Journal articles: 'Perovskites solar cell'

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Meyer, Edson, Dorcas Mutukwa, Nyengerai Zingwe, and Raymond Taziwa. "Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites: A Review of the Structural, Optical, and Stability Properties as Well as Their Viability to Replace Lead Halide Perovskites." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090667.

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Perovskite solar cells employ lead halide perovskite materials as light absorbers. These perovskite materials have shown exceptional optoelectronic properties, making perovskite solar cells a fast-growing solar technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved a record efficiency of over 20%, which has superseded the efficiency of Gräztel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology. Even with their exceptional optical and electric properties, lead halide perovskites suffer from poor stability. They degrade when exposed to moisture, heat, and UV radiation, which has hindered their commercialization. Moreover, halide perovskite materials consist of lead, which is toxic. Thus, exposure to these materials leads to detrimental effects on human health. Halide double perovskites with A2B′B″X6 (A = Cs, MA; B′ = Bi, Sb; B″ = Cu, Ag, and X = Cl, Br, I) have been investigated as potential replacements of lead halide perovskites. This work focuses on providing a detailed review of the structural, optical, and stability properties of these proposed perovskites as well as their viability to replace lead halide perovskites. The triumphs and challenges of the proposed lead-free A2B′B″X6 double perovskites are discussed here in detail.

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Thrithamarassery Gangadharan, Deepak, and Dongling Ma. "Searching for stability at lower dimensions: current trends and future prospects of layered perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 10 (2019): 2860–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee01591d.

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Two-dimensional perovskites are an attractive alternative to 3D perovskites for solar cell application as they directly address a critical issue of stability of 3D perovskite solar cells, while achieving similarly high power conversion efficiencies.

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Eperon, Giles E., Giuseppe M. Paternò, Rebecca J. Sutton, Andrea Zampetti, Amir Abbas Haghighirad, Franco Cacialli, and Henry J. Snaith. "Inorganic caesium lead iodide perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 39 (2015): 19688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06398a.

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The vast majority of perovskite solar cell research has focused on organic–inorganic lead trihalide perovskites; herein, we present working inorganic CsPbI₃perovskite solar cells for the first time.

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He, Yizhou, Liyifei Xu, Cheng Yang, Xiaowei Guo, and Shaorong Li. "Design and Numerical Investigation of a Lead-Free Inorganic Layered Double Perovskite Cs4CuSb2Cl12 Nanocrystal Solar Cell by SCAPS-1D." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092321.

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In the last decade, perovskite solar cells have made a quantum leap in performance with the efficiency increasing from 3.8% to 25%. However, commercial perovskite solar cells have faced a major impediment due to toxicity and stability issues. Therefore, lead-free inorganic perovskites have been investigated in order to find substitute perovskites which can provide a high efficiency similar to lead-based perovskites. In recent studies, as a kind of lead-free inorganic perovskite material, Cs4CuSb2Cl12 has been demonstrated to possess impressive photoelectric properties and excellent environmental stability. Moreover, Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals have smaller effective photo-generated carrier masses than bulk Cs4CuSb2Cl12, which provides excellent carrier mobility. To date, there have been no reports about Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals used for making solar cells. To explore the potential of Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cells, we propose a lead-free perovskite solar cell with the configuration of FTO/ETL/Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals/HTL/Au using a solar cell capacitance simulator. Moreover, we numerically investigate the factors that affect the performance of the Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cell with the aim of enhancing its performance. By selecting the appropriate hole transport material, electron transport material, thickness of the absorber layer, doping density, defect density in the absorber, interface defect density, and working temperature point, we predict that the Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cell with the FTO/TiO2/Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals/Cu2O/Au structure can attain a power conversion efficiency of 23.07% at 300 K. Our analysis indicates that Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals have great potential as an absorbing layer towards highly efficient lead-free all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.

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Akinbami, O., G. N. Ngubeni, F. Otieno, R. Kadzutu-Sithole, E. C. Linganiso, Z. N. Tetana, S. S. Gqoba, K. P. Mubiayi, and N. Moloto. "The effect of temperature and time on the properties of 2D Cs2ZnBr4 perovskite nanocrystals and their application in a Schottky barrier device." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 18 (2021): 6022–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00264c.

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2D hybrid perovskites are promising materials for solar cell applications, in particular, cesium-based perovskite nanocrystals as they offer the stability that is absent in organic–inorganic perovskites.

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Monroe, Don. "Perovskites boost solar-cell potential." Communications of the ACM 60, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3148690.

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Zhang, Taiyang, Yuetian Chen, Miao Kan, Shumao Xu, Yanfeng Miao, Xingtao Wang, Meng Ren, Haoran Chen, Xiaomin Liu, and Yixin Zhao. "MA Cation-Induced Diffusional Growth of Low-Bandgap FA-Cs Perovskites Driven by Natural Gradient Annealing." Research 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9765106.

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Low-bandgap formamidinium-cesium (FA-Cs) perovskites of FA1-xCsxPbI3 (x<0.1) are promising candidates for efficient and robust perovskite solar cells, but their black-phase crystallization is very sensitive to annealing temperature. Unfortunately, the low heat conductivity of the glass substrate builds up a temperature gradient within from bottom to top and makes the initial annealing temperature of the perovskite film lower than the black-phase crystallization point (~150°C). Herein, we take advantage of such temperature gradient for the diffusional growth of high-quality FA-Cs perovskites by introducing a thermally unstable MA+ cation, which would firstly form α-phase FA-MA-Cs mixed perovskites with low formation energy at the hot bottom of the perovskite films in the early annealing stage. The natural gradient annealing temperature and the thermally unstable MA+ cation then lead to the bottom-to-top diffusional growth of highly orientated α-phase FA-Cs perovskite, which exhibits 10-fold of enhanced crystallinity and reduced trap density (~3.85×1015 cm−3). Eventually, such FA-Cs perovskite films were fabricated into stable solar cell devices with champion efficiency up to 23.11%, among the highest efficiency of MA-free perovskite solar cells.

