vergini dei Carpazi Orientali e in parte in popolamenti lasciati a libera evoluzione situati sulle Alpi. In ogni area sono state mappate e misurate tutte le piante con altezza superiore a 1.3 m, rilevando una serie di parametri biometrici (diametro a 1.3 m, altezza, altezza d’inserzione della chioma, proiezioni dei raggi di chioma, prelievo delle carotine legnose, ecc.) utili alla descrizione e al confronto delle strutture spaziali dei diversi popolamenti. In particolare, ci si è concentrati sul confronto tra popolamenti vergini e lasciati a libera evoluzione, per valutare in che misura l’impatto antropico abbia influito sulle strutture e le dinamiche di questi ultimi. In generale si è riscontrato che aree vergini, in assenza di disturbi naturali significativi, si esprimono in strutture spaziali più complesse e articolate rispetto ad analoghe formazioni precedentemente gestite. In quest'ultime, l’impatto antropico ha portato a una semplificazione nella composizione e nella struttura del bosco, che si manifesta, di volta in volta, in distribuzioni diametriche unimodali,distribuzioni spaziali casuali, strutture spaziali per gruppi dalla composizione omogenea. Questa struttura più omogenea è ancora evidente nonostante in alcuni casi siano passati più di quarant’anni dall’ultimo intervento. Sarà interessante approfondire queste dinamiche nel lungo periodo e verificare le traiettorie di sviluppo future, ovvero se tali popolamenti manterranno a lungo l'attuale tipologia o evolveranno verso strutture più naturaliformi.
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Štěpánová, Martina. "Restaurace a zázemí ČRS Lačnov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372134.

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The subject of this thesis is the process of building technical part of the design documentation for the realization of a newly-built restaurant and facilities for Czech fishing union in the village Lačnov. The building consists of two objects interconnected by a connecting neck. The ground floor of the building with a flat roof is used as a restaurant. The restaurant is wheelchair accessible. Public entrance is from the southern side. The entrance for the staff and the supply will be from the east side. Facilities for staff and technical facilities there is in the northern part of the building. On the second floor there is an office, a meeting room and a training room for the Czech fishing union. In the second object with a gabled roof is an apartment for a fishing man and a shop with small fishing equipment. There is also a showers and toilets for the disabled. The technical background is situated in the attic. The house is based on strips foudations. Vertical loadbearing structures above ground are made of Porotherm system, external walls of the basement are made of prefabricated concrete shuttering blocks. Horizontal structures are designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete slab. Building is insulated. Part of the external wall finish are made of silicone plaster and part of it consists of ventilated facade with timber cladding.
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Dölle, Michaela. "From arable field to forest: Long-term studies on permanent plots /." Göttingen, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252253.

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Thérien, Guillaume. "Growth prediction of recent permanent sample plots for forest inventory projection." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31159.

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Permanent sample plots have become the main source of information for estimating models which quantify the dynamic processes of a forest. Fitted models allow for projecting inventories, used to determine timber production and many forest management decisions. The quality of these models is largely dependent on the quality of the information provided by the permanent sample plots. However, the pool of information contained in recent permanent sample plots is limited. Efficient estimation techniques must use all the information available from such plots. Current estimation techniques can be improved. Existing techniques employed in forestry have failed to recognize the random nature of the individual model characterizing each plot. On the other hand, techniques designed for remeasured entities in other scientific fields do not address particular forestry situations such as the small number of remeasurements or the irregularity of remeasurements. A framework for estimating forestry growth models which recognizes the individuality of each plot and special forestry situations is presented in this dissertation. The proposed framework is a two-stage estimation technique, in which the growth rate of a permanent sample plot is considered analogous to the interest rate on a bank account. The first stage estimates the growth rate after removing the time effect. The second stage, based on Von Bertalanffy's growth curve, relates growth rate to site index and volume at the beginning of the growing season. The proposed predictor of future growth rates, the "weighted predictor," is a weighted average between the growth rate observed on a plot and the growth rate predicted from the second-stage model. The weighted predictor is then used to compound the current volume of a plot. An estimate of the variance of the prediction can also be computed.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Permanent sample plot (psp) field procedures manual. Edmonton: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Public Lands and Forests Division, Forest Management Branch, 2005.

