Journal articles: 'Perovskity'

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Meyer, Edson, Dorcas Mutukwa, Nyengerai Zingwe, and Raymond Taziwa. "Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites: A Review of the Structural, Optical, and Stability Properties as Well as Their Viability to Replace Lead Halide Perovskites." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090667.

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Perovskite solar cells employ lead halide perovskite materials as light absorbers. These perovskite materials have shown exceptional optoelectronic properties, making perovskite solar cells a fast-growing solar technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved a record efficiency of over 20%, which has superseded the efficiency of Gräztel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology. Even with their exceptional optical and electric properties, lead halide perovskites suffer from poor stability. They degrade when exposed to moisture, heat, and UV radiation, which has hindered their commercialization. Moreover, halide perovskite materials consist of lead, which is toxic. Thus, exposure to these materials leads to detrimental effects on human health. Halide double perovskites with A2B′B″X6 (A = Cs, MA; B′ = Bi, Sb; B″ = Cu, Ag, and X = Cl, Br, I) have been investigated as potential replacements of lead halide perovskites. This work focuses on providing a detailed review of the structural, optical, and stability properties of these proposed perovskites as well as their viability to replace lead halide perovskites. The triumphs and challenges of the proposed lead-free A2B′B″X6 double perovskites are discussed here in detail.

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Yang, Bilin, Yujun Xie, Pan Zeng, Yurong Dong, Qiongrong Ou, and Shuyu Zhang. "Tightly Compacted Perovskite Laminates on Flexible Substrates via Hot-Pressing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10061917.

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Pressure and temperature are powerful tools applied to perovskites to achieve recrystallization. Lamination, based on recrystallization of perovskites, avoids the limitations and improves the compatibility of materials and solvents in perovskite device architectures. In this work, we demonstrate tightly compacted perovskite laminates on flexible substrates via hot-pressing and investigate the effect of hot-pressing conditions on the lamination qualities and optical properties of perovskite laminates. The optimized laminates achieved at a temperature of 90 °C and a pressure of 10 MPa could sustain a horizontal pulling pressure of 636 kPa and a vertical pulling pressure of 71 kPa. Perovskite laminates exhibit increased crystallinity and a crystallization orientation preference to the (100) direction. The optical properties of laminated perovskites are almost identical to those of pristine perovskites, and the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) survives the negative impact of thermal degradation. This work demonstrates a promising approach to physically laminating perovskite films, which may accelerate the development of roll-to-roll printed perovskite devices and perovskite tandem architectures in the future.

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Mitchell, Roger H., Mark D. Welch, and Anton R. Chakhmouradian. "Nomenclature of the perovskite supergroup: A hierarchical system of classification based on crystal structure and composition." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 3 (June 2017): 411–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.156.

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AbstractOn the basis of extensive studies of synthetic perovskite-structured compounds it is possible to derive a hierarchy of hettotype structures which are derivatives of the arisotypic cubic perovskite structure (ABX3), exemplified by SrTiO3 (tausonite) or KMgF3 (parascandolaite) by: (1) tilting and distortion of the BX6 octahedra; (2) ordering of A- and B-site cations; (3) formation of A-, B- or X-site vacancies. This hierarchical scheme can be applied to some naturally-occurring oxides, fluorides,hydroxides, chlorides, arsenides, intermetallic compounds and silicates which adopt such derivative crystal structures. Application of this hierarchical scheme to naturally-occurring minerals results in the recognition of a perovskite supergroup which is divided into stoichiometric and non-stoichiometricperovskite groups, with both groups further divided into single ABX3 or double A2BB'X6 perovskites. Subgroups, and potential subgroups, of stoichiometric perovskites include: (1) silicate single perovskites of the bridgmanite subgroup;(2) oxide single perovskites of the perovskite subgroup (tausonite, perovskite, loparite, lueshite, isolueshite, lakargiite, megawite); (3) oxide single perovskites of the macedonite subgroup which exhibit second order Jahn-Teller distortions (macedonite, barioperovskite); (4) fluoride singleperovskites of the neighborite subgroup (neighborite, parascandolaite); (5) chloride single perovskites of the chlorocalcite subgroup; (6) B-site cation ordered double fluoride perovskites of the cryolite subgroup (cryolite, elpasolite, simmonsite); (7) B-site cation orderedoxide double perovskites of the vapnikite subgroup [vapnikite, (?) latrappite]. Non-stoichiometric perovskites include: (1) A-site vacant double hydroxides, or hydroxide perovskites, belonging to the söhngeite, schoenfliesite and stottite subgroups; (2) Anion-deficient perovskitesof the brownmillerite subgroup (srebrodolskite, shulamitite); (3) A-site vacant quadruple perovskites (skutterudite subgroup); (4) B-site vacant single perovskites of the oskarssonite subgroup [oskarssonite]; (5) B-site vacant inverse single perovskites of the coheniteand auricupride subgroups; (6) B-site vacant double perovskites of the diaboleite subgroup; (7) anion-deficient partly-inverse B-site quadruple perovskites of the hematophanite subgroup.

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Korolev, Viacheslav I., Anatoly P. Pushkarev, Petr A. Obraztsov, Anton N. Tsypkin, Anvar A. Zakhidov, and Sergey V. Makarov. "Enhanced terahertz emission from imprinted halide perovskite nanostructures." Nanophotonics 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0377.

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AbstractLead halide perovskites were known to be a prospective family of materials for terahertz (THz) generation. On the other hand, perovskite nanostructures, nanoantennas, and metasurfaces allow tailoring perovskites optical characteristics, resulting in more efficient interaction with incident or emitted light. Moreover, the perovskites are robust materials against formation of defects caused by mechanical deformations and can be efficiently nanostructured by various high throughput methods. In this work, we have enhanced THz emission from MAPbI3 perovskite upon femtosecond laser irradiation using nanoimprint lithography. The formed nanostructures not only improve absorption of the incident laser pulses, but also lead to a non-symmetric near-field distribution. As a result, we have enhanced the efficiency of THz emission from the nanostructured perovskite by 3.5 times as compared with a smooth perovskite film. Our results paved the way for a new application of large-scale perovskite nanostructuring, making halide perovskites competitive with more expensive conventional semiconductors for THz generation.

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McDonald, Calum, Chengsheng Ni, Paul Maguire, Paul Connor, John Irvine, Davide Mariotti, and Vladimir Svrcek. "Nanostructured Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101481.

