Journal articles: 'Persian Gulf countries'

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Shkvarya, L. "Russia's Foreign Trade with Persian Gulf Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2010): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-10-77-83.

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The Russian Federation is ever more actively joining world economy processes, and it is important for it to diversify foreign trade relations. In this respect, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) countries appears to be a quite real alternative to industrially developed countries. In the article, stages and the contemporary state of economic relations between Russia and CCASG are analyzed, key ongoing problems are specified.

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Naderi, Shima. "Policy-Making of the Persian Gulf States Based on the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030 Agenda." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n3p103.

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The closure of the Persian Gulf environment and the passage of tankers and the overuse of this region beyond international standards, have endangered the environmental status of this gulf. The dissemination of maritime culture, water economy and the inclusion of its policies in the laws of the eight countries of the Persian Gulf is essential to achieve sustainable development, given its various dimensions and practices. The main question is how effective the performance of Persian Gulf states can be in sustainably developing the marine environment of the Persian Gulf with emphasis on economic, social and environmental indicators of sustainable development? This article has analyzed the performance of the Persian Gulf countries in relation to the sustainable development of the marine environment, in an analytical manner and as a library research and, thus, laws should be applied in the Persian Gulf region as a general obligation of governments to protect the marine environment, in the form of a system of regional cooperation. Consequently, it can be expressed that achieving sustainable development in the marine environment of the Persian Gulf, can only be made possible via all of the eight countries playing the optimal role in interaction with each other and the strict implementation of international agreements on marine pollution prevention. The application of the 17 SDGs and the indicators mentioned in the domestic laws of the regional countries, may provide opportunities for developed and developing countries to strengthen cooperation and partnership to attain ambitions and goals of sustainable development through protecting and using their resources properly. Ultimately, we will find out that the development of the indicators is influenced by the significant impact of the policies of influential governments. 

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Fedorchenko, Andrey V. "Economic involvment of Persian gulf countries in Africa." Asia and Africa today, no. 4 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750009089-9.

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Askari, Hossein, Scheherazade S. Rehman, and Noora Arfaa. "Corruption: A View from the Persian Gulf." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 1850247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1698.

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Corruption has been and continues to be evident in all societies, with differences only in manifestation and degrees. We focus on the manifestation and impact of corruption in the Persian Gulf oil-exporting countries and benchmark these countries against a set of non-oil-exporting Islamic countries and major non-Islamic oil-exporting countries. We first measure the degree of corruption in these countries using five of the most widely accepted direct and indirect indices of corruption. We then examine the relationship between corruption and various indicators of economic, social, and human development. Finally, we examine the association between corruption and oil endowment and the Islamic label, two common characteristics of the countries in the Persian Gulf. As such, the key focus of the paper is on the manifestation and impact of corruption in the Persian Gulf oil-exporting countries from a political-economy stand point and measurement of the impact of corruption on economic, social, and human development in the region. It should be mentioned that this paper was written before the blossoming of the “2011 Arab Spring.” The major reasons, to varying degrees, for the protests in the Mideast and North Africa have been because of decades of economic deprivation, autocratic rule, political injustice, institutional corruption, and human rights violations.

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Abhari, М. А. "JORDAN'S POSITION TOWARDS THE DIPLOMATIC CRISIS IN THE PERSIAN GULF." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 73, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-8940.12.

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The wave of protests that rocked the Arab countries since February 2011 has not spared the relatively prosperous region of the Persian Gulf.The gradually growing tension between the countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf led to a conflict between these states, and subsequently to a diplomatic crisis, which also affected neighboring countries that are not part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. During the conflict in the Persian Gulf, also referred to as the "Qatar Crisis of 2017," a number of Arab countries boycotted and adopted sanctions against Qatar.

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Shved, V. "Arab States of the Persian Gulf in the System of Geopolitical Changes of the Beginning of the XXI Century." Problems of World History, no. 7 (March 14, 2019): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-7-6.

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The impact of changes in the geopolitical landscape at the global and regional levels on the development and transformation of such an important region of the Arab world as the Persian Gulf is analyzed. It is noted that the transformation processes of this region were primarily influenced by the US intervention in Iraq in 2003 and the “Arab spring” of 2010-2011. Over the past two decades, Iran has become the main rival of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. The tough and uncompromising confrontation with Iran mainly determines the peculiarities and aspirations of the foreign policy of these countries, the development of their integration formats and the emergence of new alliances. It isindicated that under the influence of the events of the “Arab spring” and the need to confront Iran, a “revolution from above” is unfolding in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf today, and large-scale reforms have begun. The prospects for creating a new military-political project “Middle East Strategic Alliance”, the possibilities and risks of normalizing relations between the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf and Israel are analyzed

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Ilyina, Yu I. "Iranian Religious and Political Influence in Persian Gulf Countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait)." RUDN Journal of Political Science, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-36-42.

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This article is focuses on evolution of Iranian political influence in Persian Gulf countries. It examines theological and political aspects of such influence and its consequences for the region. The author analyses origins of the transnational Shia movements such as “Harakat ar-Risala” and “ad-Dawa” linked with traditional Shia institutions at Najaf and Kerbela, and its ambiguous relationships with post-revolution Iranian elite. In the same way, not all of Shias of Persian Gulf was “fascinated” by “Islamic revolution” in Iran and became admirers of R. Khomeini’s conception of “vilayat-e-faqih”. In addition, the author traces history of local political Shia movements, that are, in fact, more influential on domestic politics of Gulf countries that mythical “Iran’s hand”.

