Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Permis de pollution négociables – Europe'
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Saulnier, Jérôme. "Les instruments économiques de régulation pour la gestion qualitative de la ressource en eau : Quelle place pour les permis négociables et la taxe-subvention ? : une application au bassin rhénan." Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21043.
Full textTradable emission permits have long been considered by economists as a cost effective alternative to a traditional command and control regulation system. However, despite their theoretical advantages and their recent implementation in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, TEP are still somewhat unfamiliar to most decision-makers in Europe. Moreover, they have rarely been considered as a suitable tool for surface water quality management. The major focus of this research was therefore, to determine if there would be a benefit to introduce a system of tradable emission permits for water quality management in Europe. The analysis has taken place in a partial equilibrium context where the regulator is only driven by its sole interest. The results confirm that TEP could indeed be used as a cost effective alternative. However, institutional factors linked to the integration of the instrument in the existing regulatory framework would significantly reduce their overall efficiency. The calculations, carried out for the Rhine basin, indicate that overall the cost savings could reach 28% with tradable emission permits, against 40% for a theoretical least cost solution. The implementation of a taxes-subsidies system would bring the same amount of cost savings (28%). Taxes-subsidies systems being already used in the European water quality regulatory framework, we conclude that it is likely that the authorities will pursue towards increasing their efficiency rather than moving radically towards the introduction of tradable emission permits
Boutabba, Mohamed Amine. "Dynamique des prix des permis d'émission négociables et formation des anticipations." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUED013.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to examine from the US experience of the SO2 market and the European experience of the CO2 market the dynamics and the determinants of emission permet prices, the efficiency of their market and their economic impacts on the firm's stock value
Schwartz, Sonia. "Allocation de permis de pollution et concurrence imparfaite." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences juridiques, économiques, politiques et de gestion, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA0002.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to highlight the imperfections on the permits markets and to analyze their consequences on markets' efficiency. More precisely, we try to identify the implications of the initial allocation of permits when such imperfections are present. We try to draw some conclusions for the regulator concerning the different forms of the permits' allocation. After having described and compared these forms, we define in which circumstances the initial allocation matters in terms of efficiency. Then, we study different forms of imperfections. First, we take into account the information asymmetry between firms and the regulator and we define an optimal mechanism to sell pollution permits. Then, we analyze a market power on a differentiated pollution permits market. At last, we study the exclusionary manipulation of pollution permits market
Hanoteau, Julien. "L'économie politique des marchés de permis d'émissions négociables." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004IEPP0004.
Full textPratlong, Florent. "Enjeux concurrentiels de l'organisation des marchés de permis d'émission négociables." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010054.
Full textAli, Mourad. "Mécanismes collectifs pour la gestion des pollutions diffuses." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10025.
Full textIn this thesis we investigate the problem of nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) control. We look to the problem of NPSP control as a double informational problem which are moral hazard and adverse selection. We have proceeded by decomposition of these two informational problems which characterize the nonpoint source pollution. Thus the regulator designs a collective performance based incentive and delegates the distribution of the abatement effort to the collective who meet the ambient pollution standard through a negotiation process or a tradable permits market. Thus the regulator is focused on the design on collective performance based incentive which will ensure that each agent involved in non point source pollution will have interest to be in the collective rather than out. Once this group of nonpoint source polluters is formed, the collective abatement effort sets by the regulator should be distributed among its members. This thesis shows that agents who accept the collective responsibility for ambient pollution, i. E. Who accept to join the collective, benefit from the efficient allocation of collective abatement effort through the two proposed distribution schemes
Rousse, Olivier Jean-Marie Louis. "Les marchés de permis d'émission négociables et les stratégies des firmes : le cas des producteurs d'électricité." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10070.
Full textMourier, Wilfried. "Configurations structurelles et options d’extensions des systèmes de permis d’émissions négociables." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAE002/document.
Full textMost countries recognize that a coordinated worldwide action to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has to be implemented. However, the countries inability to coordinate their efforts led to the failure of the top-down climate architecture. Today, the international climate governance adopts a different direction, which based on bottom-up approach. This approach promotes polycentric and multi-level governances, that induce several independent policy-makers in different administrative scales (province, state and region). Therefore, the actual implemented Emission Trading Systems (ETS), as well as the emerging ones, grow in a domestic context. This context, in terms of economic development, political commitment and geographical coverage, determine the ETS design. Then, there is no harmonized design among ETS, no universal diffusion of these mechanisms in the world and a lack of integral inclusion of all sectors in these carbon markets. While researchers and policy-makers discuss the optimal features of such systems, this thesis examines different configuration options and coverage areas for the tradable permit schemes.Using a world energy-economy partial equilibrium simulation model (POLES) and drawing on experiences with real-world ETSs (based on empirical literature), we recommend two types of adjustments: the restrictions on trade permits between sectors, in one hand, and the control of international permit exchange between ETS, in the second hand. Indeed, we demonstrate firstly the necessity to separate ETS by sector and adapt them considering the specificities of each sector. This kind of policy will stimulate innovation in each sector. Also, it will limit the impacts on the international competitiveness and it will lead climate policy to other economic policies. Secondly, we develop a model to describe the effects of exchange permits emissions considering international linking among emissions trading systems. We prove that restriction exchange mechanisms are necessary to insure the redistribution of exchange gain compared to full linking. At the same time, these trade restriction mechanisms minimize the total cost and increase GHG emissions reductions compared to a segmented market.Considering the diversity of national political objectives and the bottom-up context of world climate framework, we concluded that the coexistence of several carbon prices is unavoidable and necessary. Encouraging the development of several carbon prices can promote political acceptability, strengthen environmental efficiency and improve economic efficiency
Ndour, Angel Yandé. "Maitriser le changement climatique : contribution à l'analyse de l'efficacité des permis d'émission." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN0675.