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Alberta. Public Lands and Forests Division. Permanent sample plot (PSP) field procedures manual. Edmonton, AB: Public lands and forests division, 2005.

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Karsh, M. B. Guidelines for editing permanent sample plot data. St. John's, Nfld: Forestry Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador Region, 1993.

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Curtis, Robert O. Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2005.

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Curtis, Robert O. Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2005.

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Curtis, Robert O. Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2005.

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Suleiman, Monica. An introduction to the Crocker Range Park permanent research plot project. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia]: Penerbit UMS, 2007.

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1961-, Porter Kevin B., and Atlantic Forestry Centre, eds. New Brunswick Permanent Sample Plot Database (PSPDB v1.0): User's guide and analysis. Fredericton, N.B: Atlantic Forestry Centre, 2001.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Nevada State Office. Results of 1990 vegetation and tortoise surveys of the Gold Butte permanent study plot, Nevada. Reno, NV: Bureau of Land Management, 1990.

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L, Radford G., and Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, eds. Register of permanent vegetation plots. Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon: Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Frankinet, Marc, and Yves Raimond. "Essai permanent plots, Gembloux." In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models, 325–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61094-3_28.

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Jordan, Carl F. "Permanent Plots for Agriculture and Forestry." In Ecological Studies, 58–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4658-9_6.

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Jacobson, George L. "Ancient permanent plots: Sampling in paleovegetational studies." In Vegetation history, 3–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3081-0_1.

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Aptroot, A., and L. Sparrius. "Monitoring Red-Listed Lichens Using Permanent Plots." In Monitoring with Lichens — Monitoring Lichens, 395–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0423-7_41.

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Vid, Swayam, and Shanti Kumari. "Climate Change Studies, Permanent Forest Observational Plots and Geospatial Modeling." In Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management, 223–40. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003147107-15.

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Arts, W. F. M. "Is het gevaar voor het ontstaan van een plat achterhoofd bij zuigelingen door rugligging geweken nadat de fontanellen gesloten zijn?" In Vademecum permanente nascholing huisartsen, 2873. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-8808-0_1499.

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Arts, W. F. M. "Is het gevaar voor het ontstaan van een plat achterhoofd bij zuigelingen door rugligging geweken nadat de fontanellen gesloten zijn?" In Vademecum permanente nascholing huisartsen, 832. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-8808-0_435.

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Roozen, A. J. M., and V. Westhoff. "A study on long-term salt-marsh succession using permanent plots." In Ecology of coastal vegetation, 23–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5524-0_3.

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Zingg, Andreas. "Diameter and Basal Area Increment in Permanent Growth and Yield Plots in Switzerland." In Growth Trends in European Forests, 239–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61178-0_18.

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Spiecker, H. "Growth Variation and Environmental Stresses: Long-Term Observations on Permanent Research Plots in Southwestern Germany." In Management of Nutrition in Forests under Stress, 247–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3252-7_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Gumenyuk, Anna, Anna Gumenyuk, Inna Nikonorova, and Inna Nikonorova. "LANDSCAPE STUDY OF CHEBOKSARY AND KUYBYSHEV RESERVOIRS COASTS FOR RECREATIONAL USING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93ab223f57.36658580.

