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1
Kostic, Aleksandar, and Jelena Havelka. "Processing of verb tense." Psihologija 35, no. 3-4 (2002): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0203299k.
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Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.
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BLEVINS, JAMES P. "Passives and impersonals." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 3 (November 2003): 473–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002081.
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This paper argues that the term ‘passive’ has been systematically misapplied to a class of impersonal constructions that suppress the realization of a syntactic subject. The reclassification of these constructions highlights a typological contrast between two types of verbal diathesis and clarifies the status of putative ‘passives of unaccusatives’ and ‘transitive passives’ in Balto-Finnic and Balto-Slavic. Impersonal verb forms differ from passives in two key respects: they are insensitive to the argument structure of a verb and can be formed from unergatives or unaccusatives, and they may retain direct objects. As with other subjectless forms of personal verbs, there is a strong tendency to interpret the suppressed subject of an impersonal as an indefinite human agent. Hence impersonalization is often felicitous only for verbs that select human subjects.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Прагматика второго лица." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XXII (June 1, 2020): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.5214.
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The author considers the correlation between grammar and pragmatics as a problem of functional linguistics. The discussion focuses on pragmatic restrictions concerning the use of grammatical forms, i.e., the extent to which the grammatical meaning corresponds to the characteristics of speech acts. In this respect, the author analyzes Russian imperfective verbs in the second person of indicative. The analysis of the material collected from the Internet corpus of the Russian language demonstrates that the verbs in the 2nd person form are rarely used to implement the representative (assertive) speech acts. However, the use of verbs of the 2nd person in the general-personal, indefinite-personal and in the meaning of the 1st person is very common. The author concludes that the pragmatic-cultural factor is decisive in limiting the use of the verbs in the 2nd person form.
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Ibrahimova, Shahla Ibrahim. "Features of Reporting Verbs in Modern English." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n2p79.
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<p>The article is devoted to the problem of reporting verbs in Modern English. The research has been done to define the most appropriate features of reporting verbs: the notion they can indicate, the classification of reporting verbs in present-day English, the use of tense forms with reporting verbs, and reporting verbs and citations.</p><p>Consequently, reporting verbs can express the author’s personal viewpoint, your viewpoint regarding what the author says, and the author’s viewpoint regarding other literature. As a result of investigation, 14 types of verbs according to the general meaning that they express have been determined.</p><p>A great attention has been paid to the use of tense forms - present simple, present perfect and past tense forms. Besides the above mentioned points, the types of citation, which is closely connected with reporting verbs, and also, the evaluative function of reporting verbs have been investigated, too.</p>
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Rohimah, Rohimah. "Personal Journal of Applied Linguistics Tenses Mistakes of the 10th Grade Students in Writing Recount." Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/tahdzib.v2i1.470.
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Recount is one of topic taught for the 10th grade students of senior high school include at Senior High School 1 South Tangerang City. And it is certain that the same topic will be taught again at the next level namely at 11th and 12th either just to repeat or to examine the student English knowledge or skill. Thus the students should be capable of recount in order to pass this topic well to achieve passing grade score. However, there are half of the class couldn’t get passing grades in writing recount text. Hence the writer was interested to do mini research to get reality why a half of the class didn’t pass on test of writing recount. Then the writer did the research to 18 participants. The research is by assigning 18 participants to write their activities or experiences that they did during holiday when the 12th grade students were doing the final examination with clear instruction and theme. The result was that most of participants have done many mistakes in using verbs, one of the language features that is along with the recount text is. In writing recount there are still many participants which use present verbs to tell the past activities and experiences. There are two past forms to concern in writing recount, they are linking verbs and action verbs. Linking verbs comprises was, were, saw, heard, etc; while action verbs are like went, looked, ran, sat, visited, sang, etc. Therefore this case must be an important note for every English language teacher in teaching recount. This is very important in order to avoid the mistakes in tenses of the use of both linking verbs and action verbs for the students when they are tasked to a project in composing recount text.
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Mirziyatov, Shuhrat. "Analysis Of Verbs In The Works Of Mahmud Zamahshari." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-28.
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This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs. Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language. Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order. In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented. Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.
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Wageche, Irungu, and Changhai Chi. "Corpus Based Study of Personal Pronoun’s Rhetoric in Obama’s and Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p32.
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<p>This paper examines how first personal pronouns in English aid president Obama and president Xi Jinping to speak persuasively on international platforms. Drawing on four speeches, this paper explores the frequency of first person pronouns realized in both singular and plural forms and analyzes, within a framework of Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA), how these pronouns are exploited using modal verbs and tenses to attain and sustain rhetorical appeal. This paper found out that Obama deploys personal pronouns selectively with more I-pronouns realized in his speech in Africa and more we-pronouns realized in his speech in Europe, has a bias towards modal verbs that highlight ability and intention: <em>can</em> and <em>will,</em> and prefers the future tense. On the other hand, this paper found out that Xi deploys both the I-pronouns and the We-pronouns equally in his speeches in both Africa and Europe, has an inclination towards we-pronouns in his diplomatic discourse, a bias towards modal verbs highlighting necessity: <em>should</em> and <em>need</em>, and prefers the future tense.</p>
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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )." Journal of the College of languages, no. 44 (June 1, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.
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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.
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Khademi, Moghaddam Mohsen, and Mousa Abdollahi. "THE USE OF THE VERB PRINIYAT (TO ACCEPT) IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-3-421-427.
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The object of this paper is the Russian verb priniyat (to accept) which has a wide semantic potential and a wide range of commonly used features in the Russian language. The authors explore various aspects of this verb. At the beginning of the paper, the authors briefly present the etymology of this verb, provide various lexical classifications, restrictions in the use of personal forms of the verb priniyat (to accept), stable combinations and idioms with this verb in the Russian language, and the most common associations with it. Then they give equivalents of this verb in the Persian language. The data presented in the paper can contribute to the theory and practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Persian language environment, primarily in mastering the verbal subsystem due to its connection with other verbs that in some meanings have similar usage.
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Chernyukh, Bohdan. "DIRECT SPEECH IN THE GREEK NOVEL OF THE I-III CENTURIES." Studia Linguistica, no. 19 (2021): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.19.146-157.
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The means of expression of direct speech in the Greek novel (Chariton, Longus, Achilles Tatius, Xenophon of Ephesus) are represented by both verbs, noun and pronominal phrases in which the semе “speech” is implied by a noun or context. The dominant means of introducing direct speech within them are verbs in personal and impersonal forms, which are divided into hyperonyms (λεγω, φημι) and hyponyms (βοαω, αποκρινομαι, κραζω, etc.). The latter also include verbs which in a certain context are close to speech verbs (γραφω, κλαιω). Mostly, direct speech is introduced by hyperonyms, which appear in approximately equal proportions. The studied texts reveal differences in the location of markers of direct speech depending on their nature, which are mainly presented in pre- and intraposition: hyperonyms are located at the beginning (λεγω) and inside (φημι) of direct speech, while hyponyms and noun phrases occupy a prepositional position. Dialogue parties are also characterized by the lack of explicit labeling of direct speech.
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Botsman, Andriy, Olga Dmytruk, and Tamara Kozlovska. "The development of Germanic analytical tenses." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics theory and practice, no. 41 (2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.41.135-154.
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The stages that encompass the future tense development are singled out as discrete phenomena within the process of the Germanic language development. The Gothic verb system can serve as the background for the investigation of the tense transformations in question. The difficulties of tense examination in the Old Germanic languages were connected with some conceptions about the Indo-Iranian and Greek languages that used to dominate in the scientific circles for a long time. Those conceptions were based on Latin and Greek patterns and postulated the use of present, past and future tenses in all Indo-European languages. The above conceptions were ruined when the study of Tokharian and Hittite demonstrated the use of the present tense for the description of future actions. The idea of losing “the protolanguage inheritance” was proved wrong, and it was incorrect to transfer the complex tense system of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin to other Proto-Indo-European languages. The examination of the tense differentiation in Gothic (as the main source of the Old Germanic language) demonstrates that the Gothic infinitive functioned as a no-particular-time unit, while personal verb forms were involved in performing tense functions. The Gothic present tense verbs represented present and future tenses and no-particular-time phenomena. Some periphrastic forms containing preterite-present verbs with the infinitive occurred sporadically. The periphrastic forms correlated with Greek and Latin patterns of the same future tense meaning. The periphrastic future forms in Gothic often contained some modal shades of meaning. The Gothic present tense functioned as a colony-forming archi-unit and a pluripotential (temporal) precursor. The periphrastic Gothic future forms are recognised as a monopotential (temporal) precursor with some modal meaning. The key research method used in the present article is the comparative historical method. The authors viewed it as the most reliable and appropriate for the study of tense forms.
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Botne, Robert. "The Pronominal Origin of an Evidential." Diachronica 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.12.2.03bot.
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SUMMARY Evidentials most commonly arise from reduced or reanalyzed verbs or tensed verb forms, particularly from performative verbs of saying or hearing. However, in a few seemingly rare examples, this is not the case. In this paper the author presents the case of two evidential particles —ambo and ampo — found in the Pangi variety of Lega, a Bantu language spoken in eastern Zaire. A diachronic analysis is proposed in which it is argued that ambo has derived from a third person personal pronoun. While the case of ampo is not as clear, it is proposed that it, too, ultimately derived from the same third person pronoun, but came into the Pangi variety of Lega via borrowing. RÉSUMÉ Les formes 'évidentiares' proviennent généralement des formes verbales réduites ou re-analysées, surtout des verbes performatifs de dire et de ouïr. Cependant, dans des exemples assez rares, ceci n'est pas le cas. Dans l'article actuel l'auteur présent le cas de deux particules 'évidentiares' — ambo et ampo — qui se trouvent dans le dialecte Pangi du Lega, langue bantoue de l'est du Zaire. Il propose une analyse diachronique dans laquelle ambo provient d'un pronom personnel de la troisième personne du pluriel. Bien que le cas de ampo n'est pas aussi clair, on propose que cette forme provient également du même pronom, mais à travers un emprunt. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sog. 'Evidentiale' rühren von reduzierten oder reanalysierten Verbalfor-men oder Zeitverben her, insbesondere performativen, die sagen oder hören zum Inhalt haben. Bei einigen, scheinbar seltenen Beispielen ist dies jedoch nicht der Fall. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden zwei Evidentialpartikel vor-geführt —ambo und ampo — die in Pangi, einem Dialekt des Lega, einer Bantu-Sprache des östlichen Zaire zu finder ist. Der Autor schlägt eine diachronische Analyse vor, derzufolge ambo von einem Personalpronomen der 3. Person stammt. Obgleich der Fall von ampó nicht vollends klar ist, wird doch vorgeschlagen, daß auch diese Form denselben Ursprung hat, auch wenn sie durch Entlehung ins Pangi gelangt war.