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Over the past decade, lead halide perovskites have emerged as one of the leading photovoltaic materials due to their long carrier lifetimes, high absorption coefficients, high tolerance to defects, and facile processing methods. With a bandgap of ~1.6 eV, lead halide perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies in excess of 25%. Despite this, poor material stability along with lead contamination remains a significant barrier to commercialization. Recently, low-dimensional perovskites, where at least one of the structural dimensions is measured on the nanoscale, have demonstrated significantly higher stabilities, and although their power conversion efficiencies are slightly lower, these materials also open up the possibility of quantum-confinement effects such as carrier multiplication. Furthermore, both bulk perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites have been demonstrated to form hybrids with silicon nanocrystals, where numerous device architectures can be exploited to improve efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of perovskite solar cells, and report the current progress in nanoscale perovskites, such as low-dimensional perovskites, perovskite quantum dots, and perovskite-nanocrystal hybrid solar cells.

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Heidari Gourji, Fatemeh, and Dhayalan Velauthapillai. "A Review on Cs-Based Pb-Free Double Halide Perovskites: From Theoretical and Experimental Studies to Doping and Applications." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072010.

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Despite the progressive enhancement in the flexibility of Pb-based perovskites for optoelectronic applications, regrettably, they are facing two main challenges; (1) instability, which originates from using organic components in the perovskite structure, and (2) toxicity due to Pb. Therefore, new, stable non-toxic perovskite materials are demanded to overcome these drawbacks. The research community has been working on a wide variety of Pb-free perovskites with different molecular formulas and dimensionality. A variety of Pb-free halide double perovskites have been widely explored by different research groups in search for stable, non-toxic double perovskite material. Especially, Cs-based Pb-free halide double perovskite has been in focus recently. Herein, we present a review of theoretical and experimental research on Cs-based Pb-free double halide perovskites of structural formulas Cs2M+M3+X6 (M+ = Ag+, Na+, In+ etc.; M3+= Bi3+, In3+, Sb3+; X = Cl−, Br−, I¯) and Cs2M4+X6 (M4+ = Ti4+, Sn4+, Au4+ etc.). We also present the challenges faced by these perovskite compounds and their current applications especially in photovoltaics alongside the effect of metal dopants on their performance.

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Era, Masanao, Yumeko Komatsu, and Naotaka Sakamoto. "Enhancement of Exciton Emission in Lead Halide-Based Layered Perovskites by Cation Mixing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12295.

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Spin-coated films of a lead halide, PbX: X = I and Br, layered perovskites having cyclohexenylethyl ammonium molecule as an organic layer, which were mixed with other metal halide-based layered perovskites consisting of various divalent metal halides (for example, CaI2, CdI2, FeI2, SnBr2 and so on), were prepared. The results of X-ray diffraction measurements exhibited that solid solution formation between PbX-based layered perovskite and other divalent metal halide-based layered perovskites was observed up to very high molar concentration of 50 molar% in the mixed film samples when divalent cations having ionic radius close to that of Pb2+ were employed. In the solid solution films, the exciton emission was much enhanced at room temperature. Exciton emission intensity of PbI-based layered perovskite mixed with CaI-based layered perovskite (20 molar%) is about 5 times large that of the pristine PbI-based layered perovskite, and that of PbBr-based layered perovskite mixed with SnBr-based layered perovskite (20 molar%) was also about 5 times large that of the pristine PbBr-based layered perovskite at room temperature.

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Wyn Jones, Eurig, Peter James Holliman, Leon Bowen, Arthur Connell, Christopher Kershaw, and Diana Elizabeth Meza-Rojas. "Hybrid Al2O3-CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites towards Avoiding Toxic Solvents." Materials 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010243.

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We report the synthesis of organometal halide perovskites by milling CH3NH3I and PbI2 directly with an Al2O3 scaffold to create hybrid Al2O3-CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, without the use of organic capping ligands that otherwise limit the growth of the material in the three dimensions. Not only does this improve the ambient stability of perovskites in air (100 min versus 5 min for dimethylformamide (DMF)-processed material), the method also uses much fewer toxic solvents (terpineol versus dimethylformamide). This has been achieved by solid-state reaction of the perovskite precursors to produce larger perovskite nanoparticles. The resulting hybrid perovskite–alumina particles effectively improve the hydrophobicity of the perovskite phase whilst the increased thermal mass of the Al2O3 increases the thermal stability of the organic cation. Raman data show the incorporation of Al2O3 shifts the perovskite spectrum, suggesting the formation of a hybrid 3D mesoporous stack. Laser-induced current mapping (LBIC) and superoxide generation measurements, coupled to thermogravimetric analysis, show that these hybrid perovskites demonstrate slightly improved oxygen and thermal stability, whilst ultra-fast X-ray diffraction studies using synchrotron radiation show substantial (20×) increase in humidity stability. Overall, these data show considerably improved ambient stability of the hybrid perovskites compared to the solution-processed material.

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Wang, Fangfang, Qing Chang, Yikai Yun, Sizhou Liu, You Liu, Jungan Wang, Yinyu Fang, et al. "Hole-Transporting Low-Dimensional Perovskite for Enhancing Photovoltaic Performance." Research 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9797053.

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Halide perovskites with low-dimensionalities (2D or quasi-2D) have demonstrated outstanding stabilities compared to their 3D counterparts. Nevertheless, poor charge-transporting abilities of organic components in 2D perovskites lead to relatively low power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thus limit their applications in photovoltaics. Here, we report a novel hole-transporting low-dimensional (HT2D) perovskite, which can form a hole-transporting channel on the top surface of 3D perovskite due to self-assembly effects of metal halide frameworks. This HT2D perovskite can significantly reduce interface trap densities and enhance hole-extracting abilities of a heterojunction region between the 3D perovskite and hole-transporting layer. Furthermore, the posttreatment by HT2D can also reduce the crystal defects of perovskite and improve film morphology. As a result, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can effectively suppress nonradiative recombination, leading to an increasement on photovoltage to >1.20 V and thus achieving >20% power conversion efficiency and >500 h continuous illumination stability. This work provides a pathway to overcome charge-transporting limitations in low-dimensional perovskites and delivers significant enhancements on performance of PSCs.

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Wong, Walter P. D., John V. Hanna, and Andrew C. Grimsdale. "The classification of 1D `perovskites'." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 77, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520621004376.

