Journal articles: 'Perquisites'

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Andrews, Angela, Scott Linn, and Han Yi. "Corporate governance and executive perquisites." Review of Accounting and Finance 16, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-10-2014-0116.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between executive perquisite consumption and indicators of corporate governance after the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) expanded the disclosure requirements related to perquisites. Design/methodology/approach This study uses ordinary least squares and Tobit regressions to examine the dollar value of perquisites consumed, the number of perquisites consumed and the types of perquisites consumed. Findings The analysis shows that firms with weak corporate governance are more likely to award perquisites to executives. Firms characterized as being more prone to the presence of agency problems are associated with greater levels of perquisite consumption. Finally, there is evidence that not all perquisite consumptions can be attributed to an agency problem. Efficiently operating firms are associated with greater levels of perquisite consumption as are larger firms. Research limitations/implications The authors examine firms in the period immediately after the SEC initiated the expanded disclosures. This may limit the generalizability of the results to other exchange-listed firms that changed their perquisite policy as a result of the rule change. Originality/value The paper extends the literature on corporate governance and mandatory corporate disclosure by investigating the association between corporate governance characteristics and perquisite consumption. This paper examines this relation immediately after the SEC expanded the disclosures surrounding perquisites to provide the public with more transparent disclosures.

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Gelinas, Patrice, and Lisa Baillargeon. "CEO Perquisites in Canada, 1971-2008: Certainly Not Pure Managerial Excess." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 5 (April 18, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n5p105.

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This paper explores Canadian market data on CEO perquisites gathered by a large consulting firm over the period from 1971 to 2008. Perquisites are one of the least documented total compensation components in the academic literature on executive pay. Scant existing literature may be due to the relatively recent and limited corporate disclosures on CEO perquisites, as well as to the comparatively modest monetary value of perquisites relative to other total CEO compensation components. Meanwhile, CEO perquisites regularly capture the public’s imagination in the media because of some perceived excesses, such as immoderate personal use of corporate aircraft (see Rajan & Wulf, 2006). We document a significant evolution in CEO perquisites practices over the period. Consistent with a nascent body of literature, this paper supports empirically hypotheses arguing that CEO perquisites do not uniquely occur as a result of an agency problem, the main theoretical explanation for their existence as of yet, but that they can also serve a legitimate, value-creating, business purpose for the benefit of shareholders.

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Smith, A. W. "Will Perquisites Survive?" Compensation Review 17, no. 5 (December 1985): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088636878501700505.

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Brown, Pamela Clark, Jeffrey B. Miller, and James R. Thornton. "Optimal executive perquisites." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 16, no. 3 (December 1991): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(91)90018-s.

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McAdams, John C., and John R. Johannes. "Congressmen, Perquisites, and Elections." Journal of Politics 50, no. 2 (May 1988): 412–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2131801.

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Dalton, Catherine M., and Dan R. Dalton. "Perquisites under the microscope." Journal of Business Strategy 28, no. 5 (September 11, 2007): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756660710820820.

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Renaud, Stéphane, Lucie Morin, and Alexis Béchard. "Traditional Benefits Versus Perquisites." Journal of Personnel Psychology 16, no. 2 (June 2017): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000180.

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Abstract. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to test the association between satisfaction with traditional benefits and perquisites and turnover via the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Data come from a series of electronic surveys conducted among a sample of new employees working in the Canadian division of a large international Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) firm. Results indicate that while satisfaction with traditional benefits has both a direct and indirect effect on turnover, satisfaction with perquisites only has an indirect effect on turnover via organizational commitment. Results also show that satisfaction with traditional benefits has a stronger impact on turnover than satisfaction with perquisites.

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Anom Mahadwartha, Putu. "Roles of Affiliated Ownership on Manager’s Perquisites in Indonesia: Stage of Firm Cycle Approach." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 8 (July 20, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n8p213.

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The research is purposely designed for determining perquisites in private sector through ownership, either those which are affiliated in business group and non-group; or family and group ownership non-family ownership and group affiliated. Moreover, the research examines either perquisites in private sectors is really exist on different stage of firm cycle, and different ownership structure. There will be 2 hypotheses with 8 minor hypotheses based on four firm’s stages. This research uses linear regression Pooled Least Square with interaction variables. The result showed that perquisites manager’s occurred on maturity stage in group and family group. The tendency showed that cash flow is used to maintain manager behavior by monitoring mechanism of debt policy. In the growth stage, this research is able to explain that cash flow is used for perquisites and managers tend to use it; however debt is used to bonding such perquisites behavior. Moreover, this research also found that ownership concentration also minimizes manager’s perquisites. The major differences of this research compared to the previous research are the proposed arguments in which companies are divided into group and non-group affiliation, and also family and non-family group. Besides, this research divides the companies groups into different stages such as maturity, growth, star, and decline.

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WILLIAMS, JOSEPH. "Perquisites, Risk, and Capital Structure." Journal of Finance 42, no. 1 (March 1987): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb02548.x.

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Randall, Adrian J. "Peculiar Perquisites and Pernicious Practices." International Review of Social History 35, no. 2 (August 1990): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000009871.

