To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Persia.
Journal articles on the topic 'Persia'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Persia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Haliwungan, Azhar Ilham, and Mathias Revando. "Perubahan Fonologis dalam Kasus Arabisasi Lafaz-lafaz Persia pada Syair “Alamma Khayalun min Qutaylah” Karya Al-A’sya / Phonological Change in the Case of Arabization of Persian Words in the Poem “Alamma Khayalun min Qutaylah” by Al-A'sha." Loghat Arabi : Jurnal Bahasa Arab dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2024): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.36915/la.v5i1.239.
Full textAbstract:
The Arabization of Persian phrases is found in Al-A'sha's poem entitled “Alamma Khayalun min Qutaylah”. This is because Al-A'sha was a delegate who had a strong relationship with Persian kings. This study aims to analyze the phonological changes in the case of the arabization of Persian words in the poem. This type of research is qualitative research, while the data sources are the book of Diwan Al-A'sha Al-Kabir and the Arabic-Persian dictionary as data sources. Data collection is done by library research technique. The literature review was conducted by looking for changes in the words in several dictionaries. With such data collection, it can be found the original Persian word before the arabization process occurred. In this study, the phonological approach is applied in content analysis by categorizing the phonological changes into several parts. The analysis of phonological changes is carried out using the school of ancient linguists, especially the school of Sibawaih. Based on the analysis, it can be found that there are four phonological changes, namely the replacement of consonants with consonants as in the word مِسك which is the result of the arabization of the Persian word مُشك, the replacement of vowels with vowels as in the word سَوسن which is the result of the arabization of the Persian word سُوسن, the addition of letters or the like as in the word جُلَّسان which is the result of the arabization of the Persian word جُلْشن, and the removal of letters as in the word مرزجوش which is the result of the arabization of the Persian word مرزنكوش.Abstrak: Arabisasi lafaz-lafaz Persia banyak ditemukan pada syair Al-A’sya yang berjudul “Alamma Khayalun min Qutaylah”. Hal ini karena Al-A’sya merupakan delegasi yang memilki hubungan kuat dengan raja-raja Persia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan fonologis dalam kasus arabisasi lafaz-lafaz Persia pada syair tersebut. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, adapun sumber datanya adalah kitab Diwan Al-A’sya Al-Kabir dan kamus Arab-Persia sebagai sumber data. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik kajian pustaka. Tinjauan pustaka dilakukan dengan mencari perubahan lafaz-lafaz tersebut dalam beberapa kamus. Dengan pengumpulan data yang demikian, dapat ditemukan lafaz Persia asli sebelum proses arabisasi terjadi. Dalam penelitian ini pendekatan fonologi diterapkan dalam analisis isi dengan mengkategorikan perubahan-perubahan fonologis menjadi beberapa bagian. Analisis perubahan fonologis dilakukan dengan menggunakan mazhab ahli bahasa zaman dulu khususnya mazhab Sibawaih. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut dapat ditemukan bahwa ada empat perubahan fonologis, yaitu penggantian konsonan dengan konsonan seperti pada kata مِسك yang merupakan hasil arabisasi kata Persia مُشك, penggantian vokal dengan vokal seperti pada kata سَوسن yang merupakan hasil arabisasi kata persia سُوسن, penambahan huruf atau sejenisnya seperti pada kata جُلَّسان yang merupakan hasil arabisasi kata Persia جُلْشن, dan penghilangan huruf seperti pada kata مرزجوش yang merupakan hasil arabisasi kata Persia مرزنكوش.
2
Kulakov, Vladimir. "Russian-Persian Schools as an Element of Imperial Russia’s Soft Power Policy in Northern Persia: Late Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Centuries." Oriental Studies 17, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2024-71-1-8-17.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed an intensified Russia–UK confrontation in Persia, which was paralleled by penetrations of other great powers (France, Germany, USA) into the Near and Middle East. Under those conditions, Russia’s traditional economic methods of influence in Persia became insufficient. Goals. The study seeks to examine the phenomenon of Russian educational institutions in Northern Persia as another way of pursuing own national political goals in the designated country. The work aims at confirming — with evidence from archival documents — the activities of Russian-Persian schools during the specified period were to shape a positive image of Russia in Persian society. Materials and methods. The most important sources characterizing the process of opening Russian-Persian schools in Northern Persia (their goals and objectives, training agenda, certain results) are documents of both central authorities and diplomatic, economic and military institutions of the Russian Empire to Persia discovered at the Russian State Historical Archive. Analytical and generalization methods — with comparative into historiographic and archival materials — have proved most instrumental therein. Results. The article identifies some prerequisites for the emergence of Russian-Persian schools in Northern Persia, determines the validity of their activities in this particular region of the country, clearly outlines the context of Russia’s competition with other governments in this matter to conclude as follows: the Russian government was perfectly aware of the need to open such schools that would disseminate the Russian language and Russia-related ideas among Persia’s population; graduates of those educational institutions would serve an important element in pursuing Russia’s interests both in trade, economy, and politics; despite various difficulties — primarily financial ones — the schools were popular enough among ethnic Persians both in Tehran and in other cities of Northern Persia.
3
Kornoukhova, G. G. "Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 3 (2022): 610–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’ achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’ demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established, as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.
4
Nakhaei, Mohammad. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE RUSSIAN ULTIMATUM OF 1911 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL POLITICAL SITUATION IN PERSIA." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations 4, no. 3 (2023): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2023-4-407-422.
Full textAbstract:
In 1910, the Persian government appointed an American adviser, Morgan Schuster, head of the Treasury to reform the country’s financial system. Schuster’s actions endangered the position of some influential politicians in Persia from the very beginning and also antagonized Russia, which had significant interests in Persia. The contradictions between the American adviser and the Russian government were growing until in 1911 Russia presented an ultimatum to the Persian government, with a demand for the dismissal of Schuster. The Russian ultimatum led to a split among the former pro-constitutional forces and provided an opportunity for Shuster’s opponents to remove him and strengthen their position in the Majlis, which actively supported the American adviser. In the end, under pressure from Russia and with the support of the government and some top Persian politicians, the Persian government accepted the ultimatum, Shuster was forced to end his mission in Persia and the Majlis was dismissed by supporters of the ultimatum
5
NAUMOVA, N. A. "PERSIA IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBORING STATES." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no. 3 (2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-3-135-145.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between Persia and neighbouring states in the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Reliable sources such as materials of the journal «Niva» from 1874, Military-statistical collections from 1868-1900, materials of collections of geographical, topographic and statistical materials on Asia from 1895, notes of diplomats, etc. are used. The article investigates the mechanism and nature of these relationships in the context of Afghan-Persian relations, disputes between Persia and Baluchistan, Russian-Persian contradictions. Research methods such as the microhistorical approach and the method of com-parative studies are used. It is stressed that these methods point to the distinctive nuances in historical processes. It should be noted that the formation of the image of Persia in the eyes of Russians takes place in the materials discussed in the paper. The analysis of the Persian policy in regard to the Russian market in the Trans-Caspian region is presented. Much attention is given to the "water problem" in the border areas. In conclusion, the author focuses on the fact that the image of Persia in the eyes of Russians turned out to be objective and with the identification of problems of international cooperation.