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There has been a huge amount of interest in perovskites recently and new structures of hybrid perovskites are frequently reported. The classification of perovskites has been unambiguous in the discussion of 3D and layered 2D perovskites due to the dimensional constraints. However, in 1D perovskites, the additional degrees of freedom have resulted in a large number of possible structural configurations. The new proposed notation aims to classify these structures based on the connectivity of the octahedra of the perovskite, which has a periodic repeating pattern. However, the notation should be restricted to simple 1D perovskites and haloplumbate structures as the notation would become too cumbersome when applied to an exotic framework which has 3D characteristics, such as perovskite polytypes.

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Burger, Stefan, Shivani Grover, Keith T. Butler, Hanna L. B. Boström, Ricardo Grau-Crespo, and Gregor Kieslich. "Tilt and shift polymorphism in molecular perovskites." Materials Horizons 8, no. 9 (2021): 2444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00578b.

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Zhang, Taiyang, Yuetian Chen, Miao Kan, Shumao Xu, Yanfeng Miao, Xingtao Wang, Meng Ren, Haoran Chen, Xiaomin Liu, and Yixin Zhao. "MA Cation-Induced Diffusional Growth of Low-Bandgap FA-Cs Perovskites Driven by Natural Gradient Annealing." Research 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9765106.

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Low-bandgap formamidinium-cesium (FA-Cs) perovskites of FA1-xCsxPbI3 (x<0.1) are promising candidates for efficient and robust perovskite solar cells, but their black-phase crystallization is very sensitive to annealing temperature. Unfortunately, the low heat conductivity of the glass substrate builds up a temperature gradient within from bottom to top and makes the initial annealing temperature of the perovskite film lower than the black-phase crystallization point (~150°C). Herein, we take advantage of such temperature gradient for the diffusional growth of high-quality FA-Cs perovskites by introducing a thermally unstable MA+ cation, which would firstly form α-phase FA-MA-Cs mixed perovskites with low formation energy at the hot bottom of the perovskite films in the early annealing stage. The natural gradient annealing temperature and the thermally unstable MA+ cation then lead to the bottom-to-top diffusional growth of highly orientated α-phase FA-Cs perovskite, which exhibits 10-fold of enhanced crystallinity and reduced trap density (~3.85×1015 cm−3). Eventually, such FA-Cs perovskite films were fabricated into stable solar cell devices with champion efficiency up to 23.11%, among the highest efficiency of MA-free perovskite solar cells.

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Bartel, Christopher J., Christopher Sutton, Bryan R. Goldsmith, Runhai Ouyang, Charles B. Musgrave, Luca M. Ghiringhelli, and Matthias Scheffler. "New tolerance factor to predict the stability of perovskite oxides and halides." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaav0693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0693.

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Predicting the stability of the perovskite structure remains a long-standing challenge for the discovery of new functional materials for many applications including photovoltaics and electrocatalysts. We developed an accurate, physically interpretable, and one-dimensional tolerance factor, τ, that correctly predicts 92% of compounds as perovskite or nonperovskite for an experimental dataset of 576 ABX3 materials (X = O2−, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) using a novel data analytics approach based on SISSO (sure independence screening and sparsifying operator). τ is shown to generalize outside the training set for 1034 experimentally realized single and double perovskites (91% accuracy) and is applied to identify 23,314 new double perovskites (A2BB′X6) ranked by their probability of being stable as perovskite. This work guides experimentalists and theorists toward which perovskites are most likely to be successfully synthesized and demonstrates an approach to descriptor identification that can be extended to arbitrary applications beyond perovskite stability predictions.

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Chen, Lung-Chien, Ching-Ho Tien, Yang-Cheng Jhou, and Wei-Cheng Lin. "Co-Solvent Controllable Engineering of MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 Lead–Tin Mixed Perovskites for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Stability." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102438.

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Use of a lead–tin mixed perovskite is generally considered an effective method to broaden the absorption wavelength of perovskite thin films. However, the preparation of lead–tin mixed perovskites is a major challenge due to the multivalent state of tin and stability in the atmosphere. This study attempted to replace the organic cation and metal elements of perovskites with a relatively thermal stable formamidinium (FA+) and a more environmentally friendly tin element. MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 lead–tin mixed perovskite thin films were prepared with the one-step spin-coating method. By adjusting the dimethylformamide (DMF):dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration ratio of the lead–tin mixed perovskite precursor solution, the surface morphologies, crystallinity, and light-absorbing properties of the films were changed during synthesis to optimize the lead–tin mixed perovskite films as a light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cells. The quality of the prepared lead–tin mixed perovskite film was the highest when the ratio of DMF:DMSO = 1:4. The power-conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell prepared with the film was 8.05%.

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Hirose, Kei, Ryosuke Sinmyo, and John Hernlund. "Perovskite in Earth’s deep interior." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8561.

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Silicate perovskite-type phases are the most abundant constituent inside our planet and are the predominant minerals in Earth’s lower mantle more than 660 kilometers below the surface. Magnesium-rich perovskite is a major lower mantle phase and undergoes a phase transition to post-perovskite near the bottom of the mantle. Calcium-rich perovskite is proportionally minor but may host numerous trace elements that record chemical differentiation events. The properties of mantle perovskites are the key to understanding the dynamic evolution of Earth, as they strongly influence the transport properties of lower mantle rocks. Perovskites are expected to be an important constituent of rocky planets larger than Mars and thus play a major role in modulating the evolution of terrestrial planets throughout the universe.

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Kim, Young-Hoon, Himchan Cho, and Tae-Woo Lee. "Metal halide perovskite light emitters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (September 27, 2016): 11694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607471113.

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Twenty years after layer-type metal halide perovskites were successfully developed, 3D metal halide perovskites (shortly, perovskites) were recently rediscovered and are attracting multidisciplinary interest from physicists, chemists, and material engineers. Perovskites have a crystal structure composed of five atoms per unit cell (ABX3) with cation A positioned at a corner, metal cation B at the center, and halide anion X at the center of six planes and unique optoelectronic properties determined by the crystal structure. Because of very narrow spectra (full width at half-maximum ≤20 nm), which are insensitive to the crystallite/grain/particle dimension and wide wavelength range (400 nm ≤ λ ≤ 780 nm), perovskites are expected to be promising high-color purity light emitters that overcome inherent problems of conventional organic and inorganic quantum dot emitters. Within the last 2 y, perovskites have already demonstrated their great potential in light-emitting diodes by showing high electroluminescence efficiency comparable to those of organic and quantum dot light-emitting diodes. This article reviews the progress of perovskite emitters in two directions of bulk perovskite polycrystalline films and perovskite nanoparticles, describes current challenges, and suggests future research directions for researchers to encourage them to collaborate and to make a synergetic effect in this rapidly emerging multidisciplinary field.