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SummaryThis paper examines the character and significance of embezzlement in the woollen industry of the West of England in the years from c. 1750 to 1840 in the light of the recent debate which sees the period as witnessing major developments in the eradication of perquisites and in the formulation of the wage. It examines the dimensions of embezzlement, its correlation with economic fluctuations and its importance for the economy of both the clothier and the embezzling worker. It shows that tighter legislative sanctions failed to check the illicit trade in embezzled wool, which by the early nineteenth century constituted a well-organised black market, and it considers the effect of this trade in “slinge” upon economic and social relations in the industry.

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Torabzadeh, Khalil, and Sema Dube. "Motives for partial acquisition: Evidence from the effects of CEO change on the performance of partially acquired U.S. target firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 4 (2007): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i4p9.

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A company may acquire shares in another corporation to discipline the target management and improve target performance, or to gain inter-corporate perquisites such as higher dividends and favorable business deals to the detriment of the other shareholders of the target firm. We investigate the change in the post-acquisition share and operating performance, the dividend policy, the liquidity, and growth prospects of U.S. firms whose shares were partially acquired by other corporations during 1995-2000, wherein the target firms remained independent publicly traded companies following the acquisition. Using a change in CEO post acquisition as a proxy for the extent to which the acquirer wishes to change the direction of the target management, we find that target firms where the CEO was retained show negative risk adjusted abnormal share returns and significant deterioration in operating performance after the acquisition while having a substantial increase in CEO compensation compared to those target firms that replace their CEO during the post acquisition period. This suggests that disciplinary motives may predominate where the acquisition leads to a change in CEO, while obtaining inter-corporate perquisites may be the motivation in acquisitions that do not lead to replacement of the target firm CEO. We do not find support for financial perquisites such as higher dividends that are subject to inter-corporate exclusion.

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Carrothers, Andrew G., and Liufang Yao. "Changing Attitudes toward Executive Perquisites: Indications from TARP." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/02.10.2019/006.

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This paper examines what happened to Chief Executive Officer (CEO) monetary and nonmonetary compensation at Standard & Poors (S&P) 500 firms in the years surrounding the 2008 financial crisis and in the context of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) legislation. We use novel data on executive perks at S&P 500 firms from 2006 to 2012. Overall, the results are consistent with lasting impact on nonmonetary compensation and temporary impact on monetary compensation.

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Tieku, Thomas Kwasi. "Perks Diplomacy: The Role of Perquisites in Mediation." International Negotiation 18, no. 2 (2013): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341255.

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Abstract This article examines impacts of luxurious perks, such as paid daily allowances on peace talks. It draws on the case of the Burundian peace processes held in Arusha, Tanzania and the Seventh Round of the Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks held in Abuja, Nigeria to show that perks can unintentionally prolong peace talks. Perks bestowed on delegates to the talks seduced the conflicting parties away from whatever interest they might have had in actually reaching an agreement. For some, living free of charge in five-star hotels and receiving the equivalent of five months’ pay in one week of per diems made continued talks more attractive than achieving peace. Many of the feuding parties found the perks of greater value for their effort – or rather, lack thereof – and they shared an incentive to keep the talks going.

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Mittendorf, Brian. "Capital Budgeting when Managers Value both Honesty and Perquisites." Journal of Management Accounting Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2006.18.1.77.

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It has long been recognized that padding of budgets is a concern that can complicate the practice of resource allocation. At the same time, experimental evidence suggests budget padding is somewhat restrained by a managerial preference for honesty. This paper models the confluence of these two incentives and considers the effect on optimal budgeting policies. In the model, budgetary transfers are established so as to reduce the manager's gain from padding which, in turn, forces the manager to think twice before seeking more funds. An effect of this optimal contract is that when facing a manager whose preference for honesty is uncertain, the firm encourages honesty but is resigned to the fact that padding may appear. Contrary to casual intuition, the extent of equilibrium budget padding is not necessarily monotonic in either the extent of information asymmetry or the prevalence of managers who value honesty.

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Huang, Chia-Wei, and Chih-Yen Lin. "Do aircraft perquisites cause CEOs to withhold bad news?" North American Journal of Economics and Finance 35 (January 2016): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2015.10.009.

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Fair, C. Christine. "Afghanistan in 2017." Asian Survey 58, no. 1 (January 2018): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.110.

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The year 2017 witnessed continued challenges to the credibility and competence of the so-called National Unity Government in Kabul. President Ghani and Chief Executive Abdullah competed over the perquisites of power rather than collaborating to secure a viable future for their country. US and NATO forces remained at a stalemate with the Taliban, while Afghanistan’s predatory neighbors were as self-interested as ever. Hard-won gains remain reversible.

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Luo, Wei, Yi Zhang, and Ning Zhu. "Bank ownership and executive perquisites: New evidence from an emerging market." Journal of Corporate Finance 17, no. 2 (April 2011): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2010.09.010.

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Yermack, David. "Flights of fancy: Corporate jets, CEO perquisites, and inferior shareholder returns." Journal of Financial Economics 80, no. 1 (April 2006): 211–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.05.002.

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D'Sena, Peter. "Perquisites and Casual Labour on the London Wharfside in the Eighteenth Century." London Journal 14, no. 2 (November 1989): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ldn.1989.14.2.130.

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Faruque, Omar, and Md Motiur Rahman. "Development of Small Scale Industry in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh: Employee Perception." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v8i1.572.

