Relevant bibliographies by topics / Personal protective equipment (PPE)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Personal protective equipment (PPE)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Proctor, T. D. "Personal protective equipment (PPE)." Safety Science 16, no. 3-4 (July 1993): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-7535(93)90041-b.

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Bhamra, Navdeep, Keshav Gupta, Jonathan Lee, Shams Al-Hity, Karan Jolly, and Adnan Darr. "Personal protective equipment: knowledge of the guidance." British Journal of Nursing 30, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.1.16.

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Background: On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The unpredictable nature of transmission of COVID-19 requires a meticulous understanding of guidance on personal protective equipment (PPE) as published by WHO and Public Health England (PHE). Aim: To assess perceived confidence and knowledge of PHE guidance relating to PPE by nursing staff. Methods: A nationwide survey was disseminated between May and June 2020 through social media platforms as well as internal mail via regulatory bodies and individual hospital trusts. Results: Data were collated from 339 nurses. Perceived confidence as measured on a Likert scale was a mode score of 3/5, with the average score for knowledge-based questions being 5/10. Of the respondents, 47% cited insufficient training on PPE guidance, and 84% advocated further training. Conclusions: Unifying published PPE guidance and ensuring consistency in training can improve awareness, confidence, and knowledge among nursing staff.
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Baloh, Jure, Heather Schacht Reisinger, Kimberly Dukes, Jaqueline Pereira da Silva, Hugh P. Salehi, Melissa Ward, Emily E. Chasco, Priyadarshini R. Pennathur, and Loreen Herwaldt. "Healthcare Workers’ Strategies for Doffing Personal Protective Equipment." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_3 (September 13, 2019): S192—S198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz613.

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Abstract Background Personal protective equipment (PPE) helps protect healthcare workers (HCWs) from pathogens and prevents cross-contamination. PPE effectiveness is often undermined by inappropriate doffing methods. Our knowledge of how HCWs approach doffing PPE in practice is limited. In this qualitative study, we examine HCWs’ perspectives about doffing PPE. Methods Thirty participants at a Midwestern academic hospital were recruited and assigned to 1 of 3 doffing simulation scenarios: 3 mask designs (n = 10), 2 gown designs (n = 10), or 2 glove designs (n = 10). Participants were instructed to doff PPE as they would in routine practice. Their performances were video-recorded and reviewed with participants. Semistructured interviews about their doffing approaches were conducted and audio-recorded, then transcribed and thematically analyzed. Results Three overarching themes were identified in interviews: doffing strategies, cognitive processes, and barriers and facilitators. Doffing strategies included doffing safely (minimizing self-contamination) and doffing expediently (eg, ripping PPE off). Cognitive processes during doffing largely pertained to tracking contaminated PPE surfaces, examining PPE design cues (eg, straps), or improvising based on prior experience from training or similar PPE designs. Doffing barriers and facilitators typically related to PPE design, such as PPE fit (or lack of it) and fastener type. Some participants also described personal barriers (eg, glasses, long hair); however, some PPE designs helped mitigate these barriers. Conclusions Efforts to improve HCWs’ doffing performance need to address HCWs’ preferences for both safety and expediency when using PPE, which has implications for PPE design, training approaches, and hospital policies and procedures.
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Permatasari, Gusti, Gunung Setiadi, and Arifin Arifin. "Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Kenyamanan Pekerja dengan Pemakaian Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) di Bengkel Las Listrik Kecamatan Amuntai Tengah Kabupaten HSU Tahun 2016." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v14i1.36.

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Abstract: Relations Of Knowledge, Attitude And Comfort Of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) In Las Electrical Workshop Subdistrict Central Amuntai Regency Hulu Sungai Utara 2016. Means work safety and health is one of the aspect protection of the labour to achieve optimal productivity. The means of the implementation of the safety and health of work, use of personal protection equipment (PPE) is a last choice in protecting the safety and health for workers of hazards potential. The results of a preliminary survey shows 60% on 10 workers of the las electrical workshop knowing the benefits and usefulness of the APD. The comfort factor of 80% felt less comfortable. The purpose of the study is to know the relations of knowledge, attitude and comfort with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in las electrical workshop Subdistrict Amuntai Central Regency Hulu Sungai Utara. The benefits of this research are as information materials and evaluation to find out the factors that affect its relationship with workers wearing of personal protection equipment (PPE). The research method used analytic survey with cross sectional design. Population of research to 40 people.Data analysis used X2 (Chi-Square). The results showed : (1) knowledge (p=0,000), (2) attitude (p=0,025), comfort (p = 0.002). The results showed that there is a relationship of knowledge, attitude and comfort with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in las electrical workshop Subdistrict Central Amuntai Regency Hulu Sungai Utara. An increase in oversight activities of las electrical workshops of workers so that workers work safely as wearing the of personal protective equipment (PPE) when working. Keywords: PPE; knowledge; attitude; comfort
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Kwon, Young G., Chol H. Kim, Hong K. Kim, and Seong N. Byun. "Ergonomic redesign of personal protective equipment for Korean policemen." Occupational Ergonomics 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2003): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2003-3305.

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) for Korean policemen that included protective clothing, a helmet, and a shield were evaluated and redesigned based on ergonomic principles. Major functional improvements were made by reduction of equipment weight, reduction of heat stress through improvement of equipment ventilation, and improvement of usability and safety. Redesigned prototype models were made for the protective equipments. The redesigned three components of PPE are helped to enhance work performance and job safety of police officers for anti-riot operation. Currently a helmet company is trying to export newly designed helmet to other countries.
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Moraes, Victor, Willames De Albuquerque Soares, Bianca M. Vasconcelos, Tomi Zlatar, and Béda Barkokébas Junior. "Automated Control on Wearing Personal Protective Equipment." Revista de Engenharia e Pesquisa Aplicada 5, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25286/repa.v5i3.1184.