6
Septianingrum, Anisa. "INVASI YUNANI KE PERSIA SEBAGAI BUKTI KEBANGKITAN KEBUDAYAAN HELLENIS." Diakronika 18, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol18-iss1/58.
Full textAbstract:
Persia and Greece have engaged in a complicated relationship with war in the expansion of the territory. Persia was superior first because it was able to form strong empires and conquer cities around Asia and several cities in Europe. Greece managed to get rid of Persia, but it did not last long. Greece in ancient times consisted of many policies that competed with each other. The most famous policies of that period were Athens and Sparta. Both have advantages compared to other policies scattered in Greece. However, Athens and Sparta are two policies that compete with their respective strengths, causing disputes. Persia at that time had established good relations with Athens and Sparta. Persia found great opportunities to control Greece in the event of a war between Athens and Sparta. Persian interference in Greece was unavoidable which led to the Peloponnesian War which resulted in the conquest of Persia over Greece. Greece's downfall under the conquest of Persia did not last long. A unifying figure emerged in Greece that was able to embrace all policies and become the greatest king in history who had a vast conquest, both in the West and East. Alexander The Great was a king from the Kingdom of Macedonia in Greece who was able to unite all policies. Alexander invaded Persia to spread Hellenic culture.
7
Galbraith, John S. "Britain and American Railway Promoters In Late Nineteenth Century Persia." Albion 21, no. 2 (1989): 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049928.
Full textAbstract:
Within the last generation there has been a vast outpouring of scholarship on the characteristics of British imperial policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The older orthodoxy that the mid-Victorian years were dominated by a commitment to laissez faire and free trade has been demolished. In the new era scholars quarrel over how “imperial” was “informal empire.” This article is not intended to add to this controversy, but rather to provide insight into the character of British policy in one area, Persia, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on American efforts to build railways and British responses to this attempted intrusion into an exclusive British-Russian sphere of influence.For both Russia and Britain Persia had great strategic significance. Like Afghanistan, “the walls of the Indian garden,” Persia was important primarily in relation to the defense of the Indian Empire. Russian expansion to the borders of Persia, a weak state, posed the threat that the country would fall under Russian influence and what had been a buffer would become a menace.British interest in Persia thus involved a strong strategic component which affected economic policy. Unlike Afghanistan it was seen as a promising market for British goods, particularly if transportation to the interior of Persia could be opened up on the Karun River and if British capital could be attracted to build a network of railways which could be a further basis for controlling the Persian economy and thus contributing to British influence at the Persian court. At the same time Britain was determined to thwart Russian plans for railways in the north which could be used to transport troops to the borders of Persia and eventually beyond. Each power assumed the malevolent intent of the other and each was determined to frustrate these foul plans.
8
Beckman, Daniel. "King Artaxerxes’ Aegean Policy." Journal of Persianate Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341304.
Full textAbstract:
Ernst Badian has argued that it would have been ideologically unacceptable for the great king of Persia to submit to negotiations with Athens and to bind himself by oath to the resulting Peace of Callias. This interpretation, however, is the result of the later Greek conception of the Peace of Callias as an Athenian victory over Persia, and the Peace of Antalcidas as a Persian humiliation of Greece. In this paper, I argue that the Achaemenid kings of Persia inherited notions of kinship, empire, and diplomacy from their Neo-Assyrian predecessors, and therefore saw treaties as an honorable and legitimate tool of empire.
9
Ja'far, Ja'far, Dahlia Lubis, and Muhammad Iqbal. "PERSIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE ARCHIPELAGO: The Transmission of Persian Islamic Intellectual Tradition to Indonesia in the Contemporary Era." Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v7i1.14241.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The majority of Muslims in Indonesia adhere to the Sunni school, but a small number of Muslims in this country adhere to the Shia Imamiyah school, which has been actively involved in developing the Islamic intellectual tradition of Persia (Iran), currently the center of intellectual and spiritual Shiism in the world. This study examines the transmission of the Persian Islamic intellectual tradition to the archipelago in the contemporary era. The study is a literature review, employing the social history approach. It argues that translation activities carried out by individuals or groups of Shia Muslims in Indonesia, as well as scientific research conducted by some students and lecturers at Islamic universities in Indonesia, has become the most important factors in the process of transmitting philosophy from Persia to Indonesia. This study enriches the understanding of the history of Islamic philosophy in Indonesia. This study argues that Persian philosophy has influenced the development of Islamic philosophy in Indonesia. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Islamic philosophy, Persian, Archipelago, Islamic intellectual tradition</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Mayoritas Muslim di Indonesia merupakan penganut aliran Sunni, akan tetapi ternyata sebagian kecil Muslim di negeri ini menganut aliran Syiah Imamiyah yang kemudian terbukti secara aktif ikut mengembangkan tradisi intelektual Islam Persia (Iran) yang saat ini menjadi pusat intelektual dan spiritual Syiah di dunia. Studi ini mengkaji transmisi tradisi intelektual Islam Persia ke Nusantara pada era kontemporer. Studi ini merupakan studi kepustakaan. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sejarah sosial. Studi ini mengajukan argumen bahwa kegiatan penerjemahan yang dilakoni oleh individu atau sekelompok Muslim Syiah di Indonesia, dan juga riset ilmiah yang dilakukan oleh sebagian mahasiswa dan dosen di perguruan tinggi Islam di Indonesia telah menjadi faktor terpenting dalam proses transmisi ilmu filsafat dari Tanah Persia ke Indonesia. Studi ini menambah gugusan referensi tentang sejarah filsafat Islam di Indonesia. Studi ini berargumen bahwa filsafat Persia mempengaruhi studi filsafat Islam di Indonesia. </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: filsafat Islam, Persia, Nusantara, tradisi intelektual Islam</p>
10
SHIN, GYU SEOB, and JONG OH LEE. "The Archetype of Festival Culture: Symbolism in Nawruz and Korean Festivities." Revista de etnografie și folclor / Journal of Ethnography and Folklore 2024, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2024): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/jef.2024.1-2.01.
Full textAbstract:
Although Persia played a major role as an archetypal culture, traditional scholarship holds that it degenerated into a “lost civilization,” and only its intermediary role between Eastern and Western civilizations has been recognized. Even so, the customs and ritual ceremonies of Persia, particularly as seen in the festival of Nawruz (the New Year Festival), have the oldest cultural roots in the world, and their influence is still prevalent globally. There is a need to rediscover Persian civilization and culture, which has been pushed to the margins, to reinterpret its symbols, and to restore its position as an archetype. This paper utilizes the festival of Nawruz as a primary example of the lasting influence of Persian culture, as seen in the Iranian Festival of Fire, symbolism in certain numbers and rituals, and the correlation of several ritual images from ancient Persia to their more contemporary counterparts in Korea and other Asian regions. Keywords: Persian culture, Nawruz festival, Korea, East Asian History, Symbolism of the Numbers, Significance of the Two Fishes, Festival of Fire
11
Sahabuddin, Wasilah Sila. "Dome Form Typology Of Islamic Architecture In Persia." Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4374.
Full textAbstract:
Aim of this research is to describe the dome form typology of Islamic Architecture in Persia area. This research applies descriptive qualitative method with physiognomy concept approach as a method in interpreting architecture object. This research methods also identify a particular physical object based on the style of Persian Area (Iran and Middle Asia) which correlated with the origin of dome form. The result explained that the dome typology in Islamic Architecture of Persia style has six types. Most of the types are the development gateway curvature (<em>iwan</em>) as the characteristic feature of Persian architecture.
