Academic literature on the topic 'Persian language in Pakistan'
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Journal articles on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
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Rácová, Anna. "Language as a Symbol of Identity and a Tool of Politics and Power in Pakistan and Bangladesh." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2017-0008.
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Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the roles that domestic and foreign languages have played and play as signs of national or religious identity and social prestige and as tools of political and economic power in multilingual Pakistan and Bangladesh. Before the countries gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 and before the formation of the Indian Union and Pakistan (which was divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1971), the role of an official language, remote to the majority of population in Indian subcontinent, had been gradually played by Sanskrit, Persian, and English. After gaining independence, the new countries decided to replace English as the official language with domestic languages. Their efforts encountered many problems and resulted in various solutions. Urdu became the state language in Pakistan, which caused resistance in local ethnolinguistic groups because the language had been imported by refugees from India. This resistance was the strongest in East Pakistan, where a strong national and language awareness eventually contributed to the formation of an independent Bangladesh with Bengali as the state language. Despite struggle for the dominance of domestic languages, English has preserved its prestigious position both in Pakistan and Bangladesh, as a symbol of higher social position, a language of education and science, and a tool of economic and political power.
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BEKEŠ, Andrej. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 3, no. 2 (December 9, 2013): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.3.2.5-6.
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I am glad to observe that in line with the original concept of ALA, papers chosen for publication in this issue are addressing a variety of problems pertinent to a multifaceted phenomenon such as language. There are five papers, two dealing with Japanese, one with Punjabi and two with Persian, employing multiple perspectives and methodologies.The first paper, by Irena SRDANOVIĆ and Kumiko SAKODA, is concerned with Japanese as a second language. In it the authors present a learner's corpus (C-JAS) based analysis of learner’s production of adjectives. They illustrate the general trend in adjective acquisition on the example of the adjective takai (high), examining the correlation of learners' ability with semantic domains covered in their use of adjectives. Paper also proposes new methodology to be further tested on a new larger learner's corpus now being developed at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.The second paper, by LI Wenchao, is looking at Japanese from the historical perspective, focusing on verb compounds in Early Middle Japanese (ENJ). The author argues that verb compounds actually developed in EMJ, from a looser association of verbs in earlier stagers of Japanese. Through weakening, compounds develop in two directions, one where the first verb morphs into a prefix, and the other where the second verb is transmuting into a directional/resultative complement, a result in accordance with grammaticalization theory.In the third paper, the authors, Barirah NAZIR, Umair AFTAB, and Ammara SAEED, are dealing passionately with the language shift away from Punjabi. The situation of Punjabi is very complex, being the second major language in Pakistan and also one of the major languages India. The authors are focusing their research on Sargodha region of Pakistan, arguing, based on analysis of questionnaires and interviews, that Punjabi indeed is experiencing language shift, due to the shifting perception of the social role of rival languages, Urdu, the national language, and English, the official language of Pakistan. This result is surprising, since Punjabi in India does not seem to be experiencing a similar shift towards Hindi and/or English.The fourth paper, by the authors Mahla SAEDI, Fateme ALAVI, and Akram SHEKARIAN BEHZADI, is a psycholinguistic study of the rate and intelligibility of speech in hearing impaired Persian speaking pupils. Their findings confirm the expected lower performance of hearing impaired pupils as compared to normally hearing ones. The findings also show statistically significant difference between hearing impaired boys and girls, boys performing better in both speed and intelligibility. On the other hand, in the group of normal pupils, it is the girls that perform better than boys. It would be interesting to know what factors, most probably social, are responsible for such a difference.The last paper, by Azadeh Sharifi MOGHADDAM and Farimah Farrahi MOGHADDAM also deals with Persian. While pointing out the lively cultural contacts between Iran and France since the 17 c. the authors are examining the semantic change undergone by French loanwords in Persian during the last 150 or so years. To explain and categorize the changes the authors propose an elaborate synchronic model of semantic change, able to encompass all of the observed changes.
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Rasheed, Shumaila, Muhammad Zeeshan, and Najia Asrar Zaidi. "Challenges of Teaching English Language in a Multilingual Setting: An Investigation at Government Girls Secondary Schools of Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 4 (July 16, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n4p149.
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Baluchistan is a multi-linguistic and multi-ethnic province of Pakistan. In this region, the inhabitants for communication purpose speak a number of local languages such as Baluchi, Brahvi, Pashto, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Sindhi and Persian. Students who attend the government schools speak these languages. This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by the secondary school female teachers while teaching the English language in their multilingual classrooms. The purposive sampling was used and 10 government secondary school female teachers participated in the study. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview protocol and classroom observation checklist. The data was analyzed by using thematic analyses technique. The findings of the study revealed a number of challenges. Teaching English language in a multilingual context is an enormous challenge for the English teachers due to linguistic diversity in the classrooms. The students in the multilingual classrooms lack confidence to use English language because they hesitate to commit mistakes. The curriculum may be inappropriate for helping students to improve their English proficiency. In the multilingual classrooms code-switching is commonly used by the teachers to instruct the students. The study suggests that; the teachers may be trained to cope with the challenges they face in their multilingual classrooms.