Full textSolier, Boris. "Une analyse économique et ex-post des effets du prix du carbone sur le secteur électrique européen." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090026.
Full textThis thesis is an evaluation of the interaction between the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and electricity markets over the period 2005-2012. It rests on econometric and modelling instruments to both explain the development of markets and draw lessons for the conduct of future policies. The ex-post analysis of the introduction of a carbon price into electricity markets in Europe unveils three types of interactions with: the formation of electricity prices; the technical and economic choices and CO2 emissions; the formation of electricity rents. Empirical estimates show that the degree to which the carbon cost is passed on through electricity prices is generally not homogeneous but rather varies over both time and markets, contingent upon a combination of factors. The impacts of the carbon price on both the technological mix and the CO2 emissions from the power sector are estimated using the simulation model ZEPHYR-Elec, which aims at replicating the short-term equilibrium between electricity supply and demand. Emission reductions in the electricity sector induced by the European carbon market amount to between 3% and 5% of counterfactual emissions. From 2012 on, the carbon price has not been high enough to compensate for the gas-to-coal price differential in Europe. Distributional effects of the carbon price on the electricity sector are introduced into the ZEPHYR-Elec model using an analytical representation of the formation of rents. Estimates suggest that profits made by the electricity sector are generally higher with a carbon price in place, including when allowances are auctioned
Helioui, Khalil. "Le choix des permis d'émission négociables dans la lutte contre le réchauffement planétaire : enseignements d'une analyse économique." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0027.
Full textThe Kyoto Protocol adopted Emission Trading (ET) to control greenhouse house gas emissions. However, the viability of this system is under question. This thesis assesses it potential sources of efficiency losses : transaction costs, market power, and dynamic distortions. We show that the last phenomenon is the most worrying. To what extent a control on domestic policies might reduce these distortions? The idea proves impracticable: too many uncertainties surrond the relevant control parameters. Comparing quantity against price instruments, we propose a hybrid scheme, ET combined with an international carbon tax, as a compromise between economic efficiency and political acceptability. While ET remains relevant to initiate and enlarge a climate coalition, the introduction of an international carbon tax could, in a second stage, strengthen coordination performances: since it diminishes permit value, it would reduce dynamic distortions and facilitate an agreement on the allocation of future emission rights. Such a hybrid instrument may ensure the long term viability of ET; and contribute to a renewed climate action
Niez, Alexandra. "Le progrès technique face à une contrainte environnementale : le cas de la France." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136574.
Full textCros, Christine. "Politique publique d'environnement et efficacité économique : permis négociables ou instrument réglementaire pour la maîtrise de la pollution atmosphérique : une approche comparative États Unis/France." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010067.
Full textThe key issue of the thesis is the paradox of the weak implementation of economic instruments whereas 1) they are theoretically and also empirically considered as efficient; 2) the market imposes itself as the central reference to modern economies, and 3) economic efficiency is nowadays a legitimacy measure of public policies. Two different answers are given: either theoretical analysis does not enable to explain the real economic efficiency of a political instrument, or environmental policies do not have economic efficiency as their main objective. The analysis take place in a context of a limited rationality and an intertemporal consistency of public policies. The purpose is to understand the role of economic efficiency criteria during the adoption, building, and evolution of an environmental policy with an analytical point of view, and not a normative one. The institutional analysis of the american and the french pollution control policies, representative of the implementation of a trading permit system for the first, and of a regulatory instrument for the second, prove that the theoretical analysis of an instrument can not explain a real coordination, but only one organisational form among others. An institutional trajectory is the interpretation of policy instruments from 5 fundamental elements: legitimacy of agents foundation; regulator hypothesis on the information; decision-making foundation; collective action foundation; rationality of the collective action. A coordination changes when the occurrence of an event moves one of the fondamental elements, and disorganizes the satisficing equilibrium of the agents. Then, the economic efficiency becomes a negociation point. A political instrument is adopted for its own ability to solve a dysfunction without disruptinging the coordination
Jourdain, de Muizon Gildas. "Articuler les marchés de permis d'émission avec les autres instruments dans les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100055.
Full textThis thesis relates to energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions instruments in the industry. In this field, the policies are complex. This complexity made of superposition and juxtaposition generates interdependences. In this thesis, we chose to approach the very general problems of the interdependences by three more specific studies which constitute its three parts: a case study of the United Kingdom policy-mix. We mobilize microeconomic theory to evaluate its environmental effectiveness and its cost-efficiency ; the simulation of the interdependence of the European emission trading market using the general computable equilibrium model GTAP-ECAT and political economy model characterizing the impact of the lobbying in a context where two sectors are regulated by two different instruments
Trotignon, Raphaël. "In search of the carbon price : The european CO2 emission trading scheme : from ex ante and ex post analysis to the protection in 2020." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090052.