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Cheng, Lu, Chang Yi, Yunfang Tong, Lin Zhu, Gunnar Kusch, Xiaoyu Wang, Xinjiang Wang, et al. "Halide Homogenization for High-Performance Blue Perovskite Electroluminescence." Research 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/9017871.

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Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have achieved great progress in recent years. However, bright and spectrally stable blue perovskite LED remains a significant challenge. Three-dimensional mixed-halide perovskites have potential to achieve high brightness electroluminescence, but their emission spectra are unstable as a result of halide phase separation. Here, we reveal that there is already heterogeneous distribution of halides in the as-deposited perovskite films, which can trace back to the nonuniform mixture of halides in the precursors. By simply introducing cationic surfactants to improve the homogeneity of the halides in the precursor solution, we can overcome the phase segregation issue and obtain spectrally stable single-phase blue-emitting perovskites. We demonstrate efficient blue perovskite LEDs with high brightness, e.g., luminous efficacy of 4.7, 2.9, and 0.4 lm W-1 and luminance of over 37,000, 9,300, and 1,300 cd m-2 for sky blue, blue, and deep blue with Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.068, 0.268), (0.091, 0.165), and (0.129, 0.061), respectively, suggesting real promise of perovskites for LED applications.

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Akinbami, O., G. N. Ngubeni, F. Otieno, R. Kadzutu-Sithole, E. C. Linganiso, Z. N. Tetana, S. S. Gqoba, K. P. Mubiayi, and N. Moloto. "The effect of temperature and time on the properties of 2D Cs2ZnBr4 perovskite nanocrystals and their application in a Schottky barrier device." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 18 (2021): 6022–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00264c.

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2D hybrid perovskites are promising materials for solar cell applications, in particular, cesium-based perovskite nanocrystals as they offer the stability that is absent in organic–inorganic perovskites.

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Eperon, Giles E., Giuseppe M. Paternò, Rebecca J. Sutton, Andrea Zampetti, Amir Abbas Haghighirad, Franco Cacialli, and Henry J. Snaith. "Inorganic caesium lead iodide perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 39 (2015): 19688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06398a.

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The vast majority of perovskite solar cell research has focused on organic–inorganic lead trihalide perovskites; herein, we present working inorganic CsPbI₃perovskite solar cells for the first time.

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Liu, Zhengzheng, Sihao Huang, Juan Du, Chunwei Wang, and Yuxin Leng. "Advances in inorganic and hybrid perovskites for miniaturized lasers." Nanophotonics 9, no. 8 (March 11, 2020): 2251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0572.

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AbstractThe rapid advancement of perovskite-based optoelectronics devices has caught the world’s attention due to their outstanding properties, such as long carrier lifetime, low defect trap density, large absorption coefficient, narrow linewidth and high optical gain. Herein, the photonic lasing properties of perovskites are reviewed since the first stimulated emission of perovskites observed in 2014. The review is mainly focused on 3D structures based on their inherently active microcavities and externally passive microcavities of the perovskites. First, the fundamental properties in terms of crystal structure and optical characteristics of perovskites are reviewed. Then the perovskite lasers are classified into two sections based on the morphology features: the ability/inability to support lasing behaviors by themselves. Every section is further divided into two kinds of cavities according to the light reflection paths (Standing wave for the Fabry–Pérot cavity and travelling wave for the Whispering-Gallery-Mode cavity). The lasing performance involves fabrication methods, cavity sizes, thresholds, quality factors, pumping sources, etc. Finally, some challenges and prospects for perovskite lasers are given.

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Zhao, J., N. L. Ross, and R. J. Angel. "Estimation of polyhedral compressibilities and structural evolution of GdFeO3-type perovskites at high pressures." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 62, no. 3 (May 15, 2006): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768106009384.

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A new approach based on the bond-valence matching relation is developed to predict the detailed structural evolution of GdFeO3-type perovskites at high pressure from knowledge of the room-pressure structure and the high-pressure unit-cell parameters alone. The evolution of perovskite structures estimated in this way is in good agreement with the structure refinements available from high-pressure single-crystal diffraction measurements of a number of perovskites. The method is then extended to predict the structure of MgSiO3 perovskite at pressures for which no single-crystal structural data are available and the results are compared to ab initio quantum calculations of MgSiO3 perovskite up to 120 GPa.

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Ogundana, I. J., and S. Y. Foo. "Improving the Morphology of the Perovskite Absorber Layer in Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Halide Perovskite MAPbI3 Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2017 (May 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8549847.

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Recently, perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, simple fabrications, and high photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, the perovskite solar cells are lightweight and possess thin film and semitransparency. However, the nonuniformity in perovskite layer constitutes a major setback to the operation mechanism, performance, reproducibility, and degradation of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, one of the main challenges in planar perovskite devices is the fabrication of high quality films with controlled morphology and least amount of pin-holes for high performance thin film perovskite devices. The poor reproducibility in perovskite solar cells hinders the accurate fabrication of practical devices for use in real world applications, and this is primarily as a result of the inability to control the morphology of perovskites, leading to large variability in the characteristics of perovskite solar cells. Hence, the focus of research in perovskites has been mostly geared towards improving the morphology and crystallization of perovskite absorber by selecting the optimal annealing condition considering the effect of humidity. Here we report a controlled ambient condition that is necessary to grow uniform perovskite crystals. A best PCE of 7.5% was achieved along with a short-circuit current density of 15.2 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.81 V, and a fill factor of 0.612 from the perovskite solar cell prepared under 60% relative humidity.

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Fan, Ping, Huan-Xin Peng, Zhuang-Hao Zheng, Zi-Hang Chen, Shi-Jie Tan, Xing-Ye Chen, Yan-Di Luo, Zheng-Hua Su, Jing-Ting Luo, and Guang-Xing Liang. "Single-Source Vapor-Deposited Cs2AgBiBr6 Thin Films for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121760.