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Aziz, Muhammad Abdul, Zahid Ullah, Mohamed Al-Fatimi, Matteo De Chiara, Renata Sõukand, and Andrea Pieroni. "On the Trail of an Ancient Middle Eastern Ethnobotany: Traditional Wild Food Plants Gathered by Ormuri Speakers in Kaniguram, NW Pakistan." Biology 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040302.
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An ethnobotanical field study focusing on traditional wild food botanical taxa was carried out in Kaniguram, South Waziristan, Pakistan, among Ormur (or Burki or Baraki) peoples, which represent a diasporic minority group, as well as among the surrounding Pashtuns. Through sixty semi-structured interviews, fifty-two wild food plants (taxa) were recorded, and they were primarily used raw as snacks and cooked as vegetables. Comparative analysis found a remarkable overlap of the quoted plant uses between the two studied groups, which may reflect complex socio-cultural adaptations Ormur speakers faced. Ormur people retain a rich knowledge of anthropogenic weeds and the phytonyms reveal important commonalities with Persian and Kurdish phytonyms, which may indicate their possible horticultural-driven human ecological origin from the Middle East. Some novel or rare food uses of Cirsiumarvense, Nannorrhops ritchiana, Periploca aphylla, Perovskia atriplicifolia, Viscum album,Oxalis corniculata and Withania coagulans were documented. Since the Ormuri language represents a moribund language, still spoken by only a few thousand speakers in NW Pakistan and Afghanistan, it is recommended that the traditional bio-cultural and gastronomical heritage of this minority group be appropriately protected and bolstered in future rural development programs.
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Mostafa, Massrura, and Marium Jamila. "From English to Banglish: Loanwords as opportunities and barriers?" English Today 28, no. 2 (May 17, 2012): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000120.
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As a mother tongue English is the second most spoken language in the world. Chinese is the first, but English is far more widely spoken around the world. ‘Today English is spoken or written, with varying levels of fluency, by a third of the world's population’ (Crystal, 2010: 8). It has been accepted as the most common means for international communication worldwide. Hence, it occupies a special position as the international language of communication in almost all the countries of the world. Before 1971 in Bangladesh, English was used as a second language. It was first introduced when the country was a part of India when British imperialists mandated the teaching of English in 1835 throughout India. After its introduction in the curriculum, English consolidated its position as the language of the ruling class. It became the most important subject of study in the curriculum. Its dominance increased when it replaced Persian as the official and court language in 1837 and even further in 1844 when Lord Harding announced that Indians who had received an education in English would receive preference in all government appointments. However, towards the end of the British rule, a reaction arose against English education and the use of English generally. With the departure of the British rulers in 1947, English lost its earlier prominence and prestige. During the Pakistan period, when Bangladesh became a part of Pakistan (1947–1971), English retained its position as an essential subject of study. Learning English was still considered indispensable for social, intercultural and international communication, educational advancement, professional success and progress in life. In independent Bangladesh, English occupies the place of being the most important foreign language. It is taught and learned as a compulsory subject alongside Bangla, the first language, from the primary level up to the highest level of study.
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Afridi, Hikmat Shah, Manzoor Khan Afridi, and Syed Umair Jalal. "Pakhtun Identity versus Militancy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA: Exploring the Gap between Culture of Peace and Militancy." Global Regional Review I, no. I (December 30, 2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(i-i).01.
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The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000 - 1 BC. The hymns’ collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
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Arshad, Alia, and Farzana Shafique. "What do users prefer, card catalogue or OPAC?" Electronic Library 32, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-07-2012-0093.
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Purpose – The purpose of the study is to determine the most preferred catalogue format – card catalogue or online public access catalogue (OPAC) for searching library material in Oriental languages, i.e. Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Pashto of the Central Library, University of the Punjab, Lahore. It also explores the users’ searching behaviour for finding the library material in Oriental languages. Design/methodology/approach – A purposive sample of 100 respondents was chosen for this study. The questionnaire contained both close- and open-ended questions. SPSS (version 11.5) was used for quantitative analysis of data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for reaching conclusions. The qualitative data analysis software “X-Sight” was used for analysing the qualitative data. Findings – The study highlights the importance of both types of catalogue. Many of the findings of the study related to the card catalogue and OPAC are surprising when compared to their general perceptions. It is important to note that the users perceived the card catalogue as more effective for searching the library material in Oriental languages. However, they also face many problems while using both types of catalogues. Originality/value – It is the first study of its type in Pakistan that explored the users’ perceptions and behaviour of searching Oriental language material from the card catalogue and OPAC. The findings of the study are valuable for library management, not only at the Central Library of Punjab University but also for other libraries. These findings can help in making both card catalogue and OPAC more effective and user-centred. It will also assist them to improve weaknesses of both types of catalogues. Implications of the study – This study compares the users’ preferences for card catalogue and/or OPAC when searching Oriental language material. There are very few studies available on this subject and most of them are dated.
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Zaitseva, Lusia. "Gained in Translation: Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s Soviet Travels." Comparative Literature 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8738873.