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R. Schmalstieg, William. "The Slavic aorist ending in -tz and the old prussian preterit in -ts." Linguistica 33, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.33.1.197-200.
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The Slavic 2nd/3rd sg. aorist in-t'b, e.g., pi-tb 'clrank', po-vi-tb 'wrapped', u-mretb 'died', za-čt;-tb 'began', ras-p<;-tD 'crucified', vb-Zt;-tb 'took', pro-stre-tb 'stretched', -žre-tb 'swallowed', vI>s-pe-tb 'started to sing', klt;-tb 'swore', etc. have long been a subject of dispute. Some have thought that these forms were derived by the addition of a personal pronoun tb. Then since 2nd and 3rd sg. aor. forms vede 'led', bT:Jra 'took', vide 'saw' were the same the tb was substituted back into the 2nd person also (Stang, 1942, 219). Van Wijk, 1926, 281, noted that the ending-tb was characteristic of verbs with an original circumflex accentuation and that the same verbs had past passive participles in -tb also. Roots with an original acute accentuation lacked the aorist ending-tD and had the past passive participle formation in-en-. Stang, 1942, 65, wrote that he believed that the verbs with the -tD aorist ending were old root aorist forms (or imperf ects from root presents). The only problem with this would seem to be the expectation that the lndo-European root aorist ended in *-t which should be lost in word-final position as a result of the action of 'the law of open syllables'.
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Politis, Periklis, and Maria Kakavoulia. "Direct discourse in the Greek press: from evidentiality to subjectivity." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 19 (November 15, 2006): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2006.19.19.
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Among the ways of discourse representation, direct quotation is the most explicit form of inclusion of a speech event in a discourse. Many researchers have reached the conclusion that Direct Discourse (DD) is the mode par excellence in news reports, and that its function is to ensure faithfulness to an original discourse. This article explores the validity of these claims by comparing the forms and functions of DD in two Greek newspapers, namely I Kathimerini and Ta Nea. Our account relies upon a corpus-based approach to the study of DD forms and a qualitative analysis of a) the speech reporting verbs and b) the functions of DD in the news reports. Statistical information from the corpus provided that the most of the DD forms appeared in very divergent frequencies in the two newspapers. Concerning the functions of DD, we distinguished argumentation, dialogue that sets the scene of a conflict, interview reconstruction, evidence presentation, and legitimization. Moreover, reporting verb selection and source indication brought out the reporter's manipulation of discourse representation. Depth analysis proved that DD's functions are not simply restricted to faithfulness but are further related to the reporter's personal involvement in selecting and processing what to report.
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Сулима, Олеся. "Валентнісні характеристики акціональних та процесуальних дієслів у мові та мовленні (порівняльний аспект)." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65, no. 2 (February 24, 2022): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2020.00029.
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У статті розглянуто специфіку валентних характеристик акціональних та процесуальних дієслів у мові та мовленні. Сучасні лінгвістичні дослідження спрямовані насамперед на функціювання мовних одиниць на різних рівнях. Однак валентні характеристики лексико-граматичних класів слів, зокрема дієслів, вивчають в аспекті формальних та семантичних ознак часто без розрізнення особливостей прояву цієї категорії в мові та мовленні. Пропоноване дослідження ґрунтується на результатах анкетування респондентів, що дозволяє зробити висновки щодо специфіки валентності дієслів у мові та мовленні.Мета дослідження – встановити особливості сприйняття валентних характеристик дієслів у мові та мовленні, окреслити специфіку впливу семантики суб’єктної синтаксеми або відсутності такої синтаксеми на кількість облігаторних компонентів у структурі простого речення.У дослідженні використано методи: анкетування (для отримання фактичного матеріалу дослідження); невключеного спостереження (для встановлення особливостей валентних характеристик безособових дієслів); описовий (для інвентаризації результатів анкетування, зокрема дескрипції окремих груп дієслів та їхньої валентності в контексті та поза ним); контекстний аналіз (для встановлення сем, актуалізованих вузьким контекстом) та статистичного аналізу (для встановлення взаємозв’язку між валентними характеристиками дієслівних форм у контексті та поза ним).Валентність дієслів у контексті та поза ним розрізнювана: а) за кількістю відкритих валентних позицій; б) за якістю обов’язкових компонентів, що беруть участь у формуванні загального значення речення. На кількість вільних позицій впливає специфіка вживання дієслова в особовій чи безособовій конструкції. Особові дієслова, що вживані в безособовому значенні, втрачають частину відкритих валентних позицій, фактично набуваючи семантики процесуальності. Водночас поза контекстом більшість респондентів визначали такі дієслова як акціональні.Семантика суб’єкта, особливо в аспекті категорії «істота / неістота», має менший вплив на кількість відкритих валентних позицій, але більший – на якість облігаторних компонентів. Зокрема, суб’єкт-неістота актуалізує в основному обставинну семантику поширювачів в аспекті специфіки процесу, його способу, часових обмежень, простору, де відбувається процес, тощо.The paper deals with the specificity of the valence characteristics of the action and procedural verbs in language and speech. Modern linguistic research is aimed primarily at the functioning of language units at different levels. However, the valence characteristics of lexical and grammatical categories of words, in particular verbs, are studied in terms of formal and semantic features, often without distinguishing the specifics of the manifestation of this category in language and speech. The proposed study is based on the results of questionnaires of respondents, which allows us to draw conclusions about the specifics of the valence of verbs in language and speech.The purpose of the study is to establish the differences between the perception of valence characteristics of verbs in language and speech, and to outline the specifics of the influence of the semantics of the subject syntaxeme or the absence of this syntaxeme on the establishment of the number of obligatory components in the structure of a simple sentence.The following methods were used in the research: questionnaire (to obtain the actual research material); unattended observation (to establish the specifics of valence characteristics of impersonal verbs); descriptive (to inventory the results of the questionnaire, in particular the description of individual groups of verbs and their valence in context and outside it); contextual analysis (to establish seme, actualized by a narrow context), and statistical analysis (to establish the relationship between the valence characteristics of verb forms in the context and outside it).The valence of verbs in the context and outside it is distinguished by a) the number of open valence positions; b) the quality of obligatory components for the formation of the general meaning of the sentence. The number of open positions is influenced by the specifics of the use of the verb in the personal or impersonal utterance. Personal verbs used in the impersonal sense lose part of the open valence positions, acquiring the semantics of the actual procedurality. At the same time, the majority of respondents defined such verbs as actionality out of the context.The semantics of the subject, particularly in the aspect of the category “being / non-being”, has less effect on the number of open valence positions but has a greater effect on the quality of the required components. In particular, the subject-non-being actualizes mainly the circumstantial semantics of the distributors in terms of the specifics of the process, in particular its course, time constraints, the space where the process takes place, and so on.
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Shehata, Islam Ragab, Yeti Mulyati, and Daris Hadianto. "ZHÂHIRAH AL-MAZJI AL-LUGHAWÎ FÎ MUJTAMA’ DZAWÎ AL-USHÛL AL-‘ARABIYAH FÎ INDONESIA: KUNHAHÂ WA MABNÂHÂ WA DALÂLATUHÂ." Arabiyat : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/a.v8i2.22992.
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This article aims to discuss the phenomenon of code blending in society of Arab descent in Indonesia. By using ethnographic research methods, samples of data collected through direct personal interviews was analyzed. The results of the data analysis show that the phenomenon of code blending is rife in their conversations, something that is clearly visible in the mixing of Arabic with Indonesian. So that, they replace nouns with verbs, plural words with singular words, standard words with non-standard, and use the inflection Arabic for Indonesian and vice versa, so that the form and structure of the two languages are changed. This study also shows that this phenomenon is caused by a lack of mastery of Arabic and Indonesian by speakers, continuous communication in this way between families, because parents pass on Arabic and Indonesian vocabulary to their children and do not pass on their forms and structure of the sentence, or there is always the occurrence language contact in various situations such as schools and workplaces.
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Afifah, Lilis, and Pratomo Widodo. "KESALAHAN DEIKSIS DALAM KARANGAN MAHASISWA PADA NIVEAU A2 DI JURUSAN SASTRA JERMAN UM." LingTera 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v2i1.5413.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesalahan-kesalahan yang terdapat dalam penggunaan deiksis persona, deiksis tempat, dan deiksis waktu dalam karangan mahasiswa pada Niveau A2 di Jurusan Sastra Jerman UM serta mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebabnya. Subjek penelitian adalah karangan mahasiswa yang dihasilkan dalam matakuliah Aufsatz II. Objek penelitiannya adalah kesalahan deiksis persona, kesalahan deiksis tempat, dan kesalahan deiksis waktu. Proses pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak yang terdiri dari teknik dasar yang berwujud teknik sadap dan dilanjutkan dengan teknik simak bebas libat cakap. Instrumen penelitian adalah peneliti (human instrument). Keabsahan data dicapai melalui intrarater dan interrater. Selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan metode agih. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Dalam karangan mahasiswa ditemukan kesalahan-kesalahan yang terkandung dalam deiksis persona, deiksis tempat, dan deiksis waktu. Faktor yang menyebabkan kesalahan tersebut adalah interferensi, over generalisasi, strategi komunikasi, elemen pembelajaran bahasa asing, kurangnya kontras, kondisi sosial psikologis pembelajar, efek domino, dan redundansi. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ DEIXIS ERRORS IN STUDENTS’ ESSAYS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN LITERATURE OF UM Abstract This study aimed at determining the erros in using personal deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis in students’ essays on Niveau A2 in the Department of German Literature of UM and also aimed at determining the factors that motivate the occurrence of deixis errors. The subjects were essays written by students which were made in the course of Aufsatz II. The research objects were personal deixis errors, spatial deixis errors, and temporal deixis errors. The data were collected using the observation method which consisted of basic techniques in the form of recording techniques and continued by using the technique of uninvolved-conversation observation. The research instrument in this study was the researcher (human instrument). The data trustworthiness was gained through intrarater and interrater. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by using the distributional method.The results of this study are as follows. In the essay of Niveau A2 students in the German Literature Department of UM, there are some errors in using personal deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Errors of personal deixis are realized in six forms of pronouns: personal pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive pronouns. Errors of spatial deixis are realized in adverbs and verbs. Errors of temporal deixis are realized in adverbs and tenses. The occurrences of those errors are motivated by a variety of factors, i.e. interference, over-generalization, communication strategies, elements of foreign language learning, a lack of contrast, the students’ social psychological conditions, domino effect, and redundancy. Keywords: errors, deixis, essay
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Hemmauer, Roland. "On the Tupi-Guaranian prehistory of the siriono verb." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 2, no. 2 (August 2007): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-81222007000200004.
