Academic literature on the topic 'Permian Triassic extinction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Permian Triassic extinction"
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Dai, Xu, and Haijun Song. "Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (2020): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.40.
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AbstractCosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammonoid cosmopolitanism during this time interval. Then, we tested the three proposed models in these case studies. Our results confirm that at least two remarkable cosmopolitanism events occurred after the Permian–Triassic and late Smithian (Early Triassic) extinctions, respectively. Partitioned analyses of survivors and newcomers revealed that the immediate cosmopolitanism event (Griesbachian) after the Permian–Triassic event can be attributed to endemic genera becoming cosmopolitan (model 2) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera after the extinction (model 3). Late Smithian cosmopolitanism is caused by selective extinction in endemic taxa (model 1) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera (model 3). We found that the survivors of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction did not show a wider geographic range, suggesting that this mass extinction is nonselective among the biogeographic ranges, while late Smithian survivors exhibit a wide geographic range, indicating selective survivorship among cosmopolitan genera. These successive cosmopolitanism events during severe extinctions are associated with marked environmental upheavals such as rapid climate changes and oceanic anoxic events, suggesting that environmental fluctuations play a significant role in cosmopolitanism.
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Ruta, Marcello, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Jörg Fröbisch, and Michael J. Benton. "Decoupling of morphological disparity and taxic diversity during the adaptive radiation of anomodont therapsids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1768 (2013): 20131071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1071.
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Adaptive radiations are central to macroevolutionary theory. Whether triggered by acquisition of new traits or ecological opportunities arising from mass extinctions, it is debated whether adaptive radiations are marked by initial expansion of taxic diversity or of morphological disparity (the range of anatomical form). If a group rediversifies following a mass extinction, it is said to have passed through a macroevolutionary bottleneck, and the loss of taxic or phylogenetic diversity may limit the amount of morphological novelty that it can subsequently generate. Anomodont therapsids, a diverse clade of Permian and Triassic herbivorous tetrapods, passed through a bottleneck during the end-Permian mass extinction. Their taxic diversity increased during the Permian, declined significantly at the Permo–Triassic boundary and rebounded during the Middle Triassic before the clade's final extinction at the end of the Triassic. By sharp contrast, disparity declined steadily during most of anomodont history. Our results highlight three main aspects of adaptive radiations: (i) diversity and disparity are generally decoupled; (ii) models of radiations following mass extinctions may differ from those triggered by other causes (e.g. trait acquisition); and (iii) the bottleneck caused by a mass extinction means that a clade can emerge lacking its original potential for generating morphological variety.
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Song, Haijun, Jinnan Tong, Z. Q. Chen, Hao Yang, and Yongbiao Wang. "End-Permian mass extinction of foraminifers in the Nanpanjiang basin, South China." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 5 (2009): 718–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/08-175.1.
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Newly obtained foraminifer faunas from the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) transition at the Dajiang and Bianyang sections in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China, comprise 61 species in 40 genera. They belong to thePalaeofusulina sinensisZone, the youngest Permian foraminifer zone in South China. Quantitative analysis reveals that the last occurrences of more than a half of species (28/54) fall into a 60-cm-interval at the uppermost Changhsingian skeletal packstone unit and thus calibrate the end-Permian extinction to the skeletal packstonecalcimicrobial framestone boundary. About 93% (54/58) of species of the latest Permian assemblage became extinct in the P-Tr crisis. Four major foraminiferal groups, the Miliolida, Fusulinida, Lagenida, and Textulariina, have extinction rates up to 100%, 96%, 92%, and 50%, respectively, and thus experienced selective extinctions. BothHemigordius longusand ?Globivalvulina bulloidestemporarily survived the end-Permian extinction event and extended into the earliest Triassic but became extinct soon after. The post-extinction foraminifer assemblage is characterized by the presence of both disaster taxa and Lazarus taxa. Foraminifer distribution near the P-Tr boundary also reveals that the irregular contact surface at the uppermost Permian may be created by a massive submarine dissolution event, which may be coeval with the end-Permian mass extinction. A new species,Rectostipulina hexamerata,is described here.
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Thompson, Jeffrey R., Renato Posenato, David J. Bottjer, and Elizabeth Petsios. "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction." PeerJ 7 (August 30, 2019): e7361. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7361.
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The end-Permian mass extinction (∼252 Ma) was responsible for high rates of extinction and evolutionary bottlenecks in a number of animal groups. Echinoids, or sea urchins, were no exception, and the Permian to Triassic represents one of the most significant intervals of time in their macroevolutionary history. The extinction event was responsible for significant turnover, with the Permian–Triassic representing the transition from stem group echinoid-dominated faunas in the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic faunas dominated by crown group echinoids. This turnover is well-known, however, the environmental and taxonomic distribution of echinoids during the latest Permian and Early Triassic is not. Here we report on an echinoid fauna from the Tesero Member, Werfen Formation (latest Permian to Early Triassic) of the Dolomites (northern Italy). The fauna is largely known from disarticulated ossicles, but consists of both stem group taxa, and a new species of crown group echinoid,Eotiaris teseroensisn. sp. That these stem group echinoids were present in the Tesero Member indicates that stem group echinoids did not go extinct in the Dolomites coincident with the onset of extinction, further supporting other recent work indicating that stem group echinoids survived the end-Permian extinction. Furthermore, the presence ofEotiarisacross a number of differing palaeoenvironments in the Early Triassic may have had implications for the survival of cidaroid echinoids during the extinction event.
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Schaal, Ellen K., Matthew E. Clapham, Brianna L. Rego, Steve C. Wang, and Jonathan L. Payne. "Comparative size evolution of marine clades from the Late Permian through Middle Triassic." Paleobiology 42, no. 1 (2015): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2015.36.