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The financial result of a business largely depends on the employees’ satisfaction. When employees feel happy, then they contribute more attention to the work, show more sincerity. As a result, the production of the organization is increased, and finally, the profit is increased. The study has attempted to find out the perception of employees towards the growth and development of small scale industry in the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh during 2013-14 to 2017-18. The study is empirical. An interview was taken for 400 small-scale industry workers from 16 upazilas through a questionnaire. They were asked about their perception of the growth and development of this industry. The perception of the employee is measured by the Likert scale. The result shows that the participation in decision-making/ implementation perception contains the highest value of 51.0% satisfactory level and the excellent level of satisfaction holds the lowest value of 3.25%. Perquisites structure perception holds the highest value of 48% at a satisfactory level, health, and safety facility perception holds that 36.0% of employees are satisfied. On the other hand, 48% of employees are satisfied in job security perception and the bonus and incentive contain 56.0% of employees are satisfied. For day-care center facilities, 83.0% of employees are dissatisfied. The result concludes that employees show very poor satisfaction in perquisites structure, health, and safety facility, bonus and incentive, day-care center, termination policy, leave policy, and entertainment opportunities. It is mathematically proved that, if the employees are satisfied, then the growth of the organization will be increased. As a result, it is important to satisfy employees properly for the growth and development of the SSI. If that can be done properly, the sustainable development of small-scale industries is possible.

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Ahn, Seoungpil, and Gwangheon Hong. "Protection of Investors’ Rights and the Long-Run Performance of Rule 144A Private Equity Offerings." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v8i2.10186.

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Equity private placement is the newest method of corporate financing strategy. The private equity financing under SEC Rule 144A is exploding and yet not much is known about the motivation behind private equity placement by public firms. Considering that privately placed firms have no bonding benefit, private equity investors would discount their capital by the amount of expected consumption of private benefits. Therefore, the issuers are unable to lower the cost of capital nor increase managerial perquisites. One possible motivation for private placement then is that firms offering the private DR increase their private benefits with the capital raised subsequently. Our approach is new to literature by incorporating both benefit (conceal private information) and cost (informational monopoly) associated with private equity financing.

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Ye, Zhiqiang, Linqi Liu, Luxin Wang, Wujue Ji, and Wei Huang. "The Impact of Bank Loan on Executive Perquisites under the Background of Post-Split-Share Reform." Modern Economy 10, no. 07 (2019): 1769–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.107114.

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Головина, Анна, Anna Golovina, Николай Черногор, Nikolay Chernogor, Юлия Кашеварова, Yuliya Kashevarova, Анастасия Стратюк, and Anastasiya Stratyuk. "LAW ENFORCEMENT AS THE CEMTRAL POINT IN ESTABLISHING AN ELECTRONIC STATE: CHALLENGES OF “NEW REALITIES”." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21265.

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The currently ongoing information revolution has become one of the most significant perquisites for the formation of a new legal order — “new realities”, characterized by the formation of “electronic state“. The challenges of this “new reality” make search for science-based solutions ever more topical, including the means and methods and technologies for legal regulation with regard to public relationships. An attempt to look for said mechanisms was undertaken by the participants of the XI International School for young scholars — jurists “Effective law enforcement: doctrine and practice”. It was held at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation on May 27, 2016. One of the sections of said School was dedicated to “Law enforcement in the light of formation of electronic state“. The article contains summary of the discussions and the outcomes.

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Sharma, Kapil, and P. N. Mishra. "Systematic Knowledge Management Approach: A Requisite for Growth and Competitive Advantage." Management and Labour Studies 32, no. 3 (August 2007): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x0703200309.

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Organizations face a number of complex challenges. Growth and competitive advantage has become strategic perquisites for any organization. Need for developing information and knowledge structures is becoming increasingly important in order to achieve a sustained growth in today's competitive environment. We, in this paper, have briefly reviewed the increased interest in more explicitly valuing intangible assets and have explored the strengths and weakness of the current approaches of Intellectual Capital (IC) and Balanced Score Card (BSC). The paper contends that overemphasis on developing and leveraging intangible assets, is nonproductive and incorrect. All organizational assets financial, tangible and intangible must be managed as an integrated system if the value of intangible assets is to be fully ascertained. A new approach, Systematic Knowledge Management (SKM) that visualizes and harmonizes the organizational factors and dynamic interactions involved in effectively and efficiently managing all assets, has been proposed.

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Bain, Craig E., Alan I. Blankley, and Dana A. Forgione. "The Methodist Hospital System: Tax Exemption and Charitable Responsibilities of Not-for-Profit Hospitals." Issues in Accounting Education 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2001.16.1.67.

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In November 1990, the Texas Attorney General filed a lawsuit against The Methodist Hospital System, alleging that it had failed in its duty to provide enough charity care to poor people. The state claimed that the hospital provided significantly less charity care than the hospital reported; it then filed the suit in an effort to require specific performance—that is, to compel the hospital to provide greater amounts of charity care in the future. The case focuses on the amount of charity care provided before the suit, the economic value of the tax exemption provided to the hospital because it is a not-for-profit (NFP) hospital, and the responsibilities of the hospital given the expectations of society. The case also brings into sharp relief the value of having tax-exempt status and the social and political expectations that accompany the exemption. In addition, the case raises ethical questions concerning these issues, as well as issues involving the financial reporting of the entity and management perquisites.