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This paper shows that the verbal morphosyntax of Siriono, which is synchronically highly divergent from that of other Tupi-Guaranian (TG) languages, can be derived from the reconstructed proto-TG (PTG) system. Arguments will be presented to show that the S A=A series of person markers (e.g. PTG 1sg *a-) has merged with the So=O series (e.g. PTG 1sg *če-) in the 1st and 2nd plural persons in Siriono. In spite of this partial merger of two series of person markers, morphological elements that appeared in PTG between the personal prefix and the stem of transitive verbs have been retained in Siriono with an identical distribution. The partial merger of the S A=A series with the So=O series is explained by a combination of phonological and syntactic motivations. Additional evidence is drawn from Siriono's closely related sister language Yuki. Apart from this, the prefix k- that occurs on third-person forms of 'comitative-causative' verbs in Siriono has retained a trace of the PTG third-person prefix *o- in spite of the emergence of an innovated third-person prefix e-. These facts are taken as evidence of a PTG origin of the Siriono system
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Meldianova, A. V. "Problem of Transmitting Non-Personal Verb Forms in Modern English and Translating Them from English into Russian (by Example of English Aviation Texts)." Nauchnyy dialog, no. 4 (2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2018-4-113-123.
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Ide, Risako. "Where the husbands stand." Narrative Inquiry 28, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.17003.ide.
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Abstract In this paper, I analyse women’s interview narratives from the United States and Japan about their child rearing experiences to examine how stance-taking towards their experiences and their family members manifest itself differently. Paying attention to the narratives regarding their husbands’ role in child rearing, I examine how stance-taking may be perceived through overt and implied references in the use of linguistic resources. With the American English data, I discuss how the shift of personal pronouns combined with the discourse marker but create metaframes of the speakers’ stances, categorized as “abstract/positive” and “concrete/negative.” In contrast, Japanese narratives revealed that women’s stance-taking towards their husbands was marked through the concurrent usage of supportive giving verbs (-te kureru), indexing indebtedness on the side of the women, as well as nominalization forms that categorized their partners as certain types of men based on shared social expectations.
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Ragnarsdóttir, Hrafnhildur, Melina Aparici, Dalia Cahana-Amitay, Janet G. van Hell, and Anne Viguié-Simon. "Verbal structure and content in written discourse." Written Language and Literacy 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2002): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.5.1.05rag.
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This paper forms a bridge between the article on noun phrase patterning by Ravid et al. 2002 and that on passive voice constructions by Jisa et al. 2002. The study reports on a cross-linguistic, developmental study of verbal structures and verb types used in two genres of written discourse: personal narratives and expository texts. The study is aimed at (a) establishing the profile of linguistic features that characterize and differentiate these two genres; (b) identifying the developmental changes beyond middle childhood that lead to the proficient use of a full repertoire of verbal structures in the construction of both types of text; and (c) providing fresh empirical evidence for cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the linguistic devices used for Genre differentiation. The paper begins to address these issues by considering quantitative aspects of Genre differentiation in four age-groups (grade-school children, junior high school, high school, and adults) and in five languages (Dutch, French, Hebrew, Icelandic, and Spanish). We expected narratives and expository texts to be characterized by contrasting distribution of the categories that we analysed — verb tense, aspect, mood, voice, and person — across the age-groups and languages under study. To test this prediction, all verbs in our sample were analysed using common coding procedures in all five languages, followed by a statistical analysis of the frequency distribution of each coded category (as our dependent variables) across Age and Genre in each of the languages.
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Dviniatin, Fedor N. "The Quantitative Grammar and Poetics of Finite Verb Forms in the Guslʹ Dobroglasnaia by Simeon Polotsky." Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.8.
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The paper offers data on the quantity and structure of finite verbal forms in Simeon Polotsky’s collection Guslʹ Dobroglasnaia. The results are compared to data from twenty epinician odes by Mikhail Lomonosov and ten odes by Gavriil Derzhavin. We find 851 personal forms in Simeon’s collection, of which 214 belong to past tenses (73 to imperfect, 92 to aorist, 49 to past tense with l morpheme); 363 belong to present tense; 99 to future tense; 51 to imperative mood; 6 to conjunctive mood; and 118 to the forms with the da particle. The total percentage of past tenses in Simeon’s texts (25.1%) is close to the parameters appearing in Lomonosov’s and Derzhavin’s texts (21.4% and 23.5%, respectively), and the same is true for the percentages of non-indicative moods (20.5% vs. 19.1% and 20.5%). Simeon Polotsky’s texts contain fewer present tense forms than those written by the 18th-century poets (42.8% vs. 50.6% and 49.5%), but they contain more future tense forms (11.6% vs. 8.9% and 6.5%). Past tense forms in Simeon’s texts with l suffix include 29 forms of the third person with the auxiliary iestʹ verb, usually given in a rhyme position. In the aorist, the proportion of imperfective and perfective forms to the forms of the byti verb is 9:72:11; in imperfect, this proportion is 52:6:15; and in past tenses with l suffix, it is 8:38:3. We find 99 forms of the future tense, broken down as follows: 69 are forms of simple future; 12 are accompanied by imatʹ and similar forms; and 18 are accompanied by budet and similar forms (there is no semantic difference between these two last cases). Of the forms containing the da particle, 65 belong to present tense, 37 belong to future tense, and 16 are accompanied by byti forms.
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Sokołowska, Olga. "Detecting metaphor – what case forms may reveal about a conceptualization." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 16/1 (May 6, 2019): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2019.1.04.
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The figurativeness of language expressions is not always obvious. While in rhetoric such unobtrusiveness may be a welcome quality, in linguistic studies, which have proved the important epistemological function of metaphor, it is vital that a reliable method for detecting metaphoricity in language be developed. The MIP proposed by the Pragglejaz group of researchers into metaphor, whose main concern is determining whether the sense represented by a given unit in a specific context contrasts or not with its basic, primary, typically “physical” meaning, does not seem to be always reliable since the contrast between a current and a basic meaning is not always evident and may be disputable in the case of words whose meaning is co-determined by context, as, e.g., the sense of the noun collectors in the phrase collectors of stories referring to the Grimm brothers. This method is also likely allow for the so-called grammatical metaphors, identified by Panther and Thornburg (2009) going unnoticed, since in their case the words involved represent their basic, physical senses. An example of the latter is the peculiar inflection of brand names marked for the masculine gender in Polish. Specifically, this is the issue of obligatory applying the declensional pattern characteristic of masculine animate nouns to masculine brand names referring to commercial products, such as cars, watches, computers, etc. The point is that the accusative case form of such words functioning as objects of verbs like buy, see, have is equal to the genitive, as is normal of animate nouns, rather than to the nominative, which is typical of animate ones – a group, to which brand names, after all, belong. This peculiar behaviour of a specific category of nouns may be interpreted as a symptom of construing their referents in a way in terms of living creatures, which seems to be confirmed by the fact that many owners develop emotional attitudes to objects of personal use. It is the metaphorical construal that seems to determine the grammatical form of certain nouns referring to them.
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Chernev, V. "AN OUTLINE OF THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH TOWARDS THE KAZAKH VERBAL MORPHOLOGY." Tiltanym, no. 3 (August 25, 2020): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2020-3-90-103.
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The Kazakh morphology has always been one of the key research topics in the Kazakh linguistics, as well as a key matter in the Kazakh teaching methodology. Nevertheless, it is evident that some of the topics related to Kazakh verbal morphology still require a thorough research. In particular, creation and use of the modern software for morphological analysis, as well as outlining more comprehensive methods of teaching Kazakh as a second/foreign language [1] may require a different approach towards the morphological analysis. Even though the analytical morphology pattern outlined in this paper does not contradict the internal structure of the Kazakh language, it has not been in consistent use either in the academic grammars, or in the KSL/KFL teaching methodology.The paper provides a consistent distinction between primary and secondary finite forms. The former denote a temporal and personal meaning in every single context, regardless of any peculiarities thereof, whereas the latter are essentially based on verbals (also known as non-finite verb forms) [2]. In terms of a strictly morphological approach the “secondary tenses» are predicative forms of verbals. The tense meaning conveyed by these forms lies rather in the field of semantics than in the field of morphology
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Berman, Ruth A. "From Pre-Grammaticality to Proficiency in L1: Acquiring and Developing Infinitival Usage in Hebrew." Psychology of Language and Communication 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2018-0025.
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Abstract The study traces the developmental route in acquisition and use of infinitives (e.g., lišon ‘to sleep’, le-exol ‘to-eat’, la-asot ’to-do’) in Hebrew as a first language, proceeding from the initial, “pre-grammatical“ emergence of linguistic forms among toddlers to structure-based knowledge and proficient use of the same devices in adolescence. Analysis involves a varied data-base of L1 oral Hebrew usage in: parent-child interactions of children aged 1;6 to 3;0 years; elicited storybook-based narratives of preschoolers; and personal-experience narratives and expository talks of schoolchildren, adolescents, and adults. Findings show that infinitives constitute an interesting test-case for examining the route from initial emergence via acquisition to maturely proficient command of a given subsystem in L1. Infinitival structures in Modern Hebrew, a language with an impoverished system of nonfinite verbs and lacking in auxiliaries of the kind common in Standard Average European, reveal a long developmental path, showing increasing complexity at all levels of language use: morphological form, types of syntactic constructions, semantic content, and discursive function, the latter primarily for the purpose of achieving textual connectivity.