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Lead-free double perovskites have been considered as a potential environmentally friendly photovoltaic material for substituting the hybrid lead halide perovskites due to their high stability and nontoxicity. Here, lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films are initially fabricated by single-source evaporation deposition under high vacuum condition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterization show that the high crystallinity, flat, and pinhole-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films were obtained after post-annealing at 300 °C for 15 min. By changing the annealing temperature, annealing time, and film thickness, perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells with planar heterojunction structure of FTO/TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag achieve an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 0.70%. Our preliminary work opens a feasible approach for preparing high-quality double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films wielding considerable potential for photovoltaic application.

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Oku, Takeo. "Crystal structures of perovskite halide compounds used for solar cells." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 59, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 264–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe crystal structures of various types of perovskite halide compounds were summarized and described. Atomic arrangements of these perovskite compounds can be investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the structural models of basic perovskite halides, X-ray and electron diffractions were calculated and discussed to compare with the experimental data. Other halides such as elemental substituted or cation ordered double perovskite compounds were also described. In addition to the ordinary 3-dimensional perovskites, low dimensional perovskites with 2-, 1-, or 0-dimensionalities were summarized. The structural stabilities of the perovskite halides could be investigated computing the tolerance and octahedral factors, which can be useful for the guideline of elemental substitution to improve the structures and properties, and several low toxic halides were proposed. For the device conformation, highly crystalline-orientated grains and dendritic structures can be formed and affected the photo-voltaic properties. The actual crystal structures of perovskite halides in the thin film configuration were studied by Rietveld analysis optimizing the atomic coordinates and occupancies with low residual factors. These results are useful for structure analysis of perovskite halide crystals, which are expected to be next-generation solar cell materials.

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Hiragond, Chaitanya B., Niket S. Powar, and Su-Il In. "Recent Developments in Lead and Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Nanostructures towards Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122569.

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Perovskite materials have been widely considered as emerging photocatalysts for CO2 reduction due to their extraordinary physicochemical and optical properties. Perovskites offer a wide range of benefits compared to conventional semiconductors, including tunable bandgap, high surface energy, high charge carrier lifetime, and flexible crystal structure, making them ideal for high-performance photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Notably, defect-induced perovskites, for example, crystallographic defects in perovskites, have given excellent opportunities to tune perovskites’ catalytic properties. Recently, lead (Pb) halide perovskite and their composites or heterojunction with other semiconductors, metal nanoparticles (NPs), metal complexes, graphene, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been well established for CO2 conversion. Besides, various halide perovskites have come under focus to avoid the toxicity of lead-based materials. Therefore, we reviewed the recent progress made by Pb and Pb-free halide perovskites in photo-assisted CO2 reduction into useful chemicals. We also discussed the importance of various factors like change in solvent, structure defects, and compositions in the fabrication of halide perovskites to efficiently convert CO2 into value-added products.

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Supianto, Mulya, Suyanta Suyanta, and Indriana Kartini. "An Interplay Role between Ammonium and Halide Anions as Additives in Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃." Materials Science Forum 948 (March 2019): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.948.287.

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Methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites have emerged as attractive materials for solar cell applications. The major eminence of this materials can be crystallized via various solution methods to produce the solid state of thin films. However, the crystallinity of perovskite depends on the composition of perovskites. Here, we study NH4Cl and NH4Br as precursor additives for improving crystallinity of perovskites. Perovskite was synthesized by mixing precursor solutions of CH3NH3I and Pb(Ac)2with or without additives NH4Cl and NH4Br using the one-step spin-coating method. By characterizing the thin films using XRD, SEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, we found anion Cl and Br performed an important role toward crystallinity, morphology, and optical absorption of perovskites, respectively. Meanwhile, ammonium has assisted to facile remove the residual DMSO solvent confirmed by FTIR. These results shed light on using ammonium halides as potentially dual side additives in the synthesis of perovskites.

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Gao, Zhan, Yifan Zheng, Guancheng Huang, Genjie Yang, Xinge Yu, and Junsheng Yu. "Additive Modulated Perovskite Microstructures for High Performance Photodetectors." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121090.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have been widely used as light sensitive components for high-efficient photodetectors due to their superior optoelectronic properties. However, the unwanted crystallographic defects of perovskites typically result in high dark current, and thus limit the performance of the device. Herein, we introduce a simple route of microstructures control in MAPbI3 perovskites that associates with introducing an additive of 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydridean (BPTCD) for crystallization adjustment of the perovskite film. The BPTCD additive can facilitate the formation of high-quality perovskite film with a compact and nearly pinhole-free morphology. Through characterizing the molecular interactions, it was found that the carbonyl groups in BPTCD is the key reason that promoted the nucleation and crystallization of MAPbI3. As a result, we obtained high-efficient and stable perovskite photodetectors with low dark current of 9.98 × 10−8 A at −0.5 V, an on/off ratio value of 103, and a high detectivity exceeding 1012 Jones over the visible region.

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Thrithamarassery Gangadharan, Deepak, and Dongling Ma. "Searching for stability at lower dimensions: current trends and future prospects of layered perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 10 (2019): 2860–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee01591d.

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Two-dimensional perovskites are an attractive alternative to 3D perovskites for solar cell application as they directly address a critical issue of stability of 3D perovskite solar cells, while achieving similarly high power conversion efficiencies.

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Ma, Chunqing, Dong Shen, Bin Huang, Xiaocui Li, Wen-Cheng Chen, Ming-Fai Lo, Pengfei Wang, et al. "High performance low-dimensional perovskite solar cells based on a one dimensional lead iodide perovskite." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 15 (2019): 8811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01859j.

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De Giorgi, Maria Luisa, Stefania Milanese, Argyro Klini, and Marco Anni. "Environment-Induced Reversible Modulation of Optical and Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites and Possible Applications to Sensor Development: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030705.

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Lead halide perovskites are currently widely investigated as active materials in photonic and optoelectronic devices. While the lack of long term stability actually limits their application to commercial devices, several experiments demonstrated that beyond the irreversible variation of the material properties due to degradation, several possibilities exist to reversibly modulate the perovskite characteristics by acting on the environmental conditions. These results clear the way to possible applications of lead halide perovskites to resistive and optical sensors. In this review we will describe the current state of the art of the comprehension of the environmental effects on the optical and electronic properties of lead halide perovskites, and of the exploitation of these results for the development of perovskite-based sensors.