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Abstract This article expands our understanding of cultural exchange between the Soviet Union and writers from the third world during the eras of Thaw and Stagnation. It examines Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s little-known Urdu-language travelogue about his time in the USSR, Mah o sāl-i-āshnā’i: yādon kā majmūʻah (Months and Years of Friendship: Recollections; 1979), arguing that Faiz’s text is distinct from earlier, Western travelers’ accounts in its articulation of the complexities of his subject position vis-à-vis the Soviet state. It does so by translating his experience into the richly ambiguous Indo-Persian literary and cultural idiom. The article examines the ambiguities introduced into Faiz’s text through intertextuality with this idiom derived from the Persian dastān and Urdu ghazel traditions. With the help of both direct and indirect allusion to those traditions, Faiz’s complex attitude toward what Terry Martin has called the world’s “first affirmative action empire” and Nancy Condee has described as an “anti-imperial empire” comes most clearly into view. Ultimately, Faiz’s text suggests that socialist internationalism was not just a vertical structure controlled by Moscow but a horizontal network shaped by powerful cultural allegiances that were not easily overcome.
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Senda, T., T. Ohsako, and T. Tominaga. "Interspecific differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of poison ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.) and Persian darnel (L. persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-075.
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To clarify the speciation and evolution of the inbreeding Lolium spp., poison ryegrass and Persian darnel, we analyzed genetic relationships using microsatellite and AFLP markers among accessions from Pakistan, where both species grow sympatrically or parapatrically. Dendrograms were constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), based on simple matching coefficient of similarity among 29 accessions of poison ryegrass and 16 accessions of Persian darnel. Most of the poison ryegrass and Persian darnel accessions were genetically divided into two clusters. One and two chloroplast RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) haplotypes were identified in poison ryegrass and Persian darnel accessions, respectively, from Pakistan, which correspond to each cluster or subcluster of dendrograms. Some accessions, morphologically identified as Persian darnel, belong to neither poison ryegrass nor Persian darnel clusters and locate in other cluster between them. Because this intermediate group had the same haplotype as poison ryegrass, shared almost all alleles with poison ryegrass and/or Persian darnel, and was genetically closer to poison ryegrass than to Persian darnel, we hypothesize that the intermediate group was derived maternally from poison ryegrass via hybridization with Persian darnel. Key words: AFLP, chloroplast DNA-RFLP, Lolium persicum, Lolium temulentum, microsatellite, phylogenetic analysis
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Kaye, Alan S. "Persian (review)." Language 80, no. 1 (2004): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0030.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
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Zaheer, Aamir. "Les particularités phonétiques et phonologiques des langues du Pakistan et leur incidence sur l'apprentissage du français par les apprenants pakistanais." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC002/document.
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Le Pakistan chevauche la frontière linguistique entre deux familles linguistiques ; l’indo-aryen et l’iranien, qui ensemble constituent l'indo-iranien, une branche majeure de la famille indo-européenne. Ainsi, le panorama général de la situation linguistique se caractérise par la diversité linguistique due à différents facteurs sociaux et historiques. Comme beaucoup d’autres pays du monde, le Pakistan est aussi un pays multilingue où plusieurs langues sont présentes avec des statuts plus ou moins différents. A part ce multilinguisme, une grande partie de la population rurale du Pakistan est également monolingue. Sous les effets du colonialisme, les langues natives du Pakistan ne sont pas reconnues par le gouvernement. À cause de la politique linguistique de l’état, ces langues les moins répandues sont considérées comme des langues peu importantes. Ainsi, ces langues régionales restent ignorées même par des linguistes et des chercheurs. Du point de vue de la linguistique, chaque langue possède des particularités et une richesse linguistique malgré son statut officiel dans un pays. Nous avons choisi de présenter cinq langues majeures du Pakistan. Cette diversité linguistique nous a offert ce terrain fertile à l’étude de ces langues au niveau de la phonétique et de la phonologie. Le résultat de ce travail nous a conduits à une étude comparative des systèmes phonético-phonologiques des langues pakistanaises et ceux de la langue française. Cela nous a permis de conclure au fait que les voyelles antérieures arrondies et les semi-voyelles françaises n’existant pas dans les langues pakistanaises sont absentes dans la prononciation des apprenants de FLE. Ces absences sont les causes majeures des erreurs de la prononciation faites par la majorité des apprenants pakistanais de FLEPakistan straddles the linguistic border between two linguistic families; Indo-Aryan and Iranian, which together constitute Indo-Iranian, a major branch of the Indo-European family. Thus, the general panorama of the linguistic situation is characterized by linguistic diversity due to different social and historical factors. Like many other countries in the world, Pakistan is also a multilingual country where several languages are present with more or less different status. Apart from this multilingualism, a large part of the rural population of Pakistan is also monolingual. Under the effects of colonialism, the native languages of Pakistan are not recognized by the government. Because of the state’s language policy, these less widely spoken languages are considered as minor languages. Thus, these regional languages are ignored even by linguists and researchers. From the point of view of linguistics, each language has peculiarities and linguistic richness despite its official status in a country. We chose to present five major languages of Pakistan. This linguistic diversity has offered us fertile ground for the study of these languages at the level of phonetics and phonology. The result of this work led us to a comparative study of the phonetic-phonological systems of the Pakistani languages and those of the French language. This allowed us to conclude that the rounded anterior vowels and French semi-vowels that do not exist in Pakistani languages are absent in the pronunciation of FLE learners. These absences are the major causes of the pronunciation errors made by the majority of Pakistani FLE learners
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Raghibdoust, Shahla. "Interrogative constructions in Persian." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6547.