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The plot of study is Cheboksary and its suburbans and located on the joint of two landscape zones: a forest zone and a forest-steppe zone. The border between the zones goes along the Volga River, which establishes favourable environment for recreation. There has been observed slope type of areas on the right bank of the Volga River of the Cheboksary and Kuybyshev Reservoir. It has 3º and more incline, with washed-off soil and broadleaved woodland (relict mountainous oak woods), subjected to considerable land-clearing. In the immediate bank zone of the Volga River, where abrasive-soil-slipping and abrasive-talus processes mostly develop, the main types of natural areas have been marked out: 1) Abrasive landslide cliffs at the original slopes of Volga Valley of 60º steepness, more than 15 m high, with permanent watering as a result of underground waters leakage; 2) Abrasive cliffs of terraces above flood-plains of 2 m high; 3) Abrasive cliffs of original slope of the valley of the river Volga of 2 m high, with distinctive abrasive niches in the lower part of the slope or temporary concentration of caving demolishing material. Left coast is lowland plain, the part of taiga landscape zone. Low terraces above flood plain of Volga are formed by sand with loam layers, with sod-podzol sandy and sandy loam soil in combination with marshy soil, with fir-pine forest, with from lichen bogs to sphagnum bog; in lowlands, on old felling plots, on abandoned peat mines deciduous forests with mostly birches and aspens prevail.
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Gumenyuk, Anna, Anna Gumenyuk, Inna Nikonorova, and Inna Nikonorova. "LANDSCAPE STUDY OF CHEBOKSARY AND KUYBYSHEV RESERVOIRS COASTS FOR RECREATIONAL USING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4317002e4e.

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The plot of study is Cheboksary and its suburbans and located on the joint of two landscape zones: a forest zone and a forest-steppe zone. The border between the zones goes along the Volga River, which establishes favourable environment for recreation. There has been observed slope type of areas on the right bank of the Volga River of the Cheboksary and Kuybyshev Reservoir. It has 3º and more incline, with washed-off soil and broadleaved woodland (relict mountainous oak woods), subjected to considerable land-clearing. In the immediate bank zone of the Volga River, where abrasive-soil-slipping and abrasive-talus processes mostly develop, the main types of natural areas have been marked out: 1) Abrasive landslide cliffs at the original slopes of Volga Valley of 60º steepness, more than 15 m high, with permanent watering as a result of underground waters leakage; 2) Abrasive cliffs of terraces above flood-plains of 2 m high; 3) Abrasive cliffs of original slope of the valley of the river Volga of 2 m high, with distinctive abrasive niches in the lower part of the slope or temporary concentration of caving demolishing material. Left coast is lowland plain, the part of taiga landscape zone. Low terraces above flood plain of Volga are formed by sand with loam layers, with sod-podzol sandy and sandy loam soil in combination with marshy soil, with fir-pine forest, with from lichen bogs to sphagnum bog; in lowlands, on old felling plots, on abandoned peat mines deciduous forests with mostly birches and aspens prevail.
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Mas, Vicente, and Giancarlo Cataldi. "Valencia: the territorial structures of the Roman city substratum." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5304.

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Authors: Giancarlo Cataldi. Via dei Rustici 8, 50122 Firenze +39 055295380 Vicente Mas Llorens. Plaza de José María Orense 5 pta. 2. +34 629629226. Keywords: Roman Valencia, substratum permanent structures, city planning, historical transformations Text abstract: The shape of the territory and the urban settlement of numerous Valencian cities were strongly conditioned by the original imprinting of Roman planning, characterized –as it is known- by large scale infrastructures, by settlements of orthogonal axes and by the allocation of the plot division into square modular divisions called centuriae. All the later interventions took necessarily into account such structures, which underwent numerous transformations over time, especially from the second half of the twentieth century. Then innovations and developments in modern technology contributed –more than in any other period– to neglect and override the traces of the original configuration. Territorial and urban research into Roman structures in the Italian peninsula has allowed the recognition of a sufficiently large number of plans, thus allowing the development of a complete general research method to read analogous structures in different Romanized territories. The authors now propose to apply this method to the territory of the Valencian Community. The rectilinear outline of Via Augusta with its forking side paths, the orthogonal signs of the agrarian fabric, the military milestones and the administrative divisions suggest, also in this case, the possibility of retracing the original pattern. Its structure could contribute, among other things, to explain the logic of the expansions outside the walls of the historic centre of Valencia that might otherwise seem arbitrary and meaningless.
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Titei, Victor, Adrian Vasile Blaj, Andreea Cristina Andreoiu, and Teodor Marusca. "Evaluarea calităţii biomasei de Lolium perenne L. Ca furaj și substrat pentru obținerea biometanului." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.93.

