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Pierce, Nancy L. "Precautionary savings behavior of maritally-stressed households /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137736.
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Lung, Robert Bruce. "Personal Savings as a Function of Permanent Income." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34061.
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In this paper, a model to estimate personal savings is constructed using an estimate of permanent income. Traditional approaches to studying aggregate personal savings depend on many independent variables that serve as the determinants of personal saving. Because some of the determinants used in such approaches can be difficult to obtain, estimating aggregate saving in this manner can be time-consuming and arduous. Using an estimate of permanent income based on Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), this paper creates a model to estimate personal savings and tests the model by examining the Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) that is derived from it. Permanent income was estimated using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) method and aggregate personal savings is estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS). The empirical evidence reveals that savings estimates and marginal propensities to save are consistent with results obtained studies using conventional approaches except during periods in which a wealth effect occurs. During such periods, additional variables need to be added to the model to account for a wealth effect. This analysis therefore serves to further validate the PIH and shows that it can be applied to studying household savings as well as consumption.Master of Arts
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Kadhim, Lara Vilela. "Assessing personal retirement savings plans: the portuguese case." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1173.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraThis thesis highlights the insights and shortcomings of personal retirement savings plans (PRSP) structure, operations and performance. These schemes were, at first, established in 1989, with the purpose of encouraging personal savings and, at the same time, complementing the traditional system of pension provision. Because of their voluntary nature, the state offered a special fiscal regime to PRSP in order to promote individuals' reliance on private pension savings. PRSP are administered by pension plan sponsors. Together with investment managers, they find that their privileged access to information and to sophisticated techniques of performance evaluation allows them to achieve superior performances (for a portfolio security) than the ones reached by a financially myopic individual. To investigate this point, an analysis was conducted on return, risk, security selection and market timing performance of a sample of 20 representative personal retirement savings funds (PRSF), hold in the form of pension funds. This thesis begins with a brief debate on the impact of demographic evolution in the Portuguese pension system, with a special reference to the third pillar of pension protection. Then, it portrayed PRSP status quo and growth trends, and pointed out some criticisms and an alternative to these schemes. The final section examines PRSF performance. It starts with a brief description on the data, methodology and data limitations, followed by a literature review on portfolio performance measures and market timing. Using a time series regression on PRSF gross returns, some illustrative results are presented and identified the potential distortionary outcome of portfolio performance measures.
Esta tese procura salientar as virtudes e debilidades inerentes à estrutura, modus operandis e desempenho dos planos de poupança reforma (PPR). Estabelecidos, pela primeira vez, em 1989, estes planos propunham-se a estimular a poupança voluntária bem como a complementar os esquemas tradicionais de provisão de pensões. Por serem planos de subscrição voluntários, o estado concedeu-lhes um regime fiscal especial a fim de promover a confiança dos indivíduos neste tipo de poupança privada para a velhice. Os PPR são geridos por entidades gestoras de fundos de pensões que, juntamente com os gestores de investimento, consideram que o seu acesso privilegiado à informação e às técnicas sofisticadas de avaliação do desempenho das carteiras lhes permite obter um desempenho superior àquele que seria obtido por um individuo com miopia financeira. Para investigar este facto, foram analisados o rendimento, risco, selecção individual e market timing de uma amostra composta por 20 fundos de poupança reforma (FPR), detido sobre a forma de fundos de pensões. A tese começa com uma breve discussão sobre o impacto da evolução demográfica no sistema de pensões nacionais, com especial referência para o terceiro pilar de protecção social. Segue-se, uma descrição sobre o status quo e as tendências de crescimento dos PPR. São também apontadas algumas críticas aos PPR bem como uma alternativa a estes esquemas complementares. Por fim, analisa-se a desempenho dos PPR, com uma breve descrição sobre os dados, metodologia adoptada e respectivas limitações. Segue-se uma revisão da literatura referente à avaliação do desempenho de carteiras e ao market timing. Tendo por base uma regressão temporal sobre o rendimento bruto dos FPR, são ilustrados os resultados alcançados e identificados os possíveis desfechos distorcionários que podem decorrer das medidas de avaliação do desempenho das carteiras.
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Wetherille, Patrick. "Reforming Social Security the effects of personal accounts on the beneficiaries of Social Security /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/585.