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AbstractThe small size of Early Triassic marine organisms has important implications for the ecological and environmental pressures operating during and after the end-Permian mass extinction. However, this “Lilliput Effect” has only been documented quantitatively in a few invertebrate clades. Moreover, the discovery of Early Triassic gastropod specimens larger than any previously known has called the extent and duration of the Early Triassic size reduction into question. Here, we document and compare Permian-Triassic body size trends globally in eight marine clades (gastropods, bivalves, calcitic and phosphatic brachiopods, ammonoids, ostracods, conodonts, and foraminiferans). Our database contains maximum size measurements for 11,224 specimens and 2,743 species spanning the Late Permian through the Middle to Late Triassic. The Permian/Triassic boundary (PTB) shows more size reduction among species than any other interval. For most higher taxa, maximum and median size among species decreased dramatically from the latest Permian (Changhsingian) to the earliest Triassic (Induan), and then increased during Olenekian (late Early Triassic) and Anisian (early Middle Triassic) time. During the Induan, the only higher taxon much larger than its long-term mean size was the ammonoids; they increased significantly in median size across the PTB, a response perhaps related to their comparatively rapid diversity recovery after the end-Permian extinction. The loss of large species in multiple clades across the PTB resulted from both selective extinction of larger species and evolution of surviving lineages toward smaller sizes. The within-lineage component of size decrease suggests that only part of the size decrease can be related to the end-Permian kill mechanism; in addition, Early Triassic environmental conditions or ecological pressures must have continued to favor small body size as well. After the end-Permian extinction, size decrease occurred across ecologically and physiologically disparate clades, but this size reduction was limited to the first part of the Early Triassic (Induan). Nektonic habitat or physiological buffering capacity may explain the contrast of Early Triassic size increase and diversification in ammonoids versus size reduction and slow recovery in benthic clades.
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Erwin, Douglas H. "Carboniferous-Triassic gastropod diversity patterns and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction." Paleobiology 16, no. 2 (1990): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009878.
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Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic marine faunas are strikingly different in composition. Paleozoic marine gastropods may be divided into archaic and modern groups based on taxonomic composition, ecological role, and morphology. Paleozoic assemblages were dominated by pleurotomariids (Eotomariidae and Phymatopleuridae), the Pseudozygopleuridae, and, to a lesser extent, the Euomphalidae, while Triassic assemblages were dominated by the Trochiina, Amberleyacea, and new groups of Loxonematoidea and Pleurotomariina. Several new groups of caenogastropods appeared as well. Yet the importance of the end-Permian mass extinction in generating these changes has been questioned. As part of a study of the diversity history of upper Paleozoic and Triassic gastropods, to test the extent to which taxonomic and morphologic trends established in the late Paleozoic are continued after the extinction, and to determine the patterns of selectivity operating during the extinction, I assembled generic and morphologic diversity data for 396 genera in 75 families from the Famennian through the Norian stages. Within this interval, gastropod genera underwent an adaptive radiation during the Visean and Namurian, largely of pleurotomariids, a subsequent period of dynamic stability through the Leonardian, a broad-based decline during the end-Permian mass extinction, and a two-phase post-extinction rebound during the Triassic. The patterns of generic diversity within superfamily-level clades were analyzed using Q-mode factor analysis and detrended correspondence analysis.The results demonstrate that taxonomic affinity, previous clade history, generic age, and gross morphology did not determine survival probability of genera during the end-Permian extinction, with the exception of the bellerophontids, nor did increasing diversity within clades or expansion of particular morphologies prior to the extinction facilitate survival during the extinction or success after it. The pleurotomariids diversified during the Lower Permian, but were heavily hit by the extinction. Similarly, trochiform and turriculate morphologies, among those which Vermeij (1987) has identified as having increased predation resistance, were expanding in the late Paleozoic, but suffered similar extinction rates to other nondiversifying clades. Survival was a consequence of broad geographic and environmental distribution, as was the case during background periods.
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Leighton, Lindsey R., and Chris L. Schneider. "Taxon characteristics that promote survivorship through the Permian–Triassic interval: transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic brachiopod fauna." Paleobiology 34, no. 1 (2008): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06082.1.
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Examination of organismal characteristics which promote survivorship through both background and mass extinctions may reveal general ecological principles potentially critical to modern conservation efforts. This study explores survivorship of brachiopods, a highly diverse and abundant Paleozoic clade, through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic interval, which includes the greatest mass extinction in the history of metazoan life. This interval of time separates two of the major Phanerozoic evolutionary faunas. In this regard, survivorship across any one extinction during the interval would not have been relevant if the survivor went extinct shortly after the extinction event; surviving background extinction is as important as surviving a mass extinction. Similarly, taxa that survived but failed to rediversify also were not major elements of the Mesozoic evolutionary fauna. Thus, the analysis aims to analyze survivorship not just across a single extinction but across the entire mid-Permian to mid-Triassic; only survivors through the entire interval can be the ancestors of the Mesozoic clades.Fewer brachiopod genera survived the interval than did brachiopod clades, suggesting that pseudoextinction or insufficient sampling could be a problem in analyzing these extinctions; thus, survivorship analysis should be conducted at the clade level. Nine characteristics were examined for generic representatives of 20 North American brachiopod clades, five of which survived both Permian extinctions and the subsequent earliest Triassic transitional interval. Characteristics include both those that operate on global scales and those that operate on the higher-resolution scales of individuals and populations.Survivors were significantly smaller and occurred less frequently than victims. Mean diversity of communities in which survivors were present was significantly greater. The finding that rare taxa belonging to high-diversity communities were more likely to survive runs counter to traditional predictions. However, these results are consistent with recent studies suggesting that higher diversity within a trophic level may create a buffer, as surviving taxa quickly occupy the vacant niche space of the victims. As size, abundance, and community diversity are all statistically related, the small size of survivors may be an artifact of reduced biovolume per taxon in a diverse community.No significant relationship exists between global-scale processes and survivorship of brachiopods through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic. The results suggest that ecological processes can strongly influence global extinction patterns.
