Academic literature on the topic 'Personal and non-personal forms of verbs'

Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.

This paper argues that the term ‘passive’ has been systematically misapplied to a class of impersonal constructions that suppress the realization of a syntactic subject. The reclassification of these constructions highlights a typological contrast between two types of verbal diathesis and clarifies the status of putative ‘passives of unaccusatives’ and ‘transitive passives’ in Balto-Finnic and Balto-Slavic. Impersonal verb forms differ from passives in two key respects: they are insensitive to the argument structure of a verb and can be formed from unergatives or unaccusatives, and they may retain direct objects. As with other subjectless forms of personal verbs, there is a strong tendency to interpret the suppressed subject of an impersonal as an indefinite human agent. Hence impersonalization is often felicitous only for verbs that select human subjects.

The author considers the correlation between grammar and pragmatics as a problem of functional linguistics. The discussion focuses on pragmatic restrictions concerning the use of grammatical forms, i.e., the extent to which the grammatical meaning corresponds to the characteristics of speech acts. In this respect, the author analyzes Russian imperfective verbs in the second person of indicative. The analysis of the material collected from the Internet corpus of the Russian language demonstrates that the verbs in the 2nd person form are rarely used to implement the representative (assertive) speech acts. However, the use of verbs of the 2nd person in the general-personal, indefinite-personal and in the meaning of the 1st person is very common. The author concludes that the pragmatic-cultural factor is decisive in limiting the use of the verbs in the 2nd person form.

<p>The article is devoted to the problem of reporting verbs in Modern English. The research has been done to define the most appropriate features of reporting verbs: the notion they can indicate, the classification of reporting verbs in present-day English, the use of tense forms with reporting verbs, and reporting verbs and citations.</p><p>Consequently, reporting verbs can express the author’s personal viewpoint, your viewpoint regarding what the author says, and the author’s viewpoint regarding other literature. As a result of investigation, 14 types of verbs according to the general meaning that they express have been determined.</p><p>A great attention has been paid to the use of tense forms - present simple, present perfect and past tense forms. Besides the above mentioned points, the types of citation, which is closely connected with reporting verbs, and also, the evaluative function of reporting verbs have been investigated, too.</p>

Recount is one of topic taught for the 10th grade students of senior high school include at Senior High School 1 South Tangerang City. And it is certain that the same topic will be taught again at the next level namely at 11th and 12th either just to repeat or to examine the student English knowledge or skill. Thus the students should be capable of recount in order to pass this topic well to achieve passing grade score. However, there are half of the class couldn’t get passing grades in writing recount text. Hence the writer was interested to do mini research to get reality why a half of the class didn’t pass on test of writing recount. Then the writer did the research to 18 participants. The research is by assigning 18 participants to write their activities or experiences that they did during holiday when the 12th grade students were doing the final examination with clear instruction and theme. The result was that most of participants have done many mistakes in using verbs, one of the language features that is along with the recount text is. In writing recount there are still many participants which use present verbs to tell the past activities and experiences. There are two past forms to concern in writing recount, they are linking verbs and action verbs. Linking verbs comprises was, were, saw, heard, etc; while action verbs are like went, looked, ran, sat, visited, sang, etc. Therefore this case must be an important note for every English language teacher in teaching recount. This is very important in order to avoid the mistakes in tenses of the use of both linking verbs and action verbs for the students when they are tasked to a project in composing recount text.

This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs. Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language. Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order. In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented. Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.

<p>This paper examines how first personal pronouns in English aid president Obama and president Xi Jinping to speak persuasively on international platforms. Drawing on four speeches, this paper explores the frequency of first person pronouns realized in both singular and plural forms and analyzes, within a framework of Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA), how these pronouns are exploited using modal verbs and tenses to attain and sustain rhetorical appeal. This paper found out that Obama deploys personal pronouns selectively with more I-pronouns realized in his speech in Africa and more we-pronouns realized in his speech in Europe, has a bias towards modal verbs that highlight ability and intention: <em>can</em> and <em>will,</em> and prefers the future tense. On the other hand, this paper found out that Xi deploys both the I-pronouns and the We-pronouns equally in his speeches in both Africa and Europe, has an inclination towards we-pronouns in his diplomatic discourse, a bias towards modal verbs highlighting necessity: <em>should</em> and <em>need</em>, and prefers the future tense.</p>

Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.

The object of this paper is the Russian verb priniyat (to accept) which has a wide semantic potential and a wide range of commonly used features in the Russian language. The authors explore various aspects of this verb. At the beginning of the paper, the authors briefly present the etymology of this verb, provide various lexical classifications, restrictions in the use of personal forms of the verb priniyat (to accept), stable combinations and idioms with this verb in the Russian language, and the most common associations with it. Then they give equivalents of this verb in the Persian language. The data presented in the paper can contribute to the theory and practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Persian language environment, primarily in mastering the verbal subsystem due to its connection with other verbs that in some meanings have similar usage.

The means of expression of direct speech in the Greek novel (Chariton, Longus, Achilles Tatius, Xenophon of Ephesus) are represented by both verbs, noun and pronominal phrases in which the semе “speech” is implied by a noun or context. The dominant means of introducing direct speech within them are verbs in personal and impersonal forms, which are divided into hyperonyms (λεγω, φημι) and hyponyms (βοαω, αποκρινομαι, κραζω, etc.). The latter also include verbs which in a certain context are close to speech verbs (γραφω, κλαιω). Mostly, direct speech is introduced by hyperonyms, which appear in approximately equal proportions. The studied texts reveal differences in the location of markers of direct speech depending on their nature, which are mainly presented in pre- and intraposition: hyperonyms are located at the beginning (λεγω) and inside (φημι) of direct speech, while hyponyms and noun phrases occupy a prepositional position. Dialogue parties are also characterized by the lack of explicit labeling of direct speech.