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Black, Kevin. "Savings and Emulation: Could the U.S. Savings Paradox Be Explained by an Arms Race to Consume?" Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237581054.
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Moenig, Thorsten. "Optimal Policyholder Behavior in Personal Savings Products and its Impact on Valuation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rmi_diss/28.
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Policyholder exercise behavior presents an important risk factor for life insurance companies. Yet, most approaches presented in the academic literature – building on value maximizing strategies akin to the valuation of American options – do not square well with observed prices and exercise patterns.
Following a recent strand of literature, in order to gain insights on what drives policyholder behavior, I first develop a life-cycle model for variable annuities (VA) with withdrawal guarantees. However, I explicitly allow for outside savings and investments, which considerably affects the results. Specifically, I find that withdrawal patterns after all are primarily motivated by value maximization – but with the important asterisk that the value maximization should be taken out from the policyholders’ perspective accounting for individual tax benefits.
To this effect, I develop a risk-neutral valuation methodology that takes these different tax structures into consideration, and apply it to our example contract as well as a representative empirical VA. The results are in line with corresponding outcomes from the life cycle model, and I find that the withdrawal guarantee fee from the empirical product roughly accords with its marginal price to the insurer.
I further consider the implications of policyholder behavior on product design. In particular – due to differential tax treatments and contrary to option pricing theory – the marginal value of such guarantees can become negative, even when the holder is a value maximizer. For instance, as I illustrate with both a simple two-period model and an empirical VA, a common death benefit guarantee may indeed yield a negative marginal value to the insurer.
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Wilson, W. Andrew. "Budgeting Behaviors of Traditional-Aged Upper-Division College Students." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36574.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division college students (juniors and seniors). Budgeting behaviors were operationally defined as students' spending and financial planning behaviors. These behaviors were studied by tracking participant expenditures and income of three weeks and administering electronic survey questions. The study was conducted at a large, public, research university, and was designed to answer the following research questions:
1. How do traditional-aged upper-division students spend their money?
2. What are the budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division students?
3. Are there differences in budgeting behaviors between traditional-aged upper-division students who live off campus and those who live on campus?
4. Are there gender differences between budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division students?
A sample of 32 college juniors and seniors who had moved directly from high school to college participated in the study. Participants tracked their expenses and income of a three-week period using computerized spreadsheets. These data were analyzed to determine participants' spending behaviors and to examine differences by gender and place of residence. Participants also responded to five electronic survey questions that investigated their budgeting behaviors. Responses from these questions were analyzed to identify themes about the budgeting behaviors of college juniors and seniors.
The results of this study provided some interesting information about college students' budgeting behaviors. Several conclusions were drawn. First, students failed to budget effectively because they spent more than they earned. Across all groups, students' expenditures totaled more than their income. Second, students' comments regarding their budgeting behaviors were found to reflect either good or poor ratings. This suggests that while some students seem to have well-developed financial management skills, others do not. Third, off-campus students differ from on-campus students because they have more budgeting experience. Off-campus students seemed to have developed these budgeting skills by paying monthly bills associated with off-campus living. Finally, female students spent money on clothes and beauty items, relied on gifts as sources of income, and seemed more anxious about budgeting than male students. These kinds of behaviors may reinforce certain stereotypical beliefs about men and women.
Master of Arts
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Zainir, F. "Private savings, financial developments and institutions in emerging economies." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/49c61e95-2367-4ace-8f9f-92f5ac8cf5c7/1.