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This thesis treats the various constructions of interrogativity in colloquial modern Persian, within the Government and Binding framework. Chapter 2 presents the basic properties and the various methods of forming yes-no questions. I argue that changes in word-order may not be considered as a strategy to indicate an interrogativity, and that consequently, the movement of the verb from its position in I to C in Persian, unlike languages such as English, is disallowed. I also propose the possibility of assigning a mood phrase (MP) position to the yes-no particles. Chapter 3 gives a detailed survey of the movement processes of Wh-words which, prima facie, appear to be a syntactic movement. However, exploring the more complicated data, we subsequently arrive at the conclusion that this movement, by and large, patterns with an optional topicalization process, and has nothing to do with the syntactic movement to SPEC CP. I propose that the availability of question particles in a number of languages, including Persian, correlates with the lack of syntactic Wh-movement. Persian extraction patterns are argued to resemble those of Nordic languages in which no structural constraint is imposed. Subjacency, therefore, is unable to explain the extraction phenomenon in this language. To give a reasonable account of the extraction rules in Persian Dominance, in turn, is proposed as a convincing condition. Chapter 4 concentrates on the fact that multiple Wh-fronting in Persian is radically different from extensively-studied languages, such as Bulgarian and Romanian, even though these languages manifest resemblance with respect to a number of properties. Furthermore, it is shown that in multiple Wh-fronting languages, the Wh-phrases are morphologically complex, and need to satisfy a licensing requirement independent of clausal typing. This morphological characteristic is absent, however, in Persian. Analysis of the preceding factors leads me to propose that multiple Wh-fronting in Persian also results from adjunction of Wh-phrases to IP, in other words, topicalization.
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Knaute, David. "Des côtes du Gujarat aux pays de la diaspora : dynamiques identitaires, démographiques et migratoires des communautés parsies d’Inde et du Pakistan." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0624.
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En Inde et au Pakistan, les Parsis – minorité ethno-religieuse présente sur le sous-continent indien depuis le VIIIème siècle après J. -C. – sont considérés comme autochtones, en dépit de leurs racines perses. Longtemps restés à la marge de la société indienne, ils ont traversé un âge d’or à l’époque coloniale britannique, au cours de laquelle ils ont contribué, en tant qu’élite « occidentalisée », à de multiples avancées d’ordre socio-économiques et politiques. L’indépendance de 1947 a marqué un tournant, en scindant les Parsis en deux communautés distinctes et désormais démunies de tout privilège ou statut particulier. De nombreux Parsis ont de fait choisi la voie de l’émigration, dans un premier temps en Grande-Bretagne puis, au cours des dernières décennies, vers le Nouveau Monde. A travers une analyse mêlant histoire et anthropologie, cette thèse explore les dynamiques identitaires, démographiques et migratoires qui en découlent en Inde et au Pakistan ainsi qu’au sein des pays de la diaspora. L’auteur souhaite montrer que les communautés parsies du sous-continent indien ont atteint un point de rupture, notamment avéré par une crise démographique aigüe. Au sein des pays de la diaspora, la thèse vise à dévoiler une situation marquée par l’ambivalence : la reproduction des traits identitaires parsis - en premier lieu la perpétuation d’un esprit pionnier - y est en effet concomitante à l’apparition de nouvelles tendances, dont le rapprochement entre Parsis et zoroastriens d’Iran ou des risques croissants d’assimilation. La question qui se pose est dès lors dans quelle mesure la constitution d’une diaspora implique une transformation de l’identité parsie, y compris au sein des pays d’origine. En se basant sur l’approche complexe, la thèse s’attache à faire ressortir les interactions liant les communautés parsies les unes aux autres, les tensions autour de la religion et les paradoxes marquant l’évolution de la communauté parsie à l’échelle mondiale, pour démontrer la « mutation » identitaire parsie qui est en jeu. La thèse entend contribuer à l’étude des communautés parsies-zoroastriennes à travers le monde, et prolonger l’œuvre des professeurs Mary Boyce et John Hinnells (SOAS), tout en innovant d’un point de vue méthodologique par la parole donnée aux acteurs. Une enquête ethnologique approfondie menée au Pakistan, ainsi que des sources issues des pays de la diaspora ou concernant le patrimoine culturel (y compris la pratique funéraire des tours du silence), permettent de présenter des éléments inédits sur l’histoire et la pratique contemporaine du zoroastrisme. La thèse participe aussi à la compréhension du phénomène diasporique et à l’émergence d’un nouveau champ d’étude sur l’e-diaspora, à travers l’analyse de l’espace web parsi-zoroastrienIn India and Pakistan, the Parsis - an ethno-religious minority present on the Indian sub-continent since the 8th century A. D. - are considered as indigenous, in spite of their Persian ancestry. They remained at the margins of Indian society for a long time and experienced a golden age during British colonial times, during which they contributed as a "westernized" elite to numerous socio-economic and political developments. In 1947, Indian independance was a turning point and split the Parsis into two distinct communities deprived of any specific privilege or status. As a result many Parsis decided to migrate, first to Great Britain then - in recent decades - to the New World. Through a mix of historical and anthropological analysis, this thesis explores the