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Kiessling, W., and T. Danelian. "Trajectories of Late Permian – Jurassic radiolarian extinction rates: no evidence for an end-Triassic mass extinction." Fossil Record 14, no. 1 (2011): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-14-95-2011.
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The hypothesis that ocean acidification was a proximate trigger of the marine end-Triassic mass extinction rests on the assumption that taxa that strongly invest in the secretion of calcium-carbonate skeletons were significantly more affected by the crisis than other taxa. An argument against this hypothesis is the great extinction toll of radiolarians that has been reported from work on local sections. Radiolarians have siliceous tests and thus should be less affected by ocean acidification. We compiled taxonomically vetted occurrences of late Permian and Mesozoic radiolarians and analyzed extinction dynamics of radiolarian genera. Although extinction rates were high at the end of the Triassic, there is no evidence for a mass extinction in radiolarians but rather significantly higher background extinction in the Triassic than in the Jurassic. Although the causes for this decline in background extinction levels remain unclear, the lack of a major evolutionary response to the end-Triassic event, gives support for the hypothesis that ocean acidification was involved in the dramatic extinctions of many calcifying taxa. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.201000017" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.201000017</a>
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WIGNALL, PAUL B., and BAS VAN DE SCHOOTBRUGGE. "Middle Phanerozoic mass extinctions and a tribute to the work of Professor Tony Hallam." Geological Magazine 153, no. 2 (2015): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000199.
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AbstractTony Hallam's contributions to mass extinction studies span more than 50 years and this thematic issue provides an opportunity to pay tribute to the many pioneering contributions he has made to this field. Early work (1961) on the Jurassic in Europe revealed a link, during the Toarcian Stage, between extinction and the spread of anoxic waters during transgression – the first time such a common leitmotif had been identified. He also identified substantial sea-level changes during other mass extinction intervals with either regression (end-Triassic) or early transgression (end-Permian) coinciding with the extinction phases. Hallam's (1981) study on bivalves was also the first to elevate the status of the end-Triassic crisis and place it amongst true mass extinctions, changing previous perceptions that it was a part of a protracted period of turnover, although debates on the duration of this crisis continue (Hallam, 2002). Conflicting views on the nature of recovery from mass extinctions have also developed, especially for the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. These discussions can be traced to Hallam's seminal 1991 paper that noted the considerable delay in benthic recovery during Early Triassic time and attributed it to the persistence of the harmful, high-stress conditions responsible for the extinction itself. This idea now forms the cornerstone of one of the more favoured explanations for this ultra-low diversity interval.
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Irmis, Randall B., and Jessica H. Whiteside. "Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (2011): 1310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1895.
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During the end-Permian mass extinction, marine ecosystems suffered a major drop in diversity, which was maintained throughout the Early Triassic until delayed recovery during the Middle Triassic. This depressed diversity in the Early Triassic correlates with multiple major perturbations to the global carbon cycle, interpreted as either intrinsic ecosystem or external palaeoenvironmental effects. In contrast, the terrestrial record of extinction and recovery is less clear; the effects and magnitude of the end-Permian extinction on non-marine vertebrates are particularly controversial. We use specimen-level data from southern Africa and Russia to investigate the palaeodiversity dynamics of non-marine tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic boundary by analysing sample-standardized generic richness, evenness and relative abundance. In addition, we investigate the potential effects of sampling, geological and taxonomic biases on these data. Our analyses demonstrate that non-marine tetrapods were severely affected by the end-Permian mass extinction, and that these assemblages did not begin to recover until the Middle Triassic. These data are congruent with those from land plants and marine invertebrates. Furthermore, they are consistent with the idea that unstable low-diversity post-extinction ecosystems were subject to boom–bust cycles, reflected in multiple Early Triassic perturbations of the carbon cycle.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Permian Triassic extinction"
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Saila, Laura K. "Leptopleuron, anomoiodon and the Russian Permian procolophonoids: a study of the interrelationships, evolution and palaeobiogeography of procolophonoidea." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492478.
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The parareptilian group Procolophonoidea has been increasingly studied in recent years, and a high survival rate during the P/Tr extinction event has been estimated tor the ciade. Procolophonoid interrelationships, however, remain poorly known. Here, descriptions of the procolophonids Anomoiodon liliensterni and Leptopleuron lacertinum, and the possible Permian Russian procolophonoids, are provided. Anomoiodon and the genus Kapes were found to be closely related but there is not enough evidence to support the synonymy of the two genera. Leptopleuron is described in great detail, making it one of the most completely knovm procolophonoids. Of the possible Permian Russian procolophonoids, Suchonosaurus minimus was found to be a member of the more inclusive Procolophonidae, whereas Microphon exiguus and Kinelia broomi fall outside of Procolophonoidea. Nyctiphruretus acudens might be the sister taxon of Procolophonoidea but an alternative hypothesis of Nyctiphruretus being more closely related to pareiasaurs and nycteroleterids also received support, A phylogenetic study. including 39 procolophonoid taxa, was conducted. The results suggest novel compositions of the procolophonid clades Leptopleuroninae and Procolopphoninae; the monophyly of the genus Kapes was questioned; the phylogenetic position of Suchonosaurus, Pintosaurus and Phaantosaurus among the other basal procolophonids remains unresolved; and the results cast doubt on Procolophonoidea being divided into the clades Owenettidae and Procolophonidae. The topology with the best stratigraphic fit indicates that only 57% of procolophonoid lineages might have survived through the P/Tr boundary. However, it is also possible that up to 80% lineages crossed the boundary but this requires a scenario that maximizes the number of ghost lineages. A stratigraphical analysis supports separate Owenettidae and Procolophonidae.