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The cost of world-wide accidents represent ≈4% of global Gross Domestic Product each year, which could be minimized or prevented by using adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Although wearing adequate PPE are mandatory in a number of occupations where workers are exposed to risks, experience show-us that supervision is necessary to ensuring it. The traditional supervision was proved not to be effective enough, making it necessary to turn on technological solutions. The objective of this work was to investigate if RFID technology is a feasible solution for monitoring the usage of PPE on construction sites, giving suggestions which tags to use and characteristics of RFID portals for field applications. The results of laboratory tests show that four antennas with correct disposition on the RFID portal are enough to ensure readability of the worker when passing through it. While six passive tags were tested, two of them were found to be ideal for this purpose: the Web Lite Wet Inlay with a rubber wrap due to its protective characteristics, and the SmartTrac Dog Bone due to its size. In conclusion, the RFID technology was found to be a feasible solution for automatically control the wearing of PPE on construction sites. There is a need for further research on construction sites.
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Silva, Jaqueline Pereira da, Priyadarshini Pennathur, Hugh Salehi, Emily Chasco, Jure Baloh, Kimberly Dukes, Melissa Ward, Heather Reisinger, and Loreen Herwaldt Abbott. "Self-Contamination While Doffing Personal Protective Equipment." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s385—s386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1020.

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Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) effectiveness can be undermined by inappropriate doffing methods. Objective: We used human factors engineering methods to evaluate self-contamination during PPE doffing. Methods: In this study, 30 participants at a Midwestern academic hospital (A) donned and doffed 3 mask styles (n = 10), 2 gown styles (n = 10), and 2 glove styles (n = 10; the Doffy glove has a tab to facilitate doffing). Also, 30 additional participants at hospital A (residents or fellows, nurses, special isolation trained staff [SITS]) and 10 SITS at academic hospital B doffed a surgical mask, a breakaway neck gown, and exam gloves (PPE ensemble) twice: once while distracted with conversation and once when not distracted. We randomized the order in which participants used different PPE styles or they did the doffing scenario. We collected demographic data. We applied Glo Germ Mist (1.5 dilution in water) with a mucosal atomizer to participants’ PPE before they doffed. We video-recorded participants as they doffed, and we photographed their scrubs and exposed skin before and after each donning and doffing episode. We reviewed videos for doffing errors and photographs for fluorescent spots. We counted fluorescent spots and noted their locations. Results: Overall, 45 (64.3%) participants were women, 31 (44.3%) were nurses, 24 (34.3%) were physicians. Among the participants, 25 (35.7%) had >15 years of experience and 61 (87.1%) had some training in doffing. Participants frequently contaminated their skin or clothing while doffing (Table 1). For all scenarios, hands followed by the torso were contaminated most frequently. Analysis of the videos found that touching the gown front with bare hands was the most common doffing error. Fewer participants self-contaminated when using the Doffy glove without training than when using the standard exam glove. Although most participants in the glove trial indicated that they did not need to watch the Doffy glove training video again, most had difficulty doffing the Doffy glove with the beak method. Many participants stopped doffing to answer questions when they doffed the PPE ensemble during the interruption scenario. Conclusions: Self-contamination was very common with all PPE styles and during all scenarios. Distraction did not increase the risk of contamination. However, participants often stopped doffing to answer questions, which they rarely do in practice. Watching a video was inadequate training for the beak glove-doffing method. The Doffy glove, which decreased contamination compared with the standard glove in the untrained scenario, may have advantages over standard exam gloves and should be evaluated further.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Yeung, RSD, JTS Chan, LLY Lee, and YL Chan. "The use of Personal Protective Equipment in Hazmat Incidents." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 3 (July 2002): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900312.

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Medical personnel are at risk when handling victims of Hazmat incidents. Special clothing and respiratory equipment are required to protect them from absorbing these toxic materials through inhalation or through dermal contact. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refer to both clothing and equipment used to shield or isolate individuals from chemical, physical and biological hazards that may be encountered at a hazardous materials incident.1,2 No single type of PPE can protect all hazards and incorrect use can cause harm to the wearer. In general, the greater the protection, the greater the associated risks.2 Therefore, the level of PPE selected should be the one that can provide adequate level of protection.
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Drews, Frank A., Diane Mulvey, Kristina Stratford, Matthew H. Samore, and Jeanmarie Mayer. "Evaluation of a Redesigned Personal Protective Equipment Gown." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_3 (September 13, 2019): S199—S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz520.

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Abstract Background In healthcare, the goal of personal protective equipment (PPE) is to protect healthcare personnel (HCP) and patients from body fluids and infectious organisms via contact, droplet, or airborne transmission. The critical importance of using PPE properly is highlighted by 2 potentially fatal viral infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus and Ebola virus, where HCP became infected while caring for patients due to errors in the use of PPE. However, PPE in dealing with less dangerous, but highly infectious organisms is important as well. This work proposes a framework to test and evaluate PPE with a focus on gown design. Methods An observational study identified issues with potential for contamination related to gown use. After redesigning the existing gown, a high-fidelity patient simulator study with 40 HCP as participants evaluated the gown redesign using 2 commonly performed tasks. Variables of interest were nonadherence to procedural standards, use problems with the gown during task performance, and usability and cognitive task load ratings of the standard and redesigned gowns. Results While no differences were found in terms of nonadherence and use problems between the current and the redesigned gown, differences in usability and task load ratings suggested that the redesigned gown is perceived more favorably by HCP. Conclusions This work proposes a framework to guide the evaluation of PPE. The results suggest that the current design of the PPE gown can be improved in usability and user satisfaction. Although our data did not find an increase in adherence to protocol when using the redesigned gown, it is likely that higher usability and lower task load could result in higher adherence over longer periods of use.
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de Almeida, Ronaldo André Castelo dos S., Marcelo Motta Veiga, Francisco José de Castro Moura Duarte, Luiz Antônio Meirelles, and Lilian Bechara Elabras Veiga. "Thermal comfort and personal protective equipment (PPE)." Work 41 (2012): 4979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0042-4979.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Wallaart, Johannes Christiaan Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Identification, elimination and reduction of barriers to the effective use of respiratory personal protective equipment." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43293.