12
Perret, Daniel, and Heddy Surachman. "Jejak-Jejak Persia di Barus." AMERTA 25, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v25i1.1-11.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Traces of Persian Culture at Barrus. From the middle of the first millenium C.E., or even before, Barus has been known as a trading mart for camphor and gold.Archaeological researches conducted in Barus from 1995 until 2005, as part of the cooperation program between The National Research and Development Centre of Archaeology, Indonesia and École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), highlight the ancient relation between Persia and the Indonesia archipelago.A number of artefacts coming for Persia, made of stone and glass, as well as pottery, were collected during the excavations of the Lobu Tua site (mid-9th c.-end of the 11th c). Although analyses of the finds collected during the excavations at the Bukit Hasang site ( 12th c- beg. of the 16th c.) arenot completed yet, it is clear that at that time Barus experienced a great decline in the use of objects made of permanent material coming from the Middle East. But two inscribed tombstones, dating to the end of the 14th c. and to beginning of the 15th c, using Persian language or grammar prove that relation with Persia were not completely severed.Abstrak. Barus terkenal dari Asia Barat sampai Cina sebagai tempat perdagangan kuno untuk kamper dan emas sejak paling tidak pertengahan milenium pertama Masehi. Penelitian arkeologi yang telah dijalankan dari tahun 1995 hingga tahun 2005 di Barus, dalam rangka kerjasama Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional dengan École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), menunjukkan hubungan yang berlangsung lama antara Persia dan Nusantara.Ekskavasi di situs Lobu Tua khususnya menghasilkan sejumlah artefak asal Persia dari batu dan kaca, serta sejumlah pecahan tembikar yang dipakai di Barus antara pertengahan abad ke-9 M dan akhir abad ke-I 1. Walaupun analisis mengenai hasil penggalian di situs Bukit Hasang (abad ke-12 hingga awal abad ke-16) belum selesai, sudah jelas bahwa pemakaian benda-benda permanen asal wilayah Timur Tengah pada umumnya menurun drastis di situs tersebut dibandingkan dengan Lobu Tua. Tetapi dua batu nisan dari akhir abad ke-14 dan awal abad ke-15, yang bertuliskan bahasa Persia atau menggunakan tata bahasa Persia, merupakan bukti bahwa hubungan dengan Persia tidak putus sama sekali.
13
Davydova, Tatiana. "Azerbaijani-Persian relations in 1918-1920: from territorial claims to diplomacy." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2024): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2024.1.70160.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the development of Azerbaijani-Persian relations in 1918–1920, when a newly formed state called Azerbaijan Democratic Republic appeared on the world map. Before the declaration of independence, the territory of Azerbaijan was a part of the Russian Empire, which received Azerbaijani lands as a result of the Russian-Persian wars in the first half of the 19th century. The Turkmenchay Treaty of 1828 defined the border separating Azerbaijan and Armenia from Persia and consolidated the division of Azerbaijan between the Russian Empire and Persia. As a result, the territory of Azerbaijan was divided into two parts - northern and southern, called Caucasian and Persian Azerbaijan respectively. The article is an attempt to fill the gap in the analysis of Azerbaijani-Persian relations in 1918-1920 in the domestic science. Historical, narrative and system methods were used as the main methods in the work on the article. The relevance of the article is conditioned by the possibility of revision of international treaties of historical significance. In particular, modern Iran has started revising the Turkmenchay Treaty of 1828. The revision of previously of earlier treaties may pose a threat to regional international relations and alter the territorial integrity of the states involved in the process. Understanding the historical development of the countries is important for building a foreign policy line at the present stage, including for Russia. Based on an analysis of foreign policy documents of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the author comes to the conclusion that Azerbaijani-Persian relations were ambiguous: if initially Persia declared its territorial claims to Azerbaijani lands, then Persia’s policy soon turned in the opposite direction, and the countries signed a number of agreements on foreign policy cooperation. The most important result of bilateral cooperation was the de jure recognition of Azerbaijan by Persia.
14
Koparal, Elif. "Janett Morgan. Greek perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia through the looking glass." Journal of Greek Archaeology 1 (January 1, 2016): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v1i.667.
Full textAbstract:
Janette Morgan’s ‘Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia through the Looking Glass’ is the last book published as part of the series of Edinburgh Studies in Ancient Persia. Almost twenty years after Margaret C. Miller’s ‘Athenians and Persians in the Fifth century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity’ was published, one is still in awe of the way that Miller contributed to the debate on cultural receptivity within the context of Greek and Persian engagement.
15
Sarlati, Niloofar. "Between Polite Economy and the Gift: Nineteenth-Century British Travelers and Persian Excess." Philological Encounters 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 134–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-bja10001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nineteenth-century travelogues by British travelers to Persia commonly include warnings against “excessive” Persian politeness, casting it as flattery or deceit. While this pejorative representation of Persian cordiality is a token of British Orientalism, it also highlights the incompatible measures for pleasantries in Persia and Britain. This essay traces the competing economies of social courtesy in these two contexts: a desire for utmost calculability in the British market entailed a new conception of politeness, one more moderate and commercial; by contrast, Persian politeness operated through gift-giving and “extravagant” greetings and complimenting. While the former hinges on a “modern” conception of commerce, the latter pivots around the bargain entailed in gift-giving. (Mis)recognition and (mis)translation of Persian “excess” as the hypocrisy of the ancien régime in the travelogues, however, signpost a teleological fabrication of the past which urges a global circulation of the British notion of polite character.
16
Arditya Prayogi, Lilik Riandita, and Singgih Setiawan. "THE DYNAMICS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE PERSIAN REGION: A HISTORICAL STUDY." Jurnal Keislaman 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54298/jk.v5i2.3434.
Full textAbstract:
The chapters in the history of Islamic civilization by historians are divided into classical, medieval, and modern periods. Islamic civilization itself is a civilization that spread widely to various regions, including the Persian region. Persia in its history deviates many relics that show how Islam is dynamic in each era. This article was written using a qualitative descriptive approach by describing the literature study method. From the results of the discussion, it is known that Islamic civilization in Persia is dynamic, and most of the relics left by the Shafavid dynasty. In addition, in the later period, Persian identification with Shia (teachings) became attached to each other as a result of the dynamics of Islam in this region.
17
Dahmardeh, Mahdi, and Amir Nemati Limaee. "Foreign Languages: A Gate from the Past to the Present." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.48.
Full textAbstract:
Persia has got an ancient, very rich history and civilisation. This has resulted into widespread relations between Persians and other nations along history. As a result, besides the Persian language which has been used to communicate by different people settled in this territory, befitting a time and era, a variety of foreign languages have become popular. By the means of historical research, this article aims to discuss foreign languages in Persia and their changes in different eras, from the past to the present. Having considered historical documents and existing knowledge, it has been realised that the number of languages that used to be spoken during the Persian history as well as their diversity is very impressive.
18
Gorbyk, Olena. "ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT PERSIA: SYNCRETISM OF THE ARCHETYPES OF THE OIKOUMENE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 62 (January 31, 2022): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.62.29-39.