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We studied the biochemical composition, nutritive value of the green mass and prepared hay from Ro-manian cultivars of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. „Mara” and „Măgura” grown in monoculture on the experimental plot of the National Botanical Garden (Institute) “Alexandru Ciubotaru”, Chisinau, R. Mol-dova. Results revealed that dry matter of harvested green mass contained 98-116 g/kg CP, 299-326 g/kg CF, 71-77 g/kg ash, 329-353 g/kg ADF, 546-593 g/kg NDF, 38-40 g/kg ADL, 291-313 g/kg Cel, 217-240 g/kg HC, with nutritive and energy value 60.9-65.3 % DMD, 60.1-64.8 % ODM, RFV=96-108, 12.12-12.45 MJ/kg DE, 9.95- 10.23 MJ/kg ME and 5.97-6.25 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical composition, nutritive and energy va-lue of prepared hay: 94-110 g/kg CP, 351-385 g/kg CF, 79-82 g/kg ash, 390-423 g/kg ADF, 631-689 g/kg NDF, 46-50 g/kg ADL, 344-373g/kg Cel, 241-266 g/kg HC, RFV=76-86, 11.13-11.61 MJ/kg DE, 9.14- 9.53 MJ/kg ME and 5.17-5.55 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical methane potential of green mass substrates reached 338-344 L/kg organic matter. The studied cultivars of Lolium perennec could be used in the Republic of Mol-dova for the restoration of degraded permanent grasslands, as a component of the mix of grasses and legumes for the creation of temporary grasslands, the harvested biomass can be used as feed for farm animals or as substrate in biogas generator for renewable energy production.
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Dobrovolsky, Alexander, and Oleg Antonov. "The features of lime stands on permanent research plots in Leningrad region." In Research for Rural Development, 2018. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.24.2018.003.

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Polyanskaya, D. Yu. "Cenopopulations of Calypso bulbosa in the National Park “Krasnoyarskiye Stolby”." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-30.

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There is a brief materials of constant observations of the orchid – Calypso bulbosa in the national park “Krasnoyarsk Stolby” are presented. Aticl tells about additional permanent test plots, that were laid for observing the species, near the action of recreation and fugitive ground fire. It gives a brief information on ontogenetic structure.
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Castellucci a, Ignacio, Pedro Arezes b, and Johan Molenbroek c. "Applied Anthropometrics in School Furniture Design: Which Criteria Should be Used for Standardization?" In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100791.

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Students most likely have one of the most sedentary occupations, one where permanent habits of sitting are formed. However, there is much more concern regarding office furniture. The mismatch between students and school furniture is likely to result in a number of negative effects, such as uncomfortable body posture, pain, and ultimately, it may also affect the learning process. This situation has provoked an increased concern about school classrooms, particularly regarding the study and design of school furniture. An important milestone is setting standards for school furniture, where a series of furniture sizes are defined with the aim of accommodating students with different anthropometric dimensions. Despite that, and with the exception of Europe, where the development of school furniture standards has been most actively pursued, there is a lack of standardization for the design of classroom furniture for educational settings in many countries. The aim of this study is to describe the process of designing school furniture by considering the students’ anthropometric data. The adopted methodology was to perform a literature review regarding different issues, such as setting standard, the design of school furniture, and equations for defining the mismatch between students and school furniture. There are some activities that need to be done before starting to gather the anthropometric measurements. These activities include, for example, identifying the target population, defining the sample size, determining the anthropometric measures, preparing the evaluation team(s), and obtaining the approval from the ethics committee. During the anthropometric measurements it is important to follow a standard procedure, where the measures are collected from the right side of the subjects while they are sitting in a standard position, without shoes and using light clothes. After collecting the measurements, it is important to check the data by using: observation of mean, minimum and maximum values, as well as the calculation of the different measures (for example: Buttock knee length - Buttock popliteal length), and observation of scatter plot graphics of stature with the other variables. To determine the dimensions and characteristics of different types of school furniture, seat height should be the starting point and the designs need to be based on a bottom-top approach. This dimension will split the sample in, at least, five different sizes of school furniture to accommodate students from 6 to 18 years of age. Some characteristics of the furniture have to also be considered, since the presence of a drawer will influence two important dimensions – the desk height and the seat to desk clearance. Finally, special attention should be given to the needed anthropometric measurement for furniture size selection. This is usually done by using Stature; however, some authors suggest that furniture selection can be done more efficiently if popliteal height is used instead.
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Blagodarova, T., Vladimir Sivolapov, V. Terehov, and V. Veretennikov. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE CROP OAK IN THE PLSU OF THE KURSK AND BELGOROD REGIONS." In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_17-20.