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This thesis is concerned with the identification, elimination and reduction of barriers to the use of personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the workplace to reduce and prevent occupational inhalation disease. Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is widely used in industry, health, emergency response, military settings and many other applications and are in daily use by thousands of people in Australasia. The equipment is generally used to filter or ab/adsorb the contaminants from the air prior to delivery to the wearer by filtering or ad/absorbing contaminants from the air prior to being breathed. There is increasing concerns being expressed worldwide as well as in Australia and New Zealand about the apparent increase in diagnosed occupational diseases and the use of RPE is an essential preventative measure able to be adopted by workplaces. The use of this type of equipment is the option after the preferred options of elimination and isolation of the individual from the contaminant in the atmosphere. In spite of this, many different types of RPE are routinely in use. There are, however, enormous practical, physiological and psychological difficulties in the wearing of RPE. Concerns have been expressed in the literature as well as in practical situations that many different types of RPE was unable to meet the needs of workers, particularly as related to airflows and that current standards did not reflect the real-life workplace demands. This work set out to determine an improved methodology for users to determine the total inward leakage (TIL), the different types and quantities of airflows, particularly Peak Inspiratory Air Flows (PIAF). When communicating (an essential aspect in the workplace for safety reasons), PIAFs rise dramatically. This work showed that PIAF were very high, particularly when communicating, and is likely to exceed the ability of many commercial types of commercially available respiratory equipment as well being in excess of the certification requirements of standard bodies. In addition, Minute Volumes (MV) in a typical Australian workforce were shown to be very variable between individuals and current certification requirement of airflows do not appear to reflect practical use. The thesis further investigated using a questionnaire survey, the knowledge and current intervention measures adopted by farmers in different sections of agriculture, particularly dairy farming. Agriculture in New Zealand is a critical economic activity, employing 10% of the total workforce. This work showed that in spite of many different types of intervention activity spread over many years by Government agencies and private organisations to date, limited awareness exists of inhalation diseases and appropriate types of RPE in different applications (for example, confined space applications). The research would suggest that a different and more intensive approach is needed by Government agencies to address the problem in this workplace community if workplace inhalation diseases are to be reduced in the future.
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Kurhanskyi, A. V., and V. V. Sakovets. "Predicting thermophysiological comfort limits to simulate the personal protective equipment abilities." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2017. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7608.

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Payne, Thomas. "Improved human soft tissue thigh surrogates for superior assessment of sports personal protective equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17951.

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Human surrogates are representations of living humans, commonly adopted to better understand human response to impacts. Though surrogates have been widely used in automotive, defence and medical industries with varying levels of biofidelity, their primary application in the sporting goods industry has been through primitive rigid anvils used in assessing personal protective equipment (PPE) effectiveness. In sports, absence from competition is an important severity measure and soft tissue injuries such as contusions and lacerations are serious concerns. Consequently, impact surrogates for the sporting goods industry need a more subtle description of the relevant soft tissues to assess impact severity and mitigation accurately to indicate the likelihood of injury. The fundamental aim for this research study was to establish a method to enable the development of superior, complementary, increasingly complex synthetic and computational impact surrogates for improved assessment of sports personal protective equipment. With a particular focus on the thigh segment, research was conducted to evaluate incremental increases in surrogate complexity. Throughout this study, empirical assessment of synthetic surrogates and computational evaluation using finite element (FE) models were employed to further knowledge on design features influencing soft tissue surrogates in a cost and time efficient manner. To develop a more representative human impact surrogate, the tissue structures considered, geometries and materials were identified as key components influencing the mechanical response of surrogates. As a design tool, FE models were used to evaluate the changes in impact response elicited with different soft tissue layer configurations. The study showed the importance of skin, adipose, muscle and bone tissue structures and indicated up to 15.4% difference in maximum soft tissue displacement caused by failure to represent the skin layer. FE models were further used in this capacity in a shape evaluation study from which it was determined that a full-scale anatomically contoured thigh was necessary to show the full diversity of impact response phenomena exhibited. This was particularly pertinent in PPE evaluations where simple surrogate shapes significantly underestimated the magnitudes of displacements exhibited (up to 155% difference) when rigid shell PPE was simulated under impact conditions. Synthetic PDMS silicone simulants were then fabricated for each of the organic soft tissues to match their dynamic responses. The developed simulants exhibited a superior representation of the tissues when compared to previous single material soft tissue simulant, Silastic 3483, which showed 324%, 11,140% and -15.8% greater differences than the PDMS when compared to previously reported target organic tissue datasets for relaxed muscle, skin and adipose tissues respectively. The impact response of these PDMS surrogates were compared in FE models with previously used single material simulants in representative knee and cricket ball sports impact events. The models were each validated through experimental tests and the PDMS simulants were shown to exhibit significantly closer responses to organic tissue predictions across all impact conditions and evaluation metrics considered. An anatomically contoured synthetic thigh surrogate was fabricated using the PDMS soft tissue simulants through a novel multi-stage moulding process. The surrogate was experimentally tested under representative sports impact conditions and showed a good comparison with FE model predictions with a maximum difference in impactor displacements and peak accelerations of +6.86% and +12.5% respectively at velocities between 2 - 4 m.s-1. The value of increased biofidelity in the anatomical synthetic and virtual surrogate thighs has been proven through the incremental adoption of important surrogate elements (tissue structures, material and geometries). The predictive capabilities of each surrogate have been demonstrated through their parallel developments and staged comparisons with idealised organic tissue responses. This increase in biofidelity is introduced at modestly higher cost compared to Silastic 3483, but, given the benefits of a more representative human impact response for PPE evaluations, this is shown to be worthwhile.
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Walker, P. J. "Representative testing of personal protection equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14734.