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Ghaffari, Karang, Tavakkol Habibzadeh, Mortaza Najafi Asfad, and Reza Mousazadeh. "Construction of Artificial Islands in Southern Coast of the Persian Gulf from the Viewpoint of International Environmental Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p264.

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Among the rapid and rampant costal developments of Persian Gulf region, creating artificial islands is one of new-emerging and developing phenomena in this area. Extensive activities initiated by The United Arab Emirates and other countries of the southern coast of Persian Gulf to create such islands, have had widespread environmental consequences and have led to the criticism of environmentalists. International environmental law has complied comprehensive rules and regulations in order to protect the environment, in particular, protecting the marine environment. Numerous conventions have focused on the issue of marine environment protection, and have mentioned the obligations and responsibilities of states regarding the damages and pollutions to the environment caused by their developmental activities. Persian Gulf coastal states, which are mostly a member of these conventions, are obliged to observe the environmental obligations and regulations related to their widespread activities in the coasts of Persian Gulf, which often leads to drying the sea and land reclamation.

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Adibfar, Akbar. "The Best Desalination Technology for the Persian Gulf." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2011100105.

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One in six people worldwide do not have access to safe freshwater. The world has been divided into 3 areas: Scarce, Stressed and Sufficiently available potable water by World Health Organization (WHO). The countries around Persian Gulf in the Middle East are in Scarcity area. Desalination solution has been proved as the primary response to water scarcity. This region ranks among the world’s top ten desalinating countries, namely, in descending order: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar. There are some key parameters in selecting different technologies for desalination, including temperature. The temperature can be quite low in some countries such as Australia, while it is rather high in Persian Gulf. Total dissolved Solid (TDS) which is representative of salinity is a critical factor, similar to temperature, in selecting the desalination technology. The value encountered in Persian Gulf is extremely high as compared to the normal range of sea water salinity. The three principal desalination technologies used all over the world are multi-stage flash (MSF), reverse osmosis (RO), and multi-effect distillation (MED). This study looks at the different aspects of development such as costs, capabilities and state-of-the-art technologies. A comparative analysis of these technologies is presented and the best technology from financial and technical point of view is introduced and discussed.

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Luciani, Giacomo. "THE RATIONALE FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE PERSIAN GULF COUNTRIES." Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security 18, no. 4 (December 2012): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19934270.2012.714593.

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Scita, Jacopo. "The impact of COVID-19 on China–Persian Gulf relations: a game-changer or a spotlight?" Global Discourse 10, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204378920x16014926765503.

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In the last decade, the relationships between China and the Persian Gulf countries have evolved from ones based on an almost entirely economic rationale to a more complex, multi-layered set of relations, often pervaded by strategic elements. The COVID-19 pandemic hit the Persian Gulf – and the entire world – as an unforecastable storm, causing an unprecedented social, economic, political and health crisis. Yet the pandemic did not result in the rejection or even major scrutiny of China’s role and presence in the Persian Gulf. In fact, rather than undermining the foundations of the supply and demand logic that constitute the backbone of these relationships, the pandemic has made more apparent its fundamental trends, the blind spots, and, especially in the case of Iran, the dangerous overdependence.

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Shkvarya, Liudmila V., and Sergey I. Rodin. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GULF COUNTRIES AND THE ROLE OF DIVERSIFICATION." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1 (2021): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2021-1-10.

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He article presents an analysis of the socio-economic development of the GCC in 2000-2019 as the basis for the formation of a high-tech segment in the regional economy. The authors substantiate the necessity and possibility of high-tech development of the countries of the region and the remaining problems. The authors found that there are tangible achievements in the Persian Gulf countries, such as the emergence of high — and medium-tech industries. Their active development provides the GCC countries with relative stability in the economy and social sphere. The authors of this article note that the hydrocarbon segment still plays an important role in the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development of the Persian Gulf countries, which, in the context of population growth, including the share of young people, requires new approaches to the formation of the economic structure from the countries of the region.

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Zinin, Yu N. "Relations of Iran and Arab Countries of Persian Gulf: Some Aspects." Journal of International Analytics, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2016-0-4-46-55.

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Baibussinova, N. K., and Z. S. Ilyassova. "Trade relations of Gulf countries with the United States." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 132, no. 3 (2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/26-16-6887/2020-132-3-20-19-29.

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The article examines the complex structure of trade and economic relations between the Gulf States and the United States, complicated by military conflicts and affected by the influence of superpowers. The main purpose of this article is to reveal the history of the Gulf countries ‘ trade relations with the United States. The research methods included systematization, comparison, comparison, and historical analysis of the facts of the development of the Persian Gulf countries. The situation in the development of trade relations between the Gulf States is also conditioned by the US intervention and recent events in Iran, which may again lead to an escalation of the military conflict and stagnation of trade relations. In view of this, it is necessary to use a political dialogue that does not allow for war, which can result in a decrease in trade indicators in the region. As a result of the study, it was possible to determine the main aspects of cooperation between the Gulf States and the United States, in terms of emerging problems and the complexity of mutual historical development

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Rakhmonov, A. Kh. "NEW DIRECTIONS OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM TAJIKISTAN TO THE PERSIAN GULF COUNTRIES: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 12 (February 3, 2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-12-119-125.

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Currently, labor migration from Central Asian countries is acquiring new geographical and socio-demographic dimensions, and migration flows are being reoriented to new directions and regions. The article considers the factors and scale of emigration from Tajikistan, the reasons for the reorientation of Tajik migrants from Russia to the Persian Gulf countries, as well as interstate agreements between Tajikistan and the Persian Gulf countries in the field of labor migration regulation. The author cites economic and geopolitical factors as the reasons for the changes: on the one hand, the fall in the ruble exchange rate and the decline in the level of wages in ruble terms, the tightening of migration policies in Russia and Kazakhstan force some migrant workers to look for new directions for migration; on the other hand, the participation of public and private labor agents is becoming more active.