Full textThis thesis is an evaluation of the first two phases of the EU ETS. It is articulated around the progressive construction of a simulation model, ZEPHYR-Flex, which aims at being able to replicate the observed price and emissions trajectories between 2005 and 2012, and to project them until 2020 under different sets of assumptions. The ex post analysis of the first eight years of the system reveals that to understand its development, it is necessary to study in details the role played by three flexibility mechanisms: trading, spatial flexibility (offsets), and time flexibility (banking/borrowing). In a first stage, we build a technical-economic framework for the core trading mechanism of the model. The role of offsets is then scrutinized and a scenario for their use up to 2020 is calculated on this basis. Next, the time flexibility and the related banking and borrowing behavior are introduced into the model which can then replicate the past price and emission trajectory. The model and the lessons from the first two phases are then used in different prospective scenarios to 2020. Among the scenarios tested, only a strengthening of the cap in line with the 2050 European reduction target is able to restore confidence and anticipations, two factors needed for the efficiency of the EU ETS in the long term. The issue of correctly articulating the EU ETS with other climate-energy policies is also underlined
Brockhagen, Dietrich. "Distorsions de concurrence dans un système international de permis négociables : théorie et analyse empirique de l'industrie lourde dans l'Union européenne." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0091.
Full textThe first part develops a theory of distortions of competition among competing firms, induced by differences in the method and/or stringency of national allocation of greenhouse gas emission permits in an international emissions trading system. By applying neoclassical theory on output optimisation, price setting and other factors such as R&D expenditures, five potentially distorting effects are identified for perfect and imperfect markets. The second part develops economic indicators and a two tier approach, which can be applied empirically, in order to test wether an industry is vulnerable to the potential effects found before. The third part applies the two tier approach empirically to four sectors of the energy intensive in the EU : steel making, cement, oil refining and electricity generation. The steel industry is the most vulnerable industry, followed by oil refining, whereas cement and electricity are not vulnerable. At a permit price of 20€/ton CO2, and with national allocations that differ more tha 40% in terms of allowed emissions per ton product output, this thesis predicts that some steel makers would be forced out of the market
Maison, Elodie. "L' abandon de la propriété." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010322.
Full textFeng, Chenpeng. "A study on DEA-based environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE028/document.
Full textThe environmental problems have drawn academia’s attention for a long time. This thesis focuses on environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation, which are two crucial issues of the environmental problems. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming tool to evaluate the relative efficiencies of decision making units (DMUs). Specifically, the techniques such as zero sum gains (ZSG) DEA models, centralized DEA models and the uniform frontier are used in environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation. Nevertheless, the ZSG-DEA models in the literature are nonlinear ones, which bring up bottlenecks in real application. In addition, the uniform frontier proposed by Gomes and Lins (2008) can only allocate single undesirable output under variable returns-to-scale (VRS) assumption and it pays no attention to the overall interest, while the centralized models merely concentrate on the overall interest and ignore individual ones.This thesis mainly consists of three works about two topics. The first topic (Chapter 3) focuses on environmental performance evaluation. For the first time, the existing ZSG-DEA models are transformed into linear or parametric linear ones through objective substitution and analytical properties. Then the linearized models are adopted to evaluate the environmental efficiencies of 30 administrative regions in China. The second topic focuses on quota allocation of undesirable outputs with consideration of the individual interests (Chapter 4) or the overall and individual interests (Chapter 5). Two improved ZSG-DEA models under VRS and constant returns-to-scale (CRS) assumptions are proposed to overcome the infeasibility of the existing models. As the uniform frontier plays an important role in resource allocation, based on the analyses of models’ properties, an iterative algorithm is devised to calculate the quota allocation plan when all the DMUs form a uniform frontier. Then the algorithm is tested by an empirical study of allocating the quotas of three industrial wastes for 30 administrative regions in China. Finally, Chapter 5 develops a novel two-step method of allocating carbon emissions abatement (CEA). In the empirical example, the proposed method is applied to the CEAs allocation for the countries in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Bulteau, Julie. "La mobilité durable en zone urbaine : efficacité et perspectives des politiques d'environnement." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589001.
Full textMekni, Mohamed Mehdi. "La participation des citoyens au marché de permis d'émissions." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0375/document.
Full textSince the Clean Air Act Amendment (1990), the markets of tradable emissionpermits are becoming increasingly attractive. Very few works on the functioning of thesemarkets have analyzed the participation of citizens in order to buy and retire emissionspermits. This dissertation aims to study the effects of allowing citizens to participate inmarkets of tradable emission permits. In the first chapter, we show that when the pollutioncap is strictly greater than the optimal one, citizen’s participation is socially beneficial andnever socially harmful, even in the presence of free-riding. In the second chapter, based onoperating pollution markets in the US and Europe, we highlight the emergence of a demandto purchase and cancel emissions permits. In the third chapter, we show how it is possible topartly solve the free rider problem by subsidizing the citizen’s demand. Moreover, we arguethat an ethics based on the freedom and the sovereignty of citizens commands to allowcitizens participation in pollution market. In the fourth chapter, we focus on citizen’sparticipation in pollution markets with a regional pollution model. Such an implicationdepends on the value of transfer coefficients
Bueb, Julien. "Politique stratégique et environnement." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA0005.