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Sumner, L. W. "Positive Sexism." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001321.

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No one who cares about equal opportunity can derive much comfort from the present occupational distribution of working women. In the various industrial societies of the West, women comprise between one quarter and one-half of the national labor force. However, they tend to clustered in employment sectors – especially clerical, sales, and service J occupations – which rank relatively low in remuneration, status, autonomy, and other perquisites. Meanwhile, the more prestigious and rewarding managerial and professional positions, as well as the major categories of blue-collar labor, remain largely a male preserve. In the same societies the average income earned by full-time female workers is one-half to two- J thirds that of their male counterparts. Although this disparity owes much to i other factors, including lower pay for work similar or even identical to that r standardly done by men, much of it can be explained only by the concentration of working women in traditional female job ghettos.

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KAJOLA, S. O., K. H. APELOGUN, and O. O. OWORU. "MANAGERIAL SHARE OWNERSHIP AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISION OF NIGERIAN LISTED NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS." Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts 12, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jhssca.v12i1.1863.

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The paper examined the relationship between managerial share ownership and leverage of 35 non-financial firms listed on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The study covered the period 2005-2014. Using panel data regression analysis and fixed effects model (with least squares as an estimation technique), result revealed a positive and significant relationship between leverage and managerial share ownership. This suggested that managerial share ownership, an important internal corporate governance mechanism, played an important role in a company’s capital structure decision. The outcome of this study was supported by some prior empirical studies and provided evidence of alignment of the interests of management and shareholders as proposed by the Agency theory. It is recommended that Nigerian companies should encourage management to own shares in companies where they serve as directors as this will reduce managerial incentives to consume perquisites and expropriation of shareholders’ wealth or investing in unprofitable projects.

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Baron, David P., Maretno Agus Harjoto, and Hoje Jo. "The Economics and Politics of Corporate Social Performance." Business and Politics 13, no. 2 (August 2011): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1374.

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Firms operate in a capital market, a product market, and a market for social pressure directed at them by social activists, NGOs, and governments. An equilibrium in these three markets yields a three-equation structural model that relates corporate financial performance (CFP), corporate social performance (CSP), and social pressure. This paper estimates the simultaneous equation model for a panel of over 1,600 firms and finds that CFP is uncorrelated with CSP and negatively correlated with social pressure. CSP is decreasing in CFP and increasing in social pressure. Social pressure is increasing in CSP and decreasing in CFP, which is consistent with social pressure being directed to soft targets. Disaggregating the panel indicates that CFP is positively correlated with CSP for firms in consumer markets and negatively correlated for industrial markets. For consumer markets, CSP is increasing in CFP, which is consistent with a perquisites hypothesis that managers spend on CSR when they can afford it. For industrial markets CSP is decreasing in CFP, which is consistent with a moral management hypothesis. For both consumer and industrial markets, CSP is responsive to social pressure.

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Raju, Budharaju Suryanarayana, and K. S. S. Rama Raju. "Does Precise Portfolio Construction of Compensation Generate Organisational Excellence?-An Empirical Study in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh(India).,." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 1, no. 1 (September 14, 2011): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v1i1.871.

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Employee job satisfaction is a critical factor in determining the organizational effectiveness. Once the employees are motivated, it influences organization as a whole. Generally an organization uses many techniques to retain and motivate the talent. In this context, the organization should implement reward strategies to make the employees work hard. Sometimes, a sound compensation practices make them work more. These are like recognition for achievement, perks and perquisites, and opportunities for promotion, job security and congenial work environment. Precise Portfolio Construction of Compensation definitely has an impact on organisation performance. Organization wants every individual to think of better performance. One should compete for higher performance and deliver excellent results in the form of profit. The RINL has been executing effective compensation policies and practices that enhance the employees’ competencies to achieve its strategic aims. As a result employee productivity is enhanced in the recent past and cost of production is also drastically declined. It is also observed that the commitment and motivational levels among the employee are also abnormally increased.

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Laver, Michael. "Policy, Office or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions Edited by Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 319p. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 1 (March 2002): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402384338.

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This book is about the motivations of political actors. Many of the most commonly used models of party competition and government formation are grounded in explicit assumptions about the motivations of party strategists. These tend to assume one of three basic and interrelated motivations—the desire to fulfill policy objectives, the desire to control the perquisites of office, and the desire to maximize votes. While recognizing that living and breathing people may be driven by any or all of these motivations, among others, and that these may interact with each other in complex ways, most theorists ground their models in assumptions of policy-seeking OR office-seeking OR vote-maximizing by key political decision makers. Indeed this distinction between motivational assumptions is one of the most common ways to classify models of party competition. In part the grounding of models in a single motivational assumption is for the sake of analytical tractability; in part it is because the heuristic insights made possible by these approaches are enhanced if the models are kept simple and their relationship to core assumptions is kept straightforward.

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Hashiba, Yuzuru. "Athenian bribery reconsidered: some legal aspects." Cambridge Classical Journal 52 (2006): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270500000476.