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Lee, Wonhyun, and James M. Kaihatu. "EFFECTS OF DESALINATION ON HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESS IN PERSIAN GULF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.3.

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Desalination is a significant source of potable water to the Persian Gulf (simply, the Gulf) region. At present, the Gulf countries are the biggest users of seawater desalination with over 50% of the worldâ€™s installed capacity. While, as ground- and surface water sources may become scarce or endangered in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, water desalination activities are expected to continue growing in quantity and capacity, particularly in the Gulf region. However, it is not yet clear what the environmental effects are of increased brine discharge to the nearshore and offshore environments, as reliance on mass exchange through the Strait of Hormuz may be insufficient for necessary levels of flushing. To study this, a three-dimensional characterization of the Gulf has been developed using the Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic model. This model was used to obtain the hydrodynamics and flow transporting characteristics in the Gulf. In addition to meteorological and oceanographic forcing, the seasonal discharges of four major rivers and numerous desalination plants in the Gulf region were considered to the modeling system. Field measurements from Texas A&M University at Galveston (TAMUG) Microstructure Group in 2013 provided the validation for the model. The maximum 4.21 ppt and 4.32â„ƒ increases in salinity and temperature, respectively, due to the brine discharge of desalination were obtained at the adjacent area to six desalination plants in the Gulf.

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علوان, أ. م. د. سطام حسين. "American hegemony over the Persian Gulf oil After the 1991 Gulf War and the Gulf War III in 2003." مجلة العلوم السياسية, no. 51 (February 20, 2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i51.102.

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Since the end of World War II, the United States of America began to look at the Gulf States and Iraq due to the possession of huge quantities of oil, after taking the American oil depletion in order to tighten control over the oil of these countries, has pursued various means, political and military, in the framework of its strategy So that it could achieve this control, which focused on control of production and prices, for the conviction that those who control oil impose control over the political decision of the countries of the world.

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Nandkeolyar, Neha, Mini Raman, G. Sandhya Kiran, and Ajai. "Comparative Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature Pattern in the Eastern and Western Gulfs of Arabian Sea and the Red Sea in Recent Past Using Satellite Data." International Journal of Oceanography 2013 (June 4, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/501602.

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With unprecedented rate of development in the countries surrounding the gulfs of the Arabian Sea, there has been a rapid warming of these gulfs. In this regard, using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from 1985 to 2009, a climatological study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and its inter annual variability in the Persian Gulf (PG), Gulf of Oman (GO), Gulf of Aden (GA), Gulf of Kutch (KTCH), Gulf of Khambhat (KMBT), and Red Sea (RS) was carried out using the normalized SST anomaly index. KTCH, KMBT, and GA pursued the typical Arabian Sea basin bimodal SST pattern, whereas PG, GO, and RS followed unimodal SST curve. In the western gulfs and RS, from 1985 to 1991-1992, cooling was observed followed by rapid warming phase from 1993 onwards, whereas in the eastern gulfs, the phase of sharp rise of SST was observed from 1995 onwards. Strong influence of the El Niño and La Niña and the Indian Ocean Dipole on interannual variability of SST of gulfs was observed. Annual and seasonal increase of SST was lower in the eastern gulfs than the western gulfs. RS showed the highest annual increase of normalized SST anomaly (+0.64/decade) followed by PG (+0.4/decade).

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Bertelsen, Rasmus Gjedssø, Shayegheh Ashourizadeh, Kent Wickstrøm Jensen, Thomas Schøtt, and Yuan Cheng. "Networks around entrepreneurs: gendering in China and countries around the Persian Gulf." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-03-2016-0030.

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Purpose Entrepreneurs are networking with others to get advice for their businesses. The networking differs between men and women; notably, men are more often networking for advice in the public sphere and women are more often networking for advice in the private sphere. The purpose of this study is to account for how such gendering of entrepreneurs’ networks of advisors differs between societies and cultures. Design/methodology/approach Based on survey data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor, a sample of 16,365 entrepreneurs is used to compare the gendering of entrepreneurs’ networks in China and five countries largely located around the Persian Gulf, namely Yemen, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Findings Analyses show that female entrepreneurs tend to have slightly larger private sphere networks than male entrepreneurs. The differences between male and female entrepreneurs’ networking in the public sphere are considerably larger. Societal differences in the relative prominence of networking in the public and private spheres, and the gendering hereof, correspond well to cultural and socio-economic societal differences. In particular, the authors found marked differences among the religiously conservative and politically autocratic Gulf states. Research limitations/implications As a main limitation to this study, the data disclose only the gender of the entrepreneur, but not the gender of each advisor in the network around the entrepreneur. Thus, the authors cannot tell the extent to which men and women interact with each other. This limitation along with the findings of this study point to a need for further research on the extent to which genders are structurally mixed or separated as entrepreneurs network for advice in the public sphere. In addition, the large migrant populations in some Arab states raise questions of the ethnicity of entrepreneurs and advisors. Originality/value Results from this study create novel and nuanced understandings about the differences in the gendering of entrepreneurs’ networking in China and countries around Persian Gulf. Such understandings provide valuable input to the knowledge of how to better use the entrepreneurial potential from both men and women in different cultures. The sample is fairly representative of entrepreneur populations, and the results can be generalized to these countries.