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Kearsey, Timothy. "Multi-proxy palaeoclimate reconstruction of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2096.
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The Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary is widely assumed to have been a time of extreme environmental upheaval and change. In the terrestrial realm, a negative anomaly in 813C isotope values has been reported from organic carbon in Antarctica, Australia, India and Madagascar, and from marine carbonate in the Karoo Basin. However, these sections are all from southern palaeolatitudes. Analysis from the Permian-Triassic terrestrial sedimentary record of the South Urals, in Russia, comprising of many Aridisol and Vertisol horizons has revealed that, like the Southern Hemisphere, there is a dramatic change in paleosol morphology across the P/Tr boundary linked to a shift from meandering rivers to conglomeratic alluvial fans. Most of the paleosols include pedogenic carbonates at different stages of development, both above and below the P/Tr boundary. By the Triassic there is evidence of depressed water tables and increased seasonality. Analyses of the S13Qarba nd S18Ocarbsi gnatures of these pedogenic carbonates have revealed a number of negative excursions in 813Ccarabn d 5180carbin the Late Permian, including a negative excursion in the mid-Changhsingian, the first time such an event has been recorded in a terrestrial environment. Associated with this excursion are indicators of increasing extremes of climate, including pedogenic dolomite, which suggest a dramatic change in climate up to the P/Tr boundary. Equally, there is an increase in the range of precipitation, suggesting that what caused this mid-Changhsingian event also had a profound effect on the atmosphere. There is also evidence, in the form of the 818Ocaeßx, cursion, of a rise in temperaturej ust prior to the onset of the conglomeratic alluvial fan deposits, which mark the P/Tr boundary in Russia. Although in the Russian paleosols this excursion could be explained by a rise in the effect of seasonal rain or atmospheric temperature, estimates from unaltered brachiopods from the Italian Dolomites confirm that there is a rise in temperature and suggests that this is in the region of 7-8°C. These paleosols also record a dramatic rise in pCO2 in the Earliest Triassic similar to what has been recorded in stomatal records across this period suggesting a dramatic input of CO2 in to the atmosphere.
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Koot, Martha Beatrijs. "Effects of the Late Permian mass extinction on Chondrichthyan palaeobiodiversity and distribution patterns." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1584.
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The Late Permian mass extinction occurring at 252.6 ± 0.2 Ma is the most severe Phanerozoic extinction event and was preceded and followed by additional disturbances. Patterns and processes of extinction and recovery of marine vertebrates have been little studied compared to marine invertebrates. This project focuses on Chondrichthyes, which, together with other marine fish, appeared to have been relatively unaffected by the extinction, while most of their supporting ecosystem collapsed. This study explores the authenticity of extinction among chondrichthyans and possible explanations for the observed patterns, because extinction severities on the taxonomic and ecological levels may be decoupled or the quality of the fossil record may be variable. The presented analyses are based on a newly compiled database that supercedes older compilations. It is supplemented by material obtained from numerous localities globally, which includes newly described taxa. Hence, this study attempts to be the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of patterns and trends in chondrichthyan diversity and distribution that is currently available. The data demonstrate that, despite some variability in the Permian–Triassic chondrichthyan fossil record, the Lopingian record is shown to be of adequate completeness and, furthermore, range-through genus diversity is not significantly correlated with the number of taxonomic occurrences. Genus diversity declined from the mid-Guadalupian following an increasing extinction rate, which intensified throughout the Lopingian and thus supports a combined overall extinction as a result of the end-Guadalupian and Late Permian events. Furthermore, global distribution of chondrichthyan diversity shifted away from tropical regions and particularly the Boreal Sea gained in diversity, tracking extinction and recovery in marine benthic invertebrates in both time and space. No significant dependence of extinction on taxonomic structure or palaeoecological traits exists, which suggests proportional losses, except during the end-Smithian crisis. Also, a significant size decrease is absent among Permian/Triassic boundary-crossing taxa, suggesting selective loss of large-sized chondrichthyans rather than adaptive size decrease. Ultimately, the Hybodontiformes, Neoselachii, Xenacanthiformes and Holocephali are identified as the survivors, which possessed a varying combination of characteristics such as moderate body-size, adaptation to brackish/freshwater environments, benthic or generalist littoral (clutching) feeding behaviour, and a wide palaeogeographic range.
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McHugh, Julia Beth. "Temnospondyl ontogeny and phylogeny, a window into terrestrial ecosystems during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2942.