Full textAbstract:
The architecture of ancient Persia was an important component ecumenical development of culture and architecture of the ancient editerranean. Syncretism is confirmed in the forms of the order system and the porticos of Persia and Greco-Roman ancient architecture in the courtyards of Persian palaces and Roman court exedra in the form of a cross-domed temple of Persian Zoroastrianism and Byzantine Christianity. In the Achaemenid period of the history of ancient Persia, in the 6th century. B.C. in the Persian-occupied Anatolia and the Ionian Greeks took place an important event in ancient architecture - the birth of the order and the original architectural style. There is no reason to claim that the Persian marble column is a prototype of Greek Ionic marble or vice versa: they appeared synchronously and had common features (column with a developed base, flutes, with paired symmetrical sub-beam volutes) and methods of their monumental facade use (order portico). The archetype of the columned hall in the case of the Persian apadana, in solving its internal space, has certain features in comparison with ecumenical analogues – hypostyle halls of Egypt or Roman basilicas. The space of apadana, evenly marked by rows of slender columns of a unified order, had no difference in width or height nave, had neither deep nor centripetal spatial development. During the Sassanid dynasty in the 6th century. in the border provinces, which were the scene of the struggle between Rome- Byzantium and Sassanid Persia, the formation of the cross-domed system took place – parallel in the cross-domed Zoroastrian temples and Christian Roman-Byzantine. At the Persian University in Gondishapur, where an international team of scientists gathers, in the construction (involving Roman prisoners of war) of the Persian capital Bishapur the formula of ideal (centric, axial) architecture was realized. Zoroastrian temples of the Sassanid era receive a symmetrical shape, cross composition, centricity, trinity, that is, those archetypal themes that are characteristic of the traditions of sacred architecture of the Mediterranean ecumenism, in particular ancient Rome. The shape of the Persian courtyard is a variation of the Roman biaxial cross planning composition found in the architecture of Rome in the city plans, in the courtyards-perestilya with exedra, in the layout of the imperial baths). These examples show that the experience of ancient Persian architecture is not only the original oriental style, but is a variation of the Mediterranean ecumenical stylistic development.
19
Babaie, Sussan. "Visual Vestiges of Travel: Persian Windows on European Weaknesses." Journal of Early Modern History 13, no. 2 (2009): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138537809x12498721974589.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe increased presence of Europeans in Safavid Persia and especially in the capital city of Isfahan during the seventeenth century would imply the production of a kaleidoscope of observations of the foreigners. The scarcity of written Persian views on their European guests in contrast to the abundance of European chronicles about Safavid society has further fueled the expectation of 'oriental' apathy in modern historiography. In contrast to the discursive sources, Persian pictorial evidence of the European presence in Persia is surprisingly rich. This article focuses on a genre of Persian painting in which figural subject matter alludes to a sexual peculiarity of Europeans as observed by the people of Isfahan. The social agency of such pictures and their efficacy as historical sources allow us to tease out the different ways Safavid urban society observed the Europeans and lodged a cultural critique on aspects of their sexual behavior even before the emergence of Persian polemics on the Christian practice of celibacy.
20
Farhad Ahmad and Dr.Gohar Noshahi. "Ahmed Shamlo: Introductory Study." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v2i1.12.
Full textAbstract:
Persian literature is very rich literature of the world. Persian poets introduced a special identification in the world. Ahmed Shamlo one of the v renowned poet in persia. He bears a significant position in modern Persian poets. He is especially known due to his restive writing style in Persian poetry . This is an initial and interdictory essay pertaining to Ahmed Shamlo
21
Razy, Mohammad Refi Omar Ar, Kunto Sofianto Sofianto, and Gani Ahmad Jaelani. "Discourse Of Islamization In Indonesia: Hoesein Djajadiningrat’s Vision In The Colonial And Postcolonial Periods." Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 12, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jc.v12i1.20070.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Discourses on Islamization in Indonesia are quite varied, including giving birth to the opinion that Islam originated in Gujarat, Mecca, Persia and China. The problem is, the discourse about the opinion of the coming of Islam to Indonesia which later became a unified historical story is rarely found. The discourse on Islamization became a long discourse in the colonial and postcolonial periods. This paper aims to elaborate on the vision of Islamization according to Hoesein Djajadiningrat. Hoesein argues that Islam in Indonesia originates from Persia. The argument in this paper is that Hoesein as an intellectual can be aligned with scholars who give opinions on Islamization such as Snouck Hurgronje, Pijnappel, JP Moquette, Hamka, and Abu Bakar Aceh. This paper uses historical methods consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results in this paper find that the Islamization discourse originating from Persia is a strengthening of the Islamization of Gujarat and a counter discourse of Arab Islamization. Therefore, this paper will analyze, first, the Islamization Debate in Western discourse. Second, the postcolonial Islamization Debate, and Third, the Arab vs Persian Islamization debate.Keywords: Hoesein Djajadiningrat, Islam, Persian, Colonial, Postcolonial
22
Kudriavtceva, Anna. "Ephemera in the Kunstkamera: the Romaskevich Collection of Persian Postcards." Manuscripta Orientalia. International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research 29, no. 2 (2023): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1238-5018-2023-29-2-38-44.
Full textAbstract:
Alexander Romaskevich (1885—1942) was a distinguished Russian specialist in Persian language, history, and culture during the early Soviet period. He made several trips to Persia to study dialects, folklore, and various aspects of everyday folk culture as part of the development of current trends in Russian Iranian studies initiated by his teacher V. A. Zhukovsky (1858—1918) and actively continued later by younger Soviet scholars. A. A. Romaskevich donated to the MAE RAS ten collections that he had gathered in Persia. One of these, MAE No. 2471, consists mainly of photographs and largely reflects traditional spectacular art. The collection comprises a unique set of monochrome postcards featuring watercolour costume pictures known as “Types of people in present and recent Persia”, created in a characteristically naive style by anonymous Persian artists. These postcards from the beginning of the 20th century are fascinating examples of the interaction between Eastern and Western cultures, facilitated by the increased accessibility of “exotic countries”. The article forms a part of the “Manuscripts do not burn project”, which commemorates the Orientalists who worked during the blockade and died in besieged Leningrad.
23
Pantyukhina, T. V. "Great Britain in the conflict over Iran oil: the First World War period." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 9, no. 4 (2022): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2022.4.7.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights the activities of Great Britain in the competition for control over oil fields and the oil industry in Iran (Persia) and the South Caucasus in 1914-1918, which was not the subject of special research in Russian historiography. On the eve of the war, Great Britain actually controlled the production and refining of oil in Persia through the AngloPersian Oil Company. With the outbreak of the war, British interests in the region were put under threat by Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which sought to challenge the British monopoly on Persian oil. Despite the fact that the territory of Persia remained far from the major battles of World War I, the country was a strategically important war theater for Great Britain. The British troops stationed in Persia controlled the territory of southern Persia, while the north of the country was controlled by Russian troops. After Russia’s withdrawal from the war at the end of 1917, there was a threat of strengthening the positions of Turkish troops and their allies in Persia and their advance to the Caucasus, to the oil fields of Baku. To counter this threat, a special taskforce was formed, called «Dunsterforce». During its 8-month stay in Persia, Dunsterforce strengthened the British position in the country, successfully suppressing anti-British forces with weapons, diplomacy and the pound sterling. Dunsterforce failed to protect Baku from capture by the Turks in September 1918. However, in November 1918, British troops managed to take over Baku. As a result, by the end of the war the western, eastern and southern shores of the Caspian Sea were under the full control of the British military. under the full control of the British military.