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Sun, Qingde, Wan-Jian Yin, and Su-Huai Wei. "Searching for stable perovskite solar cell materials using materials genome techniques and high-throughput calculations." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 35 (2020): 12012–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02231d.

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Ašmontas, Steponas, Aurimas Čerškus, Jonas Gradauskas, Asta Grigucevičienė, Konstantinas Leinartas, Andžej Lučun, Kazimieras Petrauskas, et al. "Cesium-Containing Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030279.

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Cesium-containing triple cation perovskites are attracting significant attention as suitable tandem partners for silicon solar cells. The perovskite layer of a solar cell must strongly absorb the visible light and be transparent to the infrared light. Optical transmittance measurements of perovskite layers containing different cesium concentrations (0–15%) were carried out on purpose to evaluate the utility of the layers for the fabrication of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The transmittance of the layers weakly depended on cesium concentration in the infrared spectral range, and it was more than 0.55 at 997 nm wavelength. It was found that perovskite solar cells containing 10% of cesium concentration show maximum power conversion efficiency.

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Pantaler, Martina, Selina Olthof, Klaus Meerholz, and Doru C. Lupascu. "Bismuth-Antimony mixed double perovskites Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6 in solar cells." MRS Advances 4, no. 64 (2019): 3545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.404.

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AbstractReported conversion efficiencies of lead based perovskite solar cells keep increasing steadily. But next to the demand for high efficiency, the need for analogue non-toxic material systems remains. One promising lead free absorber material is the double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6. Interest in this and other double perovskites has been increasing in the last three years and several solar cells using different device structures have been reported. However, the efficiency of these solar cells is merely in the range of 2%. To further improve solar cell performance we prepared mixed bismuth-antimony double perovskite Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6 where different fractions of antimony (x=0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.50) are used. This was motivated by reports of lower bandgap values in these mixed system. After the optimization of preparation of these thin films, we have carefully analysed the effects on the structure, composition, electronic structure, as well as optical properties. Finally, we have fabricated Bi-Sb mixed double perovskite solar cells in a mesoscopic device architecture.

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Ogundana, I. J., and S. Y. Foo. "Improving the Morphology of the Perovskite Absorber Layer in Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Halide Perovskite MAPbI3 Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2017 (May 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8549847.

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Recently, perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, simple fabrications, and high photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, the perovskite solar cells are lightweight and possess thin film and semitransparency. However, the nonuniformity in perovskite layer constitutes a major setback to the operation mechanism, performance, reproducibility, and degradation of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, one of the main challenges in planar perovskite devices is the fabrication of high quality films with controlled morphology and least amount of pin-holes for high performance thin film perovskite devices. The poor reproducibility in perovskite solar cells hinders the accurate fabrication of practical devices for use in real world applications, and this is primarily as a result of the inability to control the morphology of perovskites, leading to large variability in the characteristics of perovskite solar cells. Hence, the focus of research in perovskites has been mostly geared towards improving the morphology and crystallization of perovskite absorber by selecting the optimal annealing condition considering the effect of humidity. Here we report a controlled ambient condition that is necessary to grow uniform perovskite crystals. A best PCE of 7.5% was achieved along with a short-circuit current density of 15.2 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.81 V, and a fill factor of 0.612 from the perovskite solar cell prepared under 60% relative humidity.

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Wen, Hongzhe, and Xuan Luo. "Tuning Bandgaps of Mixed Halide and Oxide Perovskites CsSnX3 (X=Cl, I), and SrBO3 (B=Rh, Ti)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156862.

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Perovskites have recently attracted interest in the field of solar energy due to their excellent photovoltaic properties. We herein present a new approach to the composition of lead free perovskites via mixing of halide and oxide perovskites that share the cubic ABX3 structure. Using first-principles calculations through Density Functional Theory, we systematically investigated the atomic and electronic structures of mixed perovskite compounds composed of four cubic ABX3 perovskites. Our result shows that the B and X atoms play important roles in their band structure. On the other hand, their valence bands contributed by O-2p, Rh-4p, and Ti-3p orbitals, and their electronic properties were determined by Rh-O and Ti-O bonds. With new understandings of the electronic properties of cubic halide or oxide perovskites, we lastly combined the cubic perovskites in various configurations to improve stability and tune the bandgap to values desirable for photovoltaic cell applications. Our investigations suggest that the mixed perovskite compound Cs2Sn2Cl3I3Sr2TiRhO6 produced a bandgap of 1.2 eV, which falls into the ideal range of 1.0 to 1.7 eV, indicating high photo-conversion efficiency and showing promise towards solar energy applications.

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Li, Wenzhe, Jiandong Fan, and Liming Ding. "Multidimensional perovskites enhance solar cell performance." Journal of Semiconductors 42, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 020201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/020201.

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14

Ozaki, Masashi, Yasuhisa Ishikura, Minh Anh Truong, Jiewei Liu, Iku Okada, Taro Tanabe, Shun Sekimoto, et al. "Iodine-rich mixed composition perovskites optimised for tin(iv) oxide transport layers: the influence of halide ion ratio, annealing time, and ambient air aging on solar cell performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 28 (2019): 16947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02142f.

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Mixed composition metal–halide perovskites were developed to improve the performance of perovskite solar cell devices incorporating tin(iv) oxide substrates for electron transport layers by optimizing the I/Br halide ion ratio.

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Kumar, Anjan, and Sangeeta Singh. "Numerical modeling of planar lead free perovskite solar cell using tungsten disulfide (WS2) as an electron transport layer and Cu2O as a hole transport layer." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 24 (June 6, 2020): 2050258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920502589.