Full textEnvironment becomes a national and international major concern. The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 has been awarded to Al Gore and IPCC for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change. The "Grenelle de l'environnement" in France shows this new granted concern for governments. With the enlarging necessity to counteract climatic risk, governments can be however tried to escape from their environmental obligations. They can use emission tax or the tradable emission permits to support their national industry against international competition. The thesis is organized in two parts. The first part is a survey of the literature. Chapter 1 presents the strategic trade policy and chapter 2 includes its environmental dimension (chapter 2). The second part examines theoretical contributions and is organized as follows. Ln chapter 3, we analyze the impact of polluting firms' lobbying on strategic environmental policy with emission taxes. A market of tradable emission permits and a possibility (or not) of a market power for one firm on this market are discussed in chapter 4
Hervé-Mignucci, Morgan. "Rôle du signal prix du carbone sur les décisions d'investissement des entreprises." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8200.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on investment decisions in the European power sector. We provide the policy background on the EU ETS and contemporary policy and economic developments. We discuss the main types of compliance buyers’ responses to the EU ETS constraint: emissions reductions, acquisitions of additional compliance assets, and other responses. We present the results of an empirical survey of the most carbon constrained European utilities. We show that strategic and economic considerations prevailed over the introduction of the carbon price. We discuss the impact of those investments on European utilities’ EU ETS profile by looking at the potentially locked-in emissions, changes in the compliance perimeter and some specific developments relative to carbon leakage and Kyoto offsets. We offer a review of the investment decision-making approaches. Exploring the impact of carbon price scenarios on generation investment portfolios, we are able to identify that: the EU ETS has a moderate but central reallocation role in power generation investment portfolios; insights into the long-term carbon price trend are particularly helpful to unlock investment; some much discussed policy provisions only have a relatively small impact on investment portfolios; carbon price expectations impact decisions relative to power generation investment portfolios; while the EU ETS has a central role, the climate and non-climate policy mix matters most
Leseur, Alexia. "L'équité de l'allocation initiale de permis d'émission négociables de gaz à effet de serre à des entreprises : un éclairage du choix public par la philosophie morale et l'analyse économique." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPXX0054.
Full textNiez, Lempp Alexandra. "Le progrès technique face à une contrainte environnementale : le cas de la France." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136574.
Full textNous montrons de plus comment la direction du progrès technique peut vraisemblablement être influencée par une contrainte d'émissions. Ne pas prendre en compte et effet sur le progrès technique mènerait à la sous-estimation des capacités de réaction d'une économie. Nous proposons enfin une réflexion sur les effets du progrès technique induit par une contrainte environnementale dans un cadre d'équilibre général. Le progrès technique est ici définit comme une demande croissante du facteur de production intangible en réaction à une contrainte d'émissions, ce qui permet l'augmentation de l'efficacité des facteurs de production tangibles.
Mansanet, Bataller Maria. "Essays on CO2." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090058.
Full textThe main objective of this dissertation, entitled “Essays on CO2” is to study from a financial point of view, the functioning of the carbon markets. In application of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union has launched, in 2005, the first Phase of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and thus, it has been the beginning of the European Union Allowances (EUA) trading in organized spot and futures markets. The fist chapter of the dissertation exposes the main topics concerning the allowance trading in the world. The objective of the second chapter is to analyse the principal determinants of carbon prices during the first year of the EU ETS. The most representative energy variables in Europe as well as weather variables considered in a non linear way present statistical influence on carbon prices. The third chapter consists on studying the regulatory impacts on the EUA returns and volatility. The results indicate that both the news concerning the first and the second phase of the EU ETS has an impact on the first phase returns but not on the volatility. This leads to the interpretation that there has been leakage of information before the European Commission official announcement. Finally, the last chapter analyses the portfolio diversification possibilities that the introduction of EUAs offers to the different investors present in the market
Sandu-Loisel, Rodica. "Politiques énergétiques et options économiques des stratégies climatiques en Roumanie : une approche par la modélisation en équilibre général calculable." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUED005.
Full textThis research aims to identify new tools of the general equilibrium approach applied to Romania for simulating the environmental policies created by the Kyoto Protocol and the European Trade Scheme. Two main topics are analysed : energy subsidies and CO2 abattement policies options. THe memethodology is further explored while modelling market environmental instruments, as taxes and tradable permits, by incorporating dynamic mecanisms for describing the economic development in Romania. Exogenous growth in the sens of Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans is tested ; alternatively endogenous growth in the sens of Romer allows to simulate the creation and diffusion of the technological progres
Meunier, Guy. "Concurrence oligopolistique et investissement : application aux marchés électriques." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0012.
Full textLiberalisation of electricity markets is a major reform of a key sector of modem economies. One motivation behind the market reforms in electricity industries is to encourage efficient investment in the optimal mix of technologies. But there are growing concerns about the ability of the new liberalized market regime to induce sufficient investment in building capacity, in the optimal technology mix. The thesis deals with the issue of investment by an oligopoly of producers in an electricity market. It is composed of four chapters. The first chapter analyzes the strategic choice of capacity with several technologies and heterogeneous producers when demand is variable. The second chapter analyzes how economies of scale interact with imperfect competition emphasizing the difficulty to invest in nuclear capacity. The third chapter analyzes the intervention of a public firm that aims to compensate a lack of private investment. And finally the forth chapter deals with the issue of emissions permits markets. It is stressed that an integrated emissions market creates relation between markets initially isolated
Djédjé, Okoubi Franck Didier. "Contribution à une économie politique du réchauffement climatique : le rôle de la régulation climatique dans la réduction de gaz à effet de serre : le cas du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de CO2 (SCEQE) : analyse de l'incidence des stratégies d'acteurs." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/181100150#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThis thesis shows at first that the signature of the Kyoto protocol (in summary KP), and the emergence of a climatic regime are a consequence of the evolution of the IEAs. The european emision trading schemes (in summary ETS) is a good illustration of one of the mechanisms of flexibility ordered by the protocol. Secondly, the thesis clarifies the various terms of the european climatic regime. First of all, it shows that the allowance as the administrative authorization to emit one ton of CO2 has a different meaning according to its uses and the considered fields. Then, the thesis reveals that it is the relative rarity of the allowance which gives it a value. At last, it questions the concept of "market" of permits by raising the essential role of the public authorities. Thirdly, this thesis emphasizes the importance of firms, the main private actors, but unfortunately ignored by the directive which rather mentions the word "installations". These firms practice a lobbying to require a soft climatic regulation from the public authorities. Finally, this thesis shows that in the context of the globalized economy, multinational firms direct their strategies more in the direction of the civil society to benefit from its purchasing power. This civil society is however far from representing a serious force of opposition to the hegemony of these firms because of its lack of organization
Reinaud, Julia Isabelle. "Quotas d’émission échangeables : Impacts sur la compétitivité des secteurs industriels et fuites de carbone sous politique climatique asymétrique." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090074.