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In hisPanathenaicus, which was issued in 339 BC, Isocrates condemns Athenians for their rampant bribery:[Formerly] those who had been elected to office were expected to neglect their own property, and also to abstain no less from those perquisites (λημμάτων) which nowadays the officials have become accustomed to gain than from the sacred treasures; who under the current circumstances would have such sense of self-restraint? (Isoc. 12.145)There are many references suggesting that the Athenians not only deplored but also had strict attitudes towards bribery, which they considered to be a distinct crime. What should not be overlooked, however, is that the Greeks had their traditional values concerning gifts and reciprocity, according to which they were expected to give in return when given something. In so-called Homeric society gift-giving was one of the most fundamental principles of social relationships, as is notably pointed out by M. I. Finley. That the Greek worddôra, which is most commonly used to mean bribery, originally refers to gifts in general epitomises the ambivalence of Greek values concerning bribery.

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Hollifield, James F. "Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 568–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600220.

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International migration in the post-World War II period raises many questions for the study of international relations. The movement of individuals across national borders clearly affects relations between states, and it has had in some cases dramatic effects on the internal politics of states, particularly the liberal democracies of Western Europe. But despite its importance, theorists of international relations have yet to develop a framework for understanding international migration. Attention has been focused either on the economics (push-pull) or the politics (policies) of migration, without any clear attempt to examine the way in which the interaction of politics and markets affects migration. Special attention is given to the role of international institutions—such as the European Community—in regulating population movements, and to the prospects for the development of migration “regimes” in Europe and North America. The author finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order—to promote exchange—and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship.

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Saunders, Malcolm, and Neil Lloyd. "Holding Australia to Ransom: The Colston Affair, 1996–2003." Queensland Review 17, no. 1 (January 2010): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600005262.

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Probably no one who has entered either federal or state Parliament in Australia departed from it as loathed and despised as Malcolm Arthur Colston. A Labor senator from Queensland between 1975 and 1996, he is remembered by that party as a ‘rat’ who betrayed it for the sake of personal advancement. Whereas many Labor parliamentarians – most notably Prime Minister ‘Billy’ Hughes in 1917 have left the party because they strongly disagreed with it over a major policy issue or a matter of principle, in the winter of 1996 Colston unashamedly left it to secure the deputy presidency of the Senate and the status, income and several other perquisites that went with it. Labor's bitterness towards Colston stems not merely from the fact that he showed extraordinary ingratitude towards a party that had allowed him a parliamentary career but more especially because, between his defection from the party in August 1996 and his retirement from Parliament in June 1999, his vote allowed the Liberal-National Party government led by John Howard to pass legislation through the Senate that might otherwise have been rejected.

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Shchetinin, Pyotr P., Natalia Skrylnikova, Anna V. Lozhnikova, Mikhail Chikov, and Natalia Redchikova. "Priority Application of Novel Materials and Nanotechnologies in Pharmaceutical Industry." Key Engineering Materials 683 (February 2016): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.683.462.

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This paper focuses on the prospects for using new materials and nanotechnologies in pharmacology and pharmaceutical industry. The authors systematize science and technology priorities of the global pharmacology and determine the perquisites for the application of the technologies emerging in the production of pharmaceutical products. The study has been conducted using the method of critical technologies. The object of the study is the thematic science and technology focus area “Hybrid materials, convergent technologies, biomimetic materials and medical supplies”. Based on the findings, the authors have drawn a number of conclusions within the frameworks of the monitoring of science and technology development of priorities implemented by a network of centers for industrial foresight. Besides, the authors have analyzed the implementation of the existing approaches to the definition of critical technologies in the context of Russia’s pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the authors have determined the conditions for application of the method of critical technologies in the Russian pharmaceutical industry based on the thematic research and development focus area “new materials and nanotechnologies”.

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Jadoon, Ahmer Khan, Licheng Wang, Tong Li, and Muhammad Azam Zia. "Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques for Automotive Cybersecurity." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (June 26, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1640167.

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A new integration of wireless communication technologies into the automobile industry has instigated a momentous research interest in the field of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) security. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are set up, aiming to offer promising applications for efficient and safe communication for future automotive technology. Vehicular networks are unique in terms of characteristics, challenges, architecture, and applications. Consequently, security requirements related to vehicular networks are more complex as compared to mobile networks and conventional wireless networks. This article presents a survey about developments in vehicular networks from the perspective of lightweight cryptographic protocols and privacy preserving algorithms. Unique characteristics of vehicular networks are presented which make the embedded security applications computationally hard as well as memory constrained. The current study also deals with the fundamental security requirements, essential for vehicular communication. Furthermore, awareness of security threats and their cryptographic solutions in terms of future automotive industry are discussed. In addition, asymmetric, symmetric, and lightweight cryptographic solutions are summarized. These strategies can be enhanced or incorporated all in all to meet the security perquisites of future cars security.

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Demerjian, Peter, Melissa Lewis-Western, and Sarah McVay. "How Does Intentional Earnings Smoothing Vary With Managerial Ability?" Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 35, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 406–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x17748405.