24
Kennedy, Rebecca Futo. "A Tale of Two Kings: Competing Aspects of Power in Aeschylus' Persians." Ramus 42, no. 1-2 (2013): 64–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000072.
Full textAbstract:
The frequent assumption that they [the Persians] were as greatly concerned on these levels [historically, culturally, strategically] with Greece [as they were with the east] is a misconception which stems from our own western view of the world and from the unfortunate fact that Greece has given us our main literary sources of information on the Achaemenids. It was the Greeks who were fascinated by Persia, by Persian mores, and, yes, by Persian court art and luxury goods—not the reverse. If only the Persians had spawned the likes of Aeschylus and Herodotus, our perceptions of their preoccupations would be quite different.Athenians were indeed fascinated by Persia as their art and literature attest. The fascination was both cultural and political, but not without tensions. Part of that fascination manifested itself in the allure of Persian kings and what they represented. The kings ruled over a vast empire, larger than any the Mediterranean world had yet seen. They sought in their iconography and building programmes to exert a particular identity for themselves and the Achaemenid dynasty. Although the Athenians were not imperialists of the type we see in Persia, Rome or the figure of Alexander, they did build for themselves a small, Hellenic empire (archē) and they adopted a number of Persian mechanisms of power and some aspects of Achaemenid iconography for representing their power. Aeschylus' Persians, produced in 472 BCE, helps us understand the Athenians' developing archē, specifically how the representations of the two Persian Kings in the play helped the Athenians differentiate and define their power vis-à-vis the Great Persian Menace and, more importantly, the rest of the Greeks. By understanding better the engagement by the Athenians with Persian culture, we can better understand how the Athenians conceptualised their own power and position in the Aegean in the early 5th century BCE.
25
Kubba, Laith. "The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 3 (October 1, 1998): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i3.2167.
Full textAbstract:
The Islamic fnlellectual Tradition in Persia is an edited collection of essays by SeyyedHossein Nasr, the Iranian metaphysician and ontolgist, on Muslim philosophers and theintimate relationship between Persian culture and its philosophical schools. The 24 essayswere written over a period of four decades and scattered among numerous journals and collections.The book is divided into six parts: Islamic thought and Persian culture; earlyIslamic philosophy; the works of al Suhrawardj; philosophers, poets, and scientists; laterIslamic philosophy; and Islamic thought in modem Iran. The essays highlight Nasr's prolificand learned scholarship on the development of Islamic philosophy and illuminatemany aspects of the rich philosophical traditions in Islamic Persia and its history.Throughout this unique collection of articles, Nasr covers the lives and works ofmore than fifteen prominent thinkers and scientists who made significant contributions tothe evolution of the Islamic intellectual traditions in the Muslim world in general and inIslamic Persia in particular. Among those covered are al Farabi, lbn Sina, al BirOni, N????irKhusraw, Fakhr al Din al Razi, al Suhrawardi, Quib al Din Shirazi, $adr al Din Shiriizi,and Mullii HadT Sabzawari. Nasr presents their ideas through their actual works andinforms readers of their conditions and life stories in an easy and enjoyable sty le, whichallows the reader to learn about their ideas and conditions through the lives of these greatphilosophers. Their lives and works cover a wide spectrum of the Muslim mind and beara noticeable interplay of ideas from different fields, ideas that can neither be separatedfrom their conditions nor confined to one field.The book touches on many subjects of pure academic interest and provides an insightinto Persian culture. Although the essays are useful in researching the intellectual historyof Muslim philosophers in the largest sense, no one essay researches the development ofspecific ideas or aspects of the Persian philosophers. Nasr 's essays describe al Fara bi asthe "second teacher" in philosophy and elaborates on lbn Sina's contributions to logic andlanguage, metaphysics and cosmology, medicine pharmacology, and psychology. Someof their works cover classical debates on being and existence, what is learned and what isrealized, discursive knowledge and the insights of illumination, and concepts of unity and ...
26
Kornoukhova, G. G. "Russian-Persian Economic Relations in Early 20th Century: Road Construction." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 3 (April 25, 2024): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-3-445-462.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the history of the construction of one of the main transportation arteries in modern Iran: the Enzeli-Teheran highway with the Kazvin-Hamadan section. The road was funded by the Russian treasury and aimed to boost Russian-Persian trade by including not only the northern provinces of Persia but also the central part of the country. The intensification of trade was expected to occur through the introduction of automobile traffic on the highway, replacing the archaic caravan routes. The article presents the perspectives of both the Russian government of that period and entrepreneurial circles on the choice of road direction and the justification for transitioning to a new method of cargo delivery. It concludes that there were significant discrepancies in the positions of these parties. While the Russian government saw great geopolitical advantage in connecting the largest Enzeli port with Teheran and constructing the Kazvin-Hamadan branch linking northern Persia with its central part, entrepreneurs viewed it as a threat of European product penetration into northern Persia. Fortunately, the entrepreneurial community was not unanimous in its views, and a group emerged willing to embark on this new venture, promising to be successful and give a fresh impetus to Russian-Persian trade relations.
27
Barnes, T. D. "Constantine and the Christians of Persia." Journal of Roman Studies 75 (November 1985): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300656.
Full textAbstract:
The twenty-three Demonstrations of Aphrahat are not likely to be familiar to most students of Roman history or of Constantine. Aphrahat was head of the monastery of Mar Mattai, near modern Mosul, with the rank of bishop and, apparently, the episcopal name Jacob: as a consequence, he was soon confused with the better known Jacob of Nisibis, and independent knowledge of his life and career virtually disappeared. Fortunately, however, twenty-three treatises survived, whose attribution to ‘Aphrahat the Persian sage’ seems beyond doubt. Aphrahat wrote in Syriac and composed works of edification and polemic for a Mesopotamian audience outside the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, he provides crucial evidence not only for the attitude of Persian Christians towards Rome, but also for the military situation on Rome's eastern frontier at the end of the reign of Constantine. It is worth the effort, therefore, to set Aphrahat's fifth Demonstration, which bears the title ‘On wars’ or ‘On battles’, in its precise historical context. The present paper begins by considering the place of this Demonstration in Aphrahat's oeuvre and its exact date (I–III); it then argues that in 337 Constantine was preparing to invade Persia as the self-appointed liberator of the Christians of Persia (IV, VI), that Aphrahat expected him to be successful (V), and that Constantine's actions and the hopes which he excited caused the Persian king to regard his Christian subjects as potential traitors—and hence to embark on a policy of persecution (VII).
28
Yuqi ZHANG. "Stylization and individuation: the concept and style of space in Chinese and Persian painting images in Han and Tang Dynasties." Costume and Culture Studies 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/ccs.020204.