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In the 1950s and 1960s, after gaining independence from their colonial powers, most developing countries adopted “market substitution” as their policy for economic development and growth. In essence, this was an industrialisation strategy followed by these developing economies to concentrate on home-grown products and nurture their expertise in order to reach the status of industrialised nations. However, by the end of 1970s, many developing countries began to realize the failures of their inward-looking approach to industrialization when their economies were mired with high unemployment, inflation and chronic external debt. By the middle of 1980s, many of these countries began to change their policies and reorient themselves into market economies. However, with financial crises and economic recessions that resulted from pursuing market driven liberalization policies, these economies began to realize the flaws of the market driven approach to industrialization. Nevertheless, they continued with the liberalised policies incorporating market as well as non-market (institutional) reforms, aimed at strengthening regulation, improving corporate governance and curbing corruption to avoid the destabilising consequences of financial liberalization. The evolving economic policies that influenced financial development and growth in developing economies came about with the objective of enhancing household and private sector‘s savings. These policies have been designed to influence financial development and economic growth (which can impact upon private savings) in two different ways: (i) by increasing saving due to households taking precautionary motives, or (ii) negatively by spending more due to increase in overall expenditures. Theoretically, the combined effect on private saving is therefore ambiguous. The purpose of this thesis is to assess empirically the importance of various economic factors influencing private sector savings in emerging market economies. In addition, the influence of non-market institutional factors on savings is explored from the incorporation of newly institutional measures into these countries economic policies. Several econometric methodologies are employed with empirical analysis conducted on data for twenty emerging economies across three primary regions in the world, i.e. Asia Pacific, Middle East and North African (MENA), and South America. The twenty countries also include other emerging economies that are proximate to MENA regions such as South Africa, Turkey and Israel. In general, the findings based on SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression) methodology show that per capita growth, financial development, government savings, and trade openness have a positive impact on private savings; while youth and old dependency-age groups, real interest rate, and urban growth have a negative effect on private savings. In general, most of these results are consistent with previous studies for other countries. Additionally, causality tests are conducted using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology as well as Pedroni and Johansen cointegration methods within the Vector Error Correction (VEC) model to determine both short-term and long-term causality effects between financial development and economic growth. The results indicate that in the long run financial development has a causal effect on growth; however, in the short run the results are quite mixed. For example, the short run result using the VAR method shows that income growth has Granger causality effect on financial development, but the F-test result for the VEC method shows evidence of bivariate causality. The long-term causality results also confirm the finding of previous research about the importance of developing financial sector in order to spur the country‘s economic growth. The final empirical investigation is to conduct panel data regression to test the impact of non-market institutions on private savings. The main result here is that sound institutional factors based on respect for property rights (e.g. bureaucracy, accountability and regulation quality) have a positive effect on aggregate private savings. Furthermore, political stability is found to have a negative impact on savings while efficient bureaucracy has a positive impact on savings. It can be construed that with an uncertain political environment, i.e. diminishing political stability, the public in general would save more than spend. On the other hand, efficient bureaucracy would boost public confidence about the country‘s governance, which can lead to increased overall savings by the public.
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Southgate, Ada Isobel. "The effects Personal of Income Tax on the savings behaviour of households in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7890.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe "new" South Africa faces a big challenge. Unemployment, poverty and economic hardship still characterise the life of the majority of South Africans. Most people expect this to change under democracy. This will only be possible, however, if the economy can grow fast enough. What type of economic policies can a future government adopt to bring about economic growth and the reduction of poverty? More specifically, can the government raise taxes in order to spend more on the poor without reducing economic growth? The increased expenditure, given the existing deficit, will pressurise government to increase taxes. If this were to happen, the question that comes to mind is whether a savings constraint will develop. At the moment South Africa is not experiencing a savings constraint. This can be attributed to the fact that investment declined more than saving over the past few years. However, if investment has to increase over the next few years to achieve higher economic growth, the question arises whether domestic saving will increase enough to finance it. This will be difficult if an increasing tax burden has a negative impact on saving. Saving has long been recognized as a major factor in the process of economic development, directly by its diversion of resources into the formation of capital, and indirectly through changes in technology which are implemented when new capital is put to use. Few would dispute that domestic saving is important for the financing of development and it is evident that a country will require higher saving rates if it wants to invest more.
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Nga, Marie-Therese. "An investigative analysis into the saving behaviour of poor households in developing countries: with specific reference to South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7414_1190379095.
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In South Africa, as in many developing countries, most households are poor and do not save, as a result of which they do not acquire any positive net worth and which also constrains access to formal means of finance. South Africa is a consuming nation, with increasing ratios of household consumption resulting in dissaving and often unsustainable levels of household debt, which is also stimulated by the current lower level of interest rates. This situation is worse amongst poorhouseholds who also often experience financial shocks, for instance because of the death of family membersas a result of HIV/AIDS. This report provided an overview of household saving in South Africa for the period 1983 to 2003. It identified the main factors responsible for the lack of a commitment to saving which are particularly relevant in the case of poor households.
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Netnou, Ntombomhlaba Salome. "Investigating informal savings as income generating and proverty alleviating tool in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1616.