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Chen, Yuetian, and Yixin Zhao. "Incorporating quantum dots for high efficiency and stable perovskite photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 47 (2020): 25017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09096d.

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Liu, Wei, Liang Chu, Nanjing Liu, Yuhui Ma, Ruiyuan Hu, Yakui Weng, Hui Li, Jian Zhang, Xing’ao Li, and Wei Huang. "Efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated by manganese cations incorporated in hybrid perovskites." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 38 (2019): 11943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03375k.

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Turren-Cruz, Silver-Hamill, Anders Hagfeldt, and Michael Saliba. "Methylammonium-free, high-performance, and stable perovskite solar cells on a planar architecture." Science 362, no. 6413 (October 11, 2018): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3583.

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Currently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high performances greater than 20% contain bromine (Br), causing a suboptimal bandgap, and the thermally unstable methylammonium (MA) molecule. Avoiding Br and especially MA can therefore result in more optimal bandgaps and stable perovskites. We show that inorganic cation tuning, using rubidium and cesium, enables highly crystalline formamidinium-based perovskites without Br or MA. On a conventional, planar device architecture, using polymeric interlayers at the electron- and hole-transporting interface, we demonstrate an efficiency of 20.35% (stabilized), one of the highest for MA-free perovskites, with a drastically improved stability reached without the stabilizing influence of mesoporous interlayers. The perovskite is not heated beyond 100°C. Going MA-free is a new direction for perovskites that are inherently stable and compatible with tandems or flexible substrates, which are the main routes commercializing PSCs.

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Yan, Kangrong, Jiehuan Chen, Huanxin Ju, Feizhi Ding, Hongzheng Chen, and Chang-Zhi Li. "Achieving high-performance thick-film perovskite solar cells with electron transporting Bingel fullerenes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 32 (2018): 15495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05636f.

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Two electron-transporting Bingel fullerenes have been developed for achieving thick-film perovskite solar cells with efficiencies beyond 19% with perovskite layers over 1 micrometer, unveiling the subtle molecular interaction between Bingel fullerenes and perovskites strongly influences the device hysteresis and performance.

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Jones, Eurig W., Peter J. Holliman, Arthur Connell, Matthew L. Davies, Jennifer Baker, Robert J. Hobbs, Sanjay Ghosh, Leo Furnell, Rosie Anthony, and Cameron Pleydell-Pearce. "A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead perovskite thin films with improved stability." Chemical Communications 52, no. 23 (2016): 4301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09859a.

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We report a solvent-free approach to synthesizing organolead perovskites by using solid state reactions to coat perovskite crystals onto Al₂O₃or TiO₂nanoparticles followed by addition of terpineol affording perovskite inks.

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36

Kumar, Anjan, and Sangeeta Singh. "Numerical modeling of planar lead free perovskite solar cell using tungsten disulfide (WS2) as an electron transport layer and Cu2O as a hole transport layer." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 24 (June 6, 2020): 2050258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920502589.

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Metal halide-perovskite solar cells have managed to attain soaring heights in power conversion efficiency in the past decade, rising from 3.8% to around 24% in 2019. Formal lead-based perovskites have captivated massive attention because of their then toxic nature and short-term stability of fabricated devices. Therefore, lead-free perovskites have drawn the researcher’s interest in recent years. In this work, we projected a unique planar perovskite structure constituted of [Formula: see text] Tungsten Disulfide [Formula: see text] lead-free perovskite[Formula: see text]. Herein, Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) acts as an electron transport layer (ETL) due to its excellent electron transport capability. The cuprous oxide is used as a hole transport layer (HTL) due to its perfect band alignment with perovskites. The proposed structure is quantitatively analyzed using a solar cell capacitance simulator. The simulation carried out revealed that tin halide perovskite (CH3NH3SnI3) is having the great potential to be an absorbent layer. The proposed configuration demonstrated excellent power configuration efficiency (PCE) of 23% at an optimized thickness of different segments. The impact of neutral defect density and position of defect energy level with respect to active layer on device performance was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that values of performance parameters ([Formula: see text], FF, [Formula: see text] and PCE) of proposed device configurations are drastically reduced with increasing the total defect density of interfacial and perovskite layers. These simulated results will help the researchers working in the specific area of lead-free perovskite solar cell (LFPSC) fabrication.

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Liu, Yalan, Chao Wang, Yurong Guo, Linlin Ma, Chenyang Zhou, Ya Liu, Lina Zhu, Xiaozeng Li, Mingxing Zhang, and Guangjiu Zhao. "New lead bromide chiral perovskites with ultra-broadband white-light emission." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 17 (2020): 5673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00881h.

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Talanov, M. V., V. B. Shirokov, and V. M. Talanov. "Anion order in perovskites: a group-theoretical analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 72, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273315022147.

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Anion ordering in the structure of cubic perovskite has been investigated by the group-theoretical method. The possibility of the existence of 261 ordered low-symmetry structures, each with a unique space-group symmetry, is established. These results include five binary and 14 ternary anion superstructures. The 261 idealized anion-ordered perovskite structures are considered as aristotypes, giving rise to different derivatives. The structures of these derivatives are formed by tilting ofBO6octahedra, distortions caused by the cooperative Jahn–Teller effect and other physical effects. Some derivatives of aristotypes exist as real substances, and some as virtual ones. A classification of aristotypes of anion superstructures in perovskite is proposed: theAXclass (the simultaneous ordering ofAcations and anions in cubic perovskite structure), theBXclass (the simultaneous ordering ofBcations and anions) and theXclass (the ordering of anions only in cubic perovskite structure). In most perovskites anion ordering is accompanied by cation ordering. Therefore, the main classes of anion order in perovskites are theAXandBXclasses. The calculated structures of some anion superstructures are reported. Comparison of predictions and experimentally investigated anion superstructures shows coherency of theoretical and experimental results.

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Deluque Toro, Crispulo Enrique, David Arsenio Landinez Tellez, Jairo Arbey Rodriguez Martinez, and Jairo Roa Rojas. "Estudio AB-Initio de las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas de la doble Perovskita Ba2InTaO6." Respuestas 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.429.