subsequent identity, demographic and migratory dynamics in India and Pakistan as well as in the diaspora. The author attempts to demonstrate that Parsi communities on the Indian subcontinent have reached a point of no return, revealed among other trends, by a severe demographic crisis. Regarding the diaspora, the thesis aims at unveiling the ambivalent situation that prevails: the reproduction of Parsi identity traits - beginning with the perpetuation of a pioneering spirit - is concomitant here with a=new developments, including the coming together of Parsis and Zoroastrians from Iran, or the increasing risks of assimilation. The question is therefore to what extent the constotution of a diaspora implies a transformation of the Parsi identity, including in the countries of origin. Based on the complex approach, the thesis endeavors to highlight the interactions linking Parsi communities to one another, tensions around religion and paradoxes that characterize the evolution of the Parsi community worldwide, in order to show the "mutation" of the Parsi identity which is at stake. The thesis is an attempt to contribute to the study of Parsi-Zoroastrian communities around the world, and to extend the work of Professors Mary Boyce and john Hinnells (SOAS), while innovating from a methodology perspective by giving voice to the actors. A thorough ethnological survey carried out in Pakistan, as well as sources from the countries of the diaspora or concerning the cultural heritage (including the funerary practice of the towers of silence) allows the presentation of new elements on the history and contemporary practice of Zoroastrianism. The thesis also contributes to the understanding of the diasporic phenomenon and the emergence of a new field of study on the e-diaspora, through the analysis of the Parsi-Zoroastrian web
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Sedighi, Anousha. "Subject-predicate agreement restrictions in Persian." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29259.
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This work investigates two distinct constructions which appear to induce a constraint on verbal agreement. The first construction involves inanimate plural subjects and verbs appearing in third person singular/default morphology. Adopting the framework of Distributed Morphology which has recently been used as a key to capturing several agreement restrictions in languages, I propose that the restriction caused by Animacy in Persian resides in post-syntactic morphology through an impoverishment operation. The second construction I study contains Psychological predicates which have not been entirely explored from the point of view of Psychological Constructions in the previous literature. The nominative experiencer does not induce agreement on the verb and the verb appears in third person singular, which provides evidence for separation of agreement and Nominative case assignment. I argue that the lack of verbal agreement in Persian Psychological constructions is only apparent and I provide evidence to show that they do not involve compound verbs. I propose that these constructions have a Tense requirement and involve applied arguments. The experiencer is licensed by a Super High Applicative head which takes a TP (a sentential predication/full proposition) as complement. Furthermore, I propose that the Super High Applicative phrase is a strong phase, a new category to be added to the set of strong phases proposed by Chomsky 1999-2004.
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Samadi, Habibeh. "The acquisition of Persian : grammatically-based measures for assessing normal and abnormal Persian language development." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14824/.
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This study presents a longitudinal analysis of three monolingual Iranian children's language development between ages 1;8-2;6, 2;2-3;2 and 2;4-3;4. The overall aims are to identify and establish the structural patterns in the acquisition of Persian, a pro-drop, inflectional and mostly verb final language. Structural patterns particular to Persian are identified in contrast to English and data drawn from the children's language progress are discussed in the light of recent theories of language acquisition. In addition, the study provides a comprehensive and systematic description of children's syntactic development in such a way as to be useful for clinical data analysis by Iranian speech and language therapists and includes some cross-linguistic comparisons with other research on language acquisition. The applicability of MLU (Mean Length of Utterance) measures to Persian is investigated and it is found that MLU measured in morphemes is most appropriate for evaluating the Iranian children's early language development up to value 4. In order to give a more detailed analysis of the children's language acquisition, the LARSP (Language Assessment Remediation and Screening Procedure) framework (Crystal, Fletcher and Garman, 1989) is adapted to Persian. Analysing Persian data with LARSP categories shows that there are many features common to both languages. Particular categories are identified. A PLARSP (Persian LARSP) profile is established based on the hypothesis that structures can be assigned to stages according to their number of elements at clause and phrase levels. The profile provides a framework for the analysis of language development in Persian and is employed in chapters 6 and 7 to set out the developmental picture of the children's language at approximately equal MLU values in the early stages, and age in the later stages. Close examination of the data points to the use of formulas by the children at early stages. Apart from the formulas, although the children show different strategies of language acquisition, the resulting distribution of categories is found to fit the data well, presenting an orderly progress down the chart according to MLU and age.