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Metal halide-perovskite solar cells have managed to attain soaring heights in power conversion efficiency in the past decade, rising from 3.8% to around 24% in 2019. Formal lead-based perovskites have captivated massive attention because of their then toxic nature and short-term stability of fabricated devices. Therefore, lead-free perovskites have drawn the researcher’s interest in recent years. In this work, we projected a unique planar perovskite structure constituted of [Formula: see text] Tungsten Disulfide [Formula: see text] lead-free perovskite[Formula: see text]. Herein, Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) acts as an electron transport layer (ETL) due to its excellent electron transport capability. The cuprous oxide is used as a hole transport layer (HTL) due to its perfect band alignment with perovskites. The proposed structure is quantitatively analyzed using a solar cell capacitance simulator. The simulation carried out revealed that tin halide perovskite (CH3NH3SnI3) is having the great potential to be an absorbent layer. The proposed configuration demonstrated excellent power configuration efficiency (PCE) of 23% at an optimized thickness of different segments. The impact of neutral defect density and position of defect energy level with respect to active layer on device performance was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that values of performance parameters ([Formula: see text], FF, [Formula: see text] and PCE) of proposed device configurations are drastically reduced with increasing the total defect density of interfacial and perovskite layers. These simulated results will help the researchers working in the specific area of lead-free perovskite solar cell (LFPSC) fabrication.

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Oku, Takeo. "Crystal structures of perovskite halide compounds used for solar cells." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 59, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 264–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe crystal structures of various types of perovskite halide compounds were summarized and described. Atomic arrangements of these perovskite compounds can be investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the structural models of basic perovskite halides, X-ray and electron diffractions were calculated and discussed to compare with the experimental data. Other halides such as elemental substituted or cation ordered double perovskite compounds were also described. In addition to the ordinary 3-dimensional perovskites, low dimensional perovskites with 2-, 1-, or 0-dimensionalities were summarized. The structural stabilities of the perovskite halides could be investigated computing the tolerance and octahedral factors, which can be useful for the guideline of elemental substitution to improve the structures and properties, and several low toxic halides were proposed. For the device conformation, highly crystalline-orientated grains and dendritic structures can be formed and affected the photo-voltaic properties. The actual crystal structures of perovskite halides in the thin film configuration were studied by Rietveld analysis optimizing the atomic coordinates and occupancies with low residual factors. These results are useful for structure analysis of perovskite halide crystals, which are expected to be next-generation solar cell materials.

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Chang, Jingjing, Hai Zhu, Juanxiu Xiao, Furkan Halis Isikgor, Zhenhua Lin, Yue Hao, Kaiyang Zeng, Qing-Hua Xu, and Jianyong Ouyang. "Enhancing the planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell performance through tuning the precursor ratio." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 20 (2016): 7943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00679e.

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The presence of excess PbI₂ can affect the structure of perovskites and photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. Increased open-circuit voltage could be achieved by introducing proper PbI₂. However, shorter carrier lifetime and increased recombination and resistance were observed when an excess of PbI₂ was used.

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GopalKrishna, B., and Sanjay Tiwari. "Modeling of Abnormal Hysteresis in CsPbBr3 based Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 34, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2021-34-1-1.

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Perovskite solar cells are emerging photovoltaic devices with PCE of above 25%. Perovskite are suitable light absorber materials in solar cells with excellent properties like appropriate band gap energy, long carrier lifetime and diffusion length, and high extinction coefficient. Simulation study is an important technique to understand working mechanisms of perovskites solar cells. The study would help develop efficient, stable PSCs experimentally. In this study, modeling of perovskite solar cell was carried out through Setfos software. The optimization of different parameters of layer structure of solar cell would help to achieve maximum light absorption in the perovskite layer of solar cell. Simulation study is based drift-diffusion model to study the different parameters of perovskite solar cell. Hysteresis is one of the factors in the perovskite solar cell which may influence the device performance. The measurement of abnormal hysteresis can be done by current-voltage curve during backward scan during simulation study. In backward scan, the measurement starts from biasing voltage higher than open circuit voltage and sweep to voltage below zero. The numerical simulation used to study the various parameters like open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor, power conversion efficiency and hysteresis. The simulation results would help to understand the photophysics of solar cell physics which would help to fabricate highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells experimentally.

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Joo, Sung Hwan, Chung Wung Bark, and Hyung Wook Choi. "Enhancement of Perovskite Solar-Cell Efficiency Using FAPbBr3/I3 with Methylammonium Chloride." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3015.

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Organic/inorganic metal halide formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskites exhibit excellent optical properties, a suitable band gap, a wide light-absorption range, and superior electron-hole mobility. However, it is difficult to fabricate high-quality α-phase FAPbI3 film due to the relatively easy formation of the more stable δ-FAPbI3 (hexagonal structure). To overcome this, in this study, formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) was used to induce the synthesis of stable α-phase FAPbI3. The resulting light-absorbing layer was composed of (FAPbI3)0.95 (FAPbBr3)0.05, but δ-phase FAPbI3 could be still observed. To suppress the formation of δ-phase FAPbI3 , methylammonium chloride (MACl) was added to the (FAPbI3)0.95 (FAPbBr3)0.05 precursor solution. At an optimal MACl content of 40 mol%, perovskites with improved crystallinity and large crystallite size could be fabricated, resulting in a perovskite solar-cell efficiency of 18.204%.

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Zhou, Dahua, Leyong Yu, Peng Zhu, Hongquan Zhao, Shuanglong Feng, and Jun Shen. "Lateral Structured Phototransistor Based on Mesoscopic Graphene/Perovskite Heterojunctions." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030641.

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Due to their outstanding optical properties and superior charge carrier mobilities, organometal halide perovskites have been widely investigated in photodetection and solar cell areas. In perovskites photodetection devices, their high optical absorption and excellent quantum efficiency contribute to the responsivity, even the specific detectivity. In this work, we developed a lateral phototransistor based on mesoscopic graphene/perovskite heterojunctions. Graphene nanowall shows a porous structure, and the spaces between graphene nanowall are much appropriated for perovskite crystalline to mount in. Hot carriers are excited in perovskite, which is followed by the holes’ transfer to the graphene layer through the interfacial efficiently. Therefore, graphene plays the role of holes’ collecting material and carriers’ transporting channel. This charge transfer process is also verified by the luminescence spectra. We used the hybrid film to build phototransistor, which performed a high responsivity and specific detectivity of 2.0 × 103 A/W and 7.2 × 1010 Jones, respectively. To understand the photoconductive mechanism, the perovskite’s passivation and the graphene photogating effect are proposed to contribute to the device’s performance. This study provides new routes for the application of perovskite film in photodetection.