Full textUnder the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union and other countries are committed to reduce their greenhouse gases (GHG). To this aim, they have established an Emissions Trading System covering the industry and the power sector, among others. ETS caps the GHG emissions of these sectors which, in some cases, are exposed to international competition. However, all competitors do not face similar costs due to environmental regulation. This asymmetry may lead to losses of market shares and carbon leakage. In response, these countries are considering possible measures to avoid carbon leakage. Despite their possible economic or political costs, sectoral agreements have potentially decisive advantages. They keep open the possibility of firms in developing countries and in countries without emission reduction targets to eventually take part in the abatement efforts
Branger, Frédéric. "Impact des politiques climatiques sur les industries énergie-intensives." Paris, EHESS, 2015. https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01179153.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on carbon leakage and competitiveness losses in energy intensive industries generated by uneven climate policies. After a meta-analysis of modelling studies assessing carbon leakage with or without Border Carbon Adjustments; we use time series econometrics and find no evidence of competitiveness-driven operational leakage due to the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for steel and cement. Next, we decompose emissions the European cement sector into seven effects with a Log Mean Divisia Index method, and show that most of the variations can be attributed to the activity effect. Abatement due to the EU ETS is estimated at around 2% between 2005 and 2012 while the amount of « overallocation profits » is assessed at 3. 5 billion euros. Further, we demonstrate that the cement industry strategically reacted to the introduction of a new rule supposed to reduce free allocation in low-producing installations. Companies artificially increased production in some plants, generating distortions going against the low carbon transformation in this sector. We finally discuss possible reforms in the EU ETS and advocate for output-based allocation in the short term
Rueff, Henri. "Optimizing dryland afforestation : prospects and limitations : minimum carbon payment for non-annex I dryland countries on an aridity gradient with stochastic weather and prices." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32045.
Full textRecent findings demonstrate that dryland trees are efficient carbon sinks. The price of carbon at which a farmer would be indifferent between his customary activity and the plantation of trees for the trade of carbon credits remains however unknown. Carbon yields were simulated by means of the CO2FIX v3. 1 model for Pinus halepensis. Wheat yields and pasture yields were predicted on somewhat similar nitrogen-based quadratic models, using 30 years of weather data for the simulation of moisture stress. Both models were developed for dryland conditions, while calibration and validation were done with data collected in Israel on 8 stations (from 200mm to 900mm of annual precipitation). No-till wheat and pasture yield values were then fitted to a gamma probability distribution function, to enable iterative stochastic production simulation. Input and output prices were, however, fitted to a normal distribution. Stochastic production, input and output prices were afterwards simulated on a Monte Carlo matrix with 10,000 iterations on a 30 years cash flow. Results show that, despite the high levels of carbon uptake by dryland trees, carbon trading by afforesting is unprofitable anywhere along the aridity gradient. Indeed, the price of carbon will have to raise unrealistically high, and the certification costs will have to drop significantly, to make afforestation under the clean development mechanism a worthwhile activity for non annex I dryland countries
Zamorano-Ford, Jorge. "Essays on environmental regulation under imperfect competition." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E057.
Full textThis thesis covers two subjects. One is the design of pollution permits and the other is the waste management. The first chapter analyses the implementation of pollution permits. It focuses on the distributional impacts linked with the stringency of output-based allocation,when two sectors are covered by the market for permits and the total cap is held constant. Theoretically demonstrated is a new type of profit increase in sectors that are not exposed to international competition. The second chapter addresses the issue of differentiating permit allocation across areas, this being linked to the possibility of firms to relocate. The conditions under which welfare decreases with relocation are determined. In such a case, free allowances may be used to prevent firms from relocating. The third chapter compares the efficiency of extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs and the efficiency of an ex-ante tax. The tax allows more ex-ante flexibility regarding market conditions, but the EPR allows more ex-post adaption to cost realizations. As a result, the relative efficiency of the EPR increases with uncertainty of the costs and competitiveness of the market
Kirat, Djamel. "Le système communautaire d'échange de quotas d'émission : déterminants du prix du CO2 et impact sur le secteur électrique." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010066.
Full textWang, Xin. "An economic and political assessment of carbon pricing policies in China." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL12003/document.
Full textChina’s approach to tackle climate change has been marked by a rapid shift toward market-based instruments; particularly the carbon pricing policy since its twelfth Five Year Plan (FYP) (2011-2015) was launched. Carbon prices were indirectly generated by the massive use of export VAT refund rebate and export tax on energy-intensive products since 2007. It will be explicitly complemented by an emission trading scheme (ETS) tested at provincial level by 2013 and implemented at national level by 2015. While one could expect such initiatives to grant China a status as a “climate-champion”, doubts have been cast on the rationale for taxing energy-intensive exports on the one hand, and the value given to CO2 either at the border or domestically on the other. By using both quantitative and qualitative assessments, the thesis contributes to unpacking China’s domestic and border carbon pricing policies by analyzing their incentives and domestic and global consequences. It proposes first to accelerate domestic carbon price stringency; and second to implement an explicit and comparable (20$/tCO2) export carbon price, particularly on energy-intensive products, as a short-term transitional measure before a domestic comparable carbon price is introduced
Quemin, Simon. "Essays on Spatial and Temporal Interconnections between and within Emissions Trading Systems." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED070/document.