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Mikulskas, Rolandas. "Descriptive problems in defining the category of copulas: syntactic and semantic distribution of the ingressive copulas VIRSTI and TAPTI." Lietuvių kalba, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2018.22519.
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Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1991) allows for a unified account of copular constructions. In this framework, all types of copular constructions can be seen as the different instantiations of a single archetype of statements of identity between two entities (Mikulskas 2017). Radical Construction Grammar, the framework adopted in this article, also allows for a unified account of copular verbs, as it views both so-called ‘semi-copulas’ and typical copulas as members of a single category of copulas as long as each of them fills the same slot between the thematic argument and the predicative complement in a copular construction. According to Radical Construction Grammar, an independent word class ‘copula’ does not exist. “Instead, verbs in a particular language can be labelled ‘copular’ if they have the appropriate semantics and morphosyntax to fit in the so-called ‘copular slot’ of a copular construction” (Petré 2012: 30). From this theoretical perspective, the term ‘copula’ applies only derivatively. Thus, syntactically, copular verbs have a linking function. Additionally, some of them express various aspectual meanings and can be seen as aspectual variants of the typical copula “be”. For instance, the Lithuanian verbs tapti ‘become’, virsti ‘turn into’, darytis/pasidaryti ‘become’ (lit. ‘make oneself’) and, formerly, stotis/pastoti ‘become’ (lit. ‘stand up’), mainly in the Simple Past and Future tenses, when used in copular constructions, express ingressive aspect of the change event. These verbs, used in different constructions, such as existential, locomotional etc., retain their original meaning. Importantly, even when they are used in copular constructions, while being first of all linking verbs and aspectual markers, they can still have different syntactic and semantic properties. The latter are the outcome of their primary meanings inherited from their source constructions (‘backward pull’; Traugott 2008). That said, it is nevertheless clear that each of these verbs is in a different stage on its way to grammaticalization and each accommodated to copular function in a varying degree. So, a descriptivist encounters a practical problem: which of the above-mentioned verbal lexemes qualify as ‘real’ copulas and which do not? Are such verbs as augti ‘grow’ or eiti ‘go’, which can perform copular function in certain restricted contexts, on a par with more typical copulas such as tapti or virsti? Some Lithuanian researchers even doubt if the verb lexeme virsti can be labelled ‘copular’. To provide for this descriptive need a definition of the category of copulas is elaborated in the first two chapters of the article. Complementing the constructional requirement of filling the slot between the thematic argument and the predicative complement, two additional criteria are suggested. First, the postcopular nominal, as the result of reanalysis of the source construction in the course of grammaticalization, must become coreferential with the subject nominal. This is a necessary but not sufficient condition, as it does not differentiate between primary and secondary predicatives. Secondly, the types of complement of the verb must be unpredictable from its semantics or, in other words, the copular verb must be desemanticized to a sufficient degree to be capable of selecting its complements from a wide array of semantic and syntactic types (that is, NP, ADJ, PP). So the question whether to include a concrete verb lexeme into the class of copulas is mainly reduced investigating the semantics of its complements (or the productivity of its complementation). In the second two chapters of the article a contrastive study of the syntactic and semantic properties of the copular verbs virsti vs. tapti is presented in order to prove that the corresponding copular constructions featuring these verbs are different instantiations of the more abstract ingressive-aspect-expressing construction. A quantitative analysis of data in the Corpus of Modern Lithuanian reveals various relevant points in the parallel development and interaction of these verbs and in their coexistence in present-day Lithuanian: how they divide between them the job of expressing ingressive aspect in the profiled change events while at the same time competing with each other in some contexts. Additionally, some relevant facts of the usage of the copulas under discussion were checked in the Old Lithuanian Corpus and in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. The analysis allows us to draw some important conclusions concerning the coexsistence of the two verbs under discussion and their categorial status in modern Lithuanian. First of all, the verb virsti can reasonably be seen as an aspectual variety of the copula būti ‘be’, on a par with the more grammaticalized copula tapti. The verb virsti, when used in copular constructions, is sufficiently desemanticized: one may claim that a sufficient number of copular constructions featuring the verb virsti have nearly lost their touch with their inherent semantics. More specifically, half of the analysed cases of copular constructions with this verb have already abandoned their tendency – inherited from the locomotional source construction (designating the overturning of a vertical object ) – to denote negatively evaluated change events. Though the verb virsti was originally used mainly in the inclusive type of copular constructions, it is now, on the analogy of copular constructions featuring the verb tapti, increasingly used in the ascriptive type as well: in more than 4% of the analysed instances the copula virsti selects adjectival predicative complements. Sporadically, the copula virsti is attested even in the specificational type of copular constructions (in this type of sentences the usage of the copula tapti is unrestricted). Also in modern Lithuanian the copula virsti has borrowed from the copular constructions featuring tapti the morphosyntactic coding of its complements by the instrumental instead of the original coding with PP. A thorough study of the semantic distribution of the copulas virsti and tapti in the Corpus of Modern Lithuanian shows that they have more or less divided between them the semantic space of aspectual expression according to the meanings they have inherited from their source constructions, and to their resulting aspectual potential. The constructions containing the copula virsti profile, in most cases, a radical transformation of a subject referent proceeding in an uncontrolled and incremental way. Such transformations include changes of physical elements, changes in a person’s mood and character, or spell-induced changes in fairy tales. Aspectually, such copular constructions have the profile of an accomplishment. Conversely, the constructions featuring the copula tapti presuppose a subject referent in control of the profiled change event. The result of the change is usually a new social status, a new profession or office held by the subject referent. In some cases the change profiled is only a projection of some relevant features of the subject referent into the cognitive domain of some speech community: the subject referent of the sentence, because of its social behaviour or personal features, is declared by the speaker to be a model or a guide for other people. The aspectual profile of such constructions is typically that of an achievement as in most cases they designate an instantaneous ingression of the subject referent into its new status. Nevertheless, the quantitative analysis of the corpus data shows that in about 13% of the copular constructions analysed the preterite verbal forms virto and tapo can be used interchangeably. This fact, considered together with the empirically attested facts of mutual interaction of the corresponding copular constructions, allows us to treat the constructions featuring these copular forms as two different instantiations of a single copular construction expressing the ingressive aspect of the profiled change event.
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Kovtiukh, Svitlana. "The system of factors to define word change paradigms of militi-pseudonyms in the modern Ukrainian language." Philological Review, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2021.246078.
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The article is concerned with consideration of specific characteristics of militi- pseudonyms as of made-up personal names of the military, the focus is made on the fact that the problem of normative reproduction of such proprieties in orthography is not set up. It is also emphasized that militi-pseudonyms of Ukrainian heroes of different times, in particular of liberation struggle in 1917–1922, 1938–1950, of today’s Russian-Ukrainian war, are to be written with capital letters and without inverted commas. It is recommended that such information and examples be added to the corresponding paragraph in «Ukrainian Orthography» and determined as a grammar standard.
The publication involves a detailed analysis of relevant factors system necessary to define elementary paradigmatic classes of militi- pseudonyms. On the whole, there have been defined 23 out of 33 possible nouns in the modern Ukrainian literary language, which can be changed, 6 being considered as potential.
Noun declension of proprieties, functioning as the military’s names, is influenced by part of speech characteristics (lexico-grammatical class of nouns, in particular substantivized verbs, numerals, adjectives, participles, adverbs, interjections, etc), by declension type (those of a noun, adjective or referred to differently declined), by lexical meaning, by belonging to a definite class or subclass of onyms, to the person category, definite gender, declension, declension group, short paradigm (only singular word forms), by different word formants, definite stem finals, identity of all word forms or inflexional rows integrity (with or without variant or analytical forms, priority of some of them) within declension paradigm, accentual, contextual, orthographic, morphological, dialect factors, possible deviation from expected forms and changes in the paradigm caused by extra lingual factors (political, military, social, cultural, religious, etc.).
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Буторин, Сергей Сергеевич. "PREDICATIVE QUALITATIVENESS CATEGORY IN KET: LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING IT." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(29) (December 14, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-32-43.