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Supianto, Mulya, Suyanta Suyanta, and Indriana Kartini. "An Interplay Role between Ammonium and Halide Anions as Additives in Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃." Materials Science Forum 948 (March 2019): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.948.287.

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Methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites have emerged as attractive materials for solar cell applications. The major eminence of this materials can be crystallized via various solution methods to produce the solid state of thin films. However, the crystallinity of perovskite depends on the composition of perovskites. Here, we study NH4Cl and NH4Br as precursor additives for improving crystallinity of perovskites. Perovskite was synthesized by mixing precursor solutions of CH3NH3I and Pb(Ac)2with or without additives NH4Cl and NH4Br using the one-step spin-coating method. By characterizing the thin films using XRD, SEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, we found anion Cl and Br performed an important role toward crystallinity, morphology, and optical absorption of perovskites, respectively. Meanwhile, ammonium has assisted to facile remove the residual DMSO solvent confirmed by FTIR. These results shed light on using ammonium halides as potentially dual side additives in the synthesis of perovskites.

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Sanders, S., D. Stümmler, J. D. Gerber, J. H. Seidel, G. Simkus, M. Heuken, A. Vescan, and H. Kalisch. "Showerhead-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application." MRS Advances 5, no. 8-9 (2020): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.126.

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AbstractIn the last years, perovskite solar cells have attracted great interest in photovoltaic (PV) research due to their possibility to become a highly efficient and low-cost alternative to silicon solar cells. Cells based on the widely used Pb-containing perovskites have reached power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of more than 20 %. One of the major hurdles for the rapid commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics is the lack of deposition tools and processes for large areas. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an appealing technique because it is scalable and furthermore features superior process control and reproducibility in depositing high-purity films. In this work, we present a novel showerhead-based CVD tool to fabricate perovskite films by simultaneous delivery of precursors from the gas phase. We highlight the control of the perovskite film composition and properties by adjusting the individual precursor deposition rates. Providing the optimal supply of precursors results in stoichiometric perovskite films without any detectable residues.

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Chen, Lung-Chien, Ching-Ho Tien, Yang-Cheng Jhou, and Wei-Cheng Lin. "Co-Solvent Controllable Engineering of MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 Lead–Tin Mixed Perovskites for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Stability." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102438.

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Use of a lead–tin mixed perovskite is generally considered an effective method to broaden the absorption wavelength of perovskite thin films. However, the preparation of lead–tin mixed perovskites is a major challenge due to the multivalent state of tin and stability in the atmosphere. This study attempted to replace the organic cation and metal elements of perovskites with a relatively thermal stable formamidinium (FA+) and a more environmentally friendly tin element. MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 lead–tin mixed perovskite thin films were prepared with the one-step spin-coating method. By adjusting the dimethylformamide (DMF):dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration ratio of the lead–tin mixed perovskite precursor solution, the surface morphologies, crystallinity, and light-absorbing properties of the films were changed during synthesis to optimize the lead–tin mixed perovskite films as a light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cells. The quality of the prepared lead–tin mixed perovskite film was the highest when the ratio of DMF:DMSO = 1:4. The power-conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell prepared with the film was 8.05%.

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Rothmann, Mathias Uller, Judy S. Kim, Juliane Borchert, Kilian B. Lohmann, Colum M. O’Leary, Alex A. Sheader, Laura Clark, et al. "Atomic-scale microstructure of metal halide perovskite." Science 370, no. 6516 (October 29, 2020): eabb5940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5940.

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Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have high potential as materials for solar energy applications, but their microscopic properties are still not well understood. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy has provided invaluable insights for many crystalline solar cell materials, and we used this method to successfully image formamidinium lead triiodide [CH(NH2)2PbI3] thin films with a low dose of electron irradiation. Such images reveal a highly ordered atomic arrangement of sharp grain boundaries and coherent perovskite/PbI2 interfaces, with a striking absence of long-range disorder in the crystal. We found that beam-induced degradation of the perovskite leads to an initial loss of formamidinium [CH(NH2)2+] ions, leaving behind a partially unoccupied perovskite lattice, which explains the unusual regenerative properties of these materials. We further observed aligned point defects and climb-dissociated dislocations. Our findings thus provide an atomic-level understanding of technologically important lead halide perovskites.

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Wang, Rui, Muhammad Mujahid, Yu Duan, Zhao‐Kui Wang, Jingjing Xue, and Yang Yang. "A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability." Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 47 (February 12, 2019): 1808843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808843.

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Ivanova, A., A. Tokmakov, K. Lebedeva, M. Roze, and I. Kaulachs. "Influence of the Preparation Method on Planar Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Solar Cell Performance and Hysteresis." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0027.

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Abstract Organometal halide perovskites are promising materials for lowcost, high-efficiency solar cells. The method of perovskite layer deposition and the interfacial layers play an important role in determining the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the paper, we demonstrate inverted planar perovskite solar cells where perovskite layers are deposited by two-step modified interdiffusion and one-step methods. We also demonstrate how PSC parameters change by doping of charge transport layers (CTL). We used dimethylsupoxide (DMSO) as dopant for the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS) but for the electron transport layer [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)) we used N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilyl chloride (DMOAP). The highest main PSC parameters (PCE, EQE, VOC) were obtained for cells prepared by the one-step method with fast crystallization and doped CTLs but higher fill factor (FF) and shunt resistance (Rsh) values were obtained for cells prepared by the two-step method with undoped CTLs.