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We investigate if high-ability managers are more likely to intentionally smooth earnings, a form of earnings management, and when they are more likely to do so. Although prior studies provide evidence that high-ability managers report higher quality earnings, the literature does not indicate whether this behavior is common because of (or happens in spite of) high-ability managers’ intentional smoothing activities. We find that (a) high-ability managers are significantly more likely to engage in intentional smoothing, (b) their intentional smoothing is associated with improved future operating performance, and (c) their intentional smoothing is more prevalent when the smoothing either benefits shareholders, the manager, or both. We do not, however, find evidence that high-ability managers who smooth are more likely to have engaged in informed trading or are more likely to consume perquisites. High-ability managers’ intentional smoothing is also associated with increased voluntary (but not forced) executive turnover, consistent with high-ability managers being motivated, at least in part, by how the capital market consequences of smoothing are expected to benefit shareholders, thereby bolstering their reputation.

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Hamzah, Zainuddin, Yusoff, Osman, Abdullah, Saini, and Sisun. "The Conundrum of Carbon Trading Projects towards Sustainable Development: A Review from the Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183530.

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Palm oil’s utilization as a renewable energy (RE) source has led the government to intervene by introducing emission reduction projects. Carbon trading projects are part of the strategic direction adopted within the climate mitigation plan and sustainability drive in the palm oil industry. The perquisites and opportunities encountered within emissions trading are expected to aid palm oil producers economically, environmentally, and socially. This study addresses and analyses how the carbon trading projects’ targets in Malaysia can be achieved, the problematic, and pressing issues around their implementation and whether these projects are sustainable and create a positive impact. This paper is based on literature reviews and semi-structured interviews with expert palm oil producers in Malaysia. The findings have revealed that carbon trading implementation in Malaysia has delivered new insights towards the international climate policy approach on the feasibility and impact of long-term sustainability goals. However, the impact of the implementation needs support from the government for further development. In conclusion, the major contribution of this study is that the carbon trading implementation in Malaysia complies with the objectives and principles of sustainable development and creates a significant influx in investment for Malaysia’s economic growth.

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Mahadwartha, Putu Anom, and Fitri Ismiyanti. "Debt policy, free cash flow hypothesis, and balancing of agency theory through ownership: evidence from Indonesia." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 2 (2008): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i2c2p2.

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This research argues that there is conflict of interest between managers and shareholders. The conflict also varies based on growth opportunities. This research argues that disciplinary role exist in debt policy with the use of free cash flow hypothesis. This research explores the implications of free cash flow hypothesis concerning the disciplinary role of ownership structure in corporate debt policy. Managerial ownership and internal institutional are other mechanism to reduce agency conflict also has a significant impact on debt policy (control coalition cohesiveness). The relationship between managerial ownership and debt policy is interdependence, as known as balancing of agency theory. This study uses 1264 observation of 154 listed Indonesian firms between the years 1995 until 2003. Three state least square (3SLS) model will be use for statistical and analytical purposes. This study developed several arguments. The relation between debt and free cash flow are positive, but the relation differs between low-growth firms and high-growth firms. Internal institutional shareholders discourage managerial perquisites using debt. The result of this research support the free cash flow hypothesis and balancing of agency theory through ownership and there is disciplinary role of ownership structure in debt policy.

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Pacces, Alessio M. "”The good, the bad, and the ugly” private benefits of control and their regulatory implications." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 4 (2008): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i4c4p7.

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This paper attempts to shed a new light on the economics and the law of corporate governance. It so does by taking stock of the weaknesses of the standard account of how law ‘matters’ for separation of ownership and control. This account fails to explain comparative corporate governance. Both the ownership structure and the functioning of the market for corporate control do not seem to depend entirely on the strength with which non-controlling shareholders are protected by corporate law. Without claiming that legal protection of minority shareholders does not matter in corporate governance, this paper shows that protection and exchange of corporate control is at least as important and so are the legal institutions that support them. This result is derived by introducing a third category of private benefits of control (idiosyncratic PBC), which supplements the more traditional specifications as inefficient consumption of control perquisites (distortionary PBC) or outright expropriation of shareholder value (diversionary PBC).The implications for corporate law are broader than those of the ‘law matters’ framework. Even though legal institutions effectively constrain expropriation of non-controlling shareholders, they may still make corporate governance inefficient when they fail to provide entitlements to uncontested control in dependently of how much ownership is retained by corporate controllers. Likewise, regulation may undermine the takeover process when it restricts side payments that ultimately support efficient bargaining upon the value of corporate control

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Ramanathan, S., M. R. Thansekhar, P. Rajesh Kanna, and Prem Gunnasegaran. "A new method of acquiring perquisites of recirculation and vortex flow in sudden expansion solar water collector using vortex generator to augment heat transfer." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 153 (July 2020): 106346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106346.

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Soni, Tarun Kumar, and Amrinder Singh. "Directors’ remuneration, corporate governance and firm performance linkages: Evidence from the emerging country." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 1, Special Issue (2020): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i1siart12.