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de Cardi, Beatrice. "Exploring the lower Gulf, 1947-2007." Antiquity 82, no. 315 (March 1, 2008): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00096526.

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Beatrice de Cardi has been a figure in British archaeological life for much longer than most of us can remember. Less well-known outside Asia are her achievements as an explorer of the archaeology of the countries of the lower Persian Gulf. Here she offers a brief mémoire for us, penned at the age of 93. It is a story of pottery, peoples and vast tracts of ancient lands, then little known.

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Nagimova, A. "Cross-Border M&A Deals between CIS and Persian Gulf Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2015): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-3-28-34.

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The article analyses cross-border mergers and acquisition deals (M&A-deals) between the CIS and Persian Gulf countries in the period from 1990 till the present day. The author defines distinctive features, number, value, status and transparency of such M&A-deals, estimates average deal value and volume of the largest M&A-deals. In addition, the author shows country, industry and type breakdown of M&A-deals. Then the author reviews the main cross-border M&A-deals by industries. In the financial sector the biggest M&A-deal is between the Ministry of finance of Abu-Dhabi and the Russian direct investment fund (RDIF), the two main players from the CIS side are RDIF and VTB. Then the author analyses M&A-deals in extractive sector, and defines the biggest project which is joint venture of LUKoil in Saudi Arabia. In the production sector Russian metallurgical companies are the main investors. In the transport and infrastructure sphere the biggest project is the building of international transit corridor between Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran and Oman. The main investor in port sector of CIS is DP World from UAE. The author defines the sectors with high growth potential of cross-border M&A-activity. These are energy, agriculture, construction and tourism. The most significant deals in these sectors are the acquisition of Russian Enel OGK-5 by Emirates investors, building of Abu Dhabi Plaza in Astana (Kazakhstan) with the highest tower in the whole Central Asia and Russian-Emirates partnership for the building of satellite city in Moscow region. As far as Persian Gulf countries are the largest foodstuff importers in the world the potential of M&A-deals in agriculture industry and prospects for CIS grain exporters are also high. In conclusion, the author resumes that the trend in the number of cross-border M&A-deals is positive and that a good potential for development of investment cooperation between countries exists.

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Zarei, Bahadour, and Sayed Mahmoud Alavi. "Investigating the Rentier Governments’ Formation Factors in the Persian Gulf Region." Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p92.

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Undoubtedly, oil is the most important and yet the most political commodity in today's world. The phenomenon of Rent or Rentier or collector government was taken into consideration by researchers and scholars in politics and sociology, especially with the emergence of oil as a cause of creation of Rentier governments. Rent can be considered as some revenue that is not like benefit and wage and is not the result of economic activities; it is being achieved without effort and Rentier government is a government that more than 42% of its revenue comes from external Rents. Hence, most countries in the Persian Gulf due to their geographical location, over the past few decades, have experienced single-based economies, based on producing and selling oil and this issue has resulted in formation of Rentier governments in the region. This article seeks to demonstrate the geographical factors influencing the formation of Rentier governments and the impact of these governments (oil-based economies) on the geopolitical situation of regional countries (their political- spatial order and their geo-economical situation, competition of powers, regional convergence) and at the end it has concluded that despite the fact that oil- based economy (or oil revenue) has led to the development of agriculture in the Persian Gulf, but on one hand, it has led to competition between powers and expansion of militarism in the Persian Gulf and on the other hand, as a very important factor it has prevented formation of regionalism in this region.

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Al- Shogairat, Faisal M., and Vladimir Yurtaev. "The Prospect of the Relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Saudi Arabia: Plausible Scenarios." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n3p83.

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Islamic republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are identified as two effective countries in sub-region of the Persian Gulf, that the radius of their influence covers whole great region of the Middle East. The relationship between the two countries have been full of tension during last decade, and during this period changes of political authorities of these countries were not able to improve this relationship. The cause is the resources of foreign policy behavior of the two countries, historical backgrounds of each country, as well as conflict of interest of each in the region of the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. The most competition atmosphere between the two countries is inside the three climacteric countries of Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Accordingly, the prospect of bilateral relations is a consequence of their behaviors in the region and also their dealings with these three countries. Three scenarios presented regarding the two countries' foreign policy in the region can be discussed: efforts to establish governments, attempts to maintain political structures of collapsing countries, and finally, continuation of current trends that may lead to disintegration of these climacteric countries. By studying these scenarios and drivers, blockers and their wild cards, this paper considers the second scenario best for both countries, which is consistent with their national interests, and with the region’s history and general situation.

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Gasemi, Sona, Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi, Ali Zare, Parvin Farshchi, and Hermidas Bavand. "Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (from the perspective of international law)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_197.

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According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas are being reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial islands.

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Afzali, Mehdi. "Role of Iranian immigrants in Iran - Russia trade development." RUDN Journal of Economics 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-697-705.

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Migration and international trade are two important dimensions of globalization. Migration plays an important role in development of countries. Immigrants send their remittances, ideas, innovation and investments to their home countries. Migrants can influence on countries’ trade, they are able to decrease the transactional costs for companies willing to trade. In this article has been tried to study the case of Iranian immigrants in Russia. We can see that Iranians have migrated mostly to developed countries such as USA, Europe, Australia, Canada and part of them have migrated to the Persian Gulf countries. And of course many of these immigrants have high levels of economic, human, social, and cultural potential, which can be used for social and economic development of the country. Iranians have migrated to two kinds of countries. First, those who are developed and second those with high income which have the potential of trade with Iran. When we look at these two groups they either migrated to American and European countries, which this group has a high educated and human capital background or they migrated to neighbor Persian Gulf countries that they have mostly strong economic backgrounds which increased the chance of trade. In this article Iranian businessmen have been interviewed and they have explained their roles in trade, and if they had any advantages in comparison with those in the home country.