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В статье рассматриваются основные разновидности семантической категории качественности, в частности, субкатегория предикативной качественности и языковые способы ее выражения с позиций функциональной грамматики. Показано, что в кетском языке выделяются три типа предикативной качественности: адъективно-предикативная, субстантивно-предикативная и глагольно-предикативная. Адъективно-предикативная качественность выражается адъективными предикатами (как правило, прилагательными); субстантивно-предикативная — предикатами-существительными, которые являются ядром составного именного сказуемого и определяются прилагательными; глагольно-предикативная — предикатами, представленными спрягаемыми глагольными формами. Определен основной инвентарь языковых средств, образующих качественные предикаты: непроизводные качественные прилагательные; производные относительные прилагательные, оформленные словообразовательным суффиксом =ту; каритивные прилагательные; неглагольные субстантивные предикаты, выражающие субстантивно-предикативную качественность; причастия или инфинитивы; субстантивированные комплексные модификаторы; сложнопроизводные прилагательные, оформленные суффиксом производных прилагательных =ту. В статье проанализированы неглагольные средства выражения предикативной качественности, т. е. предикаты, имеющие в качестве главного компонента слово, которое не принадлежит классу полнозначных глаголов, вне зависимости от того, содержится ли в составе сказуемого глагол-связка. Выявлены две ведущие стратегии кодирования качественных предикатов: личная стратегия, которая заключается в оформлении ядра неглагольного предиката показателями согласования с подлежащим по категориям лица, числа и класса (рода), и неличная стратегия, предполагающая использование суффикса =сʹ (ед. ч.) ~ =сʹ=ин (множ. ч.), допускающего согласование с подлежащим только по категории числа. Показано, что имеются некоторые случаи альтернативного кодирования неглагольных качественных предикатов посредством либо личной, либо неличной стратегии кодирования. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что грамматическая категория степеней сравнения у кетских качественных прилагательных отсутствует. Компаратив и суперлатив выражаются синтаксическими конструкциями, образованными на базе адъективных качественных предикатов. The paper deals with the basic types of qualitativeness category particularly predicative qualitativeness and the language means of expressing it from the standpoint of functional grammar approach. It is shown that three types of predicative qualitativeness are identified in Ket. These are adjective-predicative, substantive-predicative and verbal-predicative ones. Adjective-predicative qualitativeness is expressed by adjective predicates, substantive-predicative qualitativeness — by compound nominal predicates and verbal-predicative qualitativeness — by predicates including finite conjugated verb forms. The basic inventory of language means forming predicative qualitative predicates is identified. The inventory includes underived qualitative adjectives, derived relative adjectives formed by means of the derivative suffix =ту, caritive adjectives, nonverbal substantive predicates denoting substantive-predicative qualitativeness; participles or infinitives; substativized complex modifiers; compound adjectives derived by means of the suffix =ту forming adjectives. The paper analyzes non-verbal means of denoting predicative qualitativeness, i.e. the predicates having as a head a word which doesn’t belong to the class of autosemantic verbs irrespective of the fact whether there is a verbal copula in the predicate structure. Two principal strategies of coding qualitative predicates have been identified including a person and number coding strategy which involves marking the non-verbal predicate by the affixes showing agreement with the subject of the qualitative construction in the categories of person, number and class (gender) and non-personal coding strategy implying the use of the suffix =сʹ (singular) — =сʹ=ин (plural) which allows for agreement with the subject only in the category of number. It is shown that there are cases of alternative coding of non-verbal qualitative predicates using either a person and number coding strategy or a non-personal strategy. The evidence that the grammatical category of degrees of comparison is not found in Ket qualitative adjectives is provided. The comparative and superlative notions are expressed by the syntactic constructions formed on the basis of adjectival qualitative predicates.
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Bagration-davitashvili, Nino. "First Person and Second Person Markers as Representatives of a Case in a Verb Form." International Journal of Multilingual Education X, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.19006.
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There are many various opinions regarding the definition of the person category in the scientific literature. A. Shanidze defines person category in three aspects: ”which person”, “what kind of person” and “quantity” - how many persons are represented in one form of the verb. There are two types of markers in Georgian- v- order and m-.order. They are basically divided as follows: v –order markers mainly express the markers of the subjective person and the m- order markers – the markers of the objective person. There are many cases in the language when the objective person is expressed by the subjective person marker and the subjective person is expressed by the objective person markers. This is called inversion and the verbs of these types are called inversion verbs. It is very difficult to understand and study inversion for non-Georgian students. In Georgian Linguistic Literature it is known that there is internal relationship in formation of nouns and verbs. The interrogative pronoun (who) refers only to the human and what- to all others-animate and inanimate subjects. Perhaps the v- prefix was an ancient sign of expressing the category of human and it expressed the first person in the verb, because the first person can only be human and the action of the first person means only human. He is both – the initiator of the action and the speaker. The same form of the interrogative pronoun “Who” in Nominative and Ergatrive cases makes us think that v- prefix was the representative of the Nominative and Ergative cases in the verb form. As has been noted, in the Georgian language nouns linked to a verb create constructions. There are three constructions identified in a language (based on two-person verbs): nominative construction, ergative construction and dative construction. Constructions are built according to the basic person’s cases forms (the term - basic person has been introduced by us, since the use of subjective and objective persons often cause confusion. We denote basic and non-basic person. Basic person is whom the action is mainly concerns, it either acts or is experiencing an action, is either an initiator, etc. A non-basic is a person who has a certain role in an action).
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Bevacqua, Luca, Sharid Loáiciga, Hannah Rohde, and Christian Hardmeier. "Event and Entity Coreference Across Five Languages: Effects of Context and Referring Expression." Dialogue & Discourse 12, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 192–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/dad.2021.207.
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Current work on coreference focuses primarily on entities, often leaving unanalysed the use of anaphors to corefer with antecedents such as events and textual segments. Moreover, the anaphoric forms that speakers use for entity and non-entity coreference are not mutually exclusive. This ambiguity has been the subject of recent work in English, with evidence of a split between comprehenders' preferential interpretation of personal versus demonstrative pronouns. In addition, comprehenders are shown to be sensitive to antecedent complexity and aspectual status, two verb-driven cues that signal how an event is being portrayed. Here we extend this work via a comparison across five languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish). With a story-continuation experiment, we test how different referring expressions corefer with entity and event antecedents and whether verbal features such as argument structure and aspect influence this choice. Our results show widely consistent, not categorical biases across languages: entity coreference is favoured for personal pronouns and event coreference for demonstratives. Antecedent complexity increases the rate at which anaphors are taken to corefer with an event antecedent, but portraying an event as completed does not reach statistical significance (though showing quite uniform patterns). Lastly, we report a comparison of the same referring expressions to refer to entity and event antecedents in a trilingual parallel corpus annotated with coreference.Together, the results provide a first crosslingual picture of coreference preferences beyond the restricted entity-only patterns targeted by most existing work on coreference. The five languages are all shown to allow gradable use of pronouns for entity and event coreference, with biases that align with existing generalizations about the link between prominence and the use of reduced referring expressions. The studies also show the feasibility of manipulating targeted verb-driven cues across multiple languages to support crosslingual comparisons.
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Jassem, Zaidan Ali. "The Arabic Origins of "Basque and Finnish Pronouns": A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach." Journal of English Language and Literature 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2014): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v2i1.25.
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This paper investigates the Arabic origins of Basque and Finnish pronouns mainly and Basque verbs to be/have secondarily from a Radical Linguistic Theory perspective, a slightly revised version of Lexical Root Theory. The data consists of personal and demonstrative pronouns in Finnish and Basque in the main and verbs to be/have in the latter. The results show that Finnish and Basque pronouns have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings. Their formal differences, however, result from natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. For example, Basque ni 'I', Finnish mina/mä ‘I', and Arabic ana (ani, inni) 'I' are identical cognates, in the second of which /m/ split from /n/; Finnish sina/Te'you' come from Arabic anta/-ta 'you' via reversal and turning /t/ into /s/; similarly, Basque zu 'you' is derived from Arabic -ta/-ka (iaka) 'you (nom./acc.) where /k/ became /z/, which compares very easily with Old English ge 'you' and German Sie 'you'; Finnish reflexive itse 'self' is from Arabic dhaat(i) 'myself' via reordering and replacing /dh/ by /s/. Third person pronouns in both languages are originally demonstrative pronouns, which is similar to what happens in English and Indo-European languages and Chinese as well, all of which come from Arabic dha/ti 'this'. Similarly, all Basque verbs to be/havehave true and identical Arabic (and English, German, Latin) cognates. As a consequence, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, Basque and Finnish are genetically related, leading to the postulation of a single, perfect, sudden world language, which may be called Radical or Root Language, from which all human languages descended. The Radical Language could not have died out at all but has instead survived into modern languages, having been preserved almost intact in Arabic. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the radical linguistic or lexical root theory according to which Arabic, Basque, and Finnish are genetically related besides English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Mandarin Chinese which have already been found to be dialects of the same language with Arabic being their origin all because of its phonetic capacity or complexity, huge lexical variety and multiplicity, and linguistic permanence or sustainability.
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Mustary, Mutmainnah, Ery Iswary, and Munira Hasjim. "PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA DIALEK MAKASSAR DALAM KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN DI SMA NEGERI 6 MAROS: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK." JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v6i2.4675.
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The research aimed to describe the forms of the code mixing, switching, and interference at State Senior High School 6 (SMAN) Maros, Bontoa District, Maros Regency, Sulawesi Selatan. This was a qualitative descriptive research examining linguistic phenomena with the sociolinguistic approach Data resource were the speeches used by the teachers of the study programs of Religious Education, Natural Science, Social Science, Physic Education, Indonesian language, mathematics, and all the speeches of the students involving in the learning process which contained the code mixing, switching, and interference. Data were collected by the non-participative observation. While the data were also collected by the scrutinized technique of the free involving conversation, recording technique, and note-taking. The classified data were then analysed by the qualitative descriptive analysis method.The research result indicates that the code mixing forms are: verb, adverb, conjunction, reduplication, personal pronouns, and phrases, whereas the code switching is in the forms of independent clauses, coordinative clauses, and sentences. and the interferences are: addition of klitika, mi, pi, ji, phoneme removal, addition of phoneme, replacement of phoneme /i/ into /e/ and phoneme /u/ to /o/. The code mixing, switching, and interference occur in the learning process at State Senior High School (SMAN) Maros, Bontoa District, Maros Regency, Sulawesi Selatan. performed by the teachers, students from Indonesian language into Makassar dialect .
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Тодорова [Todorova], Биляна [Bilyana]. "Граматичната категория лице във форумното общуване на bg-mamma." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 52 (December 31, 2017): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2017.012.
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The grammatical category of the person in bg-mamma forum communicationThe main purpose of the paper is to present some grammatical features of computer-mediated communication (CMC), in particular the verb category of the person. The specifics of grammar use in CMC texts are not preferred by researchers as they are more difficult to investigate. The grammatical system is more stable and conservative and the differences in grammar use are less discernable. A lot of investigators claim that CMC occupies the middle position between speech and writing. Hewing and Coffin (2004) consider that in speech the first and the second person use is preferred; in writing the third person has more frequent use. This research thus aims to investigate the use of personal forms of verbs in some discussions in the largest Bulgarian forum platform – bg‑mamma. The results show that in the corpus the third person appears more often than others. The second person has lowest use. Gramatyczna kategoria osoby w komunikacji na forum internetowym bg-mammaPodstawowym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pewnych gramatycznych właściwości komunikacji zapośredniczonej komputerowo (computer-mediated communication, CMC), tyczących się zwłaszcza czasownikowej kategorii osoby. Specyfika gramatyki tekstów CMC nie należy do tematów często podejmowanych przez badaczy, teksty te należą bowiem do trudniej poddających się analizie. System gramatyczny jest tu bardziej stabilny i charakteryzuje się większym konserwatyzmem, co utrudnia notowanie różnic gramatycznych. Wielu badaczy postuluje, że CMC plasuje się w połowie drogi między mową a pismem. Hewing i Coffin uważają, że w mowie częściej używa się pierwszej i drugiej osoby, w piśmie zaś – trzeciej. Wychodząc z tego założenia, podjęto analizę użycia form osobowych czasowników w niektórych wątkach dyskusyjnych największego bułgarskiego forum internetowego bg-mamma. Jej wyniki wskazują, że w korpusie najczęściej występują czasowniki w trzeciej osobie, najrzadziej zaś – czasowniki w drugiej osobie.