Full textEmissions Trading Systems (ETSs) are an important instsrument in regulating pollution and have a key role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. This dissertation has a twin focus: spatial linkages between ETSs at a point in time and intertemporal trading within an ETS.Linkages between ETSs are crucial for cost-effectiveness of the future climate policy architecture. Complete linkages, however, are difficult to agree and to date, few and far between. Here, our contribution is twofold. First, using a simple and unified model and drawing on experiences with real-world ETSs, we compare alternative trade restrictions on bilateral linkages in facilitating the transition to an unrestricted link. Second, we provide a general model to describe and analytically characterize the effects and gains from multilateral linkages under uncertainty. The model is then calibrated to historical emissions of real-world jurisdictions to illustrate the determinants of linkage preferences.ETSs are subject to regulatory uncertainty, which can disrupt dynamic cost-effectiveness and undermine their long-term price signal. The prevalence of regulatory uncertainty can be assimilated to a situation of ambiguity. Here, our contribution is to analyze regulated entities’ intertemporal decisions under ambiguity aversion, characterize the induced distortions in market functioning, and discuss how these can help explain observations from existing ETSs
Rose, Antoine. "La comptabilité des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par enjeu : un outil d'analyse des impacts du changement climatique sur les activités d'une banque de financement et d'investissement." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090030/document.
Full textThe PhD thesis is a contribution to the definition of a new banking risk related to the economic impacts of climate change. The climate change will impact the clients of a corporate and investment bank and will have consequences on its strategy and the composition of its business portfolio. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain on the economic impacts of climate change and create a new risk for the banks: the carbon risk. The quantification of “GreenHouse Gases (GHG) emissions induced” by the businesses of the bank’s clients is a first step required for managing this new risk. After having studied the various models of carbon accounting, this PhD thesis proposes an analysis tool based on a new form of carbon accounting by allocating the GHG emissions to the economic agents in accordance with their ability to reduce it: “the accounting by issue”. This tool allows mapping sectorally and geographically of the “GHG emissions induced” by a financing and investment portfolio (in debt and equity capital)
Wölfing, Nikolas. "Interacting markets in electricity wholesale : forward and spot, and the impact of emissions trading." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010049.
Full textThis thesis addresses aspects of interacting markets in electricity wholesale. Electricity is traded in forward markets and in day-ahead auctions, which implement a very specifie market design. The bids of market participants take the fonn of supply and demand functions. Chapter 2 builds upon a finding of Zachmann and von Hirschhausen (2008) who report an asymmetric response of electricity wholesale prices for Gennany to changes in the price of EV Emission Allowances (EVA). ln contrast to the fonner contribution, it is shown that the asymmetry disappeared in response to a report on investigations by the competition authority. Chapter 3 addresses the interaction offorward markets and day-ahead auctions in a repeated oligopoly game. The effect offorward trading on the sustainability of collusion is studied for the case that spot market strategies take the fonn of supply functions. It is shown that the existence of forward markets enlarges the range of discount factors for which collusion can be sustained. Chapter 4 examines if an asymmetric reaction to EVA prices can also be found in the supply functions from the day-ahead market. To this end, tools from the field of functionaJ data analysis are adopted and applied to observed bids from the day-ahead auction. Chapter 5 develops a test for autocorrelation in functional panel data. Asymptotic nonnality of the statistic is proved, and Monte-Carlo simulation sho\l good power of the test in sample sizes which frequently prevail in applied research
Valiergue, Alice. "Vendre de l’air : sociologie du marché "volontaire" des services de compensation carbone." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0013/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the so-called “voluntary” carbon offset market. In this market, companies, which have no obligation to subscribe to these services, purchase “carbon credits” to “offset” their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from private operators (NGOs or businesses). To obtain carbon credits, operators implement GHG emission reduction projects in Southern countries. These new trade exchanges, which date from the early 2000s, provoke critics. Journalists, environmental NGOs and scientists believe that this market on the one hand does not effectively reduce GHG emissions to fight against climate change, and on the other hand that people in the South face potential dangers linked to the implementation of carbon offsetting projects. The dissertation thus questions the apparent paradox of the choice of companies to invest in contested environmental services when they are not a regulatory obligation and may endanger their reputation. By considering the “voluntary” market as a “contested market”, according to the meaning given to this notion by Steiner and Trespeuch (2014), the dissertation explores the conditions of existence and maintenance of this market. Through interviews, observations and written sources, our research analyzes the role of various market devices, but also commercial work as well as the appropriation of the offer by buyers in organizing this market. In doing so, it questions more generally the relationship between economy and the environment and is interested in the determinant factors of the “voluntary” commitment of companies for the fight against global warming
Ehrenstein, Véra. "Géopolitique du carbone : L'action internationale pour le climat aux prises avec la déforestation tropicale." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0039/document.