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Lv, Yifan, Hui Zhang, Jinpei Wang, Libao Chen, Lifang Bian, Zhongfu An, Zongyao Qian, et al. "All-in-One Deposition to Synergistically Manipulate Perovskite Growth for High-Performance Solar Cell." Research 2020 (October 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2763409.

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Nonradiative recombination losses originating from crystallographic distortions and issues occurring upon interface formation are detrimental for the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we incorporated a series of carbamide molecules (urea, biuret, or triuret) consisting of both Lewis base (–NH2) and Lewis acid (–C=O) groups into the perovskite precursor to simultaneously eliminate the bulk and interface defects. Depending on the different coordination ability with perovskite component, the incorporated molecules can either modify crystallization dynamics allowing for large crystal growth at low temperature (60°C), associate with antisite or undercoordinated ions for defect passivation, or accumulate at the surface as an energy cascade layer to enhance charge transfer, respectively. Synergistic benefits of the above functions can be obtained by rationally optimizing additive combinations in an all-in-one deposition method. As a result, a champion efficiency of 21.6% with prolonged operational stability was achieved in an inverted MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell by combining biuret and triuret additives. The simplified all-in-one fabrication procedure, adaptable to different types of perovskites in terms of pure MAPbI3, mixed perovskite, and all-inorganic perovskite, provides a cost-efficient and reproducible way to obtain high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells.

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Samiul Islam, Md, K. Sobayel, Ammar Al-Kahtani, M. A. Islam, Ghulam Muhammad, N. Amin, Md Shahiduzzaman, and Md Akhtaruzzaman. "Defect Study and Modelling of SnX3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with SCAPS-1D." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051218.

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Recent achievements, based on lead (Pb) halide perovskites, have prompted comprehensive research on low-cost photovoltaics, in order to avoid the major challenges that arise in this respect: Stability and toxicity. In this study, device modelling of lead (Pb)-free perovskite solar cells has been carried out considering methyl ammonium tin bromide (CH3NH3SnBr3) as perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite structure has been justified theoretically by Goldschmidt tolerance factor and the octahedral factor. Numerical modelling tools were used to investigate the effects of amphoteric defect and interface defect states on the photovoltaic parameters of CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell. The study identifies the density of defect tolerance in the absorber layer, and that both the interfaces are 1015 cm−3, and 1014 cm−3, respectively. Furthermore, the simulation evaluates the influences of metal work function, uniform donor density in the electron transport layer and the impact of series resistance on the photovoltaic parameters of proposed n-TiO2/i-CH3NH3SnBr3/p-NiO solar cell. Considering all the optimization parameters, CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell exhibits the highest efficiency of 21.66% with the Voc of 0.80 V, Jsc of 31.88 mA/cm2 and Fill Factor of 84.89%. These results divulge the development of environmentally friendly methyl ammonium tin bromide perovskite solar cell.

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Zhang, Yannan, Mengfan Gu, Ning Li, Yalong Xu, Xufeng Ling, Yongjie Wang, Sijie Zhou, et al. "Realizing solution-processed monolithic PbS QDs/perovskite tandem solar cells with high UV stability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 48 (2018): 24693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09164a.

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Among solution-processed photovoltaic materials, lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) possess a highly tunable bandgap and strong infrared absorption, while perovskites show extraordinary external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the visible region, which offers the opportunity to construct an ideal tandem cell of PbS QDs/perovskite.

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Ng, Chi Huey, Kengo Hamada, Gaurav Kapil, Muhammad Akmal Kamarudin, Zhen Wang, Satoshi likubo, Qing Shen, Kenji Yoshino, Takashi Minemoto, and Shuzi Hayase. "Reducing trap density and carrier concentration by a Ge additive for an efficient quasi 2D/3D perovskite solar cell." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 6 (2020): 2962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta11989b.

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The incorporation of the GeI₂ additive in novel quasi-2D/3D Sn perovskites suppresses Sn²⁺ oxidation and trap densities, thus enhancing the carrier dynamics of the perovskite materials.

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Hima, Abdelkader. "Enhancing of CH3NH3SnI3 based solar cell efficiency by ETL engineering." International Journal of Energetica 5, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v5i1.119.

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Solar cells based on organic-inorganic perovskites (PVK) are the subject of several researches in laboratories around the world. One of the most promising hybrid perovskite is the methylammonium lead tri-iodide MAPbI3 that is suitable for sun light harvesting. But the MAPbI3 is a toxic material, so in this paper is proposed another nature friendly candidate which is the methylammonium tin tri-iodide MASnI3. The proposed material is inserted into an n-i-p heterojunction solar cell which structure is electron transport layer (ETL)/PVK/hole transport layer (HTL). The used HTL is the PEDOT: PSS in combination with one of two ETLs which are the PCBM and the IGZO. Simulation efforts using 1D SCAPS was carried. It is found that IGZO ETL based solar cell yields a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared with PCBM ETL based solar cell in the same thickness.

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Correa-Baena, Juan-Pablo, Michael Saliba, Tonio Buonassisi, Michael Grätzel, Antonio Abate, Wolfgang Tress, and Anders Hagfeldt. "Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6323.

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The efficiencies of perovskite solar cells have gone from single digits to a certified 22.1% in a few years’ time. At this stage of their development, the key issues concern how to achieve further improvements in efficiency and long-term stability. We review recent developments in the quest to improve the current state of the art. Because photocurrents are near the theoretical maximum, our focus is on efforts to increase open-circuit voltage by means of improving charge-selective contacts and charge carrier lifetimes in perovskites via processes such as ion tailoring. The challenges associated with long-term perovskite solar cell device stability include the role of testing protocols, ionic movement affecting performance metrics over extended periods of time, and determination of the best ways to counteract degradation mechanisms.