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Hlukhovtseva, Kateryna. "Spontaneous dialect texts about residential and commercial buildings." Linguistics, no. 1 (43) (2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2021-1-43-4-15.
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The article analyzes the features of uncluttered spontaneous dialect texts about the construction of housing, outbuildings, interiors, recorded at different times in the Ukrainian East Slobozhan dialects. The author focuses on identifying features of their cognitive and lexical-semantic structure. It is proved that dialect text (DT) is a semantic phenomenon. That is why, depending on the content of the report, you can select several parts. Consequently, it is analyzed in terms of semantics and structure. This allows you to combine dialect texts depending on the topic in them. It is noteworthy that in the texts of one topic can be identified micro-themes that unfold more broadly or more narrowly. Memorable texts are generally characterized by ease of communication, generalization of information associated with the use of imperfective verbs of the past tense plural or singular, which convey long repetitive actions, processes or states, dissected or undissected, occurring in a certain period of time before speech. Usuality, generalization are also conveyed by present tense verbs of the third person plural with indefinite-personal meaning. Spontaneously modeled texts update the nominative chain of vocabulary associated with common names of housing, farm buildings, their parts, etc. The meaning of tokens is usually specified in relation to the features of the denotation, time slice, syntagmatics, formal structure. These units make up the lexical-semantic matrix of the text, which is closely connected with the culture and way of life of the inhabitants of the region. DT accumulates and transmits information about the patterns of spontaneous (without external interference) text and demonstrates the trends of its development. In general, the structure of the text, trends in its creation and selection of structural elements often show patterns of systemic organization of speech, consisting in a verbal presentation of collective and individual experience of housing, farm buildings, established forms of mutual assistance, production of building materials, management principles.
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Bjeletic, Marta. "Adjectives meaning ‘curly’ in the Serbian language: On the material of the common Slavic linguistic atlas." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 3-4 (2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1604093b.
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This paper draws on etymological analysis of Serbian adjectives meaning ?curly?, registered in the material of the Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas (the Personal Characteristics of Man volume). Those that can be traced back to Pro to-Slavic prototypes (kokorav, kudrav, kustrav) have no clear and/or in disputable etymology. The same is true of the adjectives of uncertain Pro to-Slavic antiquity (cecerav, grguljav). The se forms are evidently expressive, which is indicated by their variants (cecurav, cicurav; gregurav, grgurav), and the expressive lexicon is a language domain where no single etymological solution is absolutely reliable. Some of the adjectives analysed result from formal and semantic contaminations, which obscures their original structures (cecverast, ckogrtljav, kekerast, kovrdzav, kvrcav). The most transparent among them are deverbals (cupav, frckan, grckav, vrtkav), although not all of the respective verbs have generally accepted interpretations at the Proto-Slavic level. The concepts lying at the basis of motivation models, realised by adjectives meaning ?curly?, include the following: ?to tear, pull apart? (cupav, kudrav), ?to bend? (kustrav), ?something bent, knotty? (grguljav), ?to turn, shake? (frckav, kovrcav, vrtkav), ?to contract? (grckav, kvrcav), ?something raised, sticking out? (cecerav, cecverast, kekerast, kokorav). However, the final conclusions about the antiquity and distribution of the particular lexemes, onomasiological tendencies and potential lexical isoglosses can be reached only through an analysis of the complete Slavic material, which will be available after the publication of the mentioned volume of the CSLA.
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Dagnev, Ivaylo. "HEDGING IN RESEARCH MEDICAL ARTICLES: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC BULGARIAN-ENGLISH STUDY." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3204441d.
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In linguistics, the word “hedge” has the meaning of "mitigating", “reducing the power of expression”. It was Brown and Levinson [1], who, based on Goffman's work [2], [3], introduced the concepts of “Positive Face” and “Negative Face”. The latter is the need for an individual not to be interrupted, while the former is the desire to be liked and approved by others (Goffman, 1967). Hedging, from a theoretical point of view, is a form of the author's Ethos and identity, their degree of presence in the text. It also suggests that there may be factors in language interaction that make it possible for the sender's message to be perceived as a "threat" - for example, when using the English personal pronoun "YOU" in summarizing, the recipient can subconsciously associate themselves with the referrer of the personal pronoun. Given that scientific hypotheses are proven or refuted in RMA, it is quite natural for the authors to resort to different strategies of distancing or expressing solidarity (Meyers 1989).Objectification strategies of expression also determine the authorial place in the scientific discourse in the socializing community. The author's ethos can be explored by analyzing the different epistemic markers associated with their drive for persuasion and confidence. The study presents a quantitative and qualitative analyses of research medical articles with regard to their strategies for objectification. It is based on a corpus of 207 articles in Bulgarian and 129 in English, all excerpted from prestigious high impact factor journals. The analysis of the different hedging markers has been implemented by using Wordsmith Tools word analyzing programme, version 6.0. (Scott 2012). By examining the different markers for the presence or absence of the author in the text, we can grasp the architectonics of the RMA - not only the certainty encoded in rhetorical conviction, but also the most important feature - the “topos” of authorial perception in the scientific discourse. From the data obtained with regard to hedging, it can be concluded that in both languages, hedge structures are strongly determined by the standards imposed by the discourse community and are similar in volume and content, while the linguistic means inherent in the respective language mediate and define differences in surface structures - especially in view of the greater expression of modal verbs in the articles from the English corps and the "offset" in the BC articles respectively - mainly by means of depersonalization strategies. The very rhetorical structure of the articles of both corpora implies insignificant differences as regards the structure and distribution of hedge forms. In general, the rhetorical function of these forms has an equivalent linguistic force in the excerpted texts of the two large corpora.
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Ohrynchuk, O. P. "THE STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF REPEATED VERB UNITS IN A SEPARATE TEXT." Opera in linguistica ukrainiana, no. 28 (September 28, 2021): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2414-0627.2021.28.235540.
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The article is devoted to the complex study of functional features of verbs and verb lexical-semantic repetitionsin poetic texts M. Bazhan and I. Drach. Advantages of linguopoetic approach, which gives possibility to define, how linguistic unit is included by the author in the process of word-artistic creative work, provides creation of aesthetic effect, structural and semantic integrity of the text is substantiated in the thesis. Linguistic and stylistic approach doesn’t give us comprehensive answers to the question about notional, structural and communicative organization of the text, that is why today they become a prerogative of linguo-poetics and linguistics of text. Taking into account new directions, approaches in modern linguistic science in the last decades, such key concepts as “text”, “poetic text” were specified; advantages of communicative functional approach to its study were specified; constant features of text and text categories were specified; style, idiostyle, idiolect concept was defined. At determining the poetic text, we proceed from the fact that this is a special semiotic system, which has its own laws of formation of self-organization. Decoding the poetic text takes into consideration apertception moments of each word in the works of writer, who, staying within the limits of national-language picture of the world, creates a unique linguistic world according to his world view, his own psychology, philosophy. Let us motivate the use of idiostyle concept, closely connected with the author’s image, which we understand as a “word- conversational structure”, which permeates all work and leads to comprehensive study of literary text. Linguostylistic verb potential as lexicogrammatical word class, which has detailed system of personal-methodical and kindtime morphological forms was analyzed in the work; figurative and expressive features of verbal categories of manner, time, kind and person were tracked in the poetic texts of M. Bazhan and I. Drach; certain writers’ priorities in use of one or another verbal form were revealed. An important means of actualization of poetic content, dynamization of descriptive world, which assists the reader to focus attention on one or another reality, actions, feelings, and provides a link between the parts of the text, is repetition. Decoding of the poetic texts of M. Bazhan and I. Drach provided considering different apperception moments of verbal repetition.
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Beristain, Ander. "Azpeitiko euskararen hiztegi dialektal bat – II." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 127 (June 14, 2019): 7–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv127.1.
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LABURPENA Lan hau hiztegiaren bigarren erdia da. Aurreko lanean bezala hiztegiaren ildo nagusiak Azpeitiko euskararen azentua eta fonologia dira. Izenen eta izenondoen kasuetan, hiru forma aurkeztu dira. Lehena, flexiorik gabeko absolutiboko forma mugagabea da, eta ondorengo biak kopuladunak, bai singularrean bai pluralean. Aditzen kasuan bi forma ageri dira, partizipio perfektiboan eta ez-perfektiboan, beti ‘da/du’ aditz laguntzailearekin. Bestelako hitz motak forma bakarrean datoz. RESUMEN Este trabajo es la segunda mitad que compone el diccionario. Como en el escrito anterior, se centra en la acentuación y fonología del euskera de Azpeitia. En el diccionario los sustantivos y adjetivos aparecen en tres formas: la forma nuda, y seguidamente la forma de singular y plural en caso absolutivo. Los verbos aparecen en dos formas, el participio perfectivo e imperfectivo, seguido por el auxiliar de tercera persona. Las demás categorías verbales solo muestran una forma. ABSTRACT This is the second half of the dialectal dictionary. Like in the previous work, the dictionary focuses on the accent and phonology of Azpeitia Basque. In the dictionary, nouns and adjectives are shown in three different forms: uninflected, absolutive singular and absolutive plural. Regarding verbs, two different forms are used throughout the dictionary: the perfective and non-perfective forms, followed by a third person singular auxiliary. As for the remaining word categories, only one form is given.
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Vaičenonienė, Jurgita, and Jolanta Kovalevskaitė. "Lexical and Morphological Features of Translational Lithuanian." Sustainable Multilingualism 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 208–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0010.