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The analysis of damage to freshly harvested acorns at the end of September 2021 on the permanent forest seed plots of the Shchigrovsky forestry of the Kursk region and the Kasnogvardeisky forestry of the Belgorod region is presented. It was noted that 8% of healthy acorns were found in the Kursk region of healthy acorns, with rot 32%, acorn weevil damaged 37% of the seeds and 10% of the acorn moth. On PLSU in the Belgorod region healthy acorns are 9.1%, with rot 13.6%, acorn weevil damaged 15% of the seeds and 28.8% of the acorn moth. Apparently the number of healthy acorns in October will be much higher.
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Alia, Zerrouki, Kara Karima, Redjaimia Lilia, and Rached-Kanouni Malika. "TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOLM OAK STANDS IN CHETTABA FOREST (ALGERIA)." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/28.

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The forest of Chettaba is for ecotourism. Managed by the Forest Conservation of Constantine, this site is formed of several forestry species (hardwood and softwood) spread over an area of 3010 ha. The objective of this study is to estimate the viability of this site through the permanent monitoring of the current state of the forest including biodiversity and pressures. The collection of data related to it had recourse to a forest inventory and an inventory of pressures. The condition was assessed by analyzing these components. The various analyses conducted during this study revealed that the forest is subject to biotic and abiotic pressures and average viability. This is induced by a fairly good stand quality (PHF= 333), medium stability (S= 44.45), low mortality (MR = 4.16%) and good future potential (high regeneration rate (RR =231.25%). Grazing, fire and illegal logging are the most important pressures. Despite these pressures, the forest is classified as a viable ecosystem. However, these potentials are insufficient: it is necessary to reduce the pressures and reforest the degraded plots for better conservation of the ecosystem. To this end, the present study suggests management primarily through silvicultural interventions that promote the regeneration of the various species and to include a permanent ecological monitoring system.
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Justo, Rui Pedro Morais. "O quarteirão na cidade de Lisboa: da forma ao tipo." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6096.

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O tecido urbano, tanto na sua componente pública como privada, traduz o esforço paralelo de tensão e mudança, de transformação e permanência, que caracteriza a cidade. Este processo dinâmico de produção urbana reflete-se na evolução permanente da forma e organização do quarteirão enquanto elemento intermediário entre a função de habitação e as outras actividades urbanas. A investigação procura realizar um estudo da forma urbana da cidade de Lisboa a partir da sua componente privada, expressa na leitura do quarteirão, unidade básica do tecido edificado e do parcelário e suporte da dinâmica que o configura. Para tal, pretende-se abordar este elemento no seu estado actual como resultado de um processo evolutivo, servindo como princípio para um estudo tipo-morfológico. O trabalho utilizará como objecto de estudo a cidade de Lisboa a partir de 12 casos escolhidos, representativos da sua diversidade. The urban fabric, both in his public and private component, translates the parallel stress of tension and change, transformation and permanence, which characterize the space and architecture that builds the city. This dynamic process of urban production is reflected in the continuing evolution of the shape and organization of the urban block as an intermediary between the housing function and other urban activities. The research seeks to undertake a study of the urban form in Lisbon from its private component, expressed in the study of the block, the built fabric basic unit and the plots the support of dynamic that configures it. To this end, we intend to place this element in its current state as a result of an evolutionary process, serving as a principle for a typo-morphological study.
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Reports on the topic "Permanent plot"

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Curtis, Robert O., and David D. Marshall. Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-634.