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The purpose of the work reported within this thesis was to design and implement a series of tests which better replicate the impact conditions experienced during a game, and allow for quantitative measurements of performance of various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The sports of cricket and taekwondo were used as case studies. The aim was to improve on existing testing protocols making them more representative of real life, an approach that has not been previously attempted in the literature and so required design of multiple items of novel equipment. A representative cricket impact test was developed utilizing a ball canon firing a cricket ball mass at an equivalent bowling velocity of 31 m/s (70 mph) and a novel, freely suspended force acquisition system with embedded accelerometers from which the transmitted force values could be derived. Throughout the testing secondary variables of coefficient of restitution (COR), deformation and contact time were measured from high speed video footage to give further insight into the impact mechanics of the three tested leg guards. Contact times were in the range of 3 ms - 4 ms, COR between 0.38 - 0.50 and deformation between 45 mm - 52 mm. These results were compared against other benchmark tests to establish how close the representative test was to an actual human related ball-pad impact and to estimate human tolerance levels to impact. A rig to mimic a human on human kicking impact in taekwondo was designed to measure performance of the piece of body protection equipment used in training and competition, commonly referred to as a hogu. Primarily a mechanical simulator was designed to replicate the speed and mass of a human leg impacting during a roundhouse kick. A force acquisition system was manufactured, capable of integrating with the kicking robot functioning, with a human torso sized and shaped anvil, using a similar accelerometer based system of force measurement as that introduced in the cricket testing. This test was then used to measure performance levels of nine off-the-shelf hogus and protective training pads. Using transmitted peak force and time to peak force (TTPF) as indicators of protection, these values were found to range from between 0.5 kN 7.5 kN and 9 ms - 23 ms across the pads indicating a major difference in the protection provided.
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Schmitz, Viola. "How can retroreflective clothing provide more safety through visibility in a semi-dark urban environment?" Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280081.

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Being inconspicuous in the dark outdoors can cause accidents including physical injuries. To prevent pedestrian being involved in accidents it is necessary to make them most visible to approaching people.This Master’s Thesis examines the use of retroreflective clothing in a semi-dark urban environment to provide safety through conspicuity. Through analysing the lighting situation in Stockholm, the ability of the human vision, reactions and existing products it has led to experiments and surveys to find the most efficient line placement and pattern to make an individual recognizable as human on approach.The results were that body outlines and horizontal lines along joints made a human most identifiable. Most conspicuity was given when lines were wider than 2cm and patterns contrasted to the surroundings.As the experiment was conducted in a semi-dark setting, different retroreflective design solutions might be more adequate for other lighting scenarios with more or less light
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Rivas, Federico Andrade. "Influence of risk perceptions and social context on working for water herbicide sprayers' Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) compliance in the Western Cape of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6097.

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The exposure of workers and farmers to herbicides in middle- and low-income countries is an important public health issue with a significant negative impact on their short- and long-term health status. Besides the possible acute effects, long term exposures to low doses of herbicides leads to accumulation in the body which might lead to chronic health effects. The exposure to herbicides of substances is associated with different types of cancers, Parkinson’s, insulin resistance, obesity and endocrine disruptions. Maternal exposure to herbicides have been associated with the prevalence of small-for-gestational-age and foetal gastroschisis. Farmers and workers from low-income countries are at greater risk of exposure given the spraying techniques used, deficient risk communication tools and the inadequate or lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use. In addition, underlying factors such as poor nutrition and immune system status might increase the risk to develop acute or chronic illness related to herbicide exposure. The Working for Water (WfW) programme was launched in 1995 to control invasive alien vegetation while simultaneously contributing to alleviate poverty. The programme, which relies on chemical and hand/mechanical removal mechanisms, is now running in all nine South African provinces and is one of the world’s largest programmes addressing removal of invasive alien vegetation. Despite the extensive policy and management efforts of the WfW programme, workers are at risk of harmful exposures to herbicides and therefore new exposure reduction interventions must be implemented. This study is part of a larger project, which is focused on developing a peer-based intervention to improve WfW current prevention strategies.
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Hassan, Syed Ahmed. "Health, safety and environmental practices in the construction sector of Pakistan." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183327.