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Padmavathy, R., A. Amudhavalli, R. Rajeswarapalanichamy, and K. Iyakutti. "Electronic structure and optical properties of CsSnI3−yBry (y = 0, 1, 2, 3) perovskites." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 04 (February 10, 2019): 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500036.

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The halide perovskites-based solar cells have been attractive due to their excellent power conversion efficiency and low cost. The structural, electronic and optical properties of Sn-based cesium halide perovskites CsSnI[Formula: see text]Br[Formula: see text] (y = 0, 1, 2, 3) are investigated based on density functional theory. The computed electronic structure profile of CsSnI[Formula: see text]Br[Formula: see text] (y = 0, 1, 2, 3) reveals that these materials exhibit semiconducting behavior at normal pressure. The energy gap of CsSnI3 is tuned by the substitution of bromine atom for iodine atom. Also, it is found that the energy gap values of these materials decrease with increase in pressure and a semiconductor to metallic phase transition is observed at high pressure. The optical properties of these Sn-based halide perovskite compounds against the incident photon energy radiation indicate that these materials can be effective candidates for solar cell applications. The dynamical stability of these perovskites is analyzed by phonon dispersion curve.

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Liu, Hairui, Zuhong Zhang, Feng Yang, Jien Yang, Andrews Nirmala Grace, Junming Li, Sapana Tripathi, and Sagar M. Jain. "Dopants for Enhanced Performance of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells—A Short Review." Coatings 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091045.

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Lead-based perovskite solar cells had reached a bottleneck and demonstrated significant power conversion efficiency (PCE) growth matching the performance of traditional polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Lead-containing perovskite solar cell technology is on the verge of commercialization and has huge potential to replace silicon solar cells, but despite the very promising future of these perovskite solar cells, the presence of water-soluble toxic lead content is a growing concern in the scientific community and a major bottleneck for their commercialization. The less toxic, tin-based perovskite solar cells are promising alternatives for lead-free perovskite solar cells. Like lead-based perovskite, the general chemical formula composition of tin-based perovskite is ASnX3, where A is a cation and X is an anion (halogen). It is evident that tin-based perovskites, being less-toxic with excellent photoelectric properties, show respectable performance. Recently, numerous studies reported on the fabrication of Sn-based perovskite solar cells. However, the stability of this novel lead-free alternative material remains a big concern. One of the many ways to stabilize these solar cells includes addition of dopants. In this context, this article summarizes the most important fabrication routes employing dopants that have shown excellent stability for tin-based perovskite photovoltaics and elaborates the prospects of lead-free, tin based stable perovskite photovoltaics.

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Salado, Manuel, Erfan Shirzadi, Samrana Kazim, Zhaofu Fei, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Paul J. Dyson, and Shahzada Ahmad. "Oxazolium Iodide Modified Perovskites for Solar Cell Fabrication." ChemPlusChem 83, no. 4 (February 9, 2018): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201700471.

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Bu, Ian Yi-yu. "Organometal halide perovskite-based optoelectronic devices." WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/wpe.7018.

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Abstract Organometal halide perovskites are potential optoelectronic materials due to high solar cell efficiencies of 22.1% and light-emitting diodes with wide color gamut emission and external quantum efficiencies of 8%. Although perovskite light-emitting devices are still in research and development phase, in only a few years perovskite-based light emitting diodes have already exceeded the performance of organic light-emitting diodes. Further progress in this new material will depend on material optimization and development of scalable deposition process. Here, the advancements in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices at National university of Tainan are presented.

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O.Fashina, Adebayo. "Is there a possibility of perovskite taking over the solar technology market by 2030?" International Journal of Physical Research 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v7i1.22775.

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In recent time, there have been enormous advances in the development of perovskite solar cells in terms of its efficiency, rising from 3.8 percent in 2009 to 23.7 percent in 2018. This took other solar technologies over thirty years of research to accomplish. On the other hand, perovskite proffers a more affordable solution since it is potentially much cheaper to produce and relatively simple to manufacture than silicon solar cells. In spite of this great potential, perovskite solar cell technology is still in the premature stages of commercialization due to a number of concerns. Moreover, like with many new technologies, there is a difference between what works in the laboratory at small-scale and in the factory at large-scale. Thus, looking at perovskites as a material, it has the tendency to be a bit unstable at high temperature and susceptible to moisture and these could cause the decomposition of cells. The question here is: can perovskite outshine silicon solar cel1s in the next 10 years considering the successes so far and the vigorous research that is presently taking place globally?

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38

Kim, Hansol, Hyewon Gu, Minju Song, Choong-Heui Chung, Yong-Jun Oh, Chang Eun Song, and Ki-Ha Hong. "Study on A-Site Compositional Mixing for the Shear Coating Process of FA-Based Lead Halide Perovskites." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.5.321.

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Halide perovskite solar cells have been attracting tremendous attention as next-generation solar cell materials because of their excellent optical and electrical properties. Formamidinium lead tri-iodide (FAPbI3) exhibits the narrowest band gap among lead iodide perovskites and shows excellent thermal and chemical stability, also. However, the large-area coating of FAPbI3 needed for commercialization has not been successful because of the instability of the black phase of FAPbI3 at ambient temperature. This study presents a compositional engineering direction to control the polymorph of the FAPbI3 thin film for the shear coating processes, without halide mixing. By adopting a hot substrate above 100 oC, our shear coating process can produce the black phase FA-based halide perovskites without halide mixing. We carefully investigate the Cs-FA and MA-FA mixed lead iodide perovskites’ phase stability by combining the study with thin-film fabrication and ab initio calculations. Cs-FA mixing shows promising behaviors for stabilizing α-FAPbI3 (black phase) compared with MA-FA. Stable FA-rich perovskite films cannot be achieved via shear coating processes with MA-FA mixing. Ab initio calculations revealed that Cs-FA mixing is excellent for inhibiting phase decomposition and water incorporation. This study is the first report that FA-based halide perovskite thin films can be made with the shear coating process without MA-Br mixing. We reveal the origin of the stable film formation with Cs-FA mixing, and present future research directions for fabricating FA-based perovskite thin films using shear coating.