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Peitz, David, and Naomi Reibold. Bird community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Missouri: Status report 2008–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287875.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on Wilson’s Creek National Monument, Missouri, in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park and to improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 38 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 400 x 400-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-min sampling period were recorded. In the 13 years since initiating our breeding bird survey, birds were surveyed on as many of the 38 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 444 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 119 different species of birds. Ninety-eight of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, 18 are classified as transients in the area, and 3 as winter residents to the area. Eight breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region in which Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield is located. Of the 98 breeding species recorded, 12 species in grassland habitat and 15 in woodland habitat occurred in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for most species, which means that no significant increases or decreases occurred but it is not certain that trends were <5% per year. The Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) population in grassland habitat was stable. The Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) and Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens) populations in woodland habitat were in moderate decline. Comparing population trends on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggests that the bird community at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield is faring similarly to that of the region as a whole. Stable diversity, richness, and evenness values suggest that the park’s habitat has remained consistent in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. Any decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices, but it could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield as management and weather and climatic conditions change is essential for park management.
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Peitz, David. Bird community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: Status report 2008–2021. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294263.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park. These data also improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 99 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 400 x 400-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-minute sampling period were recorded. We surveyed for breeding birds in eight of the last 14 years on as many of the 99 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 592 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 111 different species of birds. Ninety-three of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, 11 as winter residents to the area, six as transients in the area, and one as a migrant through the area. Nine breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region Pea Ridge National Military Park is located within. Of the 93 breeding species recorded, 4 species occurred in grassland and 11 in woodland habitats in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. However, only the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) in woodland habitats demonstrated any trends (moderate to strong increases) in abundance. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for the rest of the species in both grassland and woodland habitats, which means that no significant increases or decreases occurred, but it is not certain that trends were < 5% per year. Comparisons of population trends on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggest that the bird community at Pea Ridge National Military Park is faring similarly to or slightly better than that of the region as a whole. Stable diversity, richness, and evenness values suggest that the park’s habitat has remained consistent in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. Any increase or decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices but could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on Pea Ridge National Military Park as management and climatic conditions change is essential for park management. - -
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Peitz, David, and Naomi Reibold. Bird community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monu-ment, Missouri: Status report 2008–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287852.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on George Washington Carver National Monument, Missouri, in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park and to improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 70 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 100 x 100-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-min sampling period were recorded. In the 13 years since initiating our breeding bird surveys on the park, birds were surveyed on as many of the 70 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 520 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 100 different species of birds. Ninety-seven of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, two are classified as transients in the area, and one as a winter resident to the area. Six breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region in which George Washington Carver National Monument is located. Of the 97 breeding species recorded, ten species in grassland habitat and six in woodland habitat occurred in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for most species, which means that there were no significant increases or decreases, but it is not certain that trends were < 5% per year. The Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) in woodland habitat was stable. The Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) in grassland habitat was in moderate decline, and the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in grassland habitat was in steep decline. Comparing population trends (i.e., changes in population size over time) on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggests that the bird community at George Washington Carver National Monument is faring similarly to that of the region as a whole. Trends in the park’s popula-tions of Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) in grassland habitat and Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) in woodland habitat were uncertain, whereas they declined significantly in the larger region, which could be a result of management on George Washington Carver National Monument. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) population trends, while uncertain in grassland habitat on the park, increased significantly in the region. The Red-bellied Woodpecker utilizes trees for foraging, which are sparse in the grassland habitat on the park. Declining diversity and richness values suggest that park habitat is declining in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. This decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices, but it could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on George Washington Carver National Monument as management and weather and climatic conditions change is essential for park management.
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Czaplewski, Raymond L., Glenn P. Catts, and Paul W. Snook. National land cover monitoring using large, permanent photo plots. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/wo-gtr-39.