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Many south Asian countries are deficient in appropriate documentation, legislation and surveillance related to occupational health and safety (OHS). All these countries have high OHS incidence rate and labourers working in these countries are constantly exposed to occupational accidents and diseases. Although occupational accidents and work-related concerns have been in debate for a long time, no concrete moves have been taken, making situations worse and posing consistent coercions to an increasing labour force. The current research was carried out to examine the main hazards faced by construction workers in Pakistan and the response of health, safety and environment (HSE) department in plummeting these hazards and in certaining sustainability in construction companies in Pakistan. Workers working in the construction industry are incessantly bared to unsafe working conditions and have to confront several kind of hazards. This embraces exposure to sound, dust and toxic substances, issues of ergonomics, stress etc. This study employed a comprehensive fact-finding design. Data was harbored using interviews, academic articles and reports from international and national organisations. Employer, administration and labourers all lack knowledge about OHS issues in Pakistan. The majority of the labourers are unskilled, uninformed and unregistered. There are no native directives, which are coupled with both OHS and the construction industry. There is an absence of safety ethics, and neither reporting nor monitoring is conducted in the construction business. Companies see HSE issues as an economic burden which will eventually end up mounting production costs. Labourers don’t follow safety instructions; they don’t wear personal protective equipment (PPE), they reckon wearing this equipment would cause obstruction in their work and would influence their productivity. The use of PPE is essential in the construction activity, as it is considered as the last line of defence. All this has affected the construction industry tremendously collectively in terms of financial loss, human loss and image loss, and injury incidence rates have increased alarmingly. Implementation of sustainable development is a core responsibility of an HSE department. Dearth of HSE means lack of sustainability in the construction sector. Today, sustainability is an important aspect of development. It means that development should not only be economically feasable but also socially and environmentally viable both for current and future generations. There is much need to formulate new strict policy and laws or to amend old ones, laws which are effective and practical in promoting HSE and sustainability norms in the construction sector of Pakistan. The main hazards that are faced by construction workers are falling from height, lifting activity and electrocution. HSE departments play a chief role in minimizing worksite accidents and in promoting sustainable development in work settings. For ensuring sustainable practices on construction sites, HSE departments formulate integrated working policy, keeping in mind social, environmental and econmical aspects and considering inputs from all stakeholders. In addition, they look for innovative green technologies and green materials which are more environmental friendly, economical and require less energy.
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Principi, Emiliano. "Progettazione e valutazione del comportamento ad impatto di un dispositivo di monitoraggio e memorizzazione integrabile nei dispositivi di protezione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Negli ultimi anni le statistiche relative ad infortuni ed incidenti nel mondo del lavoro, nel settore delle due ruote e del volo libero mostrano una discreta riduzione dei casi che si assesta però, in tutti e tre gli ambiti, intorno ad un plateau con valori che restano preoccupanti. In contemporanea, le istituzioni prima e l’opinione pubblica poi hanno sviluppato una sempre più crescente coscienza dell’importanza della sicurezza sia sul luogo di lavoro che in altri contesti. Questo inevitabilmente ha influito in modo positivo sul mercato dei dispositivi di protezione attraverso un aumento della domanda ed allo stesso tempo si è avuto un impulso per lo sviluppo di dispositivi innovativi rispetto a quanto già offerto. Questo scenario ci ha spinti a proporre un nuovo concetto di DPI rispetto ai vecchi canoni, ovvero l’obiettivo è stato rendere tali sistemi automatici, attivi, interattivi e dotati di memoria, così da ottenere un significativo incremento di sicurezza per l’utente finale. Il seguente studio descrive, dall’idea al prototipo, il progetto di un dispositivo elettronico di monitoraggio e memorizzazione, in grado di attivare autonomamente il gonfiaggio di airbag disposti a protezione dell’utente ed integrabile in indumenti e/o attrezzature. In particolare l’analisi verifica in prima approssimazione, qualora si abbia caduta dall’alto, la bontà o meno della resistenza all’urto delle configurazioni scelte per l’integrazione dell’elettronica.
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Зозуля, Р. В. "Розвиток вендінгового бізнесу на регіональному ринку ритейлу." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/24947.

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Зозуля, Р. В. Розвиток вендінгового бізнесу на регіональному ринку ритейлу : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 076 «Підприємництво, торгівля та біржова діяльність» / Р. В. Зозуля ; керівник роботи Н. В. Іванова ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра підприємництва і торгівлі. – Чернігів, 2021. – 78 с.
Об’єкт дослідження – процес розвитку підприємництва в умовах карантинних обмежень на основі розробки та реалізації стартап-проектів в сфері вендінгового бізнесу. Предмет дослідження – сукупність теоретичних положень та практичних рішень щодо розвитку вендінгового бізнесу на регіональному ринку ритейлу. Метою роботи є розробити актуальний механізм започаткування підприємницької справи для розвитку регіонального ринку ритейлу в умовах карантинних обмежень, пов’язаних з епідемією COVID-19, на основі реалізації стартап-проектів у сфері вендінгового бізнесу. Методи дослідження – спостереження, вимірювання, опис, порівняння, аналіз, синтез, індукція, дедукція, аналогія і деякі інші. В першому розділі досліджено інформацію про вендінгову торгівлю та апарати, їх механізми роботи, споживчі властивості, асортимент та класифікаційні ознаки. В другому розділі досліджено та описано світові, європейські та українські бренди виробників вендінгових апаратів, проаналізовано регіональний ринок ритейлу та законодавство щодо вендінгової торгівлі. . В третьому розділі наведено рекомендації щодо організаційно-технічного, маркетингового та фінансового забезпечення стартап-проєкту у сфері вендінгового бізнесу а також проведено розрахунки рентабельності такої діяльності.
The object of research-is the process of business development under quarantine restrictions based on the development and implementation of startup projects in the field of vending business. The subject of research-is a set of theoretical provisions and practical solutions for the development of vending business in the regional retail market. The aim of the work-is to develop an up-to-date mechanism for starting a business for the development of the regional retail market in the conditions of quarantine restrictions related to the COVID-19 epidemic, based on the realization of startup projects in the vending business. Research methods - observation, measurement, description, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy and some others. The first section examines information about vending trade and devices, their mechanisms of operation, consumer properties, range and classification features. . The second section examines and describes the global, European and Ukrainian brands of vending machine manufacturers, analyzes the regional retail market and legislation on vending trade. . The third section provides recommendations for organizational, technical, marketing and financial support of a startup project in the field of vending business, as well as calculations of the profitability of such activities. .
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Norman, Johanna, and Edvin Aronsson. "Intensivvården möter COVID-19 : Intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av hur arbete i skyddsutrustning påverkar den vårdande relationen - En tolkande fenomenologisk intervjustudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101948.