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Temnospondyls are the most species-rich group of early amphibians, but species-level phylogenetic analyses of this large clade have so far only incompletely sampled the group. This study represents the largest and most comprehensive species-level phylogenetic study of Temnospondyli, sampling 99 taxa for 297 morphological characters from all seven continents through nearly 170 million years of their evolutionary history. Results of this analysis support the monophyly of several clades. Phylogenetic definitions are updated and three new clades names are proposed: Eutemnospondyli, Neostereospondyli, and Latipalata. Major splits within temnospondyl evolution are recovered at the base of Eutemnospondyli (Euskelia and Limnarchia) and Neostereospondyli (Capitosauria and Trematosauria). Archegosauriodea is recovered within Euskelia. Dendrerpeton is recovered as the immediate sister taxon of Dissorophoidea, not Eryopoidea. This arrangement suggests that for subclade-level analyses of dissorophoids, which bear on the `Temnospondyl Hypothesis' for a putative origin of Lissamphibia within dissorophoids, the convention of rooting on Dendrerpeton and including eyropoids in the ingroup should be re-evaluated in light of the new temnospondyl topology. Study of the tempo and mode of evolution within temnospondyl amphibians has been limited in the past by the availability of a clade-wide, species-level phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic dataset generated by this study has allowed for investigation into rates of origination and extinction amongst this long-lived group at a scale not previously available for exploration. Extinction rate and origination rate, when calculated strictly from stratigraphic data, showed a high correlation with the number of sampled localities, indicating a strong influence on this evolutionary signal by sampling and rock record biases. But when rates were augmented with phylogenetic data, four periods of increased lineage origination are discernible from the Pennsylvanian to the Early Triassic. The largest of these origination events coincides with the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, indicating that amphibians were taking advantage of favorable conditions during the largest biological crisis in the Phanerozoic record. Temnospondyl amphibians are the second most abundant fossil vertebrates in the Permo-Triassic Karoo Basin of South Africa. Paleohistological investigation of these amphibians was hampered by small sample size and taxa available for sampling. Incorporation of paleohistologic data from other analyses helped to alleviate this problem; however, Temnospondyli remains under sampled in paleohistological analyses. Results show cyclic growth and a lifespan of thirty years or more in basal stereospondyls, convergence to sustained, non-cyclic growth in terrestrial temnospondyls, support findings based on gross morphology that Lydekkerina is a terrestrial stereospondyl, and suggest that ribs are a viable source of skeletochronologic information in temnospondyls and should serve as preferred material when proximal limb diaphyses are not available. Sustained, azonal growth in Micropholis is unlike that of Apateon or extant caudatans, suggesting a possible adaptation to local conditions in the earliest Triassic of Gondwana.
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Brayard, Arnaud. "Smithian (early Triassic) ammonoids from northwestern Guangxi (south China) and biogeographic modelling of the ammonoid recovery after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10135.
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La crise permo-triasique a décimé plus de 90% des espèces marines vivant à cette époque. La récupération biotique consécutive était jusqu’alors considérée comme extrêmement lente. Dans ce contexte, les ammonoïdes du Trias inférieur constituent un ensemble phylogénétiquement bien contraint particulièrement approprié à l’étude de l’impact des conditions climatiques et océaniques sur les dynamiques macroécologiques post-crises. Afin d’appréhender l’impact de ces paramètres, nous avons élaboré un modèle de simulation 2D où les températures et les courants forcent la dispersion géographique d’un ensemble phylogénétique généré aléatoirement. Le registre fossile indique que les ammonoïdes sont parmi les organismes marins les plus rapides à se rediversifier. Le début du Trias inférieur est marqué par un gradient latitudinal de diversité très faible. Ce gradient s’accentue progressivement correspondant au développement d’un fort gradient latitudinal de températures au cours du Trias inférieur<br>During the Permian-Triassic crisis, more than 90% of marine species disappeared. Until then, the biotic recovery was often considered as very slow. In this context, the Early Triassic ammonoids represent a phylogenetically well constrained and well adapted to the study of the impact of climatic and oceanic conditions on the macroecological post-crisis dynamics. To understand the impacts of these parameters, we have elaborated a 2D model where the temperatures and currents force the geographical dispersal of a randomly generated clade. The fossil data indicate that the ammonoids are one of the first marine organisms to quickly and fully recover. The beginning of the Early Triassic is marked by a very weak latitudinal diversity gradient. A clear latitudinal diversity gradient progressively emerges during the Early Triassic, linked to a maximal latitudinal differentiation and a high level of endemicity of faunas, which entails increased steepness of the SST gradient
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Yu, Jianxin. "Floras and the evolutionary dynamics across the Permian-Triassic boundary nearby the border of Guizhou and Yunnan, South China." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066679.
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Gaillot, Jérémie. "The late Permian-early Triassic Khuff formation in the Middle-East : sequence biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments by means of calcareous algae and foraminifers." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10162.