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Babar, Zahra R. "Migrant Workers Bear the Pandemic’s Brunt in the Gulf." Current History 119, no. 821 (November 19, 2020): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.821.343.

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The six Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf host some of the largest global populations of international labor migrants. As COVID-19 began spreading across the Gulf, migrants made up a large share of the positive cases identified. Migrants’ living and working conditions in the Gulf and other structural vulnerabilities increased their exposure to the disease. Despite the risks of staying in the Gulf, many lower-income migrants preferred to do rather than returning to their home countries. For them, travel restrictions and the difficulty of finding work back home in the midst of the pandemic have outweighed the immediate danger of infection and illness.

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Modarress, Batoul, Al Ansari, and Emil Thies. "Outsourcing in the Persian Gulf petroleum supply chain." Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/so-08-2015-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify the challenges, the benefits, the risks and the motives of petroleum companies in the Persian Gulf toward outsourcing strategy. While the petroleum companies are faced with massive costs of operation that stem from the aging infrastructure, human capital deficit, inefficient fragmented business processes and lack of access to new technologies, outsourcing strategy toward cost savings and the overt and covert resistance of management and employees are significant barriers for creation of continuous process. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the review of existing literature, the industry ' s archives and in-depth personal interviews with senior executives of the national oil and gas companies in five Gulf countries and seven global outsourcing companies and 87 survey responses, this study develops a methodological framework which substantiates or refutes the hypotheses based on the objectives: industry challenges are the driving forces behind outsourcing strategy; the potential risks of cost savings of outsourcing outweigh the consequential loss in control over the product or service, companies ' safety and security of the region. Findings – The findings indicate that the oil and gas exporters have mixed but broad positive view of outsourcing strategy. While outsourcing could provide savings across the entire supply chain, it also generates a distracting resistance due to the fear of unknown in a complex range of culture, infrastructures and sequential processes that requires resiliency for continuity of operations. Originality/value – This study is the first of its kind in the Persian Gulf oil and gas industry investigating the implementation of outsourcing strategy. The result of this investigation reveals the compromise between the potential benefits in cost reduction and the security of petroleum supply. This study contributes to all who are in the industry or who are involved with it to share a clear assessment of the future.

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Dr. Riaz Hussain, Dr. Muhamad Asif, and Dr. Muhammad Din. "Urdubic as a Lingua Franca in the Arab Countries of the Persian Gulf." Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(225-232).

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A new lingua franca, Urdubic, is emerging in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Its linguistic composition is defined by the reduced and simplified forms of Arabic and Urdu. The paper examines linguistic, social, and historical aspects of its sociolinguistic make-up. Recurrent patterns of mutual migration between Arabs and Indians have played a pivotal role in the development of this lingua franca. Today, it appears to permeate the very homes of the Arabs. The examples of linguistic features (combinations of Urdu and Arabic) of the pidgin mentioned in the current study show that Urban Arabic is accepting foreign influences. This influx of foreign languages has alarmed those Arabs who want to preserve the purity of Arabic. How long Urdubic is going to survive amid Arabs’ efforts to save Arabic from such foreign influences? The paper concludes with speculations about the future of Urdubic.

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Askari, Hossein, and Mohamed Jaber. "Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf: What happened to all that money?" Journal of Energy Finance & Development 4, no. 2 (September 1999): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1085-7443(99)00009-5.

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Golasz-Szolomicka, Hanna, and Jerzy Szolomicki. "Selected Modern Public Culture and Educational Buildings in Countries of the Persian Gulf." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 960 (December 10, 2020): 022052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/960/2/022052.

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Bachurin, Dmitry G. "Conventional Legal Regulation of Value-Added Taxation by the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Counci." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 464 (2021): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/464/26.

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The article discusses the legal aspects of supranational legal regulation of value added taxation in the Persian Gulf countries. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative aspect of the legal study of supranational law on the value-added tax in the Gulf countries, which allows formulating fundamentally new characteristics and interpretations that extend the theoretical and legal views on the legal mechanism of VAT, and analyzing the key provisions of the legal regulation of VAT of the states that are parties to the Common VAT Agreement. The issues of the Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, as well as acts of national legislation on this tax, were studied. The analysis of the provisions of the Agreement allows concluding that the tax instrument this Agreement regulates can be classified as a type of neutral legal regulation of value-added taxation. Its peculiarity is that the country for one reason or another introduces VAT into the national tax system with minimal tax rates and continues to keep it at a low level that does not have a restraining effect on the development of its own industry. This is the reference point for the Common VAT Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The research shows that the supranational legislation of the Persian Gulf countries covers the most complex and fundamentally significant issues of legal regulation of value-added taxation, which developed taking into account the accumulated world experience in the administration of this tax. Conclusions have been obtained that the main direction of the adopted supranational legislation is the creation of a unified legal framework for the development of a coordinated legal regulation of VAT in each of the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The definitions of concepts that are crucial for VAT regulation are given, among which the following can be distinguished: reverse VAT accrual, input tax, deductible tax, net tax, mandatory registration threshold, voluntary registration threshold, and tax group. In the final part of the work, it is concluded that the second regional system of legal regulation of value-added taxation after the European one is being created, which begins its development on the basis of supranational legislation. Within its framework, the states that are parties to the Agreement shall organize administrative cooperation in the following areas: (1) exchange of information necessary for determining tax accuracy; (2) coordination of synchronized audit procedures and participation in audits; (3) assistance in tax collection and adoption of necessary procedures related to VAT collection.