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The study investigated the informal savings approach as an income-generating and poverty alleviation tool for women. The focus of the study is specifically in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The purpose of the study was to explore the reasons behind the involvement of women, in particular, to the use of informal savings as a tool for income generation and poverty alleviation. South Africa is characterised by inequitable growth and development, a high degree of poverty, increasing demands and limited resources. It is because of this backdrop that many women in poor communities, both rural and urban, devised brilliant plans to overcome this setback. Women, particularly African women, have for a long time been side-lined in economic decision making activities, both in their homes and elsewhere. For the purposes of this study, a mixed method research approach was employed, meaning that the study will follow both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The respondents are a mixture of both literate and illiterate persons, and because of that, the researcher had to use both English and the home language of the respondents to explain the contents of the questionnaires and obtain the relevant information. The study identified the reasons that stokvels, which were believed to be popular in the past, and still are, because Black people in South Africa did not have access to formal financial institutions, remain popular long after the demise of apartheid. It is in the interest of the citizens of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality to archive the financial activities of its inhabitants as this valuable information will be needed by future generations. This can be done by creating a website or adding a link to the existing ones where the information is readily available for the users. For future research purposes, stokvels in various parts of the Municipality and South Africa as a whole need to be studied in order to identify and compare to the available literature the general success factors.
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Linde, Kathryn Leigh. "An analysis of the determinants and recent decline of private savings in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002742.
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Low domestic saving rates make South Africa highly dependent on foreign capital inflows to fund higher investment levels. These inflows are highly volatile and may prove to be unsustainable in the long-run. This study analyses the determinants of private saving in South Africa, with specific reference to the decline in private saving rates that occurred at a time of higher economic growth prior to the 2008 global financial crisis. The Johansen cointegration method is used to estimate separate vector error correction models (VECM) in order to assess the effect of specific variables on both corporate and household saving. The results obtained that are common to both corporate and household savmg show that the govemment budget balance negatively impacts private saving rates though the offset is less than one. The real prime overdraft rate positively impacts private saving, although the result is small . The impact of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positive. In recent years, however, private saving rates fell alongside higher economic growth, which may reflect a structural change in corporate saving behaviour. The results distinct to the corporate saving model show that commodity prices have a negative impact on corporate saving. This does not conform to a priori expectations, but is supported by the behaviour of these two variables in recent years. Foreign savings were found to impact negatively on corporate saving. This result is important, since the dependence of the South African economy on foreign capital inflows to fund higher investment levels is reflected by high current account deficits during recent periods of economic growth. Evidence of financial liberalization negatively impacting on private saving in South Africa due to the removal of borrowing constraints was found. A negative relationship was found between corporate saving and investment demonstrating that corporations have reduced levels of retained eamings for funding investment expenditures. The results distinct to the household saving model provide evidence of a negative wealth effect in South Africa, with rising housing wealth found to increase consumption. Evidence of households "piercing the corporate veil" in South Africa was found. Therefore, households view corporate saving behaviour as essentially being conducted on their behalf. This finding and the finding that the offset between the budget deficit and private saving is less than one suggest that counter-cyclical fiscal policy will be an important policy response for achieving higher domestic saving rates in South Africa.
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Björkholm, Johan, Mattias Dahlberg, and Viktor Johansson. "Inlåsningseffekten : Skattens effekt på svenskars fondsparande." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35396.