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Rees, Daniel A. "Towards Proto-Persian an Optimality Theoretic historical reconstruction /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/436441601/viewonline.
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Sedighi, Anousha. "Quirky subjects: Do they exist in Persian?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6140.
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This thesis studies the nature of certain subject-like NPs in Persian and examines whether or not they can be considered "Quirky Subjects". Quirky subjects are subject-like NP's that bear non-nominative case and a non-agentive theta role, yet have some properties of subjects. This work demonstrates that subject-like NPs in Persian are neither subjects nor, quirky subjects. In fact, they are "Left-dislocated constituents". In these constructions the reason for the default format of the verb is the nature of the subject, which is the psychological state rather than the subject-like NP (experiencer). Moreover, the notion of "Subject" and "Subjecthood" will be discussed and the claim that subject is not a rigid concept will be supported.
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Fathi, Besharat. "Terminology planning evaluation: the case of Persian language." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/432790.
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The strategic importance of terminology planning, its complexities,
and implementation of the policies have been tackled in the
literature from distinct points of views. The diversity of discussions
and methodologies used to advocate the dynamicity of
terminological activities and their context-based characteristics has
brought about challenges in the evaluation of terminology works.
These challenges are associated with the definitions of terminology
planning from different perspectives (i.e. national, international,
local) on the one hand, and on the other hand, are caused by the lack
of an analytical framework that can address complex relations
among terminology planning elements and criteria.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of designing
a methodological framework that can be useful for conducting
evaluations on terminology planning and standardization in the
national or local scenarios. For this purpose, I have adapted the
evaluation methodology used in development plans to the context of
terminology planning based on which I have evaluated the
terminology work and standardization at the Academy of Persian
Language and Literature. It is assumed that this methodology can be
useful for the improvement and development of any type of
terminology activity defined in the framework of language
planning.La importancia estratégica de la planificación terminológica, su complejidad y la implementación de las políticas terminológicas se han abordado en la literatura desde distintos puntos de vista. La diversidad de debates y metodologías utilizadas para defender la dinámica de las actividades terminológicas y sus características basadas en los contextos particulares, han resultado obstáculos en la evaluación de los trabajos terminológicos. Estos obstáculos están asociados con las definiciones de la planificación terminológica según a diferentes perspectivas (nacional, internacional, local) por un lado, y por otro lado, son resultados de la falta de un marco analítico que pueda dirigir las relaciones complejas entre elementos y criterios de la planificación terminológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la posibilidad de diseñar un marco analítico que pueda ser útil para llevar a cabo evaluaciones sobre planificación terminológica y estandarización en un escenario nacional o local. Para ello, he adaptado la metodología de evaluación utilizada en los planes de desarrollo al contexto de la planificación terminológica a partir de la cual he evaluado el trabajo terminológico y la estandarización en la Academia de Lengua y Literatura Persa. Se supone que esta metodología puede ser útil para mejorar y desarrollar de cualquier tipo de actividad terminológica definida en el marco de la planificación lingüística.
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Aftab, Asma. "English language textbooks evaluation in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3454/.
Full textAbstract:
This multidimensional study comprehensively explores the English language textbook situation in Pakistan in five stages utilizing mixed methods approach. Two preliminary stages were small scale – a survey of the English language requirements and interviews of the officials involved in sanctioning and publishing textbooks. The main stages were the critical examination of the English curricula and syllabi, the survey of the views of the textbook users, and the detailed coursebook evaluation. The evaluation criteria checklists and questionnaires employed during these stages were mainly based on the materials development, ‘needs analysis’ and curriculum design literature. The research highlighted shortcomings in the overall educational arena and these weaknesses are assumed to be indirectly responsible for the poor standard of English prevailing in the country. The curriculum and textbook policies were found to be inadequate. Generally the teachers/administrators lacked critical, in-depth and practical understanding of language learning objectives, teaching techniques, syllabus design, and materials. By and large, the coursebooks overwhelmingly relied on controlled and artificial activities to teach English. In conclusion, suggested improvements in the curriculum development process, teachers and textbook writers training programmes and, importantly, the prescribed coursebooks can in the long run aid in facilitating English language acquisition in the Pakistani learners.