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Willoughby, J. "Segmented Feminization and the Decline of Neopatriarchy in GCC Countries of the Persian Gulf." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-064.

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Al-Yasin, Yasin, and Ali A. Dashti. "Foreign Countries and U.S. Public Relations Firms: The Case of Three Persian Gulf States." Journal of Promotion Management 14, no. 3-4 (February 26, 2009): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496490802637713.

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Leigh, James, and Predrag Vukovic. "Potential Iranian hegemony in oil producing Islamic countries: Implications for oil geopolitics." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 1 (2010): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1001007l.

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In recent decades world supply of oil has been increasingly held in the Islamic countries around the Persian Gulf. The fact that the level of oil production is high in these countries and that they possess most of the world's oil reserves could be extremely significant. This 'petropower' could lead to strategic geopolitical developments when oil is used as economic and political weapons. It may be that the apocalyptic appeal of militant Islamism coming out of Iran can weld both Shia and Sunni people of the region to the cause of establishing a world Islamic 'caliphate'. This may appear in a new world of a tripartite mix of superpowers, one of which could be an Iranian-led oil rich Islamic bloc of Gulf states. Each superpower would vie for advantage, and particularly two of these superpowers would seek favor in maintaining supplies of oil imports increasingly from a potentially Iran dominated mix of oil producing Islamic countries. .

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Kirichenko, Vladimir. "The Shia Factor in Relations Between the Arab Countries of the Persian Gulf and Iran." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 21, no. 4 (October 2016): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2016.4.9.

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Mitchell, Jocelyn Sage. "#Blockade: Social Media and the Gulf Diplomatic Crisis." Review of Middle East Studies 53, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2019.44.

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AbstractThe online public sphere, and the ways in which its digital media platforms influence discourse, is a crucial but understudied area of research in the six Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Through a case study of the ongoing Gulf diplomatic crisis, which began in June 2017, this essay draws on the disciplines of political science, communication, and digital media studies to analyze qualitative examples of digital discourse: the role of women, territorial boundaries, and the FIFA World Cup 2022. Linking these flash points to historical struggles between the countries, this essay suggests that the politicization of the online public sphere in the region does not represent a fundamental change in the diplomacy of the region but rather a new battleground for old regional rivalries.

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Mobarki, Yahya Abdu A. "From locative existential construction fi(ih) to a TMA/progressive marker." Journal of Historical Linguistics 10, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.16026.mob.

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Abstract The grammaticalization framework has been suggested as a predictive power for language change. This paper considers the grammatical functions of the locative construction fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin (a variety spoken by workers from the Indian subcontinent and south Asian countries working in the Arabian/Persian Gulf States). In Gulf Arabic, there are (1) the preposition fi ‘in; into; inside’ and (2) the locative construction fi(ih) ‘there is/are’, which only has an existential function. In Gulf Arabic Pidgin, the locative construction fi(ih), however, has several grammatical functions, including (1) a possessive marker (i.e., have-constructions), (2) an equative/predicative copula, and (3) a preverbal predicative marker. The aim in this paper is two-fold: first, to show how a grammaticalization framework can possibly account for the grammatical innovations of fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin; and second, to suggest that these grammatical innovations might be the results of an ongoing grammaticalization process of LOCATIVE>TMA/PROGRESSIVE. Earlier studies conducted on this pidgin serve as data sources for this project.

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Alikhani, Mahdi, and Mehdi Zakerian. "Study of Factors Affecting Saudi-Iranian Relations and Conflicts and Their Resulting Behavior Pattern." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 7 (August 30, 2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n7p178.

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Relations between Tehran and Riyadh as two key players and two regional powers are of great importance. Special place of the two countries has caused relations between them to be very important in the formation of regional order in the Persian Gulf, the Middle East and Mediterranean area. Different behavior patterns in their relationship have taken place from the beginning of the relationship till now. After domestic, regional and international developments in 1999, Tehran and Riyadh went from divergence to the détente, coexistence and cooperation during the presidency of Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami. However, since 2005 these two great neighboring countries again entered the competition, tensions and divergences. In this descriptive study, by using library method and reviewing online available resources conducted on Saudi-Iranian relations, our purpose is to investigate what were the effective factors in shaping the relations and conflicts between Iran and Saudi Arabia before the time Saudi Arabia cut diplomatic relations with Iran over the storming of the Saudi embassy in Tehran, and what behavior pattern these factors led to? According to results we found out that identical, geopolitical, and structural factors were the determinant factors in creating relations and conflicts between the two countries. Identity of Iran's political system is referred to Iranian-Islamic identity, while Saudi Arabia has Arabic-Islamic identity. Their geopolitical distinctions are related to Shiite and Sunni disciplines, and in terms of structure, rapprochement with U.S. and distribution of power in the Persian Gulf region are the most important indicators. These factors formed a “competitive conflict” behavior pattern among them.

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Ben-Hasan, A., C. Walters, V. Christensen, G. Munro, U. R. Sumaila, and A. Al-Baz. "Age-structured bioeconomic model for strategic interaction: an application to pomfret stock in the Arabian/Persian Gulf." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 1787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa049.