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Sultana, Najmin Ara, Md Obidul Islam, Mainul Hossain, and Zahid Hasan Mahmood. "Comparative Performance Study of Perovskite Solar Cell for Different Electron Transport Materials." Dhaka University Journal of Science 66, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v66i2.54553.

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In recent times, planar organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved high power conversion efficiency (PCE > 22%). Mixed organic-inorganic halide perovskites, with excellent light harvesting properties, have evolved as a promising class of semiconductors for photovoltaics. In this work, compositional and electrical characterizations of materials used for different layers of PSC have been studied. One dimensional solar cell simulator wx-AMPS is used for numerical simulation of such devices and all simulations are done under AM1.5 illuminations and 300K temperature. Investigating the influences of thickness of electron transport material (ETM), hole transporting material (HTM) and absorber on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs, it is observed that, increase in thickness of perovskite (MAPbI3) results in the increase in PCE of solar cells, whereas increase in thickness of ETM layer results in decrease in the efficiency of the devices. The ETM plays a vital role on the performance of PSC. In this paper, for the first time performances of PSC for three different ETMs (TiO2, ZnO or SnO2) are calculated and analyzed simultaneously with the simulator wx-AMPS. The photovoltaic performances have been explored and efficiencies of 27.6%, 27.5% and 28.02% are reported for perovskite solar cells with TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 as ETM respectively for a specific thickness. Finally, this simulation study concludes that ZnO and SnO2 may be effective alternatives of the commonly used material, TiO2 as they are economically more potential and give somewhat better photovoltaic performance. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(2): 109-114, 2018 (July)

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Charles, U. A., M. A. Ibrahim, and M. A. M. Teridi. "Electrodeposition of organic–inorganic tri-halide perovskites solar cell." Journal of Power Sources 378 (February 2018): 717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.075.

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Kim, Daehan, Hee Joon Jung, Ik Jae Park, Bryon W. Larson, Sean P. Dunfield, Chuanxiao Xiao, Jekyung Kim, et al. "Efficient, stable silicon tandem cells enabled by anion-engineered wide-bandgap perovskites." Science 368, no. 6487 (March 26, 2020): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3433.

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Maximizing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells that can exceed the Shockley-Queisser single-cell limit requires a high-performing, stable perovskite top cell with a wide bandgap. We developed a stable perovskite solar cell with a bandgap of ~1.7 electron volts that retained more than 80% of its initial PCE of 20.7% after 1000 hours of continuous illumination. Anion engineering of phenethylammonium-based two-dimensional (2D) additives was critical for controlling the structural and electrical properties of the 2D passivation layers based on a lead iodide framework. The high PCE of 26.7% of a monolithic two-terminal wide-bandgap perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell was made possible by the ideal combination of spectral responses of the top and bottom cells.

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Lipiński, M., R. P. Socha, A. Kędra, K. Gawlińska, G. Kulesza-Matlak, Ł. Major, K. Drabczyk, et al. "Studying of Perovskite Nanoparticles in PMMA Matrix Used As Light Converter for Silicon Solar Cell." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0264.

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AbstractThe nanoparticles of CH3NH3PbBr3hybrid perovskites were synthesized. These perovskite nanoparticles we embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in order to obtain the composite, which we used as light converter for silicon solar cells. It was shown that the composite emit the light with the intensity maximum at about 527 nm when exited by a short wavelength (300÷450 nm) of light. The silicon solar cells were used to examine the effect of down-conversion (DC) process by perovskite nanoparticles embedded in PMMA. For experiments, two groups of monocrystalline silicon solar cells were used. The first one included the solar cells without surface texturization and antireflection coating. The second one included the commercial cells with surface texturization and antireflection coating. In every series of the cells one part of the cells were covered by composite (CH3NH3PbBr3in PMMA) layer and second part of cells by pure PMMA for comparison. It was shown that External Quantum Efficiency EQE of the photovoltaic cells covered by composite (CH3NH3PbBr3in PMMA) layer was improved in both group of the cells but unfortunately the Internal Quantum Efficiency was reduced. This reduction was caused by high absorption of the short wavelength light and reabsorption of the luminescence light. Therefore, the CH3NH3PbBr3perovskite nanoparticles embedded in PMMA matrix were unable to increase silicon solar cell efficiency in the tested systems.

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Hajjiah, Ali, Ishac Kandas, and Nader Shehata. "Efficiency Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells with Plasmonic Nanoparticles: A Simulation Study." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091626.

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Recently, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have been extensively studied due to their promising optical properties with relatively low-cost and simple processing. However, the perovskite solar cells have some low optical absorption in the visible spectrum, especially around the red region. In this paper, an improvement of perovskite solar cell efficiency is studied via simulations through adding plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) at the rear side of the solar cell. The plasmonic resonance wavelength is selected to be very close to the spectrum range of lower absorption of the perovskite: around 600 nm. Both gold and silver nanoparticles (Au and Ag NPs) are selected to introduce the plasmonic effect with diameters above 40 nm, to get an overlap between the plasmonic resonance spectrum and the requested lower absorption spectrum of the perovskite layer. Simulations show the increase in the short circuit current density (Jsc) as a result of adding Au and Ag NPs, respectively. Enhancement in Jsc is observed as the diameter of both Au and Ag NPs is increased beyond 40 nm. Furthermore, there is a slight increase in the reflection loss as the thickness of the plasmonic nanoparticles at the rear side of the solar cell is increased. A significant decrease in the current loss due to transmission is achieved as the size of the nanoparticles increases. As a comparison, slightly higher enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE) can be achieved in case of adding Ag NPs rather than Au NPs.

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Taurisano, Nicola, Gianluca Bravetti, Sonia Carallo, Meiying Liang, Oskar Ronan, Dahnan Spurling, João Coelho, et al. "Inclusion of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Perovskite Inks and Their Influence on Solar Cell Performance." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071706.