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Bakgrund: Pandemin orsakad av Covid-19 har tvingat intensivvården till stora omställningar. Som del av restriktioner för att reducera risk för smittspridning måste skyddsutrustning användas vid patientkontakt med smittad patient. Användandet av skyddsutrustning har introducerat tankar på hur den vårdande relationen mellan patient och intensivvårdssjuksköterska påverkats.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av hur arbetet i skyddsutrustning under pågående pandemi påverkat den vårdande relationen med patienten. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Intervjuerna låg vidare till grund för analys enligt tolkande fenomenologisk analys (IPA).  Resultat: Fyra överordnade teman framträdde ur analysen. I temat fokus på kommunikation framkom olika sätt skyddsutrustningen påverkat kommunikationen. Upplevelsen av avskärmning framkom i temat fokus på distans där närhet uttrycktes som avgörande för en vårdande relation. I temat fokus på lidande beskrevs hur skyddsutrustningen inverkat på lindrande beröring men också att den kan orsaka lidande. Känslor av otillräcklighet i den vårdande relation och maktlöshet inför att inte förmå förändra eller påverka framkom i temat fokus på känslor.  Slutsats: Skyddsutrustningen påverkar den vårdande relationen. Skyddsutrustningen reducerar möjligheten till etablering av vårdande relation vilket riskerar minska patientens möjlighet till delaktighet. Behov föreligger av ytterligare forskning om påverkan med fokus på prevention. Ett organisatoriskt medvetande om skyddsutrustningen inverkan på den vårdande relationen kan ligga till grund för interventioner ämnade att reducera dess negativa påverkan.
Background: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has forced the intensive care to make several adjustments. As part of restrictions to prevent spread of infection personal protective equipment (PPE) has to be used when in contact with infected patients. The use of PPE has introduced questions of its impact on the caring relationship between the patient and intensive care nurse.  Aim: The aim with this study was to illustrate the intensive care nurses experience of how working in PPE during the pandemic has affected the caring relationship with the patient.  Method: Semi- structured interviews was conducted with six intensive care nurses. The interviews served as data for an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).  Results: Four superior themes emerged from the analysis. In the theme focus on communication emerged different way of which the PPE has affected communication. The experience of being shielded emerged in the theme focus on distance where closeness was expressed as essential. In the theme focus on suffering was the PPE´s impact on touch described and also its potential cause of suffering. Emotions of inadequacy in regards to the caring relationship and powerlessness in regards of not being able to change or affect emerged in the theme focus on emotions.  Conclusion: The caring relationship has been affected by the use of PPE. PPE reduces the possibility of establishing a caring relationship which endangers the patient’s active participation. There is need for further research about affect with focus on prevention. An organizational awareness regarding PPE´s effect on the caring relationship could lay the foundation for interventions supposed to reduce its negative impact.
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Books on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Council, National Safety. Personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance training: Participant guide. [Itasca, Ill.]: National Safety Council, 2002.

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Stull, J. O. PPE made easy: A comprehensive checklist approach to selecting and using personal protective equipment. Rockville, Md: Government Institutes, 1998.

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Council of the European Communities. Council directive 93/ /CEE of amending directive 89/686/EEC on the approximationof the laws of the member states relating to personal protective equipment (PPE). Brussels: CEE, 1993.

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Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Personal protective equipment information manual. [Noumea, New Caledonia]: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2009.

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Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Personal protective equipment information manual. [Noumea, New Caledonia]: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2009.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Protect yourself with personal protective equipment. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1987.

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executive, Health and safety. Personal protective equipment at work: Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 : guidance on regulations. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2000.

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Health and Safety Agency for Northern Ireland. Personal protective equipment at work: Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1993 : guidance on regulations. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1994.

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Personal protective equipment at work: Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended) : guidance on regulations. 2nd ed. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2005.

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Spencer, Gary T. Effective personal protective equipment programs: Their role and implementation. Hamilton, Ont: CCOHS/CCHST, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Andersen, Bjørg Marit. "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)." In Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals, 1061–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_84.

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Spiegel-Ciobanu, Vilia Elena, Luca Costa, and Wolfgang Zschiesche. "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Substances." In IIW Collection, 89–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36926-2_8.

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Morris, Holly, and Richard Murray. "Healthcare, Hygiene, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)." In Medical Textiles, 261–310. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003170570-9.

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Srivastava, A. K., Sarika Verma, Medha Mili, S. A. R. Hashmi, Rashmi Chowdhary, and Vaishnavi Hada. "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as Coronavirus Shielding Material." In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 21–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4372-9_3.

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Doll, Michelle, Michael P. Stevens, and Gonzalo Bearman. "Donning and Doffing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Is Training Necessary?" In Infection Prevention, 293–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60980-5_31.

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Sanyasi, Anthea. "12. Detection and Monitoring Devices; Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)." In Extreme Emergencies, 111–23. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444901.012.

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Hedges, Stephanie. "Approach and handling in the practice." In Practical canine behaviour: for veterinary nurses and technicians, 146–57. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789246810.0011.