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Abstract When fish stocks migrate across multiple exclusive economic zones (EEZs), they compel managers to examine management at both national and international levels. A strategic interaction emerges when the fishing activity of one country impacts fishing opportunities available for other countries sharing the stock. Left unaddressed, strategic interaction could lead to overexploitation and suboptimal payoffs. Here, we develop and apply a bioeconomic model to address the competitive fishing for silver pomfret in the Arabian/Persian Gulf—a highly commercial fish stock shared between Kuwait and Iran—and evaluate biological–economic trade-offs under competition, cooperation, and country-independent management using maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and fishing mortality that maintain MSY (Fmsy) policies. When cooperation involves an equal share of the overall Fmsy or a share based on the proportion of the stock available in each EEZ, countries are expected to cooperate given the substantially higher catch, biomass, and relative profits compared to other management regimes. However, other than these two arrangements, countries would favour different regimes. Besides providing policy insights to improve the perilous status of silver pomfret, our approach could be useful in exploring alternative fishing arrangements to sustainably harvest a transboundary fish stock while maximizing average yields.

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Valenta, Marko, Zan Strabac, Jo Jakobsen, Jeffrey Reitz, and Mouawiya Al Awad. "Labour Migrations to Resource-rich Countries: Comparative Perspectives on Migrants’ Rights in Canada, Norway and the United Arab Emirates." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 24, no. 2 (May 18, 2017): 150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02402003.

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This article compares migrants’ rights and labour-migration policies of three resource-rich receiving countries located in the Persian Gulf, North America and Europe, respectively. The wealthy economies of Canada, Norway and the United Arab Emirates have emerged as some of the largest receivers of labour migrants. The comparative analysis herein focuses on distinctive characteristics of the different migration regimes and policies which regulate the rights of labour migrants. It is maintained that the countries we have explored could hardly be more different, and that the actual similarities with regard to migration policies are limited. Yet, we have still identified some surprising and unexpected converging trends. Specifically, these countries use some similar tools and exclusionary policies in order to restrict the legal status of certain categories of labour migrants, particularly low-skilled migrants.

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Azizi, M. Ali, F. Asgari, V. Hajihassani, and F. Owliazadeh. "The study of the rate of convergence in the stock exchange market of the persian gulf countries." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 22, 2016): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i2s.127.

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Issaliyeva, A. M., and A. J. Turkhanova. "The interactions between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the countries of the Persian Gulf: the constructivist approach." BULLETIN of the L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY. POLITICAL SCIENCE. REGIONAL STUDIES. ORIENTAL STUDIES. TURKOLOGY Series 126, no. 1 (2019): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2019-126-1-92-99.

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Al-Said, Jafar. "The prevalence of hypertension in Persian Gulf countries and its correlation with demographic and socio-economic factors." Journal of Hypertension 23, no. 6 (June 2005): 1275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000170395.93859.50.

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Al-Abdulrazzak, Dalal, and Daniel Pauly. "Managing fisheries from space: Google Earth improves estimates of distant fish catches." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (November 25, 2013): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst178.

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Abstract Global fisheries are overexploited worldwide, yet crucial catch statistics reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by member countries remain unreliable. Recent advances in remote-sensing technology allow us to view fishing practices from space and mitigate gaps in catch reporting. Here, we use Google Earth to count intertidal fishing weirs off the coast of six countries in the Persian Gulf, otherwise known as the Arabian Gulf. Although the name of this body of water remains contentious, we use the name used in Google Earth. Combining, in a Monte Carlo procedure, the number of weirs (after correcting for poor resolution and imagery availability) with assumptions about daily catch and fishing season lengths, we estimate that 1900 (±79) weirs contribute to a regional catch up to six times higher than the officially reported catches of 5260 t. These results, which speak to the unreliability of officially reported fisheries statistics, provide the first example of fisheries catch estimates from space, and point to the potential for remote-sensing approaches to validate catch statistics and fisheries operations in general.

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Afkhami, Majid, Maryam Ehsanpour, Amin Mokhleci, and Kazem Darvish Bastami. "The Survey of Sea Cucumber Fisheries on Qeshm Island Coasts (Persian Gulf)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2013-0011.

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ABSTRACT Sea cucumbers are aquatic animals of wide variety, useful for human health. Sea cucumbers are among the aquatic creatures that have many important and useful properties known for human health. Increasing demand for beche-de-mer, along with steady price increases, has led to worldwide intensification of sea cucumber harvesting. The rearing of sea cucumbers with shrimps controls environmental pollution that results from over- enrichment in nutrients, built up on the pond bottom. These animals eat detritus and, together with devouring organic materials on the surface, not only do they clean the environment, but also they cause the fast growth of shrimps and themselves. Holothuria scabra is the main species for production of beche-de-mer and is exploited especially in the tropical regions of the world. The wall of the body used in the process of beche-de-mer production forms 56% of the whole body. Holothuria scabra (sandfish) is an aspidochirote holothurian widely distributed in coastal regions throughout the Indo-Pacific region. H. scabra is often found on inner reef flats and near estuaries, half-buried in silty sand during the day and emerging at night to feed. In this study, based on information from local fishermen on Qeshm Island, we provide some data about the fishing methods, processing and distribution on the Qeshm Island coastline. Comparative study of fishing status with another part of the world determined that the status of sea cucumber stocks in Qeshm Island is sustainable. For prevention of overexploitation of the sandy sea cucumber, prohibition on capturing should continue. In this study, seven exploited sites are recognized, the target size for fishermen was more than 20 cm and sandy cucumber was the target species in Qeshm Island. In this area, the fishing operation was only carried out by scuba diving and was done only by men; although in another countries women have an important role in sea cucumber fishing activities. Among the coasts around Qeshm Island, it is found at Hmoon, Tolla, Kovei, Ramchah, Messen and Hengam. A maximum length of 35 cm and maximum weight of 1,080 g was recorded.

