Academic literature on the topic 'Persian satrapy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Persian satrapy"
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Erpehlivan, Hüseyin. "Anatolian-Persian grave stelae from Bozüyük in Phrygia: a contribution to understanding Persian presence and organisation in the region." Anatolian Studies 71 (2021): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154621000053.
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AbstractThis paper provides an assessment of four grave stelae that were found recently in the area surrounding Bozüyük, on the Anatolian plateau in the south of the Bilecik province. The plateau was part of the core of the kingdom of Phrygia during the Early and Middle Iron Ages, and part of the satrapy of Phrygia during the Achaemenid period of the Late Iron Age in Anatolia. The main focus is to examine the place of such stelae among Anatolian-Persian examples and to explore elements of Persian presence and organisation in the region. The precise archaeological contexts of these stelae are unknown, but are likely to have been tumuli. They are examples of an Anatolian-Persian style from the Achaemenid period, but can also be considered to be part of a somewhat rustic 'rural' sub-style, compared with more elaborate stelae that have been found around Dascylium, the satrapal capital of Hellespontine Phrygia. The Bozüyük stelae feature banquet, hunting and ritual scenes, and also battle scenes that distinguish them from other Anatolian-Persian stelae. Despite similarities, particularly with the Vezirhan stele, there are also discrepancies that make precise analogies with reliefs on other stelae difficult, though not impossible. It is likely that they were created by a connected group of sculptors, and might therefore be evidence of a workshop that sculpted local materials in a unique rural style.
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Afridi, Hikmat Shah, Manzoor Khan Afridi, and Syed Umair Jalal. "Pakhtun Identity versus Militancy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA: Exploring the Gap between Culture of Peace and Militancy." Global Regional Review I, no. I (December 30, 2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(i-i).01.
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The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000 - 1 BC. The hymns’ collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
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Brennan, Shane. "DID THE MOSSYNOIKOI WHISTLE? A CONSIDERATION OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN POLEIS IN THE BLACK SEA MOUNTAINS GIVEN AT ANABASIS 5.4.31." Greece and Rome 63, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383515000261.
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In May 401 bce the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger started out for Mesopotamia from his satrapy in western Anatolia with an army of levies and Greek mercenaries. Although he did not declare his intentions at the outset, his aim was to win control of the empire from his brother, King Artaxerxes. At the battle of Cunaxa in Babylonia Cyrus was killed, though the engagement itself was inconclusive. Emerging practically unscathed, the Greek contingent began what became an epic march to safety through hostile territory. The journey took them north along the middle course of the Tigris river, into the Armenian Mountains, and finally, in late April 400, to the peaks overlooking the Black Sea. From the Greek colony of Trapezus they proceeded alternately by foot and ship to Byzantium. Their story is told in the Anabasis of Xenophon the Athenian, the only first-hand account of the journey that has come down to us.
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Gawlikowski, Michal. "Thapsacus and Zeugma the crossing of the Euphrates in antiquity." Iraq 58 (1996): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003223.
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One of the most uncertain points of historical geography of ancient Syria concerns the site of Thapsacus, even if the uncertainty has sometimes been disguised by assertive pronouncements. This city had enjoyed considerable importance during the Persian period, and possibly earlier, as a major crossing of the Euphrates and the main link between Syria and Mesopotamia. It appears for the first time in our record in the Bible, as the place on the Euphrates where the country “beyond the river” begins. Even if referring to the purported extent of the realm of Solomon “from Thapsacus to Gaza”, this mention clearly applies to the Persian satrapy of Abar-Nahara, meaning the whole of Syria and Palestine, and provides evidence for the conditions in the Achaemenid period. The crossing at Thapsacus itself might of course have been used much earlier, whatever the name.To the Massoretic vocalisation Tiphsah, generally accepted in modern translations, the form of Tapsah should be preferred, as found in the Syriac Bible provided with vowel signs centuries before the Hebrew original. This reading is moreover paralleled by the still earlier Septuagint version Θαψά. The Greek rendering confirms not only the vowels but also, if indirectly and by omission, the final pharyngeal of the name, in contrast to the usual ΘάΨακος found in Classical authors. This form is indeed unexpected, but transcriptions of foreign names do not always obey strict rules.
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Burdajewicz, Mariusz. "Preliminary remarks on the Iron Age Cypriot imports in Tell Keisan, a Phoenician city in Lower Galilee (Israel)." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 24 (December 1, 2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.24.2020.24.02.