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Los materiales de tipo Perovskita doble con fórmula genérica A2BB’O6 han sido ampliamente estudiados en los últimos años debido a su gran versatilidad, la cual permite la inclusión de iones de tipo alcalino térreo en los sitios A de la estructura y metales de transición en los sitios B y B’, dando origen a diversas propiedades físicas que redundan en múltiples aplicaciones industriales. En este trabajo estudiamos las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas del compuesto Ba2InTaO6, el cual es de particular interés ya que dichos sistemas podrían aplicarse en el desarrollo de resonadores dieléctricos y filtros para señal de microondas en teléfonos móviles y otros dispositivos inalámbricos, entre otras. Mediante modelamiento computacional ab-initio, basado en la Teoría de Funcional Densidad (DFT), y partiendo de la estructura de grupo espacial Fm-3m, evaluamos los parámetros de red, las energías de equilibrio y la ecuación de estado entre otras cantidades. La minimización de la energía en función del volumen permite la obtención de un parámetro de red de 15.861 Bohr. Los resultados de la Densidad de Estados Electrónicos (DOS) muestran que la doble Perovskita Ba2InTaO6 tiene un gap indirecto de ~ 4.25 eV.Palabras clave: Doble Perovskita, AB-Initio, estructura electrónica.Abstract The double Perovskites materials with the formula A2 BB’O6 has been studied thoroughly in the past years due to its versatility, which allow to include the alkaline earth ions in A sites and transition metals in B and B’sites, giving origin to several physical properties with various industrials applications. In this work the structural and electronic properties of Ba2 InTaO6 are studied, material that is particularly interesting due to its possible application to the development of dielectric resonators and microwave signal filters on mobile phones and other wireless devices. Using ab-initio computational model, based on the Density Funtional Theory (DFT), and starting from spacial group Fm-3m, we calculate lattice parameters, equilibrium energies and equations of state among other quantities. The energy minimization as a function of volume allows to obtain a attice constant of 15.861 Bohr. The results of electronic density of states (DOS) show that the double Perovskite Ba2 InTaO6 has an indirect gap of ~ 4.25 eV.Keywords: Double Perovskites, Ba2 InTaO6 , DFT, Electronic structure

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Hou, Yi, Erkan Aydin, Michele De Bastiani, Chuanxiao Xiao, Furkan H. Isikgor, Ding-Jiang Xue, Bin Chen, et al. "Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon." Science 367, no. 6482 (March 5, 2020): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz3691.

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Stacking solar cells with decreasing band gaps to form tandems presents the possibility of overcoming the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit in photovoltaics. The rapid development of solution-processed perovskites has brought perovskite single-junction efficiencies >20%. However, this process has yet to enable monolithic integration with industry-relevant textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We report tandems that combine solution-processed micrometer-thick perovskite top cells with fully textured silicon heterojunction bottom cells. To overcome the charge-collection challenges in micrometer-thick perovskites, we enhanced threefold the depletion width at the bases of silicon pyramids. Moreover, by anchoring a self-limiting passivant (1-butanethiol) on the perovskite surfaces, we enhanced the diffusion length and further suppressed phase segregation. These combined enhancements enabled an independently certified power conversion efficiency of 25.7% for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. These devices exhibited negligible performance loss after a 400-hour thermal stability test at 85°C and also after 400 hours under maximum power point tracking at 40°C.

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Li, Xuesong, Pan Zeng, Qiongrong Ou, and Shuyu Zhang. "Fabrication of Perovskite Film-Coated Hollow Capillary Fibers Using a Fast Solvent Exchange Method." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061483.

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Metal halide perovskites have been successfully applied in a variety of fields such as LEDs, lasers and solar cells, thanks to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Capillary fibers can further expand the range of perovskite applications and at the same time improve its stability by encapsulating the perovskite inside the capillary. However, the high-quality perovskite film-coated hollow capillary fibers have yet to be realized. Here, we introduce a fast solvent exchange method which is used for the preparation of neat and smooth perovskite films deposited on the inner surface of capillary fibers. We demonstrate that this fast solvent exchange method is superior to the commonly used spontaneous diffusion-based precipitation method. The obtained hollow capillary fibers show a narrowed spectral width of 4.9 nm under pulse excitation due to the optical cavity effect. This new fabrication method can facilitate the development of perovskites in the fields of capillary lasing, microfluidic sensing, flexible LEDs and luminous fabrics.

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Liang, Jingjing, Chunjun Liang, Huimin Zhang, Mengjie Sun, Hong Liu, Chao Ji, Xuewen Zhang, Dan Li, and Zhiqun He. "CH3NH3I post-treatment improves the performance of perovskite solar cells via eliminating the impure phases." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 04 (August 2017): 1750049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717500497.

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Organic–inorganic halide perovskites are currently generating extensive interest for applications in solar cells. The perovskite morphology and composition have significant roles in solar cells. Impure phases, which will influence the performance of solar cells, are inevitably present in the film of perovskite. We found that another MAI deposition on the previous perovskite could ameliorate the film. The post-deposited MAI participates in the reconstruction of the perovskite, leading to reduced amount of impure phase, increased grain size, increased absorption and significantly improved power conversion efficiency. The results demonstrate a treatment approach to fabricate efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells.

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Gebhardt, Julian, and Andrew M. Rappe. "Transition metal inverse-hybrid perovskites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 30 (2018): 14560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02785d.

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Pang, Tiqiang, Renxu Jia, Yucheng Wang, Kai Sun, Ziyang Hu, Yuejin Zhu, Suzhen Luan, and Yuming Zhang. "Giant Zero-Drift Electronic Behaviors in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Diodes by Doping Iodine Ions." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091606.

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Methylammonium lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention for optoelectronic applications. Carrier transport in perovskites is obscured by vacancy-mediated ion migration, resulting in anomalous electronic behavior and deteriorated reliability of the devices. In this communication, we demonstrate that ion migration can be significantly enhanced by doping additional mobile I- ions into the perovskite bulk. Ionic confinement structures of vertical metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) and lateral metal semiconductor metal (MSM) diodes designed to decouple ion-migration/accumulation and electronic transport are fabricated and characterized. Measurement conditions (electric-field history, scan rate and sweep frequency) are shown to affect the electronic transport in perovskite films, through a mechanism involving ion migration and accumulation at the block interfaces. Prominent zero-point drifts of dark current-voltage curves in both vertical and lateral diode are presented, and further varied with the perovskite film containingthe different iodine-lead atomic ratio. The doped perovskite has a large ion current at grain boundaries, offering a large ion hysteresis loopand zero drift value. The results confirmthat the intrinsic behavior of perovskite film is responsible for the hysteresisof the optoelectronic devices, but also paves the way for potential applications in many types of devices including memristors and solid electrolyte batteries by doping the native species (I− ions) in perovskite film.