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Azose, Jonathan J., and Adrian E. Raftery. "Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722334116.

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We propose a method for estimating migration flows between all pairs of countries that allows for decomposition of migration into emigration, return, and transit components. Current state-of-the-art estimates of bilateral migration flows rely on the assumption that the number of global migrants is as small as possible. We relax this assumption, producing complete estimates of all between-country migration flows with genuine estimates of total global migration. We find that the total number of individuals migrating internationally has oscillated between 1.13 and 1.29% of the global population per 5-year period since 1990. Return migration and transit migration are big parts of total migration; roughly one of four migration events is a return to an individual’s country of birth. In the most recent time period, we estimate particularly large return migration flows from the United States to Central and South America and from the Persian Gulf to south Asia.

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Mauldiansyah, Fariz. "Legalitas Iran dalam Melakukan Penahanan Kapal Asing Di Selat Hormuz." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i4.28453.

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AbstractThe Persian Gulf, which stores about one fifth of the world's oil, would be the destination of every petroleum producing country. But to reach the Persian Gulf by sea, every ship must pass through the Strait of Hormuz first. The Strait of Hormuz, which was located between two countries, Iran and Oman, has become a dispute terrain for several times in the last 10 years, one of which is the dispute of ship detention between Iran and Britain. The detention of ships carried out by Iran is a big question for the international community, is the detention legal or not? This article uses a type of normative juridical writing and uses statute approach and conceptual approach.The results showed that the detention was considered legitimate because the United Kingdom had committed maritime traffic violations and abused the rights of transit passage and right of innocent passage that was granted by international law. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) basically regulates and authorizes coastal states to exercise their jurisdiction in the territorial seas of their respective countries.Keywords: Ship Detention; Strait of Hormuz;Territorial Sea.AbstrakTeluk Persia yang menyimpan sekitar seperlima minyak bumi dunia, tentu menjadi destinasi setiap negara produsen minyak bumi. Namun untuk mencapai Teluk Persia melalui laut, setiap kapal harus melewati Selat Hormuz terlebih dahulu. Selat Hormuz yang terhimpit oleh dua negara, yaitu Iran dan Oman, telah beberapa kali menjadi medan sengketa dalam 10 tahun terakhir, salah satunya adalah sengketa penahanan kapal antara Iran dan Inggris. Penahanan kapal yang dilakukan oleh Iran tersebut menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi masyarakat internasional, apakah penahanan tersebut legal atau atau tidak? Artikel ini menggunakan tipe penulisan yuridis normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penahanan tersebut dianggap sah karena Inggris telah melakukan pelanggaran lalu lintas maritim dan menyalahgunakan hak lintas transit maupun hak lintas damai yang diberikan oleh hukum internasional. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) pada dasarnya mengatur dan memberikan wewenang kepada negara pantai untuk menjalankan yurisdiksi nya di laut teritorial negara masing-masing.Kata Kunci: Penahanan Kapal; Selat Hormuz; Laut Teritorial.

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Bogacheva, A. S., I. E. Ibragimov, N. A. Kozhanov, S. O. Lazovskii, L. M. Samarskaia, I. A. Svistunova, and N. Yu Surkov. "The Middle East in the Second Wave of the Coronavirus Crisis." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 5 (November 27, 2020): 158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-10.

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This article attempts to assess the impact of the coronavirus crisis on the situation both in the MENA region as a whole and in particular countries. Analysis of the dynamics of the main economic indicators showed that the region is undergoing a period of stagnation - a decrease in growth rates, a decline in business activity, and an increase in unemployment. At the same time, it should be noted that in most cases the pandemic did not generate, but only intensified the existing negative trends, which require structural transformations. Especially important is the fact that not only economically relatively weak states have suffered due to the pandemic, but also countries that traditionally rely on high revenues from hydrocarbon exports. The emerging crisis of the development model of the Persian Gulf countries is alarming. Another trend demonstrated by the second wave of the crisis was the rapid growth of political tensions in a number of countries, which could also lead to significant negative changes in the region.

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Shrestha, Maheshwor. "Get Rich or Die Tryin’: Perceived Earnings, Perceived Mortality Rates, and Migration Decisions of Potential Work Migrants from Nepal." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz023.

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Abstract This article reports on a randomized field experiment in which potential work migrants from Nepal to Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries are provided with information on wages and mortality incidences at their intended destinations. It is found that, particularly for the group of potential migrants without prior foreign migration experience, the information changes their expectations of earnings and mortality risks abroad, which further changes their actual migration decisions. Using the exogenous variation in expectations, it is estimated that the elasticity of migration with respect to mortality rate expectation is 0.8, and the elasticity of migration with respect to earnings expectation is 1.1.

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Mishchenko, Ya. "Countries of the Central and South Pacific Region are Russia’s competitors in gas supplies to Japan." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2010-07.

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The article analyzes the role of the Central and South Pacific states in providing Japan with natural gas. This issue is very relevant, as Russia sets a strategic goal of expanding its presence in the Japanese energy markets, including increasing natural gas exports. However, the latter actively buys natural gas in several countries around the world, and despite the factor of geographical proximity, Russia has not yet managed to become a key supplier of this energy supplier to Japan. As a result of the conducted research, it is possible to confirm that the Central and South Pacific region is currently the main supplier of LNG to Japan and a serious competitor for Russian suppliers. However, even if a few decades later, due to the depletion of gas reserves in some countries of the region, a free niche is formed, Russia may fi nd it difficult to occupy it due to increased competition from some states of the Persian Gulf.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Persian Gulf countries'

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