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Abstract This chapter describes the factors in the practice environment that can increase a dog's level of fear and thus increase the risk of defensive behaviour. The use of physical restraint, personal protective equipment (PPE) and pharmacological support to address these behaviours are also discussed.
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Sims, LuAnn, Gerard Davis, Richard Sesek, Sean Gallagher, Mark Schall, and Prafful Bhardwaj. "Determining Empirical Donning and Doffing Times for Complex Combinations of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 89–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41929-9_10.

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Romeu-Labayen, Maria, Bruna Alvarez, Ellen Block, José Roberto Cabral, Marème Diallo, Nehla Djellouli, Paola Galbany-Estragués, et al. "Protecting and Feeling Protected: HCWs’ Experiences with Personal Protective Equipment During the COVID-19 Pandemic (PPE)." In Caring on the Frontline during COVID-19, 65–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6486-1_4.

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Chen, Shi, Kazuyuki Demachi, and Manabu Tsunokai. "A Real-Time Automated Approach for Ensuring Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Construction Site." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1115–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51295-8_77.

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Conference papers on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Nair, Pramod, Yazhiny Kodeeswaran, Nisrien Eltag Mohamed Osman, and Satarupa Banerjee. "1218 Perception of PPE (personal protective equipment) amongst paediatricians." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference–Online, 15 June 2021–17 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-rcpch.485.

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Nair, Pramod, Yazhiny Kodeeswaran, Nisrien Eltag Mohamed Osman, and Satarupa Banerjee. "1256 Perception of PPE (personal protective equipment) amongst paediatricians." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference–Online, 15 June 2021–17 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-rcpch.513.

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Nair, Pramod, Yazhiny Kodeeswaran, Nisrien Eltag Mohamed Osman, and Satarupa Banerjee. "1248 Perception of PPE (personal protective equipment) amongst paediatricians." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference–Online, 15 June 2021–17 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-rcpch.507.

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Hylko, James M. "Using Engineering, Administrative and Personal Protective Equipment Controls to Remediate Hazardous and Radioactive Constituents." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4652.

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This paper documents how utilizing available source term information, integrated safety management, and associated engineering, administrative and personal protective equipment (PPE) controls are used in concert to perform work safely. Two field projects consisting of 1) a room containing both hazardous (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) and radioactive constituents and 2) a former reaction vessel containing approximately 568 liters (150 gallons) of lime sludge and technetium-99 (Tc-99) were organized using the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS). This system allowed the project teams to control work-related decisions based on their knowledge, experience, expertise, and field observations. The information and experience gained from each project stage and rehearsals contributed to modifying subsequent entries, further emphasizing the importance of developing hold points and incorporating lessons learned. Furthermore, selecting the appropriate PPE is based on providing an adequate level of employee protection relative to the task-specific conditions and hazards. PPE is categorized into four ensembles based on the degree of protection afforded, e.g., Levels A (most restrictive), B, C, and D (least restrictive). What is often overlooked in preparing an ensemble is that the PPE itself can create significant worker hazards, i.e., the greater the level of PPE, the greater the associated risks. Furthermore, there is confusion as to whether a more “conservative approach” should always be taken since Level B provides the same level of respiratory protection as Level A but less skin protection. Additional information summarizes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations addressing Level A versus Level B, and provides justification for selecting Level B over Level A without under-protecting the employee. The hazards and the chemical nature of hydrofluoric acid provide qualitative evidence to justify Level A. Once hydrofluoric acid is removed as a source term constituent, PPE performance is evaluated against the remaining chemical inventory. If chemical breakthrough from direct contact is not expected to occur and instrument readings confirm the absence of any hazardous vapors, additional skin protection afforded by wearing a vapor-tight, totally encapsulated suit is not required. Therefore, PPE performance and instrument data provide quantitative evidence to justify Level B. These projects exemplify that using guidance provided by DOE’s ISMS and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) demonstrates how a detailed and thorough planning process integrating safe work practices and commitment to teamwork can result in the safe and effective completion of very complex and highly hazardous projects.
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Protik, Adban Akib, Amzad Hossain Rafi, and Shahnewaz Siddique. "Real-time Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Detection Using YOLOv4 and TensorFlow." In 2021 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tensymp52854.2021.9550808.

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Protik, Adban Akib, Amzad Hossain Rafi, and Shahnewaz Siddique. "Real-time Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Detection Using YOLOv4 and TensorFlow." In 2021 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tensymp52854.2021.9550808.

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Umale, Sagar, John R. Humm, and Narayan Yoganandan. "Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Spinal Column Loads From Underbody Blast Loading." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73664.

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Abstract Combat-related spine injuries from improvised explosive devices are attributed to vertical loading transmitted from the seat to the pelvis to the torso and head-neck regions. The presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) adds to the weight of the torso, influencing the load transmission within the vertebral column. In this study, a detailed mid-size male finite element model from the Global Human Body Models Consortium was used to investigate the effect of PPE on spine kinematics, forces, and moments along the vertebral column. The model was positioned on a rigid seat, such that the posture represented an upright seated soldier. Once positioned, the model was updated with PPE. The models, with and without PPE were simulated under two high acceleration vertical loading pulses and the spine accelerations, forces and moments were investigated. The PPE increased the spinal loads, with reduced time to peak. The presence of PPE increased forces in the cervical and thoracic spines up to 14% and 9%, while it decreased the lumbar spine forces up to 7%. PPE increased cervical spine extension moment up to 104%, thoracic spine flexion moment up to 14%, and decreased the lumbar spine flexion moment up to 11%. The increase in thoracic spine compressive forces and flexion moments due to PPE suggest increased risk of injury in compression-flexion, such as anterior or burst fractures of the thoracic vertebrae with or without the distraction of posterior elements/ligaments. Whereas, the PPE may be effective in reducing the injury in lumbar spine, with reduced forces and moments. The pulse variation showed that the seat velocity along with the acceleration influence the spine kinematics and further parametric studies are needed to understand the effectiveness of PPE for varying seat velocities/accelerations. Spinal accelerations peaked earlier with PPE; however, their peak and morphologies were unchanged. This study delineates the kinetics of the spine injury during underbody blast loading and the role of PPE on potential injuries and injury mechanisms based on forces and moments.
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Husna, Iksiroh, Wisnu Handoko, Sarifudin, and Anissofiah Wijinurhayati. "Effectiveness of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (Ppe) by Cadet on Board." In Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Transportation and the Environment Conference (APTE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/apte-18.2019.31.