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Les carbonates et évaporites de la formation Khuff (Permien supérieur) de la plate-forme arabique abritent un des plus grands réservoirs de gaz au monde. Le matériel étudié comprend 6000 échantillons de subsurface ou d'affleurements et provient du Golfe persique, de Turquie, d'Arabie Seoudite et de Chine du Sud. Les objectifs de l'étude étaient de: (1) construire un cadre biostratigraphique robuste à partir de l'étude systématique détaillée des algues calcaires et des foraminifères, (2) caractériser les environnements de dépôt et leur succession dans le temps à la fin du Permien et au Trias basal. La comparaison des différents assemblages a permis de subdiviser l'intervalle étudié en 8 unités distinctes limitées par des niveaux d'importants renouvellements biotiques. A la fin du Permien, le Zagros (Iran), le Taurus (Turquie), la Chine du Sud et même le Japon partagent un assemblage de foraminifères similaire et constituaient des provinces paléogéographiques périodiquement interconnectées. L'étude paléoécologique montre que les points hauts relatifs contrôlés structuralement ont été successivement ennoyés et que le système a évolué depuis une plate-forme barrée vers une rampe très faiblement inclinée. Les unités oolithiques majeures (réservoirs) se sont développées à la fin du Wuchiapingian (partie supérieure du réservoir k4) et au début du Trias (réservoir k2), et sont piégées à l'intérieur de zones plus fortement subsidentes. La subsidence thermique liée à l'ouverture de l'Océan Neotethys est sans doute le facteur majeur contrôlant la sédimentation sur la plate-forme arabique et a joué un rôle important durant les phases successives d'extinction de la fin du Permien<br>The carbonates and evaporites of the late Permian Khuff formation form widespread reservoirs across the Arabian plate and concentrate the biggest gas resources in the world. The material studied includes 6000 samples from subsurface and outcrops in the Persian gulf, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and South China. The objectives of the study were (1) to build a robust biostratigraphic framework based on a detailed description of algal-foraminiferal biotic content, (2) to characterize the depositional environments and their temporal successions during the late Permian and early Triassic. By comparison of fossils distribution, the middle/late Permian Khuff deposits are divided into 8 units limited at their tops by turnovers levels, corresponding to significant reshapings of biotic assemblages. During the late Permian, Zagros (Iran), Taurus (Turkey), South China and even Japan share similar foraminiferal assemblages and represent intermittently connected palaeobiogeographic provinces. Palaeoecological results show that the structurally controlled palaeohighs are successively drowned and that the system evolves progressively from a rimmed platform towards an almost uniformly flat ramp. The major oolitic units (reservoirs) developed within high-subsiding areas by sediment volume funneling, mainly during the late Wuchiapingian (upper k4 reservoir) and early Triassic (k2 reservoir). The thermal subsidence during the Neotethyan spreading is likely the main factor that drove the Khuff deposition on the Arabian platform and can be related to the demise of the regional Permian fauna
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Santistevan, Fred. "The Role of the Siberian Traps in the Permian-Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction: Analysis Through Chemical Fingerprinting of Marine Sediments using Rare Earth Elements." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1544100231220672.
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Sedlacek, Alexa R. C. "Strontium isotope stratigraphy and carbonate sedimentology of the latest Permian to Early Triassic in the western United States, northern Iran and southern China." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1372971425.
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Clarkson, Matthew Oliver. "Carbon cycling and mass extinctions : the Permo-Triassic of the Arabian Margin." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17612.
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The end-Permian extinction at 252 Ma is widely regarded as the most severe of the Phanerozoic mass-extinctions and enabled the evolution of the modern carbon cycle and ecosystem structure. The cause of the extinction is still debated but the synergistic pressures of global climate change, such as anoxia and ocean acidification, were clearly important. The extinction occurred in two phases and is marked by a uniquely protracted recovery period of ~ 5 Myrs where diversity fails to reach pre-extinction levels until the Middle Triassic. This period is characterized by an unstable global carbon cycle, secondary extinctions, reef, chert and coal gaps, and changes in the carbonate factory from reef to microbial and abiotic dominated deposition. This thesis focuses on using geochemical data from the Arabian Margin to investigate the carbon cycle record and the links between kill mechanisms and carbon cycle dynamics. A new record of carbon cycling is presented for the Tethys in the form of a carbon isotope record for the entire Early Triassic from the Musandam Peninsula, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Musandam carbon isotope record can be broadly correlated with global isotopic events but also resolves additional secondary excursions. These new short-lived events are probably related to the occurrence of the more widely recognized Early Triassic excursions, and may represent fluctuations in the driving mechanisms superimposed on the continued instability of the global carbon cycle in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction. To unravel palaeo-depositional redox conditions this work utilizes geochemical proxies based on Fe systematics (Fe-speciation). To date, however, these proxies have only been calibrated in relation to modern and ancient siliciclastic marine sediments. This clearly limits the use of the Fe-speciation proxy, particularly in relation to carbonate-rich sediments and rocks. This thesis explores the use of Fe-speciation in carbonates using compiled literature and new data from modern oxic and anoxic settings. This new assessment expands the utility of Fe-based redox proxies to also incorporate carbonate-rich rocks that contain significant total Fe (>0.5 wt%), providing care is taken to assess possible impacts of diagenetic processes such as dolomitization. Based on this calibration work Fe-speciation is used to reconstruct the redox structure for the Arabian Margin mixed carbonate and clastic sediments, from the late Permian to the Middle Triassic. Fe-S-C systematics are utilized to identify the spatial and temporal dynamics of anoxia for a Neo-Tethyan shelf-to-basin transect. The unique spatial resolution afforded by this transect allows a direct link to be drawn between biodiversity, carbon cycling and anoxic events. For the first time we can directly observe a switch from deep-ocean dominated anoxia to a dynamic anoxic wedge at the end-Permian extinction. Additionally the data suggest that ferruginous conditions (anoxic non-sulphidic) were dominant in the Tethyan Ocean throughout the Early Triassic, proposing that euxinia was restricted regionally with potential implications for nutrient recycling, carbon cycle models and driving mechanisms. Redox dynamics may have had important implications for the wider carbonate cycle. These two themes are particularly inter-related with regards to oceanic alkalinity and pH. This thesis presents the first shallow water boron isotope record for the Permian Triasssic Boundary, used as a proxy for pH. The record demonstrates some unexpected results; firstly a sudden increase in pH is observed, prior to the first phase of the extinction and interpreted to reflect alkalinity supply from the development of slope anoxia. Secondly there is no evidence for an acidification event at the first phase of the extinction where pH remains stable. A rapid acidification event is, however, seen in the earliest Triassic, contemporary to the second phase of the mass extinction, but delayed compared to the main negative carbon isotope excursion that indicates the main phase of Siberian Trap volcanism. These events may be explained by dramatic changes in ocean the ocean’s buffering capacity linked to changes in alkalinity supply and the carbonate factory.
Books on the topic "Permian Triassic extinction"
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Groves, John R. Extinction, survival, and recovery of lagenide foraminifers in the Permian-Triassic boundary interval, central Taurides, Turkey. Allen Press, 2005.