Full textAbstract:
During the Han and Tang Dynasties, the exchange of handicraft culture between China and Persia significantly promoted economic development, advanced diplomatic relations, improved the material and cultural life of the people, enriched their spiritual enjoyment, and held a critical position in the history of East-West handicraft cultural exchange. The methods of image composition in Chinese painting and Persian miniature painting differ, yet there are mutual influences. The images reflect the national uniqueness and cultural diversity of both countries due to the differences in functional space. This paper explores the communication between China and Persia in painting images during the Han and Tang Dynasties by examining three aspects: composition, space concept, and style of Chinese painting and Persian detailed photos. It reveals the mutual influences formed in exploring stylization and individuation while maintaining the distinctive characteristics of the art communication path.
29
Watkin, Henry Jay. "The cypriote surrender to Persia." Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (November 1987): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/630076.
Full textAbstract:
At present there appears to be general agreement that Cyprus entered the Persian Empire some time between c. 545 and 539. It will be argued here that this event did not occur until 526 or 525. The point involves other, much broader issues. Any power wishing to control Cyprus must possess a substantial navy. When, then, did Persia acquire sufficient naval strength to control the eastern Mediterranean? This last problem in turn raises the question of when the Persians annexed the countries of the Levant and Asia Minor from which they drew the whole of their fleet. Finally, because elaborate theories concerning the development of sixth century Cypriote sculpture have been built upon the conclusion that Cyprus submitted to Persia c. 545, a revision of that date will have important repercussions upon the history of Cypriote art.
30
Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Behrooz, and Mahsa Manavi. "From the Ancient Persian Court to the Early American Drama: A Discourse Historical Analysis of the Representation of Esther and Persia." International Journal of Persian Literature 8 (September 1, 2023): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.8.0086.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In efforts to pay homage to the establishment of nationalities, there is precedence in creating a binary opposition of “us” and “them” in some narrative contexts. This discursive construction within the narrative starts with the labeling of social elements, then proceeds to generalize the negative attributions, and then culminates elaborately in justifying the exclusion of many and the inclusion of some. Discourse Historical Analysis is a critical attempt to study power relations as reflected in the language of a (literary) text. The Book of Esther in the Old Testament recounts the story of the exiled Jews in Persia and the ill-fated conspiracy of the Persian prince to exterminate them. The most common opinion about the time and date of its composition is that it was composed among the Jewish diaspora in Persia during the reign of Xerxes I. The consolidation of their own Jewish nationality was indispensable while living an exiled life in Persia. As such, they cling to the idea of positive Jew and negative Persian representation in their recounts of the story of Esther in the Persian court. The interest in this biblical story has been maintained in numerous literary works. The focus of the present study is on the six late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American plays that speak to this phenomenon. In light of Ruth Wodak’s DHA (2003), the present article studies the power relations between the Persian regal host and the expatriate Jews in these dramatic texts. Essentially concerned with the study of conflicting ideologies in the social and political spheres, the discursive function of language in the construction of a diasporic nationality is highlighted herein.
31
Nizam Uddin, Md Abu Saleh. "Nazrul’s Persia in his decolonizing melodies." IIUC Studies 18, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v18i1.61279.
Full textAbstract:
Kazi Nazrul Islam of Bangla literature may be best described as a poet of humanity. Besides the anti-colonial and spiritual dimensions of his melodies, there is also a decolonizing tone in his literature. His songs, especially those that recuperate and include rich Persian heritage of Bangla literature, significantly contribute to decolonizing the colonially victimized Bangla literature in British India. Thus, this paper initially attempts to examine how distinctly and strongly Persian language, nature and culture remain as an important heritage for Bangla literature while Nazrul writes songs imbued with the Persian elements. Then, this paper has the prime aim to explore how the poet, in a colonial backdrop, robustly endeavors a comprehensive decolonization of Bangla literature with his Persia-attached songs. Thus, the study examines the poet’s measures of decolonization with efforts to revive successful Bangla literature, have it compete with or even exceed English literature and place Bengali Muslims again in their rightful literary domain. IIUC Studies Vol.18, December 2021: 135-156
32
Matthee, Rudi. "Persica Vaticana: Roma e Persia tra codici e testi." Iranian Studies 51, no. 5 (July 5, 2018): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2018.1475788.
Full text
33
Chelidze, V. "Written Sources from Ancient Albanian-Georgian Communications (Sagdukht - Princess Rani and Queen of Kartli)." Язык и текст 7, no. 3 (2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070309.
Full textAbstract:
National-cultural and religious disappearance of the Christian countries of the Caucasus (Albania, Iberia, Armenia) from the V century was threatened by Persia. "Kartlis Tskhovreba" (History of Georgia) tells in detail about these acute and dramatic historical events. Historical writings from a later period show one feature of this region. The references to Rani (Aran) as Persia ("Mirian... called from Persia his relative, a descendant of kings, named Peroz") and the inhabitants of this country as Persians ("in Ran, wherever the Persians fought") should not be taken literally. In Georgian historical works, the terms "Persia" and" Persian " in addition to Persia and Persians also meant countries and peoples of the Near and Middle East-Arabs, Turks, and others: "Sultan Arfasaran came out, king of P e R s I I" (Leonti Mroveli, Life of kings); "P e R s I d s K I e s u l t a n s, far and near" ("Chronicle of the times of lash Giorgi", life of king Giorgi); "the Georgians entered the castle, and there was a strong battle, and p e R s s B a g d a d a were defeated" (Chronicle of the century). This situation is due to the fact that the entire territory to the East of the Caucasus for centuries belonged to and was ruled by the Persian Empire of the Achaemenid, Arshakid and Sasanian eras (much later the Arab Caliphate and then the Turkish Sultanate appeared on the historical scene). In Georgian historical texts, in particular in the chronicle "Life of the kings" by Leonti Mroveli, a logical geographical description is given about this – "Persians from the East of the sun". According to Georgian historical data, these peoples also include Albanians who lived to the East of the Georgians. One of the most notable historical events is an extensive episode of romantic love in the life of an Albanian Princess, the daughter of the ruler of Rani (Aran) Barzaboda and a thorough historical account of the dramatic state activities of the Queen of Kartli (Iberia), mother of the great Georgian king Vakhtang Gorgasal-S a g d u x t.
34
Zahid, Anwar, Sumaira, and Riaz Sadia. "Geo-Strategic Significance of Kandahar for Mughal Empire." Global Social Sciences Review I, no. II (December 30, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2016(i-ii).02.
Full textAbstract:
Kandahar is one of the most significant and important region of Afghanistan. It had been ruled by the great dynasties like Greece, Muryans, Kushans, Hindu Shahis, Mongols and the Mughals etc. Because of its significant location, Kandahar remained the bone of contention between different Empires and dynasties. When the Mughal occupied India, it became necessary for them to make a strong hold on Kandahar because of its strategic location that connects Persia with India. Kandahar was a gateway to India from Persia and for the safety of India and Kabul the Mughals were struggling to have strong control over the area. It connects South Asian subcontinent with Central Asia, Middle East and the Persian Gulf. On the other side Persia considered Kandahar as her integral part particularly from the reign of Shah Tahmasp and always remained busy in taking its control from the Mughals. It was necessary for them to take control of Kandahar for accomplishing the Safavid expansion policy. Thus, Kandahar remained a sandwich between two great Empires.
35
Skowron, Ryszard. "Z Isfahanu do Warszawy." Lehahayer 10 (December 19, 2023): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lh.10.2023.10.04.