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Summary In Lithuanian public and academic discourse, discussions about the influence of English have received considerable attention. Much has been written on the English borrowings in Lithuanian or various translation strategies applied at word, phrase or syntactic levels of language, whereas there have been only few attempts to investigate how Lithuanian translated from English differs from original language. This is why we found it interesting to investigate lexical an morphological features of translated Lithuanian applying the methods of corpus liguistics. For research purposes, we used a morphologically annotated comparable 4 mln. word corpus of original and translated fiction and popular science literature ORVELIT. It has been found that translations deviate in certain ways from original Lithuanian. Translated Lithuanian has: a lower lexical density, higher proportion of function words, shorter sentences, and higher proportion of list heads; translated fiction has a lower lexical variability and smaller proportion of low frequency words, whereas in popular science translations, these differences are less evident. Keyword analysis has shown content differences in originals and translations and the overuse of personal and possessive pronouns in popular science translations. The distribution of content and function words differs in originals and translations and in different registers. Translated Lithuanian has: more verbs (especially finite forms and adverbial participles), but less nouns and adjectives; fiction translations have less and popular science more adverbs than originals; there are more pronouns and prepositions in both popular science and fiction translations; depending on the register, there are higher or lower numbers of conjunctions, particles and interjections. Some of the differences may be explained by the English language interference as: the overuse of the optional 1st person pronoun in subject position, the overuse of optional preposition “su” with instrumental case, or the overuse of optional link verb in the complex predicate. In other words, the English influence is seen in transferring certain features obligatory for analytical language where omission would be a more natural choice in original Lithuanian. These findings in most cases agree with the previous research on translationese of other languages. It is hoped that the identified tendencies to over- or under-use certain lexical and morphological features as a result of English language interference might appear to be useful when editing and translating.
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Elivanova, M. A., and A. I. Gotovtseva. "On the issue of the peculiarities of mastering the grammatical category of gender by Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age." Russian language at school 83, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2022-83-2-35-45.
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The paper aims to identify the specific features of mastering the grammatical category of gender by Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age. The relevance of the study is determined by the general context of the development in the field of ontolinguistics as a fundamental science (the identification of the common mechanisms of mastering Russian as the first and a second language). In addition, the research relevance is conditioned by setting applied tasks in the field of the methodology of teaching Russian to bilinguals. The experiment performed with Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age (the experimental groups), monolingual Russian preschool children, and adult bilinguals (the control groups) revealed that on the whole, the Russian-Yakut bilinguals of primary school age mastered the category of gender worse than the Russian-speaking preschoolers of three – four years old. The most difficult way to mark the category is syntactic: firstly, primary school students in Yakut (especially) and Russian classes in Yakutia make a large number of mistakes in the gender agreement between adjectives and nouns. Secondly, errors are detected in the agreement between past tense forms of verbs and nouns. Replacement of nouns with personal pronouns and agreement between nouns and possessive pronouns pose the greatest difficulties for primary school-leavers. Thus, teaching children speaking the Sakha language should be started with mastering the most ‘transparent’ ways of expressing the category of gender. These include lexical (comparison of the grammatical gender and the sex of people / animals) and morphological (marking gender in the ‘perceptually salient’ grammatical endings of nouns in the nominative case). It is also necessary to note the role of the Russian-language input (i. e. the speech of the people around, which children perceive and process): in case this input is substantial and of high quality, the category of gender is much more thoroughly mastered.
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Novak, Maria. "Communicative Strategies in the 13th-Century Tolstovskiy Sbornik." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (March 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.6.3.
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The article discusses communicative strategies in the Old Russian Tolstovskiy Sbornik dating back to the 13 th century (National Library of Russia, F.p.I.39), a general type of Panegyric, which includes the texts of the triode and menaean cycles. The author considers how individual works and the collection as a whole interact with the addressee and finds out that the collection implements the strategies of explicit and implicit influence. The first is inherent in the homiletic and catechetical genre and implies a direct appeal to the reader or listener. The addressee can also be imaginary (this communicative situation is realized only in the Parable of Wisdom). The speech means characteristic of this strategy are imperative verb forms and personal pronouns. The second strategy involves the addressee indirectly, representing the dialogical interaction between the characters. It unites texts of different genres: the panegyric words of Cyril Turovsky, the hagiographic "memory" of Basil the Great, the apocryphal Tale of Aphroditian. Dialogues between the characters either provide a framework for the biblical story, or function as "engines" of the plot. The interaction of dialogical structures with each other and with the narrative can be quite complex: one dialogue can be inside another, the participants of dialogues can be storytellers, and the communication of characters can be both verbal and non-verbal. Both communicative strategies, in their unity, serve the tasks of informing and educating Christians (acquaintance with the biblical history and the formation of an ethical ideal).
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Repede, Doina. "Condicionantes sociolingüísticos en la expresión del sujeto pronominal en el corpus PRESEEA-Sevilla: el sociolecto alto." Revista de Investigación Lingüística 22 (January 27, 2020): 397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ril.390031.
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Este trabajo se propone analizar la variable presencia / ausencia del pronombre personal sujeto junto a un verbo conjugado en el español hablado de la comunidad urbana de Sevilla. En concreto, intentamos establecer cuáles son los factores internos y externos que determinan el empleo del sujeto pronominal en una muestra de 24 entrevistas semidirigidas correspondientes al sociolecto alto y que forman del corpus PRESEEA en la ciudad. Para ello, seguimos la guía de codificación propuesta por Bentivoglio, Ortiz y Silva-Corvalán (2011) para el proyecto panhispánico PRESEEA. Los resultados muestran que el pronombre sujeto se utiliza un 24,8%, y parece estar condicionado, entre otros, por criterios como persona gramatical, especificidad, ambigüedad de la forma verbal, clase semántica del verbo, correfencialidad, edad, etc. This study aims to analysis the variable presence/absence of the personal pronoun subject with a conjugated verb in Spanish language spoken in the city of Seville. Specifically, we try to stablish which internal or external factors are involved in the pronominal subject use in a sample of 24 semi-controlled interviews corresponding to the high sociolect and taken from the PRESEEA-Seville corpus. For this, we base our analysis on the coding guidelines proposed by Bentivoglio, Ortiz and Silva-Corvalán (2011) for the PRESEEA panhispanic project. The results show that the subject pronoun is used in 24,8% and it is conditioned by different criteria, such as grammatical person, specificity, ambiguity of the verbal form, semantic class of the verb, co-reference or age.
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Gavrilov, A. D. "Expressive Exclamation Constructions in the Position of an Online Newspaper Headline (on the Material of Russian, Chuvash and English Languages)." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-3-27-5-15.
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Ths article is aimed at identifying and comparing the syntactic models of expressive exclamation constructions in the headlines of the online versions of high-quality printed publications: the Vedomosti and the Izvestia (in Russian), the Khypar (in Chuvash), Th Times and Th Guardian (in English). Th research material is online newspaper headlines published in the period from 2017 to 2021. Th relevance of the work is explained by the fact that in the mass consumption of information on the Internet the title has the greatest potential for speech impact on the mass audience, realized by means of expressive syntax and punctuation. Th expressive exclamation structure of the online newspaper headline enhances its expressiveness, translates the author’s intentions, conveys the author’s emotions, forms opinions and encourages readers to act, etc. Depending on the type of speech inflence, the patterns of syntactic design of heading syntactic design in Russian, Chuvash and English are analyzed on the basis of speech influence (social, volitional, informational, explanatory, or emotional-evaluative). For instance, Russian headings of requests, orders and slogans are formed as an elliptical non-verbal construction, a sentence with a verb in the imperative mood and an appeal to a certain person, as well as a construction consisting of homogeneous predicates in the imperative mood. Chuvash headlines of requests, demands and slogans, and the titles that convey various emotions are represented by an exclamation construction with a verb in the imperative mood and a direct address, with a verb in the imperative mood and a negative particle, an indefiite personal sentence, elliptical and parcelled constructions. Expressive exclamation headings in English are based on two-part and segmented syntactic structures. Thse strategies for the design of expressive exclamation constructions in online newspaper headlines reflct the development of syntactic systems of the languages with diffrent structures and make a certain contribution to the development of theoretical foundations of comparative media stylistics.
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Abbas, Asriani, Kaharuddin, and Muhammad Hasyim. "The Organization of Personal Pronouns in Sentence Structure Construction of Makassarese Language." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1301.19.
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Makassarese language belongs to the Austronesian language family, currently spoken as a mother language by a group of people in South Sulawesi province, eastern Indonesia. This research focuses on personal pronoun organization in the sentence construction of the Makassarese language. The form, position, and function of personal pronouns in the language sentences are explained. It used ‘simak’ (to-observe) method in form of a conversational involved-observation technique including recording and note-taking in collecting data. The data sources were oral data and text data. The oral data were taken from five informants selected purposively. The text data were taken from the folklore script of South Sulawesi written in the Makassarese language. The data were presented descriptively and analyzed by using the distributional method. The findings show two forms of personal pronouns used dominantly in constructing sentences: free personal pronoun and bound personal pronoun (clitic). Position of the free personal pronoun is in front of, in the middle of, and at the end of a sentence. The clitic is in front of and at the end of the verb. In addition, there is also clitic attached at the end of the noun that serves as possessive. The sentence starting with a free personal pronoun forms the pattern of SV (subject-verb) or SVO (subject-verb-object) and the sentence starting with clitic-attached verb forms the pattern of VS (verb-subject) or VSO (verb-subject-object). The basic structure of the Makassarese sentence is VS or VSO. The derivative structure is SV or SVO with other varieties.
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Kaiser, Elsi, and Jamie Herron Lee. "Experience matters: A psycholinguistic investigation of predicates of personal taste." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (December 15, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4151.