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Bakgrund: I Sverige har 76 % av befolkningen innehav i fonder och den totala fondförmögenheten uppgår till 1 925 miljarder. Kapitalvinstskatten ligger på 30 % och utlöses endast vid en realisation av vinsten. Många svenskar undviker gärna att aktivera denna skatteeffekt och blir därmed inlåsta i sina fonder. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån intervjuer med privata fondsparare och aktörer inom branschen förklara hur kapitalvinstskatten påverkar privatpersoners resonerande och agerande. Detta beteende kommer sedan att analyseras utifrån befintliga teorier inom beteendeekonomi. Metod: För att nå studiens syfte har vi använt oss av en abduktiv metod. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt har vi intervjuat 10 fondsparare och 6 personer inom branschen. Materialet från intervjuerna har sedan förklarats med hjälp av de teorier vi valt ut. Slutsats: I vår studie har vi kommit fram till att inlåsningseffekten varierar beroende på fondspararens ålder. Den yngre gruppen ställde sig mer likgiltig inför kapitalvinstskatten, med anledning av en kort placeringshorisont. Den äldre gruppen hade en mer ospecificerad placeringshorisont och baserade sina investeringsbeslut utefter skattekonsekvensen. Kapitalvinstskatten hade då en bromsande effekt, eftersom det skulle minska den totala förmögenheten.Background: In Sweden 76 % of the population has savings in mutual funds, with a combined wealth of 1 925 billion SEK. The tax on capital gains is 30 % and is activated when the profit is realized. Many Swedes avoid triggering this tax effect and is therefore locked-in in their mutual funds. Purpose The purpose of this study is, from interviews with private fund investors and industry players, to explain how the capital gains tax affects individuals’ reasoning and actions. This behavior will then be analyzed in terms of existing theories in the field. Method: We have used an abductive method to achieve the purpose of this study. The empirical material has been collected through semi-structured interviews. We have conducted 10 interviews with private fund investors and 6 people in the fund industry. The material from the interviews was then explained by means of the theories we have selected. Conclusion: In our study we came to the conclusion that the lock-in effect varies depending on the fund savers age. The younger group was more indifferent to the capital gains tax, due to a shorter investment horizon. The older group had a more unspecified investment horizon and based their investment decisions along the tax consequence. Capital gains tax then had a braking effect, as it would reduce the total wealth.
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Boučková, Petra. "Konzervativní zhodnocení finančních prostředků domácností." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194190.
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The thesis is focused on the evaluation of available alternatives of savings products in the financial market, in which households can increase the value of their savings. Each of these financial instruments is subject to proper analysis. A special emphasis is placed on financial planning and path for achieving financial literacy.
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Cronje, Mark. "Creating a savings culture for the black middle class in South Africa : policy guidelines and lessons from China and India." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1025.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High levels of gross national savings reduce a country’s reliance and exposure to the vagaries of the global capital market. On an individual level, delaying consumption and providing for future needs and prosperity is a necessary condition to improve or maintain the quality of life. India and China’s gross national savings and, in particular, their household savings rates are higher than those of South Africa. Within the context of sustaining the global competitiveness of these developing countries - each with a burgeoning middle class – there is a need to ensure that policy formulation recognises the consumption and savings needs of this segment of the population. With a view to understanding the reasons why the household savings rates of China and India are so high in comparison to South Africa, this report investigates whether (and to what extent) South African policy makers can learn from China and India in the design of its policy framework to reduce consumption and create a savings culture. This research project is a comparative analysis of the determinants of household savings behaviour in China, India and South Africa, with specific reference to the consumer behaviour of the middle class consumer in each country. The comparative analysis draws on secondary sources such as journal articles, books, completed research and the Internet. While India and China have high household savings rates, this is not as a function of policy reforms that were introduced to encourage saving. Rather, an absence of sufficient financial sector development and a weak social safety net, coupled with a collective household culture and attitude that values saving ahead of consumption, that has resulted in households in India and China, and in particular middle income households, saving to ensure adequate provision is made. In South Africa, the impacts of financial liberalisation and a flawed social security system have resulted in a failure to provide broad based income protection. Increased consumer access to financial services coupled with a coherent social security structure and continued government investment are critical threads that must pervade the reform agenda