Full textAbstract:
FROM ISFAHAN TO WARSAW: POSTHUMOUS INVENTORIES OF SALOMON SYRI (ZGÓRSKI), ENVOY OF JAN III SOBIESKI TO PERSIA
The embassy of Salomon Syri (Zgórski), an Armenian in the service of Polish King Jan III Sobieski, to Persian Shah Suleiman I, undertaken in 1688-1690, was related to efforts to include Persia in the anti-Ottoman alliance. It was also connected with the Jesuit mission in the 1680s, aiming to reach China via Siberia. However, Syri was killed in Isfahan during the mission and was buried in the Jesuit church there. After the diplomat’s death, Poles residing in the capital of Persia compiled an inventory of his belongings, packed them into several crates, and sent them to Poland through Moscow. The University of Warsaw Library holds four handwritten inventories of Syri’s property, prepared in Moscow by the Polish resident Jerzy Dominik Dowmont. He sent to his king the belongings of the envoy in several parts. The inventories of Syri’s property, published in the article, constitute important and unique sources for the history of both Polish diplomacy and Polish material culture.
36
Pritchard, David M. "PUBLIC FINANCE AND WAR IN ANCIENT GREECE." Greece and Rome 62, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000230.
Full textAbstract:
Before the Persian Wars the Greeks did not rely on public finance to fight each other. Their hoplites armed and fed themselves. But in the confrontation with Persia this private funding of war proved to be inadequate. The liberation of the Greek states beyond the Balkans required the destruction of Persia's sea power. In 478bcAthens agreed to lead an alliance to do just this. It already had Greece's largest fleet. But each campaign of this ongoing war would need tens of thousands of sailors and would go on for months. No single Greek city-state could pay for such campaigns. The alliance thus agreed to adopt the Persian method for funding war: its members would pay a fixed amount of tribute annually. This enabled Athens to force Persia out of the Dardanelles and Ionia. But the Athenians also realized that their military power depended on tribute, and so they tightened their control of its payers. In so doing they turned the alliance into an empire.
37
Muscarella, Oscar White, and John Curtis. "Ancient Persia." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 3 (July 1991): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604323.
Full text
38
Foster, Benjamin R., John Curtis, Vladimir Lukonin, Muhammad A. Dandamayev, and Philip L. Kohl. "Ancient Persia." Classical World 85, no. 1 (1991): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350986.
Full text
39
Wright, Denis, George Nathaniel Curzon, and Peter King. "Curzon's Persia." Geographical Journal 153, no. 2 (July 1987): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634903.
Full text
40
Kornoukhova, Gadilya G. "N. N. Konshin’s Trading Activities in Persia in the Second Half of the 1880s." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-791-802.
Full textAbstract:
The article assesses trading activities of the Russian entrepreneur Nikolay Konshin in the late 19th century Persia, which was an important economic partner of the Russian Empire, as the contemporary Islamic Republic of Iran remains for the Russian Federation. Geopolitical turn of Russia from the West to the East makes studying Russia’s trading relations with Eastern states, and Iran in particular, more significant. The novelty of this work is in its addressing not a story of success, but the negative experience of Nikolay Konshin’s foreign trade company founded in 1884 in the capital of Persia, Tehran. The author identifies reasons that led to company’s closure in 1890 and forced Nikolay Konshin to ultimately quit the Persian market. In 1889 he organized an exhibition of Russian industrial products as a measure designed to support the company's trading activities. It was supposed to familiarize the Persian population with the range of Russian light industry products, previously unknown at the Persian market, and to secure orders from local merchants for Nikolay Konshin's firm. However, the expectations failed to materialize and the company did not receive the necessary impetus for its development. The author identifies causes of the exhibition’s failure, assesses Nikolay Konshin’s efforts in exploring opportunities of the Tehran market development, and clarifies their significance for the development of the Russian trade in Persia. The study is based on the documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire; namely, Nikolay Konshin’s petition to the Minister of Finance Ivan Vyshnegradsky and a number of consular reports addressed to the head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ivan Zinoviev. They offer explanations for failure of both Nikolay Konshin’s company and his exhibition. The analysis of entrepreneurial activities of a particular Russian company has made it possible to identify general features and characteristic peculiarities of the Persian market. The factors that hindered the advance of Russian trade in Tehran under tough European competition are also identified. Despite the failure of Nikolay Konshin's trade business, Russian entrepreneurs highly appreciated his activities in establishment of the Russian economic presence in Persia. The author concurs with such appraisal; Nikolay Konshin was instrumental in laying the groundwork for future penetration of the Russian trade capital onto the Tehran market, which had hitherto remained terra incognita for the Russian business community.
41
Willi, Andreas. "Old Persian in Athens Revisited (Ar. Ach. 100)." Mnemosyne 57, no. 6 (2004): 657–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525043083514.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Old Persian line in Aristophanes' Acharnians (100) is commonly believed to contain nothing but comic gibberish. Against this view, it is argued here that a responsible reconstruction of an Old Persian original is possible if one takes into account what we nowadays know about late fifth-century Old Persian. Moreover, the result, whose central element is the Persian verb for 'writing',fits in with both general considerations on linguistic realism in drama and the historical reality of diplomatic interaction between Greece and Persia during the Peloponnesian War.
42
Campos Méndez, Israel. "Los Aqueménidas y la danza pérsica: entre religión y espectáculo = The Achaemenid dynasty and the Persian dance: between religion and spectacle." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 15 (November 5, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3819.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen: Los autores griegos nos informan de la existencia de un tipo de baile conocido como “danza pérsica”. En este artículo analizaremos cuál es el contexto en que pudo surgir. Además, se buscará el posible significado que pudo tener como manifestación de un tipo específico de espectáculo, con unos componentes religiosos que pueden vincularse con el dios Mitra.Abstract: Greek authors inform us about the existence of a type of dance known as “Persian dance”. In this paper, we will examine which was the context of its apparition. We will search too, which was its possible meaning as a manifestation of a specific type of spectacle, with religious components related to the god Mithra.Palabras clave: Mitra, Persia, danza, espectáculo.Key words: Mithra, Persia, dance, spectacle.
43
Kudriavtceva, Anna. "Ethnographic Collections of Yuriy and Sophia Marr at Peter the Great Kunstkamera." Manuscripta Orientalia. International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research 28, no. 2 (December 2022): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1238-5018-2022-28-2-77-91.