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Haseeb, Ahmed Abdul, and Asim Ilyas. "Speech Translation into Pakistan Sign Language." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5095.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Context: Communication is a primary human need and language is the medium for this. Most people have the ability to listen and speak and they use different languages like Swedish, Urdu and English etc. to communicate. Hearing impaired people use signs to communicate. Pakistan Sign Language (PSL) is the preferred language of the deaf in Pakistan. Currently, human PSL interpreters are required to facilitate communication between the deaf and hearing; they are not always available, which means that communication among the deaf and other people may be impaired or nonexistent. In this situation, a system with voice recognition as an input and PSL as an output will be highly helpful. Objectives: As part of this thesis, we explore challenges faced by deaf people in everyday life while interacting with unimpaired. We investigate state of art work done in this area. This study explores speech recognition and Machine translation techniques to devise a generic and automated system that converts English speech to PSL. A prototype of the proposed solution is developed and validated. Methods: Three step investigation is done as part of thesis work. First, to understand problem itself, interviews were conducted with the domain experts. Secondly, from literature review, it is investigated whether any similar or related work has already been done, state of the art technologies like Machine translation, speech recognition engines and Natural language processing etc. have been analyzed. Thirdly, prototype is developed whose validation data is obtained from domain experts and is validated by ourselves as well as from domain experts. Results: It is found that there is a big communication gap between deaf and unimpaired in Pakistan. This is mainly due to the lack of an automated system that can convert Audio speech to PSL and vice versa. After investigating state of the art work including solutions in other countries specific to their languages, it is found that no system exists that is generic and automated. We found that there is already work started for PSL to English Speech conversion but not the other way around. As part of this thesis, we discovered that a generic and automated system can be devised using speech recognition and Machine translation techniques. Conclusion: Deaf people in Pakistan lack a lot of opportunities mainly due to communication gap between deaf and unimpaired. We establish that there should be a generic and automated system that can convert English speech to PSL and vice versa. As part of this, we worked for such a system that can convert English speech to PSL. Moreover, Speech recognition, Machine translation and Natural language processing techniques can be core ingredients for such a generic and automated system. Using user centric approach, the prototype of the system is validated iteratively from domain experts.This research has investigated a computer based solution to facilitate communication among deaf people and unimpaired. Investigation was performed using literature review and visits to institutes to gain a deeper knowledge about sign language and specifically how is it used in Pakistan context. Secondly, challenges faced by deaf people to interact with unimpaired are analyzed by interviews with domain experts (instructors of deaf institutes) and by directly observing deaf in everyday life situations. We conclude that deaf people rely on sign language for communication with unimpaired people. Deaf people in Pakistan use PSL for communication, English is taught as secondary language all over Pakistan in all educational institutes, deaf people are taught by instructors that not only need to know the domain expertise of the area that they are teaching like Math, History and Science etc. but they also need to know PSL very well in order to teach the deaf. It becomes very difficult for deaf institutes to get instructors that know both. Whenever deaf people need to communicate with unimpaired people in any situation, they either need to hire a translator or request the unimpaired people to write everything for them. Translators are very difficult to get all the time and they are very expensive as well. Moreover, using writing by unimpaired becomes very slow process and not all unimpaired people want to do this. We observed this phenomena ourselves as instructors of the institutes provided us the opportunity to work with deaf people to understand their feelings and challenges in everyday life. In this way, we used to go with deaf people in shopping malls, banks, post offices etc. and with their permission, we observed their interaction. We have concluded that sometimes their interaction with normal people becomes very slow and embarrassing. Based on above findings, we concluded that there is definitely a need for an automated system that can facilitate communication between deaf and unimpaired people. These factors lead to the subsequent objective of this research. The main objective of this thesis is to identify a generic and an automated system without any human intervention that converts English speech into PSL as a solution to bridge the communication gap between deaf and unimpaired. It is identified that existing work done related to this problem area doesn’t fulfill our objective. Current solutions are either very specific to a domain, e.g. post office or need human intervention i.e. not automatic. It is identified that none of the existing systems can be extended towards our desired solution. We explored state of the art techniques like Machine translation, Speech recognition and NLP. We have utilized these in our proposed solution. Prototype of the proposed solution is developed whose functional and non functional validation is performed. Since none of existing work exactly matches to our problem statement, therefore, we have not compared the validation of our prototype to any existing system. We have validated prototype with respect to our problem domain. Moreover, this is validated iteratively from the domain experts, i.e. experts of PSL and the English to PSL human translators. We found this user centric approach very useful to help better understand the problem at the ground level, keeping our work user focused and then realization of user satisfaction level throughout the process. This work has opened a new world of opportunities where deaf can communicate with others who do not have PSL knowledge. Having this system, if it is further developed from a prototype to a functioning system; deaf institutes will have wider scope of choosing best instructors for a given domain that may not have PSL expertise. Deaf people will have more opportunities to interact with other members of the society at every level as communication is the basic pillar for this. The automatic speech to sign language is an attractive prospect; the impending applications are exhilarating and worthwhile. In the field of Human Computer Interface (HCI) we hope that our thesis will be an important addition to the ongoing research.
Ahmed Abdul Haseeb & Asim ilyas, Contact no. 00923215126749 House No. 310, Street No. 4 Rawal town Islamabad, Pakistan Postal Code 44000
Books on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
1
m, Sulayma n. H. Đayyi. Dictionary English-Persian Persian-English. New Delhi, India: Languages of the World, 1992.
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Ḥayyīm, Sulaymān. Dictionary English-Persian, Persian-English. New Delhi: Languages-of-the-World Publications, 1992.
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Hillmann, Michael Craig. Persian-English English-Persian biotechnology glossary. Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press, 2006.
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Khavari, Mahdokht Akhtar. Simple Persian. Edited by Ghaderi Gaylis and Mostaghimi Anoshiravan. St. Paul, Minn. (1121 N. Hamline, Suite 24, St. Paul 55108): M.A. Khavari, 1987.