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Preliminary remarks on the Iron Age Cypriot imports in Tell Keisan, a Phoenician city in Lower Galilee (Israel)
The paper deals with one of several scientific topics mirrored in the history of Tell Keisan, specifically the relationships between Israel/Palestine, Cyprus, and Phoenicia, and is based primarily on the hitherto unpublished Cypriot decorated pottery finds from this site. The earliest occurrence of the Iron Age Cypriot imports at Keisan has been recorded in Stratum 8 (10th century BC), while their increased quantities appear in Strata 5 and 4 (c. 8th-7th century BC). The Black-on-Red ware is the most numerous, while the White Painted and Bichrome wares are quite rare. In Stratum 3 (580-380 BC), the number of Cypriot imports drops dramatically. This was probably the result of a rapid change in the political and then economic situation in this region. In 525 BC, Cyprus became part of the fifth Persian satrapy. This must have had a disastrous effect on the economic situation of some of the Cypriot regions and was one of the reasons for the total cessation of Cypriot imports to the Levantine mainland.
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Gorre, Gilles. "The Satrap Stela: A Middle Ground Approach." Journal of Egyptian History 10, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340034.
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This article explores the relevance of the Middle Ground theory for the study of relationships between the Egyptian priesthood and the Macedonian kings. This concept will then be applied to the interpretation of one document in particular, the Satrap Stela. It suggests that the Middle Ground concept allows the identification of the Persian ruler mentioned in the document as Xerxes, Great King of the Second Persian Wars, and supports an interpretation of the text centered on Ptolemy Satrap rather than Khababash.
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Strömberg, Fredrik. "Schemata in the Graphic Novel Persepolis." European Comic Art 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2020.130205.
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It has repeatedly been suggested that the art in the graphic novel Persepolis by Iranian French artist Marjane Satrapi contains numerous connections to ancient Persian art forms, to the point of this becoming a ‘truism’, although the claim has not been subjected to in-depth analysis. The present formal analysis employs Gombrichian schema theory to identify visual elements in the graphic novel potentially connected to Persian visual cultures to discern if and how they might relate to their proposed influences and how they integrate with styles and visual conventions in comics. The results indicate that there are indeed connections, although integrated into the art form of comics through combination and accommodation, and that this reinforced the Persian theme of the graphic novel and potentially enriched the art form of comics.
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Wright, G. R. H., and D. White. "Siegecraft and spoliation,c.500 BC: a tale of two cities." Libyan Studies 36 (2005): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005483.
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AbstractAt some date shortly after the Persian conquest of Egypt (525 BC) a Persian army dispatched by the satrap of Egypt, Aryandes, was encamped on the Lykaian Hill outside the city of Cyrene, threatening its capture. How far hostilities had advanced is not known, but very soon the army abandoned its position and marched off on the return way to Egypt (Herodotus IV, 16–67, 200–203). Herodotus' account is an involved story how the Persian force came to be in Cyrenaica, and it is not clear why it departed from Cyrene with little achieved there. The episode would be of limited substance except for the chance discovery of some antiquities in the region of the Persian camp. About 20 years later, in 498 BC, a Persian force was deployed in Cyprus to reduce the city of Paphos in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Cypriote uprising to support the Ionian revolt. A siege mound was raised against the city wall employing an unexpected variety of material. Latterly the mound has been excavated and afforded wide ranging information. Hitherto these archaeological facts have not been considered in conjunction, and an attempt to do so may be instructive.
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Hyland, John O. "The Casualty Figures in Darius’ Bisitun Inscription." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2013-0001.
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AbstractThe Babylonian and Aramaic versions of the Bisitun inscription give precise enumerations of enemies killed and captured by the armies of Darius I in 522–521bc. But the figures are absent from Bisitun’s other versions, and their accuracy and historical value remain in question. This study reviews their textual reliability and modern reconstructions and argues that they do not reflect accurate counts of battlefield dead or prisoners. It proposes that the Babylonian text offered more space for additional material than its Elamite or Persian counterparts and that its casualty figures enhanced Darius’ military narrative by quantifying his superiority to subordinates: enemy losses are highest when the King commands in person, less for generals in separate commands, and lowest for Darius’ non-Persian lieutenants. Explanations are considered for a possible exception, the victory of the satrap Dadaršiš in Margiana.
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ALLEN, LINDSAY. "THE LETTER AS OBJECT: ON THE EXPERIENCE OF ACHAEMENID LETTERS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00056.x.