Full textAbstract:
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of Russian Academy of Sciences holds four collections of watercolours, photographs and material culture items, related to Persia of the 1920s and gathered there by Yuriy and Sophia Marr. Yuriy Marr (1893—1935), the son of Academician Nikolai Marr (1865—1934), who had an unprecedented impact on the development of the humanities in the early Soviet period, devoted his short life to Iranian studies and was among the best experts in the Persian language, literature and daily life of contemporary Persia. In recent decades, Yuriy Marr gained new recognition as a futurist poet due to a series of publications of his literary heritage, carefully preserved for many years by his wife Sophia Marr (1890—1980). In 1925—1926 Yuriy Marr was on mission in Persia to establish cultural ties and collect data on librarianship and publishing activities. The article briefly highlights the features of three collections representing some ethnographic realities of Persia on the eve of comprehensive modernization of the country. Emphasis is made on the collection that was received from Sophia Marr in 1978. The collection includes a woolen cloak (‘aba’) brought by Yuriy Marr from his student trip to Lebanon and Syria in 1914, and 15 watercolour portraits on plywood sheets, copied from the original photographs that were found in the Archives of Orientalists at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
44
Compareti, Matteo. "The Spread Wings Motif on Armenian Steles: Its Meaning and Parallels in Sasanian Art." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190106.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper is a study on the so-called “spread wings”—a particular element of the Sasanian art that is attested also in other regions of the Persian Empire in Late Antiquity, including the western coast of the Persian Gulf and the Caucasus. The spread wings can be observed on Sasanian coins above the royal crowns, which are considered specific for every Sasanian sovereign, supporting astronomical elements, like the crescent, star, and, possibly, the sun. The Arabs and the peoples of the Caucasus who adopted Christianity used the spread wings element as a pedestal for the cross. In Armenian literature, there are some connections between those spread wings and glory, so that a kind of pedestal could be considered a device to exalt or glorify the element above it. The floating ribbons attached to Sasanian crowns had possibly the same meaning and were adopted also outside of proper Persia. In the same way, it could be considered correct to identify those luminaries on Sasanian crowns as divine elements connected with the religion of pre-Islamic Persia.
45
Dalen, Benno Van, and Michio Yano. "Islamic Astronomy in China: Two New Sources for the Huihui Li (“Islamic Calendar”)." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018499.
Full textAbstract:
In this talk we will discuss some aspects of the exchange of astronomical knowledge that took place between the Muslim world and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth century. In that period both the eastern part of the Muslim world, consisting of Persia and surrounding countries, and China, ruled by the Yuan Dynasty, were part of the Mongol world empire. In particular in the period between 1260 and 1280, astronomers as well as astronomical books and instruments were exchanged between Persia and China. As a result, extensive descriptions of a Chinese luni-solar calendar can be found in Arabic and Persian astronomical works from the Mongol period, whereas a Chinese text entitled Huihui Li (“Islamic Calendar”) can be seen to be a translation of a typical Islamic astronomical handbook with tables and explanatory text, in Arabic and Persian called zīj. Islamic astronomy had a good name in China because of its accurate prediction of eclipses, and the Huihui li was used parallel with the official Chinese calendar for almost 300 years.
46
Abdolmohammadi, Pejman. "Remarks on the Origins of Secularism and Nationalism in Iran." Eurasian Studies 13, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2015): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340008.
Full textAbstract:
Mirzā Fatḥʿalī Āḫūndzāde (1812-1878) is one of the most important thinkers and intellectuals of the 19th century in Iran. He started to develop a critical perception of political Islam, giving rise to a new current of thought based on Persian nationalism, secularism and constitutionalism. This article, after a brief introduction of the political and historical context of the 19th century, will analyse the political thought of Āḫūndzāde, highlighting some fundamental elements of his ideas and reflections such as enlightenment, nationalism, constitutionalism, the relationship between religion and politics, and the importance of individual liberties and civil rights. Āḫūndzāde was able to combine the Western enlightenment with the Persian pre-Islamic history and identity, creating, for the first time in the Iranian modern history, a new current of thought based on secularism and nationalism. This article will also show how Āḫūndzāde’s thought influenced the political evolution of Persia from the mid of nineteenth century until today, highlighting some important historical events of Persia such as the Constitutional Revolution, Riḍā Šāh’s reign, Muṣaddiq’s government and the political movements of today’s Iranian civil society.
47
Partovi, Parviz. "Shakespeare Studies in Iran: The British Knight for Persia." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 27, no. 42 (November 23, 2023): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.27.05.
Full textAbstract:
Shakespeare’s travels into Persia started in the middle of the nineteenth century when modern socio-political forces and the need for a powerful army were fomenting important changes in the traditional structure of government, production, and culture alike. Shakespeare appeared in Persia at a time when the country was experiencing a fundamental transition from older traditions into a western-like government, infrastructure, education, and ideas. Shakespeare was important to this process in two ways. He was enlisted to enrich the cultural property of the country and therefore became ensconced in the educational system. Perhaps more importantly, his plays were used to critique the ruling political system and the prevailing habits of the people. Hamlet has always been a favorite play for the translators and the intellectuals because it starts with regicide and ends with murdering a monarch and replacing him with a just king. Othello, another favorite, was frequently retranslated partly because there were similar themes in Persian culture with which readers could easily connect. Thus, Shakespeare became a Persian Knight and moved from one historical era to another to function as a mirror to reflect the aspirations of the elite, if not those of the common folk. This paper traces Shakespeare’s steps in Persia chronologically, expounding the socio-political context in which Shakespeare and his plays operated not only within the context of academia, but also without in society amongst the people and the elites as political allegories to sidestep censorship and to attack the despotic monarchs and ruling power.
48
GONZÁLEZ FERNÁNDEZ, Martín. "Omar Khayyám (1040/62-1131/32) y la filosofía árabe / Omar Khayyám (1040/62-1131/32) and Arab philosophy." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 21 (October 1, 2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v21i.5910.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes the figure of Omar Khayyam (Nîsâbur, Persia, ca. 1040/62,- ca. 1131/32, Nîsâbur) by looking at his famous quatrains or rubayat,focusing on the reception and review of the Arab philosophies of his time, and the defense that he makes of Persian Archaic, Zoroastrian, Mazdean and Manichean culture and philosophy.
49
Bahadori, Ali. "On the Structural Aspects of Persian Elites in Achaemenid Persia." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190402.
Full textAbstract:
This article, focused on the Persian Gobryas, the head of Patischorian tribe and a member of the mysterious circle bringing Darius I (the Great) to the throne called the “Seven” by Herodotus, aims to argue that the concept of seven families was originally derived from the tribal structure of the Achaemenid society rather than from traditions found in classical writers. Mainly based on the administrative Elamite texts from Persepolis, the paper attempts to add contextual and practical detail to the classical narrative about the status of the “Seven” in the Achaemenid imperial system. This data leads us to the Fahliyān region in southwestern Persia as the house of the Patischorians and shows how Gobryas and his house were involved in the political, economic and administrative structures of the Persian Achaemenid Empire especially during the reign of Darius. The case also provides a valuable context for the study of various aspects of social organization particularly the land tenure.
50
Whidden, Christopher. "The Account of Persia and Cyrus's Persian Education in Xenophon'sCyropaedia." Review of Politics 69, no. 4 (2007): 539–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670507000952.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTheCyropaediais a biographical account of what Cyrus, the founder of the Persian Empire, knew in order to rule human beings. This essay focuses on Cyrus's twofold Persian education, which consisted of his conventional and heterodox educations. The former emphasized the rule of law, while the latter stressed the need for absolute rule by a single leader. In order to evaluate Cyrus's revolution, one must grasp the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Persian regime that educated him, especially in light of the impressive but short-lived empire he founded. In the end, theCyropaediaunfolds as a deeply ironic work. Despite Cyrus's prodigious wisdom, the empire he founded was for Xenophon neither unequivocally lasting nor good. In this sense, Xenophon's own knowledge rivals and supercedes that of Cyrus, insofar as Xenophon realized that wisdom is no match for the chaotic world of politics, a sobering and realistic outlook still applicable today.