Full textMy work is about the constitution of tropical deforestation as a problem for climate change negotiations. Since 2005, governmental representatives have been investigating the means through which international action could be organized in order to maintain the carbon sequestered by tropical forests using economic incentives. This initiative has been fostering a range of issues that I analyze through a multisite ethnographical inquiry. Some of these problems are related to the initiative’s global dimension: sovereign states have to collectively decide, comparable measurement methods have to be created, and monetary redistribution systems have to be elaborated. Other problems are more specific to the situation of developing countries strongly dependent on development aid. In this latter case, public administration weaknesses cannot be ignored and the demands formulated by the so-called local communities cannot be bypassed. I show that these issues produce a distributed, fragile and selective activity. Since coercion is not an option, the ambitions of these international adjustments are modest and the arrangements created to invent international decision-making, to negotiate the right measure or to induce moral conducts make mediators proliferate
Cartel, Mélodie. "La fabrique de l'innovation institutionnelle : les marchés du carbone comme champs d'expérimentations managériales." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00931528.
Full textPeng, Feng. "La politique chinoise en matière de changement climatique : évolutions et perspectives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1041.
Full textClimate change is one of the most important global issues of the world. On the one hand, the issue of climate change relates to the fundamental interests of the whole humanity, its development and future destiny, and even threats its survival. On the other hand, climate diplomacy, from the different perspectives of the main areas of international politics, and for lack of means, struggles to reach a logic of collective action in global climate governance. With its rapid economic growth, China has become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases and plays a key role in climate diplomacy. The evolution of its climate negotiation position influences the international climate change architecture for the pre and post-2020 period. The research will focus on the interaction between local policies, national policies and climate change foreign policy, in order to highlight the perspectives of climate change policy in China. According to this research, the construction of ecological civilization and its deep decarbonisation action in China need the transformation of the economic mode of development. Carbon trading market instruments will play a decisive role in China’s future climate policy. It will determine its foreign policy, and allow China to play a more constructive role
Demailly, Damien. "Compétitivité et fuites de carbone dans l'industrie sous politique climatique asymétrique." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0152.
Full textWithin a close economy, the economic efficiency of a tradable CO2 allowance system is maximum when all allowances are auctioned. Within an open economy, the competitiveness losses and carbon leakage challenge this efficiency for industrial sectors like cement or steel. There are two alternatives: border adjustment and output-based allocation. The former is politically sensitive but economically justified. The economic efficiency of the latter is dubious: there are many uncertainties on the magnitude of potential competitiveness losses and carbon leakage. These uncertainties are due to the lack empirical works on some key parameters and to the weakness of existing modelling works which assess these losses and leakage. Alternative modelling works lead to a better understanding of industrials dynamics but to similarly poor assessment
Rotoullié, Jean-Charles. "L'utilisation de la technique de marché en droit de l'environnement. L'exemple du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020053.
Full textBy taking the example of the European Union emission trading system, the objective of the present study is to understand the conditions of effectiveness of a specific tool: the market-based instrument. Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing aiming at the achievement of a public policy objective (pre-established by public authorities) with the creation of a market, i.e. the organisation of exchanges of “units” between economic operators. This tool is widely used in environmental law. The ex nihilo creation of a market in order to protect the environment must not mislead: the market-based instrument does not lead to a shift from public action to freedom. To the contrary, the effectiveness of the market-based instrument depends on a strong public action. A permanent (i.e. both during the preparation and the implementation of this tool) and multifaceted (i.e. at international, regional and national levels) public intervention is therefore required. The “invisible hand” of the market could only be effective with the “visible hand” of public authorities
Hristova, Iva. "Le protocole de Kyoto et les mécanismes de développement propre (MDP) : quels impacts pour les pays en développement à l'horizon 2020--2050 ?" Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090061.
Full textThe present thesis focuses on the definition of potential Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (or other successor mechanism) financial flows at the horizon of 2020 and 2050 and on their impact on recipient countries’ economies. The analysis is completed by an overview of the current CDM characteristics, not only through a comparison with other financial flows (Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Official development Assistance (ODA)) typical for developing countries, but also through a detailed survey of the conditions that would ease the spread of greater spill-over effects and through an analysis of the current impacts on host countries’ economic growth. At last, the thesis presents an overview of the current CDM impacts in terms of technology transfers and sustainable development and it proposes a detailed overview of the main offset- mechanism limits, the undergone improvements and the alternative solutions. Thus, the thesis shows the positive impact that projects under the CDM or any potential successor mechanisms can have in terms of perceived investments, issued carbon emission reductions, economic growth, technology transfers and, ultimately, sustainable development within non-Annex I host countries. In addition, it demonstrates that larger share of benefits will be earned by those countries that would be able to absorb greater spill-over effects through their more favourable conditions in terms of renewable energies infrastructure, credit facilities and qualified human capital availability. For both Annex I and non-Annex I countries, the generalization of an improved sustainable successor mechanisms, in combination with robust capacity building programs, should be of the highest interest in any future negotiations under the UNFCCC
Lecourt, Stephen. "Secteurs manufacturiers dans le système communautaire d’échange de quotas d’émissions." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090021/document.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the aggregated non-power sector covered under the EU ETS. First, the non-power sector contribution to CO2 emissions changes in the first two phases of the Scheme (2005-2012), both from a final demand perspective and a supply perspective, is compared to that of the power sector at first. Then, the implications of the non-power sector specific free allocation methodology in the third phase of the Scheme (2013-2020) are scrutinized, which constitutes one of the first thorough assessment of Phase 3 benchmarking. It is showed that both from a final demand perspective and a supply perspective, the non-power sector, through its interrelated character and its activity levels, has contributed to changes in EU ETS CO2 emissions more than the power sector did, over the 2005-2012 period. It is also showed that, despite its free allocation redistribution effects, benchmark-based Phase 3 free allocation remains flawed and may benefit from further improvements to be up to the central role of the non-power sector in the EU ETS dynamics
Ashraf, Naeem. "Social and strategic dynamics of carbon market actors' behaviors." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1067.