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Rahman, Tariq. Language-teaching policies in Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 1998.
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Rahman, Tariq. Language and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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Rahman, Tariq. Language and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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Kāshānī, ʻAbbās Āryānpūr. The combined new Persian-English and English-Persian dictionary. Lexington, Ky: Mazdā, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
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Saeedi, Zari. "Nominal predication in Persian." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 373–412. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.180.13sae.
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Toosarvandani, Maziar, and Hayedeh Nasser. "Quantification in Persian." In Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II, 665–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_13.
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QasemiZadeh, Behrang, and Saeed Rahimi. "Persian in MULTEXT-East Framework." In Advances in Natural Language Processing, 541–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11816508_54.
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Ghayoomi, Masood. "Word Clustering for Persian Statistical Parsing." In Advances in Natural Language Processing, 126–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33983-7_13.
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Falahati, Reza, and Mahya Shojaei. "Promoting the Status of an Academic Language: Participant Interaction." In Perspectives on Academic Persian, 121–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75610-9_8.
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Zamanifar, Azadeh, and Omid Kashefi. "AZOM: A Persian Structured Text Summarizer." In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, 234–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22327-3_27.
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Manan, Syed Abdul, Maya Khemlani David, and Francisco Perlas Dumanig. "English Language Teaching in Pakistan: Language Policies, Delusions and Solutions." In Language Policy, 219–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_10.
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Moezzipour, Farhad. "A constructional perspective on clefting in Persian." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 67–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.145.04moe.
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Dolamic, Ljiljana, and Jacques Savoy. "Ad Hoc Retrieval with the Persian Language." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 102–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15754-7_12.
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AleAhmad, Abolfazl, Ehsan Kamalloo, Arash Zareh, Masoud Rahgozar, and Farhad Oroumchian. "Cross Language Experiments at Persian@CLEF 2008." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 105–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04447-2_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
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Sarabi, Zahra, Hooman Mahyar, and Mojgan Farhoodi. "ParsiPardaz: Persian Language Processing Toolkit." In 2013 3th International eConference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccke.2013.6682862.
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Dolamic, Ljiljana, and Jacques Savoy. "Persian Language, Is Stemming Efficient?" In 2009 20th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Application. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2009.28.
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Ghayoomi, Masood, and Bruno Guillaume. "Interaction grammar for the Persian language." In the 7th Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1690299.1690315.
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Hosseini Saravani, Seyed Habib, Mohammad Bahrani, Hadi Veisi, and Sara Besharati. "Persian Language Modeling Using Recurrent Neural Networks." In 2018 9th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istel.2018.8661032.
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Ehsan, Nava, and Heshaam Faili. "Towards grammar checker development for Persian language." In 2010 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (NLP-KE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2010.5587839.
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Ahmadnia, Benyamin, and Raul Aranovich. "Augmented Spanish-Persian Neural Machine Translation." In Special Session on Natural Language Processing in Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010369804820488.
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Sarker, Mohammad Zakir Hossain, and Shaila Rahman. "Exploring Cross Language Independency in .NET Framework." In 2005 Pakistan Section Multitopic Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inmic.2005.334436.
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Shamsfard, Mehrnoush, Tara Akhavan, and Mona Erfani Jourabchi. "Parsumist: A Persian text summarizer." In 2009 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (NLP-KE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2009.5313844.
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Yahyatabar, M. E., Y. Baleghi, and M. R. Karami. "Online signature verification: A Persian-language specific approach." In 2013 21st Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraniancee.2013.6599561.
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Faili, Heshaam, and Hadi Ravanbakhsh. "Affix-augmented stem-based language model for persian." In 2010 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (NLP-KE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2010.5587823.
Full textReports on the topic "Persian language in Pakistan"
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Davidson, Robert B., and Richard L. Hopely. Foreign Language Optical Character Recognition, Phase II: Arabic and Persian Training and Test Data Sets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325444.
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Mahieva, L. H. Phonetic transformation of the Arab-Persian words in the terminology of the modern Karachay-Balkar language. КБНЦ РАН, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/mlh_8.
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Loureiro, Miguel, Maheen Pracha, Affaf Ahmed, Danyal Khan, and Mudabbir Ali. Accountability Bargains in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.046.
Full textAbstract:
Poor and marginalised citizens rarely engage directly with the state to solve their governance issues in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings, as these settings are characterised by the confrontational nature of state–citizen relations. Instead, citizens engage with, and make claims to, intermediaries some of them public authorities in their own right. What are these intermediaries’ roles, and which strategies and practices do they use to broker state–citizen engagement? We argue that in Pakistan intermediaries make themselves essential by: (1) being able to speak the language of public authorities; (2) constantly creating and sustaining networks outside their communities; and (3) building collectivising power by maintaining reciprocity relations with their communities. In doing so, households and intermediaries engage in what we are calling ‘accountability bargains’: strategies and practices intermediaries and poor and marginalised households employ in order to gain a greater degree of security and autonomy within the bounds of class, religious, and ethnic oppression.