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J, Over D., Morrow J. R, and Wignall P. B, eds. Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic biotic and climatic events: Towards an integrated approach. Elsevier, 2005.
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(Editor), Jeff Over, Jared Morrow (Editor), and P. Wignall (Editor), eds. Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events, Volume 20 (Development in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy). Elsevier Science, 2006.
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Hallam, Tony. Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.001.0001.
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In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities, renowned geologist Tony Hallam takes us on a tour of the Earth's history, and of the cataclysmic events, as well as the more gradual extinctions, that have punctuated life on Earth throughout the past 500 million years. While comparable books in this field of study tend to promote only one likely cause of mass extinctions, such as extraterrestrial impact, volcanism, and or climatic cooling, Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities breaks new ground, as the first book to attempt an objective coverage of all likely causes, including sea-level and climatic changes, oxygen deficiency in the oceans, volcanic activity, and extraterrestrial impact. Hallam focuses on the so-called 'big five' mass extinctions, at the end of the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, and the later Devonian, and he also includes less well-known examples where relevant. He devotes attention especially to the attempts by geologists to distinguish true catastrophes from more gradual extinction events, and he concludes with a discussion of the evolutionary significance of mass extinctions, and on the influence of Homo sapiens in causing extinctions within the last few thousand years, both on land and in the seas.
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Sheppard, Charles. 2. Ancient reefs and islands. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682775.003.0002.
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‘Ancient reefs and islands’ illustrates that the present day ecology and organization of species on a reef and their behaviour—basically how a reef works—is the result of a very long heritage. Limestone-deposited structures of the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, the organisms that created them (including ancestors of today’s sponges and corals), and key extinctions are described along with the three different kinds of coral islands seen around the tropical world: coral cays, islands with a solid limestone core, and volcanic or basaltic islands fringed with coral reef. The future of current reef systems, the effects of ocean changes, and the resulting impact on humanity are considered.
Book chapters on the topic "Permian Triassic extinction"
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Brayard, Arnaud, and Hugo Bucher. "Permian-Triassic Extinctions and Rediversifications." In Topics in Geobiology. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_17.
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Chung, Sun-Lin, Bor-ming Jahn, Wu Genyao, Ching-Hua Lo, and Cong Bolin. "The Emeishan flood basalt in SW China: A mantle plume initiation model and its connection with continental breakup and mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic Boundary." In Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia. American Geophysical Union, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd027p0047.
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Hounslow, M. W., T. McKie, and A. H. Ruffell. "Permian to Late Triassic Post-orogenic Collapse and Rifting, Arid Deserts, Evaporating Seas and Mass Extinctions." In Geological History of Britain and Ireland. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118274064.ch16.
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Burton, Zachary F. "The Permian–Triassic Extinction." In Evolution Since Coding. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813033-9.00035-4.
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Scott, Andrew C. "Fire, Flowers, and Dinosaurs." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0008.
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The Mesozoic Era is the geological interval comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, and it is best known for the rise and fall of the dinosaurs. The Mesozoic began around 250 million years ago and continued to around 66 million years ago—a not inconsiderable chunk of geological time, and framed by mass extinctions at its beginning and end. Fifty years ago there were very few published papers on fire in deep time, but the most important one, which I’ve touched on before, was ‘Forest fire in the Mesozoic’, by Tom Harris of the University of Reading. Tom was an important scientist, one of the leading palaeobotanists in the world. Energetic and passionate about his fossil plants, he was a scientist with broad interests, and given to experimentation and lateral thinking. The evidence that Tom used in his paper on fires in the Mesozoic was limited to only a couple of charcoal occurrences in these rocks. The Permian Period ended with the biggest known mass extinction in Earth history, when life was almost wiped out. Whole ecosystems collapsed. So what would the world have looked like at the start of the Triassic? Among whole groups of plants that had become extinct were the giant club mosses that had been the major coal-forming plants of the late Paleozoic, and the glossopterids that had dominated southern continental vegetation. In the first few million years after the extinctions, plant diversity appears to have been low, but some new plants became prominent, including the pole-like spore-bearing lycopod called Pleuromeia, and the scrambling seedplant called Dicroidium, which had fern-like foliage. The first 10 million years of the Triassic are thought to have been a time of ecosystem recovery. According to Berner’s model, the Triassic started with very low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. Researchers had noticed that there were no coals found at the beginning of the Triassic, and this interval was called the ‘coal gap’. The problem, therefore, was that charcoal in coal could not be used as a proxy for atmospheric oxygen for this time interval.
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Kemp, T. S. "3. The origin of mammals." In Mammals: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198766940.003.0003.
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‘The origin of mammals’ considers the evolutionary history of mammals using the fossil record to chart their developmental progress. It looks at a group of ‘pre-mammals’, the Synapsids—mammal-like reptiles—including pelycosaurs from 320 mya in the Upper Carboniferous. Then came the therapsids from c.260 mya in the Middle Permian, when the world was increasingly arid. Then 250 mya a mass extinction event wiped out over 90 per cent of animals and plants. Miraculously, a few therapsids survived including the burrowing dicynodont called Lystrosaurus and cynodonts that evolved throughout the Triassic and gave rise to mammals. The earliest mammal was a mouse-sized animal called Morganucodon from 200 mya.
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Hallam, Tony. "Pulling the strands together." In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.003.0012.