Full textThe main objectives of the dissertation are to explore social and strategic motivations and consequences, and to model and disentangle relational and rational-instrumental mechanisms of carbon market strategies of organizations. To achieve these objectives, three empirical studies were conducted in the context of carbon market that operates under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The first inductive case study based exploratory research was carried out in a developing country. Findings suggest that institutional and competitive concerns motivate carbon market strategy of organizations. Treating social influence as operating through relational structure, the next two papers then analyze dynamics of organization’s behavior and its relational network. Results suggest that in the CDM market, firm’s network embeddedness, and centrality affect firms’ behaviors. However, while controlling for certain actor level and relational-structural contingencies, network and behavior co-evolutionary dynamics suggest that firm’s instrumental motivations are more pronounced in influencing the behavior of firms. This dissertation contributes to the climate strategy literature by explicating the social and strategic dynamics of behavior, and network structural characteristics, of the carbon market actors
Wang, Wen. "Intégrer l'agriculture dans les politiques d'atténuation chinoises." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090001/document.
Full textThis thesis is an evaluation of the overall technical and economic mitigation potential in China agriculture and the conditions of putting a carbon price in this sector. The research scope is cropland emissions and particularly those related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The thesis is articulated around the construction of a bottom-up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) which offers a rational framework for combining biophysical and economic data to reflect mitigation costs. This tool allows the aggregation of the mitigation potential arising from the application of a subset of cost-effective measures above a notional baseline level. An analysis of Chinese climate policies reveals that agriculture is nearly absent in the current national mitigation strategy. We therefore intend to assess the technical, economic and political feasibility of integrating agriculture into domestic mitigation policies. In the first place, the emissions trends and calculation methods are assessed to determine a rigorous approach to build baseline scenarios from projected business-as-usual activities to 2020. Secondly, we identify nine cropland mitigation measures, evaluate their abatement rates and future applicability beyond the baseline scenario to conclude a total feasible technical mitigation potential. The translation to the economic potential is then made by comparing the implementation costs of different mitigation options relative to conventional farming practices. The MACC results show that agriculture provides significant mitigation potential to be able to offset about one-third of baseline emissions and realisation of one-third of the potential is cost-negative for farmers. We finally examine the conditions of using economic instruments to reduce emissions at the lowest cost for the agricultural sector. Given the institutional, behaviour and socials obstacles, we strongly suggest a reform in agriculture fertilizer subsidies to send a clear political signal from central planning. Scaling-up offset projects using carbon intensity as the standardized baseline is recommended and can prepare the grounds for a possible experimental emission trading programme in agriculture. In light with the top priority of safeguarding food security in China, cases studies on regional cereal production are carried out in all these steps, including the analysis of provincial greenhouse gas intensity of production, regional abatement potential related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use as well as implementation cost disparities in certain regions
Nsouadi, Clarda. "Analyse multi-échelle du comouvement entre les prix du quota carbone, du crédit carbone, et des produits énergétiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD052/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the carbon price quota structure, the analysis of its fluctuation, and the interactions that may exist between on the one hand the EU system of emission quota exchange (ETS) and the mechanism for clean development (CDM) and on the other hand between carbon quota market and the quota in the energy sector. For this study, we introduced the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents' behavior on the carbon market where coexist multiple scales of investments.To achieve this, we used a time-frequency approach (wavelets) that can analyze the local behavior of a signal by isolating the components related to the agents’ trading frequency. This method allows variance decomposition of a time series into different frequency components. The time investment horizons are assigned to each frequency band associated with a degree of market risk. High frequency bands obtained by wavelet decomposition contain information pertaining to the short-term time series structure; the medium and the low frequencies respectively capture the structures of the time series in the medium and long term.To complete this project we proposed developing of our research in 3 chapters:The first chapter presents the carbon market, its creation, its operation, and the various actors who animate it. The formation of the CO2 price, its evolution and its determinants were also analyzed during this chapter.The second chapter develops a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM). This particular study was based on two assumptions:- The first assumption was the homogeneity of the various agents’ behaviors. The co-movement relationship between the price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) assumes that market participants have the same investment strategy especially since all stakeholders agents invest in these markets on the same horizons. This relationship is studied using standard econometric tools such as Analysis of Co-integration of causality and Vector Autoregressive modeling.The main result of this specific part highlights the existence of a unidirectional causality from the ERC to the EUA with an observed acceleration of the mechanism for clean development (CDM). Manufacturers have a strong interest in the CDM which has had a direct impact on the price of EUAs on the European carbon market. We also observed a dynamic interconnection through the VAR (1) between EUA and CER.- The second assumption is the heterogeneity of agents' behavior. We highlighted the relationship of co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) to a multi-scale analysis derived from wavelet theory. We show that whatever the different investment horizons retained (short, medium and long term), there is a significant positive relationship between the two sets of prices. The more dynamic causal wavelet on each pair of frequency bands detects an unstable relationship between EUA and CER which confirms our working hypothesis.And finally, a third chapter that complements the previous analysis by the co-movement between multi-scale carbon allowance prices resulting from the ETS to those energy markets (oil, coal and gas). Using coherence wavelet, it examined the simultaneous dependence (co-movement) between two price series in time and frequency. It can be interpreted as a local measurement of correlation calculated non-parametrically. Overall, this study is the first attempt at a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement relationship between the CO2 market, Oil, Gas and Coal which is based on the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents using a template from wavelet algorithm. The model used in this study will allow stakeholders agents on the carbon market to have a great range of choices for their strategies to be able to anticipate wisely because of the high volatility of carbon prices on their different investment horizons