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Abstract This paper arises from research undertaken as part of the AHRC-funded project, ‘Communication, Language and Power in the Achaemenid empire: the correspondence of the satrap Arshama’. The project enabled a reengagement with the letters, sealings, and bag purchased in the 1940s by the Bodleian Library from the estate of the archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt. The discussion explores two parallel approaches to reconstructing the three-dimensional function of Achaemenid letters. First, technical variations in letter format and state of preservation reveal a range of physical interactions with letters, both open and closed. Second, Greek prose representations of Persian history imagine letters as objects working with their messengers within Achaemenid (usually royal) communications. This focus on the letter as object prompts us to hypothesize social, performative, and oral elements within the epistolary system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Persian satrapy"
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Klein, Alexis. "Pharnabaze et les Pharnacides : une dynastie de satrapes sur les rives de la Propontide (Ve-IVe siècle av. J.-C.)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG011/document.
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L’objet de cette étude est de réexaminer l’histoire de la famille de gouverneurs perses qui ont détenu l’office de satrapes de Phrygie Hellespontique sous l’Empire achéménide aux Ve et IVe siècles avant J.-C., et d’évaluer leur influence sur la sphère politique égéenne et anatolienne. Étant donné que l’étude des Pharnacides n’est pas seulement une étude généalogique, mais qu’elle comporte des questions d’ordre politique, il nous faut distinguer leur rôle de satrapes de l’histoire de leur famille. Nous traitons donc dans un premier temps les origines des Pharnacides. Ensuite, nous présentons une chronologie des satrapes de Daskyleion, traités sous l’angle politique. En troisième partie, il est question de mettre en avant les caractéristiques des détenteurs de l’office satrapique de Daskyleion. Enfin, la dernière partie a pour but de présenter ce que nous avons pu déduire sur la notion de famille chez ces notables perses et de mettre en avant la place des femmes, tout en présentant un épilogue de leur destin après la chute de l’Empire achéménideThe purpose of this study is to reexamine the existence of the family of Persian governors, who were in charge as satraps of Hellespontic Phrygia in the age of the Achaemenid Empire in the Vth-IVth C. BC. and to assess their influence on Egean and Anatolian politics. As the examination of the Pharnacids is not only a genealogical study, but includes also political topics, it is necessary to distinguish their role as satraps from their family history. Accordingly, the first part addresses the origins of the Pharnacids, followed by a chronology of the satraps of Dasykleion from a political point of view. The third part exposes the permanent and recurrent features among the titleholders of the satrapy of Daskyleion. Finally, the last part presents our conclusions on the notion of family among the prominent Persians and focuses on the role of women, and it ends with an epilogue on the family’s fate after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire
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Vaškaninová, Valéria. "Umenie sz. Anatólie v achajmenovskej dobe a jeho vztahy s gréckym a perskym umenim." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322576.
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The aim of this study is to determine and define the Persian Achaemenid style produced in the North-Western satrapies (imperial provinces) of Anatolia (modern Turkey) in the period of the Persian dominion of the area, roughly 550 - 300 BCE. The North-Western Anatolian satrapies are the II. nomos of Herodotus - Sardes, and Hellespontine Phrygia (the III. nomos). The roots of the Achaemenid style emerge from the rich artistic traditions of the cultures in the area of modern Iran influenced by Mesopotamian sources as well as nomadic handicrafts. The expansion of the Empire towards the Aegean resulted in extensive contacts with the creative expression of the Anatolian kingdoms and especially the Greek sphere. A unique style of luxurious ware, designated for customers of the local elite and Persian immigrants, is created. The depiction of the Persian court iconography is modified according to the local art-school customs. The clearest representation of the Achaemenid style is observed in the metalware production. The forms and designs of golden and silver vessels are specific. Despite their wide geographic distribution, the majority of the workshops were supposedly located in the area of modern Turkey. The production of jewelry and gems was most likely concentrated in the same workshops. The creative...
Books on the topic "Persian satrapy"
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Lewis, David M. The Persian Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0013.
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This chapter explores the role of slavery in several regions of the Persian Empire. The first section looks at elite estates in Anatolia, in particular examining the estate of Asidates discussed in Xenophon’s Anabasis (7.8.7–22), and shows that slave labour likely played a prominent role in their cultivation. The second section examines the role of slavery in the estates in Egypt of the Persian satrap Aršama, which presents a similar picture. The third section analyses the so-called ‘royal economy’ of Fars, known from the Persepolis Fortification Archive, and argues that a significant component of the kurtaš workforce was constituted by enslaved war captives and their descendants.