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Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have raised great interest in recent years due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, which promise stunning improvements in photovoltaic technologies. Moreover, two-dimensional layered materials such as graphene, its derivatives, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been extensively investigated for a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic applications and have recently shown a synergistic effect in combination with hybrid perovskite materials. Here, we report on the inclusion of liquid-phase exfoliated molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into different perovskite precursor solutions, exploring their influence on final device performance. We compared the effect of such additives upon the growth of diverse perovskites, namely CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) and triple-cation with mixed halides Csx (MA0.17FA0.83)(1−x)Pb (I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite. We show how for the referential MAPbI3 materials the addition of the MoS2 additive leads to the formation of larger, highly crystalline grains, which result in a remarkable 15% relative improvement in power conversion efficiency. On the other hand, for the mixed cation–halide perovskite no improvements were observed, confirming that the nucleation process for the two materials is differently influenced by the presence of MoS2.

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Herckens, Roald, Wouter T. M. Van Gompel, Wenya Song, María C. Gélvez-Rueda, Arthur Maufort, Bart Ruttens, Jan D'Haen, et al. "Multi-layered hybrid perovskites templated with carbazole derivatives: optical properties, enhanced moisture stability and solar cell characteristics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 45 (2018): 22899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08019d.

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Ganesan, R., S. P. Vinodhini, V. Balasubramani, G. Parthipan, T. M. Sridhar, R. Arulmozhi, and R. Muralidharan. "Tuning the band gap of hybrid lead free defect perovskite nano crystals for solar cell applications." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 38 (2019): 15258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03902c.

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Rendon, Sabine. "Solar Cells Based on Light-absorbing Dyes and Perovskites." Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v2i2.1062.

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The first solar cell was invented nearly two centuries ago, but during the recent years the progress has been rapid. In addition to the well known silicon soler cells, there is now a large number of other solar cells. These solar cells have many interesting properties, such as the the color, design and manufacturing processes. This paper discusses the solar cells based on light-absorbing dyes and perovskites.

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Wang, Ke, Benjamin Ecker, and Yongli Gao. "Photoemission Studies on the Environmental Stability of Thermal Evaporated MAPbI3 Thin Films and MAPbBr3 Single Crystals." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072005.

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Hybrid organic inorganic perovskites have been considered as a potential candidate for the next generational solar cell due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and rapid development in recent years. However, the biggest challenge to prevent them from massive commercial use is their long-term stability. Photoemission spectroscopy has been widely used to investigate properties of the perovskites, which provide critical insights to better understand the degradation mechanisms. In this article, we review mainly our photoemission studies on the degradation processes of perovskite thin films and single crystals with different environmental factors, such as gases, water, and light by monitoring changes of chemical composition and electronic structure. These studies on the effects by different environmental parameters are discussed for the understanding of the stability issues and the possible solutions.

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Shin, Seong Gwan, and Hyung Wook Choi. "Improvement of Characteristics of Metal Doped TiO2 Thin Film and Application to Perovskite Solar Cell." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 7130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18846.

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Over the past three decades, the development of renewable energy technologies has attracted significant attention to overcome both environmental pollution and global warming. Recently, a new type of solar cell based on an organic–inorganic halide perovskite material has been developed. Perovskite solar cells (PSC) were first reported in 2009; their efficiencies increased rapidly from 3.8% to 22%. PSCs have many advantages owing to their use of simple processing technology and stable materials. Perovskite materials have a general formula of ABX, where A is generally methyl ammonium CH3NH3+ (MA), B is a metal ion, such as Pb or Sn, and × represents a halogen ion. A distinct advantage of lead-based perovskites (i.e., MAPbX3) is that their band gaps can be easily tuned, from 1.2 to 2.3 eV, by varying their compositions and anions. Titanium dioxide is as often used as an electron transport layer due to its high chemical and optical stability, non-toxicity, low cost, and resistance to corrosion. TiO2 films can be characterized by the defects in their preparation, such as density fluctuations, pinholes, and cracks; these defects can reduce electrical conductivity and cause recombination. In this study, we have demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of TiO2 thin films is improved by its doping with Al3+. When applied to a PSC, the doped thin film improves the charge transfer of the solar cell and increases its efficiency. Our results suggest that Al3+ nanoparticles in the TiO2 layer may contribute to the improvement of the PSC.

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Pujiarti, Herlin, Rahmat Hidayat, and Priastuti Wulandari. "Effect of Lead-Free Perovskite Cs₂SnI₆ Addition in the Structure of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Key Engineering Materials 860 (August 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.860.22.

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Over the past few years, metal halide perovskites have been considered as a promising material for application in photovoltaic devices because of its unique optical and electrical properties. In particular, Sn-based perovskites have been being considered to replace Pb-based perovskite because of the Pb toxicity that will raise serious concerns on the environmental issue. In this report, we present our attempt to synthesize the Sn-based perovskite (namely, Cs2SnI6), which is air and thermal stable, and use it as an electron transport layer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) for improving its power conversion efficiency. The synthesize of Cs2SnI6 perovskite was done by mixing Cs2CO3 in HI and SnI4 in ethanol to form a precipitate at room temperature. The purification process was an important part to collect effectively the synthesis product. The fabrication of DSSC was done by a standard process based on the screen printing and spin-coating techniques, while the characterization of Cs2SnI6 was done by UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD measurement. In the present experiment, the addition of the Cs2SnI6 layer was performed by spin coating the Cs2SnI6 solution onto the TiO2 mesoporous layer. The photovoltaic performance of the fabricated DSSC shows a significant enhancement in the short circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and conversion efficiency, that is, from 15.04 mA/cm2 to 16.33 mA/cm2 from 5.7% to 6.75% due to the incorporation of spin-coated 5 mM Cs2SnI6 in comparison to the reference cell without Cs2SnI6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perovskites solar cell'

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