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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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7

Byrne, John C., Albert R. Stage, and David L. Renner. Distribution of permanent plots to evaluate silvicultural treatments in the Inland Empire. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-rn-386.

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8

Sprague, Joshua, David Kushner, James Grunden, Jamie McClain, Benjamin Grime, and Cullen Molitor. Channel Islands National Park Kelp Forest Monitoring Program: Annual report 2014. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293855.

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Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) has conducted long-term ecological monitoring of the kelp forests around San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands since 1982. The original permanent transects were established at 16 sites between 1981 and 1986 with the first sampling beginning in 1982, this being the 33rd year of monitoring. An additional site, Miracle Mile, was established at San Miguel Island in 2001 by a commercial fisherman with assistance from the park. Miracle Mile was partially monitored from 2002 to 2004, and then fully monitored (using all KFM protocols) since 2005. In 2005, 16 additional permanent sites were established to collect baseline data from inside and adjacent to four marine reserves that were established in 2003. Sampling results from all 33 sites mentioned above are included in this report. Funding for the Kelp Forest Monitoring Program (KFM) in 2014 was provided by the National Park Service (NPS). The 2014 monitoring efforts utilized 49 days of vessel time to conduct 1,040 dives for a total of 1,059 hours of bottom time. Population dynamics of a select list of 71 “indicator species” (consisting of taxa or categories of algae, fish, and invertebrates) were measured at the 33 permanent sites. In addition, population dynamics were measured for all additional species of fish observed at the sites during the roving diver fish count. Survey techniques follow the CHIS Kelp Forest Monitoring Protocol Handbook (Davis et al. 1997) and an update to the sampling protocol handbook currently being developed (Kushner and Sprague, in progress). The techniques utilize SCUBA and surface-supplied-air to conduct the following monitoring protocols: 1 m2 quadrats, 5 m2 quadrats, band transects, random point contacts, fish transects, roving diver fish counts, video transects, size frequency measurements, and artificial recruitment modules. Hourly temperature data were collected using remote temperature loggers at 32 sites, the exception being Miracle Mile where there is no temperature logger installed. This annual report contains a brief description of each site including any notable observations or anomalies, a summary of methods used, and monitoring results for 2014. All the data collected during 2014 can be found in the appendices and in an Excel workbook on the NPS Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) portal. In the 2013 annual report (Sprague et al. 2020) several changes were made to the appendices. Previously, annual report density and percent cover data tables only included the current year’s data. Now, density and percent cover data are presented in graphical format and include all years of available monitoring data. Roving diver fish count (RDFC), fish size frequency, natural habitat size frequency, and Artificial Recruitment Module (ARM) size frequency data are now stored on IRMA at https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2259651. The temperature data graphs in Appendix L include the same graphs that were used in past reports, but include additional violin plot sections that compare monthly means from the current year to past years. In addition to the changes listed above, the layout of the discussion section was reordered by species instead of by site. The status of kelp forests differed among the five park islands. This is a result of a combination of factors including but not limited to, oceanography, biogeography and associated differences in species abundance and composition, as well as sport and commercial fishing pressure. All 33 permanent sites were established in areas that had or were historically known to have had kelp forests in the past. In 2014, 15 of the 33 sites monitored were characterized as developing kelp forest, kelp forest or mature kelp forest. In addition, three sites were in a state of transition. Two sites were part kelp forest and part dominated by Strongylocentrotus purpuratus...
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9

McDonald, Hannah. Tree Growth and Spatial Pattern in Two Forest Park Permanent Plots: A Look at Stand Composition and Condition. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.313.

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10

Mason, A. R., and H. G. Paul. Monitoring larval populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth and the western spruce budworm on permanent plots: sampling methods and statistical properties of data. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-333.

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