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In drawing together the various strands we first need to ask how catastrophic, as opposed to merely calamitous, the various mass-extinction events were. As was indicated in Chapter 3, there is no way in which the stratigraphic record can ever provide dates that are precise to within less than a few thousand years. Thus, the connection between a bolide impact and a catastrophic phase of extinction lasting no longer than a few years could never be established with a high degree of confidence from the record of the strata alone. All that can be done is to establish a pattern that is consistent with such a scenario. As was also pointed out in Chapter 3, a change that is drastic enough over an interval of a few thousand to a few tens of thousands of years can reasonably be described as catastrophic in the context of normal patterns of geological change extending over millions of years. Several events seem to qualify unequivocally: the end-Permian, the end-Cretaceous, and, on a smaller scale, the end-Palaeocene, which affected only one group of deep-sea organisms. It needs to be added, though, that the end-Cretaceous event seems to have been the culmination of a phase of increased extinction rates among a wide variety of organisms. Such patterns of catastrophic change cannot yet be ruled out for the other mass-extinction events, but decisive evidence is not yet forthcoming. A more gradual or multiple pattern of extinctions appears to be more likely for the end-Ordovician, late Devonian, and end-Triassic extinctions and also for more minor ones such as those in the early Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous. Catastrophic coups de grâce are quite possible, if not probable, as culminating factors for some of these events, but more detailed collecting and statistical work across the world is required to put forward a stronger case than has been made so far. It has been claimed that the ‘big five’ mass extinctions are something special, as opposed to lesser extinction events, in so far as they were too drastic and rapid in their effects on many organisms to give time for normal Darwinian adaptive responses to operate.
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Pruss, Sara B., Frank A. Corsetti, and David J. Bottjer. "Chapter 12 Environmental trends of Early Triassic biofabrics: implications for understanding the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction." In Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5446(05)80012-3.
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Sheppard, Charles. "2. Ancient reefs and islands." In Coral Reefs: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869825.003.0002.
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Reefs in deep geological time have been built by a succession of different kinds of life: plant, bacterial, and animal. Stromatolites and bryozoans were major reef-builders that persist today in minor or non-reef-building forms, sponges built entire reefs and are still important reef components, while several groups of major reef-builders flourished for a while and then became extinct: archaeocyathids which were similar to sponges, and coral-like forms including rugose and tabulate corals. Today’s reef-builders, cnidarian corals, appeared well after the great Permian-Triassic extinction event. All of these groups deposited vast quantities of limestone rock on which they live, often visible today as low mountain ranges. Reefs grow to the surface but not beyond, but upon them sand and sediments may build up, forming an island that attracts plants, then birds and other terrestrial forms of life. The sediments become cemented with the aid of rainwater too, and ‘low islands’ develop. Many islands also show their old, central volcanoes, resulting in the vast array of different combinations of coral island type. Today, however, there is a coral reef crisis due to overexploitation of a reef’s rich resources, from pollution of several kinds, and climate change.
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Wignall, Paul B., and Richard J. Twitchett. "Extent, duration, and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event." In Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: impacts and beyond. Geological Society of America, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.395.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Permian Triassic extinction"
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Bernardi, Massimo, Fabio Massimo Petti, Fabio Massimo Petti, Michael J. Benton, and Michael J. Benton. "TETRAPOD DISPERSAL DURING THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-305184.
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Chu, Daoliang. "MERCURY ANOMALIES AND THE TERRESTRIAL PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN CHINA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-337879.
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Zhao, Laishi, Xiangdong Wang, He Zhao, et al. "Global Mercury Cycle during the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Subsequent Early Triassic Recovery." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3166.
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Whiteley, Karen R., James W. Hagadorn, Bonita L. Lahey, Christopher S. Holm-Denoma, and Charles M. Henderson. "THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC OF EASTERN COLORADO: REDBEDS, SLIME, SALT, DUNES, AND POSSIBLY AN EXTINCTION?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287701.
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Novikov, Igor V. "ENDEMIC AMPHIBIANS FROM THE LOWER TRIASSIC OF BUZULUK DEPRESSION (EASR EUROPEAN PLATFORM) AND THEIR ROLE IN RECOVERY OF THE TETRAPOD COMMUNITY AFTER THE LATE PERMIAN EXTINCTION." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-265-268.
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The article provides information about endemic temnospondyl amphibians from the Lower Triassic of the Buzuluk Depression. These include qantasids, syrtosuchine benthosuchids, selenocarine capitosaurids and some forms of benthosuchines and trematosaurids. The role of these endemics in the recovery of the tetrapod community after the Permo-Triassic crisis is shown.
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Tu, Chenyi, Zhong Qiang Chen, and David A. T. Harper. "PERMIAN-TRIASSIC EVOLUTION OF THE BIVALVIA: EXTINCTION-RECOVERY PATTERNS LINKED TO ECOLOGIC AND TAXONOMIC SELECTIVITY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278092.
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Jiang, Da-yong, Ryosuke Motani, Andrea Tintori, et al. "FAST RADIATION OF EARLY TRIASSIC MARINE REPTILES IN THE WAKE OF THE END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-294667.
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Sedlacek, Alexa R. C., Matthew R. Saltzman, Richard J. Twitchett, and Thomas J. Algeo. "STRONTIUM ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY THROUGH THE LATEST PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION EVENT AND PERMIAN/TRIASSIC BOUNDARY AT DAWEN, GREAT BANK OF GUIZHOU, SOUTH CHINA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283803.
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Petsios, Elizabeth, Carlie Pietsch, and David J. Bottjer. "COMPLEX PATTERNS OF COMMUNITY RECOVERY FOLLOWING THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION: PERCEPTION OF RECOVERY IS SCALE-DEPENDENT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-284558.
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Grosswiler, Kate, Mark D. Schmitz, and James L. Crowley. "EARLY TRIASSIC NEVADAN AMMONITE ASSEMBLAGES: NEW U-PB ZIRCON AGES FOR KEY INDICATORS OF MARINE BIOTIC RECOVERY AFTER THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-340683.
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