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Carter, Louise. "48 Children’s experiences of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic." In GOSH Conference 2020 – Our People, Our Patients, Our Hospital. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-gosh.48.

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Collo, Mark Lester R., John Richard M. Esguerra, Rovenson V. Sevilla, Jovencio Merin, and Dennis C. Malunao. "A COVID-19 Safety Monitoring System: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Detection using Deep Learning." In 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasa54658.2022.9765088.

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Reports on the topic "Personal protective equipment (PPE)"

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Conroy, Brittany, Tyler Klene, Luke Koppa, and Juyeon Park. Thermo-Physiological Comfort Assessment of Performance Cooling Fabrics in Medical Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-321.

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Sikora, Joel. Final CTAP Report: National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC Technical Assistance for Characterization Studies of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1821533.

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M.A. Ebadian, Ph D. DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/772502.

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ABERDEEN TEST CENTER MD. General Tests of Personal Protective Equipment (Non-ballistic) - Soft Armor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada566201.

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Rossman, Grant Andrew, Isaac C. Avina, and Bradley Alexander Steinfeldt. Observations Regarding Commonly Available Materials for Face Shield Emulated-Personal Protective Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1616234.

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Rossman, Grant Andrew, Isaac C. Avina, and Bradley Alexander Steinfeldt. Observations Regarding Commonly Available Materials for Face Covering Emulated-Personal Protective Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1616235.

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Yang, Pengyu, Hua Zhang, and Na Zhang. Risk factors of personal protective equipment-related pressure injury in medicalstaff:a Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0049.

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Madrzykowski, Daniel. Firefighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/igfm4492.

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The goal of this study was to review the available literature to develop a quantitative description of the thermal conditions firefighters and their equipment are exposed to in a structural fire environment. The thermal exposure from the modern fire environment was characterized through the review of fire research studies and fire-ground incidents that provided insight and data to develop a range of quantification. This information was compared with existing standards for firefighting protective equipment to generate a sense of the gap between known information and the need for improved understanding. The comparison of fire conditions with the thermal performance requirements of firefighter protective gear and equipment demonstrates that a fire in a compartment can generate conditions that can fail the equipment that a firefighter wears or uses. The review pointed out the following: 1. The accepted pairing of gas temperature ranges with a corresponding range of heat fluxes does not reflect all compartment fire conditions. There are cases in which the heat flux exceeds the hazard level of the surrounding gas temperature. 2. Thermal conditions can change within seconds. Experimental conditions and incidents were identified in which firefighters would be operating in thermal conditions that were safe for operation based on the temperature and heat flux, but then due to a change in the environment the firefighters would be exposed to conditions that could exceed the protective capabilities of their PPE. 3. Gas velocity is not explicitly considered within the thermal performance requirements. Clothing and equipment tested with a hot air circulating (convection) oven are exposed to gas velocities that measure approximately 1.5 m/s (3 mph). In contrast, the convected hot gas flows within a structure fire could range from 2.3 m/s (5 mph) to 7.0 m/s (15 mph). In cases where the firefighter or equipment would be located in the exhaust portion of a flow path, while operating above the level of the fire, the hot gas velocity could be even higher. This increased hot gas velocity would serve to increase the convective heat transfer rate to the equipment and the firefighter, thereby reducing the safe operating time within the structure. 4. Based on the limited data available, it appears currently available protective clothing enables firefighters to routinely operate in conditions above and beyond the "routine" conditions measured in the fire-ground exposure studies conducted during the 1970s. The fire service and fire standards communities could benefit from an improved understanding of: • real world fire-ground conditions, including temperatures, heat flux, pressure, and chemical exposures; • the impact of convection on the thermal resistance capabilities of firefighting PPE and equipment; and • the benefits of balancing the thermal exposures (thermal performance requirements) across different components of firefighter protective clothing and safety equipment. Because it is unlikely due to trade offs in weight, breathe-ability, usability, cost, etc., that fireproof PPE and equipment will ever be a reality, fire officers and fire chiefs need to consider the capabilities of the protection that their firefighters have when determining fire attack strategies and tactics to ensure that the PPE and equipment is kept within its design operating environment, and that the safety buffer it provides is maintained.
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Park, Cyn-Young, Kijin Kim, Susann Roth, Steven Beck, Jong Woo Kang, Mara Claire Tayag, and Michael Grifin. Global Shortage of Personal Protective Equipment amid COVID-19: Supply Chains, Bottlenecks, and Policy Implications. Asian Development Bank, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf200128-2.

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Leyva, Fernando F., and George S. Goehring. Evaluation of a Diver Cooling System for Use With Personal Protective Equipment in Contaminated Water Diving. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442725.

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