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The study examines the trends and patterns in remuneration of directors working for the largest 30 listed companies in India over the past 18 years, i.e., from 2002 to 2019. It tries to establish short-term and long-run relationships between the director’s remuneration and firm performance after controlling for the firm’s size, governance, leverage, and risk for the sample companies. The study found a significant increase in remuneration for the period of study, especially after the new guidelines on executive remuneration in the Indian Companies Act, 2013. It also confirms a change in the composition of the remuneration in the last five years wherein the proportion of fixed component (salary) has increased, and the component of variable components (bonus/commission, perquisites) have declined. Results also confirm a short-term bi-directional association between directors’ remuneration and firm performance variables. Further, the outcomes of the panel least square regression confirm the subsistence of a strong pay-performance association for the variable components of directors’ remuneration. Furthermore, the paper also found a positive relationship with board size indicating larger boards fail to exercise control on paying excessive remuneration to its directors. The positive relationship reported among directors’ remuneration and firm performance measures is partially in line with past studies (Chakrabarti, Subramanian, Yadav, & Yadav, 2012; Ghosh, 2006; Ozkan, 2011). However, our results contradict the existing relationship with board size and directors’ remuneration highlighting the need to strengthen governance mechanism in the Indian scenario.

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Foteinis, Spyros, Maria Hatzisymeon, Alistair G. L. Borthwick, and Efthalia Chatzisymeon. "Environmental Impacts of Conventional versus Organic Eggplant Cultivation Systems: Influence of Electricity Mix, Yield, Over-Fertilization, and Transportation." Environments 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8030023.

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We report a comparative environmental study of organic and conventional open-field eggplant cultivation systems under Mediterranean (northern Greece) climatic conditions. Actual life cycle inventory (LCI) data were collected from local farm systems. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), organic eggplant cultivation exhibited better environmental performance per unit area (24.15% lower total environmental footprint compared to conventional cultivation), but conventional cultivation performed better per unit of mass (28.10% lower total environmental footprint compared to organic cultivation). The conventional system attained higher scores in eutrophication (up to 37.12%) and ecotoxicity (up to 83.00%) midpoint impact categories, due to the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. This highlights the need for spatially explicit LCA that accounts for local environmental impacts at the local scale. For both cultivation systems, the main environmental hotspot was groundwater abstraction for irrigation owing to its infrastructure (drip irrigation pipes and pump) and electricity consumption from the fossil fuel-dependent energy mix in Greece. Excessive addition of soil fertilizer greatly affected the environmental sustainability of both systems, especially conventional cultivation, indicating an urgent need for fertilizer guidelines that enhance environmentally sustainable agricultural practice worldwide. Results were sensitive to lower marketable fruit yield, with the organic system performing better in terms of environmental relevance with respect to maximum yield. When renewable energy sources (RES) were used to drive irrigation, both systems exhibited reductions in total environmental footprint, suggesting that RES could help decarbonise the agricultural sector. Finally, eggplant transportation greatly affected the environmental sustainability of both cultivation systems, confirming that local production and consumption are important perquisites for environmental sustainability of agricultural products.

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Mgomezulu, Wisdom Richard, Abdi-Khalil Edriss, and Kennedy Machila. "Impact of Gliricidia Fertilizer Tree Technology on Smallholder Farmers Economic Livelihood in Malawi: Case of Kasungu District." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p162.

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Agriculture plays a huge role in farmer’s livelihoods in Africa. With the adverse effect of climate change on agricultural productivity, developing agricultural technologies that are adaptive to climate change is one of the perquisites for agricultural development. Gliricidia intercropping is one of the climate smart agricultural innovations; that is being promoted by most researchers. Gliricidia intercropping has many benefits. Despite evidence of such benefits, there exists some missing literature on the impact of Gliricidia intercropping on farmer’s economic livelihoods. The study used cross sectional data collected by ICRAF in Kasungu district which sampled 406 households and employed a Propensity Score Matching method to analyze the effect of Gliricidia intercropping on smallholder farmer’s incomes. Results showed that among the observable factors used to match participants and non-participants, hired labour, age, education level, soil type, perception of soil fertility and access to extension services significantly affected participation in Gliricidia intercropping. The Average Treatment Effect on the Treated showed that Gliricidia intercropping improves the economic livelihoods of farmers by increasing household monthly income by MWK 38,565.83 ($54) at 1 percent significant level. The study went further to conduct sensitivity analysis using the Rosenbaum bounds, and found that unobserved heterogeneity has to increase the odds ratio of participating in Gliricidia intercropping by 10-60 percent before it can negate the estimated ATT. The study then recommends promoting the adoption of Gliricidia intercropping by capitalizing on the factors that influence participation or adoption of Gliricidia intercropping in order to improve smallholder farmers’ incomes and hence their livelihoods.

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Lin, Yu-Yin, Yu-An Pan, Yi-Ling Hsieh, Meng-Hsuan Hsieh, Yun-Shiuan Chuang, Hsiu-Yi Hsu, Ya-Hsiu Huang, et al. "COVID-19 Pandemic Is Associated with an Adverse Impact on Burnout and Mood Disorder in Healthcare Professionals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073654.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic results in a profound physical and mental burden on healthcare professionals. This study aims to evaluate burnout status and mood disorder of healthcare workers during this period. An online questionnaire was voluntarily answered by eligible adult employees in a COVID-19 specialized medical center. The major analysis included the burnout status and mood disorder. Factors related to more severe mood disorder were also identified. A total of 2029 participants completed the questionnaire. There were 901 (44.4%) and 923 (45.5%) participants with moderate to severe personal and work-related burnout status, respectively. Nurses working in the emergency room (ER), intensive care unit (ICU)/isolation wards, and general wards, as well as those with patient contact, had significantly higher scores for personal burnout, work-related burnout, and mood disorder. This investigation identified 271 participants (13.35%) with moderate to severe mood disorder linked to higher personal/work-related burnout scores and a more advanced burnout status. Univariate analysis revealed that nurses working in the ER and ICU/isolation wards were associated with moderate to severe mood disorder risk factors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that working in the ER (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.14–6.90) was the only independent risk factor. More rest, perquisites, and an adequate supply of personal protection equipment were the most desired assistance from the hospital. Compared with the non-pandemic period (2019), employees working during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) have higher burnout scores and percentages of severe burnout. In conclusion, this study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on healthcare professionals. Adequate measures should be adopted as early as possible to support the healthcare system.