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Harl, Kenneth W. The Greeks in Anatolia: From the Migrations to Alexander the Great. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0034.
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This article lays out the early history of the Greeks' presence along the Anatolian western coast and their progress inward. It discusses the Greek settlements of Asia Minor, the emergence of East Greece, East Greeks and Philhellene Anatolian kings, the achievement of East Greek civilization, East Greeks under the Achaemenid kings, imperial Athens and the East Greeks, East Greece under Persian satraps and Anatolian dynasts, and Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia Minor.
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Solheim, Jennifer. The Performance of Listening in Postcolonial Francophone Culture. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940827.001.0001.
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The Performance of Listening in Postcolonial Francophone Culture argues That globalized media has allowed for efficient transmission of transnational culture, and in turn, our everyday experiences are informed by sounds ranging from voices, to music, to advertising, to bombs, and beyond. In considering cultural works from French-speaking North Africa and the Middle East all published or released in France from 1962-2011, Solheim’s study of listening across cultural genres will be of interest to any scholar or lay person interested in contemporary postcolonial France. This book is also a primer to contemporary Francophone culture from North Africa and the Middle East. Some of the French-speaking world’s most renowned and adored artists are the subject of this study, including preeminent Algerian feminist novelist, filmmaker and historian Assia Djebar (1936-2015), the first writer of the Maghreb to become part of the Académie Française; celebrated Iranian graphic novelist and filmmaker Marjane Satrapi (Persepolis, Chicken with Plums); the lauded Lebanese-Québecois playwright and dramaturge Wajdi Mouawad (Littorial, Incendies), and Lebanese comic artist and avant jazz trumpeter Mazen Kerbaj, whose improvisation with Israeli fighter jets during the 2006 Israeli War, “Starry Night,” catapulted him to global recognition. An interdisciplinary study of contemporary Francophone cultures, this book will be of interest to scholars and students in literary studies, performance studies, gender studies, anthropology, history, and ethnomusicology.
Book chapters on the topic "Persian satrapy"
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Heckel, Waldemar. "The Campaign in Cilicia." In In the Path of Conquest, 89–97. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0008.
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In the middle of 333, the Macedonian army invaded Cilicia, finding the difficult terrain of the Cilician Gates undefended. At Tarsus, the satrapal capital, Alexander became ill after bathing in the Cydnus River. Probably he suffered a bout of malaria. Darius, who had encamped in northern Mesopotamia, at Sochi, believed that the Macedonian king’s inaction betrayed caution, if not outright cowardice. He enter the satrapy via the Amanic Gates, to the north of Alexander’s position, and surprised the Macedonian army as it moved along the coast of the Gulf of Issus in the direction of the Beilan Pass, near Myriandrus. Alexander had to turn back to meet his enemy at a narrow place between the sea and the mountains, not far from the city of Issus. The site of the battlefield has been debated by scholars for more than a century, but it is generally believed to have been on the banks of the Payas River. Darius’ army was defeated when Alexander overcame the Persian center, where some of the best Persian troops (the Kardakes) and the Greek mercenaries were positioned. Darius found it necessary to flee in order to avoid capture. The collapse of the Persian forces all but sealed the fate of Asia Minor and allowed Alexander to threaten the Levantine coast and Egypt. Persian casualty figures are spectacular but cannot be verified.
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Heckel, Waldemar. "From the Aegean to Cappadocia." In In the Path of Conquest, 58–75. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0005.
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The Persian defeat at the Granicus opened the way for the Macedonian conquest of Asia Minor. Darius III assigned the defense of the coast to Memnon of Rhodes, whose brother Mentor had been an efficient and faithful servant of Artaxerxes III. Hellespontine Phrygia (Dascyleum), whose unsuccessful satrap had committed suicide, was the first Achaemenid satrapy annexed by the Conqueror. On the coast, would-be defectors were hesitant, weighing the chances of the Macedonians against the forces of Memnon. But Miletus fell, and Halicarnassus succumbed to a lengthy siege, despite the fact that Alexander had disbanded his fleet; Ada of Halicarnassus was reinstated as ruler of Caria, and Alexander led a portion of the army into Lycia and Pamphylia. After a victorious campaign there, he reunited with the forces under Parmenion, who had been in winter quarters. In late spring news arrived of Memnon’s death, and the Macedonian annexed Phrygia before moving to Cappadocia and Cilicia. There the Conqueror expected to encounter Darius for what he hoped would be the decisive battle of the campaign.