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We discuss two psycholinguistic experiments on subjective adjectives, with the aim of testing the idea that predicates of personal taste (PPTs, e.g. fun, tasty) and non-PPT multidimensional adjectives (e.g. smart, healthy) differ in terms of the perspective-taking they involve. Although both are widely regarded as involving a judge/evaluator, it has recently been proposed that the judge of a PPT needs to be an experiencer, while judges of multidimensional non-PPT adjectives do not have this requirement. We report a new study investigating this claim that builds on and extends our earlier work, by using sentences with one animate and one inanimate argument. This allows us to avoid potential complications from pronoun ambiguity. We manipulated verb argument structure (Experiencer-Theme vs. Agent-Patient verbs) to test if PPTs prefer experiencer judges. The results confirm that PPTs, but not non-PPT multidimensional adjectives, are sensitive to the presence of an experiencer thematic role.
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Лобанова, Алевтина Степановна, and Роман Валентинович Гайдамашко. "MARKERS OF INFLECTIONAL GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS IN THE KOMI-PERMYAK LANGUAGE OF THE LATE 18TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF ARCHPRIEST ANTONY POPOV’S HANDWRITTEN DICTIONARIES)." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 1(31) (June 29, 2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2021-1-34-46.
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В статье представлен фрагмент лингвистического анализа памятников ранней коми-пермяцкой письменности — рукописей протоиерея Антония Попова (1748–1788), которые датированы 1785 годом и на данный момент известны как первые фундаментальные труды по пермяцкому языкознанию — опыт грамматики и два словаря — алфавитный и тематический. Эти рукописи до сих пор не изданы и исследованы в недостаточной степени. Цель настоящего исследования — выявить и проанализировать показатели словоизменительных грамматических значений в коми-пермяцком языке конца XVIII века на материале словарей А. Попова. В сопоставительном и ареальном аспектах рассматриваются показатели коми-пермяцких словоизменительных грамматических значений следующих категорий: а) число имен, б) падеж, в) лично-притяжательность, г) время. В большинстве своем они идентичны современным грамматическим формам и грамматическим значениям, однако есть и любопытные особенности. Суффикс множественного числа имени существительного представлен в рукописях А. Попова более архаичным вариантом [jɛs] (при современном [ɛz]), который еще во второй половине XX в. фиксировался в различных говорах коми языкового континуума, преимущественно периферийных. В рукописях зафиксирован широкий спектр падежных показателей: вместе с номинативом представлены еще десять падежных форм (из них семь — местные падежи, реализующие пространственную семантику, так называемые внутриместные и внешнеместные падежи). Слово-изменительные показатели со свойственными им значениями «спрятаны» в составе наречий, серийных послелогов и отчасти числительных, а показатель лишительного падежа оформлен отдельной словарной статьей как предлог. Обращает на себя внимание грамматический показатель переходного падежа -ты — в современном коми-пермяцком языке семантика данного падежа реализуется формой -öт. Показатели представленной в работах категории лично-притяжательности сходны с современными семантическими и грамматическими показателями. Данная словоизменительная категория реализуется суффиксами -мъ (возм. -е), -тъ, -съ, -нымъ, -нытъ, -нысъ (при современных -ö ‘мой’, -ыт ‘твой’, -ыс ‘его’, -ным ‘наш’, -ныт ‘ваш’, -ныс ‘их’). Словоизменительные формы глаголов, зафиксированные в рукописях А. Попова, демонстрируют настоящее, будущее, прошедшее очевидное и прошедшее неочевидное времена; показан фрагмент будущего сложного времени. Не удалось обнаружить хотя бы элементы аналитического прошедшего времени. Показатели всех обозначенных времен тождественны соответствующим показателям в современном коми-пермяцком языке. Настоящая статья является не только вкладом в изучение финно-угорского рукописного наследия, но и скромным шагом на пути к разработке исторической грамматики коми-пермяцкого языка. The article presents a fragment of linguistic analysis of monuments of early Komi-Permyak writing — the manuscripts of Archpriest Antony Popov (1748–1788), which are dated 1785 and are currently known as the first fundamental works on Permyak linguistics — grammar sketch and two dictionaries — alphabetical and thematic. These manuscripts have not yet been published and have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of current study is to identify and analyze markers of inflectional grammatical meanings in the Komi-Permyak language of the late 18th century based on the material of the A. Popov’s dictionaries. Markers of Komi-Permyak inflectional grammatical meanings of the following categories are considered in comparative and areal aspects: a) number of nouns and adjectives, b) case, c) personal possessiveness, d) tense. Most of them are identical to modern grammatical forms and grammatical meanings, but there are also interesting features. The plural suffix of the noun is represented in the A. Popov’s manuscripts by a more archaic variant [jɛs] (cf modern [ɛz]). It was recording still in the second half of the 20th century in various dialects of the Komi language continuum, mainly peripheral. The manuscripts contain a wide range of case markers: along with the nominative, there are ten more case forms (seven of them are local cases that implement spatial semantics, the so-called internal and external cases). Inflectional markers with their own meanings are “hidden” within adverbs, serial postpositions and partly numerals. The marker of abessive case is designed as a separate dictionary entry as a preposition. Attention is drawn to the grammatical marker of the prolative case -ты [tɨ] — in the modern Komi-Permyak language, the semantics of this case is realized by the form -öт [ɘt]. Markers of the category of personal possessiveness presented in the manuscripts are similar to modern semantic and grammatical markers. This inflectional category is implemented by the suffixes -мъ [m ] (-е [e]), -тъ [t ], -съ [s ], -нымъ [nɨm ], -нытъ [nɨt ], -нысъ [nɨs ] (cf modern -ö [ɘ] ‘my’, -ыт [ɨt] ‘your (SG)’, -ыс [ɨs] ‘his’, -ным [nɨm] ‘our’, -ныт [nɨt] ‘your (PL)’, -ныс [nɨs] ‘their’). Inflectional forms of verbs recorded in A. Popov’s dictionaries demonstrate present, future, past I and past II tenses. A fragment of compound future tense is shown. It was not possible to detect at least elements of the analytical past tense (perfect). The markers of all these tenses are identical to the corresponding markers in the modern Komi-Permyak language. This article is not only a contribution to the study of the Finno-Ugric manuscript heritage, but also a modest step towards the development of a historical grammar of the Komi-Permyak language.
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Vydrin, Valentin. "Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa." Studies in Language 35, no. 2 (September 30, 2011): 409–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.2.06vyd.
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It is usually believed that non-accusative alignment systems are very rare in Africa. A thorough study of the verbal systems of the Southwestern Mande languages (Looma, Mende, Kpelle) has shown that this group is an exception. The Ergative/Absolutive types of argument coding and semantic alignment are observed in these languages mainly in the personal marking on the verbs. In the Liberian dialects of Looma, only stative verbs (belonging to a closed class) show non-accusative encoding, which can be interpreted as an S-split. In Mende, an Active/Stative type of argument indexing is attested on the verbs of an open class. All the verbs in the stative/resultative/perfect construction in Northern Looma and in the stative/resultative/intensive construction in Kpelle display Ergative/Absolutive alignment.
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Andersen, Paul Kent. "Remarks on Dionysios Thrax’s concept of ‘Diáthesis’." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.02and.
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Summary The purpose of this paper is to present a new interpretation of Dionysios Thrax’s original definition of diáthesis. Diáthesis was regarded as one of seven morphological categories of the (finite) verb of which there were two and only two formal variants, i.e., enérgeia “performance” and páthos “experience” (generally referred to as the active and middle sets of personal endings respectively). Diáthesis was manifested in the personal ending of the verb, whose function was to represent various properties of the ‘subject’, i.e., its person and number as well as its diáthesis “disposition” – or general thematic relation – to the verb. The morpheme for the diáthesis enérgeia “performance” exhibited the active set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘performed’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning; the morpheme for the diáthesis páthos “experience” exhibited the middle set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘experienced’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning. Moreover, just as the other Greek (and Roman) grammarians, so too was Dionysios Thrax well aware of instances in which there was a discrepancy between ‘form’ and ‘meaning’. Accordingly, he incorporated such ‘anomalies’ into his definition by mentioning four concrete examples and labeling them with his technical term mesótēs “middle”: the first two examples were active forms which exhibited the meaning of páthos, whereas the second two examples were middle forms which exhibited the meaning of enérgeia.
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ŞANVERDİ, Mehmet. "BOOSTERS AS INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS: A CORPUSDRIVEN COMPARATIVE STUDY." IEDSR Association 6, no. 15 (September 20, 2021): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.368.
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This paper examined and compared two corpora in terms of boosters, a category of interactional metadiscourse markers. Boosters strengtens the writers' existence, position, argument, claims, and commitment into the texts. One hundred articles are composed of the corpora; 50 from non-native researchers’ papers (Turkish writers), and 50 from native researchers’ papers. Two corpora were compared under 4 types of boosters: modals (type 1), adjectives and adverbs (type 2), verbs: introductory verbs and cognitve verbs (type 3), and Solidarity features/clusters (type 4). In the upshot of this research, it is seen that non-native writers overuse modal auxilarities and verbs as boosters, but underused adjectives-adverbs and Solidarity features/clusters. The two groups have similar ratios, slightly in favour of non-native writers. Besides, two group writers seem to avoid overusing boosters in their texts most probably as the literature suggests that writers intentionally avoid overusing boosters to reduce the risk of readers’ opposition and not to have personal responsibility for their arguments.
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KHOMENKO, Mykhailo M., Anatoliy V. KOSTRUBA, and Oleksii O. KOT. "Protection of Non-Property Right." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.3(41).14.
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In the modern world, the significance of non-property right is very high because they are preconditions of providing the real freedom of ownership, freedom of agreement, freedom of entrepreneurship and all other rights in the material sphere of society. The article studies characteristic features of personal non-property rights of individuals. The notion of personal non-property rights of individuals has been formulated taking into account the features of this group of subjective civil rights, as well as their purpose. The main issues to be addressed in the study are the clarification of the specifics (features) of the object of protection, as well as the peculiarities of the protection of the named rights, the jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional forms of protection of personal non-property rights that ensure the natural existence of an individual. In the article, the notions of personal non-material benefit and personal non-property right have been formulated; the personal non-property rights, which provide the natural existence of an individual who is the object of protection, have been characterised in details; propositions regarding addressing certain legislative and practical gaps and contradictions have been presented. Also, the specific features and concepts of the protection of personal non-property rights that provide the natural existence of an individual have been determined.