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Rosenmayer, Tomáš. "Using Data Envelopment Analysis: A Case of Universities." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2014-0003.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse appropriateness and adequacy of use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in several research papers dealing with effectiveness of economy of universities. The Data Envelopment Analysis is an interesting method used for evaluation of technical efficiency of production units. Comparison is the basic method of this article. At the beginning, basic methodological questions of measurement and evaluation of efficiency are analysed, including definitions of terms efficiency and effectiveness, ways of measurement and formulation of appropriate indicators. Based on the given perquisites for measurement and evaluation of efficiency five articles on evaluation of efficiency of universities using DEA method, published in Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Germany and Spain in 1998 - 2008, will be assessed. DEA is able to use more parameters of input and output to evaluate which of units under examination is the most effective, and to compare other units with it. For this, it is necessary to have a homogenous group of units. The result of assessment shows that all the examined studies focused rather on way of calculation then the point and reason of measurement. The articles contain a discussion concerning choice of appropriate indicators but do not at all deal with the issue of its construction using interventional logic; the articles do not contain any comparison of objectives of the particular universities. Evaluation of efficiency of universities is a social construct and it will always be a subjective matter related to objectives of a particular stakeholder. This fact explains how to approach the evaluation of efficiency: it is necessary to set an objective function that means to set the objectives of a given stakeholder and his preferred results and outputs. All the studies lack this basic logic.

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Suba’a Al-Sadi, Bader Ali, and M. Firdouse Rahman Khan. "EXAMINING TURNOVER ISSUE IN THE CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES OF OMAN: EMPLOYEES’ PERSPECTIVE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 6, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.627.

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Purpose: The objectives of the study were to analyze the Work Environment of Construction Companies leading to turnover;to critically investigate the company culture, salary and the benefit factors, and the company policy & the related components causing a turnover problem in the Construction Companies of Oman. Design/methodology/approach: The data was collected from 217 employees who were actively involved in the construction work of the companies from the Government Sector, Oil Sector,and Housing Sector and were selected on a random sampling basis. Findings: The results of the study reveal that the employees prefer environment wherein they need the freedom to work, speak and act. The study also reveals that the company policies should be clear and proper guidance should be given by HR department on job progression and training. It is also revealed that the Salary and after service benefits should be attractive along with better service compensation. Research limitations/Implications: The study implies that the employees should be given a free environment, Attractive Salary and better service benefits.The present study covers the population from the selected largest construction companies of Oman,anda wide range of study will give us a clearerpicture. Social implications: The study suggeststhe management should act wisely in handling the workers employed below them as the human resources can do a lot for their organizations. Further, the company policies should be crystal clear,and employee benefits and perquisites should be made at par with that of the niche market. Originality/Value: Only a very few have examined the causes for the turnover issue in the construction companies of Oman, and it is a first-hand study of its kind,and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

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Ramanathan, S., M. R. Thansekhar, P. Rajesh Kanna, and Prem Gunnasegaran. "A new method of enhancing heat transfer in sudden expansion channel using vortex generators with toe-out and toe-in configurations by acquiring perquisites of recirculation and secondary vortex flow." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 33, no. 8 (August 2019): 3913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-0736-9.

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Serra, George, and Albert D. Cover. "The Electoral Consequences of Perquisite Use: The Casework Case." Legislative Studies Quarterly 17, no. 2 (May 1992): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/440059.

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Yin, Xianan, Hua Ming, Jing Cui, and Xinzhong Bao. "Could Executive Compensation Incentive Enhance the Efficiency of Enterprise Resource Allocation? An Empirical Study from China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7073878.

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Corporate executives have the decision-making power of resource allocation, and efficient resource allocation is an important measure of high-quality development of enterprises. It is a focal issue whether the compensation incentive can promote the executives to make better use of the enterprise resource allocation. We investigate this question using the data of the Chinese listed companies in 2015–2019 based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and fixed effect model. The results show the following: (1) both monetary compensation incentive and equity incentive can significantly improve the efficiency of resource allocation, and the former is more significant; (2) there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between perquisite consumption incentive and resource allocation efficiency; (3) the above conclusion is still true in state-owned enterprises; (4) in private enterprises, the effect of equity incentive is more effective, but the effect of perquisite consumption incentive is less significant. The results highlight the relationship between compensation incentive and enterprise resource allocation. Our study is expected to guide the executives to formulate reasonable compensation incentives and improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

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Brooks, Darrell, and Rudolf F. Buntic. "An Aesthetic Perquisite of Rectus Muscle Transplantation in Extremity Reconstruction." Annals of Plastic Surgery 54, no. 1 (January 2005): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000129205.26152.eb.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Perquisites'

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