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Wen, Hongzhe, and Xuan Luo. "Tuning Bandgaps of Mixed Halide and Oxide Perovskites CsSnX3 (X=Cl, I), and SrBO3 (B=Rh, Ti)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156862.

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Perovskites have recently attracted interest in the field of solar energy due to their excellent photovoltaic properties. We herein present a new approach to the composition of lead free perovskites via mixing of halide and oxide perovskites that share the cubic ABX3 structure. Using first-principles calculations through Density Functional Theory, we systematically investigated the atomic and electronic structures of mixed perovskite compounds composed of four cubic ABX3 perovskites. Our result shows that the B and X atoms play important roles in their band structure. On the other hand, their valence bands contributed by O-2p, Rh-4p, and Ti-3p orbitals, and their electronic properties were determined by Rh-O and Ti-O bonds. With new understandings of the electronic properties of cubic halide or oxide perovskites, we lastly combined the cubic perovskites in various configurations to improve stability and tune the bandgap to values desirable for photovoltaic cell applications. Our investigations suggest that the mixed perovskite compound Cs2Sn2Cl3I3Sr2TiRhO6 produced a bandgap of 1.2 eV, which falls into the ideal range of 1.0 to 1.7 eV, indicating high photo-conversion efficiency and showing promise towards solar energy applications.

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Börger, Alexander, and Hubert Langbein. "Zur Kenntnis rhomboedrischer Perowskite (La,Sr)(Mn,Fe)O3/Contributions to the Chemistry of Rhombohedral Perovskites (La,Sr)(Mn,Fe)O3." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-1108.

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Abstract Perovskites La1−xSrxMn1−xFexO3+δ (x = 0.1 - 0.5) were prepared by a freeze-drying method and for comparison by conventional solid state reaction. Freeze-dried precursors are more reactive, forming the final perovskites at lower temperatures and within shorter reaction times. Under the reaction conditions employed (air atmosphere, 800 - 1350 °C), the perovskite La0.9Sr0.1Mn0.9Fe0.1O3 was obtained in an orthorhombic modification. By annealing under oxygen at 800 °C, however, a rhombohedral modification La0.9Sr0.1Mn0.9Fe0.1O3.1 with an excess oxygen content can be prepared. The structures of the other perovskites of the series (x = 0.2 - 0.5) were refiṉed on the assumption of a rhombohedral distortion of the ideal perovskite structure (space group R3c). There are characteristic correlations between composition of samples, volume and distortion of the AO12- and BO6-polyhedra in the ABO3 structure.

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Dong, Yuhui, Yousheng Zou, Jizhong Song, Xiufeng Song, and Haibo Zeng. "Recent progress of metal halide perovskite photodetectors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 44 (2017): 11369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03612d.

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The metal halide perovskites have attracted unprecedented attention in the field of photodetectors. The recent progress of perovskite photodetectors for different spectral regions and applications are reviewed. The enhancement strategies of device performance are discussed as well. In addition, summary and outlook are given to boost the development of perovskite PDs.

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Ning, Weihua, Jinke Bao, Yuttapoom Puttisong, Fabrizo Moro, Libor Kobera, Seiya Shimono, Linqin Wang, et al. "Magnetizing lead-free halide double perovskites." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabb5381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb5381.

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Spintronics holds great potential for next-generation high-speed and low–power consumption information technology. Recently, lead halide perovskites (LHPs), which have gained great success in optoelectronics, also show interesting magnetic properties. However, the spin-related properties in LHPs originate from the spin-orbit coupling of Pb, limiting further development of these materials in spintronics. Here, we demonstrate a new generation of halide perovskites, by alloying magnetic elements into optoelectronic double perovskites, which provide rich chemical and structural diversities to host different magnetic elements. In our iron-alloyed double perovskite, Cs2Ag(Bi:Fe)Br6, Fe3+ replaces Bi3+ and forms FeBr6 clusters that homogenously distribute throughout the double perovskite crystals. We observe a strong temperature-dependent magnetic response at temperatures below 30 K, which is tentatively attributed to a weak ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic response from localized regions. We anticipate that this work will stimulate future efforts in exploring this simple yet efficient approach to develop new spintronic materials based on lead-free double perovskites.

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He, Yizhou, Liyifei Xu, Cheng Yang, Xiaowei Guo, and Shaorong Li. "Design and Numerical Investigation of a Lead-Free Inorganic Layered Double Perovskite Cs4CuSb2Cl12 Nanocrystal Solar Cell by SCAPS-1D." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092321.

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In the last decade, perovskite solar cells have made a quantum leap in performance with the efficiency increasing from 3.8% to 25%. However, commercial perovskite solar cells have faced a major impediment due to toxicity and stability issues. Therefore, lead-free inorganic perovskites have been investigated in order to find substitute perovskites which can provide a high efficiency similar to lead-based perovskites. In recent studies, as a kind of lead-free inorganic perovskite material, Cs4CuSb2Cl12 has been demonstrated to possess impressive photoelectric properties and excellent environmental stability. Moreover, Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals have smaller effective photo-generated carrier masses than bulk Cs4CuSb2Cl12, which provides excellent carrier mobility. To date, there have been no reports about Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals used for making solar cells. To explore the potential of Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cells, we propose a lead-free perovskite solar cell with the configuration of FTO/ETL/Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals/HTL/Au using a solar cell capacitance simulator. Moreover, we numerically investigate the factors that affect the performance of the Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cell with the aim of enhancing its performance. By selecting the appropriate hole transport material, electron transport material, thickness of the absorber layer, doping density, defect density in the absorber, interface defect density, and working temperature point, we predict that the Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystal solar cell with the FTO/TiO2/Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals/Cu2O/Au structure can attain a power conversion efficiency of 23.07% at 300 K. Our analysis indicates that Cs4CuSb2Cl12 nanocrystals have great potential as an absorbing layer towards highly efficient lead-free all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.

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Zhang, Meiying, Fengmin Wu, Dan Chi, Keli Shi, and Shihua Huang. "High-efficiency perovskite solar cells with poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-doped SnO2 as an electron transport layer." Materials Advances 1, no. 4 (2020): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00028k.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perovskity'

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