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Fantalkin, Alexander, and Oren Tal. "Redating Lachish Level I: Identifying Achaemenid Imperial Policy at the Southern Frontier of the Fifth Satrapy." In Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, 167–98. Penn State University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065618-010.
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"Gaza Mint Authorities in Persian Times. Preliminary Studies of the Local Coinage in the Fifth Persian Satrapy. Part 4." In Vestigia Leonis, 79–87. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666539077.79.
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"Baana. Preliminary Studies of the Local Coinage in the Fifth Persian Satrapy, Part 2." In Vestigia Leonis, 35–42. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666539077.35.
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Heckel, Waldemar. "The War in Central Asia." In In the Path of Conquest, 171–200. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0012.
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Alexander’s invasion of Bactria caught Bessus and the regicides off guard. The arrest and extradition of Bessus by his fellow conspirators promised a quick settlement and the submission of the semi-nomadic people of Bactria and Sogdiana. But the Macedonian campaigns at the Iaxartes River, which bordered on the lands of the Scythians, threatened the traditional patterns of life. Distrust on the part of the local headmen and warlords put an end to negotiations, and Alexander resorted to a campaign of terror, as the army (divided into five parts) swept through the countryside to force submission. Mountain fortresses were captured, and at the first of these the rebels and their leader were either cruelly executed or enslaved. An attempt to place the satrapy under a Persian ruler from the western portion of the empire was also greeted with resentment. Terror proved counterproductive, and in the end only the “political” marriage of Alexander to the local princess, Roxane, brought stability.
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"The Philisto-Arabian Coins - A Preview. Preliminary Studies of the Local Coinage in the Fifth Persian Satrapy. Part 3." In Vestigia Leonis, 88–94. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666539077.88.
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Heckel, Waldemar. "First Clash in Asia Minor." In In the Path of Conquest, 41–57. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0004.
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Persian Asia Minor had experienced upheavals since the late stages of the Peloponnesian War. When the Spartans emerged victorious from that contest, with the financial help of the Persian king, they soon set out on a program of liberation. But their leadership was corrupt and their methods of controlling the Greek city-states oppressive—Spartan garrisons were imposed under a commander called a harmost, and boards of ten (dekarchies) ruled the cities. Persia successfully removed the Spartan menace, but the Achaemenids were themselves soon threatened by an uprising known as the Great Satraps’ Revolt. Some of the rebels sought refuge at the court of Philip II of Macedon, who later sent an expeditionary force to Asia Minor in the spring of 336. Although this force of 10,000 accomplished little, it was followed in 334 by a full-scale invasion by Alexander the Great, who defeated the armies of a satrapal coalition at the River Granicus. Although Memnon of Rhodes emerged as the leading defender of Persian interests in the West, many of the empire’s leading commanders fell on the battlefield or soon afterward. It was an ill omen for the future of Achaemenid Asia Minor.
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"On the Money Circulation in Palestine from Artaxerxes II till Ptolemy I. Preliminary Studies of the Local Coinage in the Fifth Persian Satrapy. Part 5." In Vestigia Leonis, 59–66. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666539077.59.
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Romilly, Jacqueline de. "In Asia Minor." In The Life of Alcibiades, translated by Elizabeth Trapnell Rawlings, 104–22. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501719752.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses the defections of the islands and the cities of Asia Minor following the disaster of the Sicilian expedition which left Athens' empire badly shaken. The empire represented its power; now Athens had been shown to be weak. Very quickly, the effects were felt in Ionia, in the islands close to Asia Minor, and in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. This was a key region for Greece because, in general, Asia Minor was part of Persia, and an old rivalry existed between the two peoples. During the Peloponnesian War, Sparta had, from the beginning, thought about an alliance with Persia; it knew the barbarians wanted to destroy Athens. As soon as the disaster in Sicily became known, defections of Greek cities took place one by one, and negotiations between Sparta and the Persian satraps began. In Sparta, there was one person who knew better than anyone else what these defections meant to Athens, and how much Athens feared an alliance between Sparta and Persia. This person had every reason to encourage Sparta, and to show it the price of these two means for destroying Athenian power. That was, of course, Alcibiades. The strategy in Ionia was his third counsel.