in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë bruto nasionale spaarvlakke verminder ’n land se afhanklikheid van en blootstelling aan die wisselvalligheid van die internasionale kapitaalmark. Op ’n individuele vlak is die uitstel van verbruiksbesteding en voorsiening vir toekomstige behoeftes en voorspoed ’n voorvereiste vir die verbetering of handhawing van lewenspeil. Indië en China se bruto nasionale spaarvlakke, en in die besonder hul huishoudelike spaarkoerse, is hoër as dié van Suid-Afrika. Binne die konteks van die volhoubare wêreldwye mededingendheid van hierdie ontwikkelende lande – elk met ’n ontluikende middelklas – is daar ’n behoefte om te verseker dat beleidsformulering die verbruiks- en spaarbehoeftes van hierdie segment van die bevolking erken. Om te probeer verstaan waarom die huishoudelike spaarkoerse in China en Indië so hoog is in vergelyking met Suid-Afrika, ondersoek hierdie verslag of (in en watter mate) Suid-Afrikaanse beleidvormers by China en Indië kan gaan kers opsteek ten opsigte van die ontwerp van sy beleidsraamwerk om verbruik te verminder en ’n spaarkultuur te skep. Hierdie navorsingsprojek is ’n vergelykende ontleding van die bepalende faktore van huishoudelike spaargedrag in China, Indië en Suid-Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die verbruikersgedrag van die middelklas verbruiker in elke land. Die vergelykende ontleding gebruik sekondêre bronne soos joernaalartikels, boeke, voltooide navorsing en die internet. Hoewel Indië en China hoë huishoudelike spaarkoerse het, is dit nie ’n regstreekse uitvloeisel van beleidshervormings wat ingestel is om spaar aan te moedig nie. Dit is eerder ’n gebrek aan voldoende finansiële sektorontwikkeling en ’n swak maatskaplike veiligheidsnet, tesame met ’n kollektiewe huishoudelike kultuur en ingesteldheid wat groter waarde aan spaar heg as aan verbruik, wat daartoe gelei het dat huishoudings in Indië en China, en veral middelklas huishoudings, spaar om genoegsame voorsiening te verseker. In Suid- Afrika het die impak van finansiële bevryding en ’n gebrekkige maatskaplike welsynstelsel gelei tot ’n onvermoë om breedgebaseerde inkomstebeskerming te verskaf. Groter verbruikerstoegang tot finansiële dienste, tesame met ’n samehangende maatskaplike welsynstruktuur en volgehoue staatsinvestering, is kritieke temas wat die hervormingsagenda in Suid-Afrika moet deurvleg.
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Modin, Lisa. "Monto : Att skapa engagemang i privatekonomi för unga." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172371.
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Det här är ett examensarbete som avhandlar ämnet privatekonomi och unga, i detta abete definieras unga som personer mellan 16 - 21 år. Arbetet har utförs med kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningsmetoder. Samarbetspartners i projektet är Malgomajskolan i Vilhelmina, Dragonskolan i Umeå samt Järfälla Gymnasium i Järfälla. Resultatet är ett mobilt gränssnitt som hanterar och visualiserar tillgångar, sparande och betalningar med ambitionen att öka engagemanget och inspirationen kring ämnet privatekonomi.This is a degreework that touches the subject of matters of personal finance for young people, in this thesis young persons is defined as people aged 16 -2. This thesis has been carried out with both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Collaboration partners are Malgomajskolan in Vilhelmina, Dragonskolan in Umeå and Järfälla Gymnasium in Järfälla, all located in Sweden. The result is a mobile application that handles and visualises assets, savings and payments with the aspiration of increasing engagement and sense of inspiration for personal finance.
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Silva, Liliana Nobre da. "Financiamento do Consumo após a Reforma : Papéis em Mudança da Segurança Social e da Poupança Privada." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4334.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisO trabalho tem como principal objectivo analisar a necessidade e a importância de uma articulação mais ponderada entre a Segurança Social (SS) e a Poupança Privada (PP), na obtenção de rendimentos adequados no período pós-reforma, tendo em consideração a evolução do consumo ao longo da vida. Pretende-se analisar a constituição de poupança complementar à realizada para a Segurança Social. Serão, sucessivamente, abordados os impactos nos valores das pensões pagas pelo Estado, resultantes da aplicação do factor de sustentabilidade, já legalmente introduzido (Cenário 1), e de duas novas propostas: a imposição de limites máximos aos montantes atribuídos (Cenário 2) e um aumento gradual da idade normal de reforma, 65 anos (Cenário 3). Partindo de um vasto conjunto de casos tipológicos, procura determinar-se, em cada um dos três cenários e para cada caso, qual será o montante de poupança acumulada à idade normal de reforma que permitirá ao pensionista obter um nível de rendimento igual ao que era proporcionado pela Segurança Social, antes das incertezas trazidas pelo aumento da longevidade e pelas dificuldades crescentes no financiamento do sistema.
The main purpose of this work is to study the need and importance of combining Social Security pensions and Personal Savings, to obtain an adequate level of income for retirement, taking into account the evolution of consumption throughout life. It is intended to analyse the level of savings required to complement the Social Security benefits. The problem is gaining significance at the present times because of the growing financial difficulties faced by the Social Security system. Although a sustainability factor has already been introduced, reducing the pensions as longevity grows (Scenario 1), other measures, such as the imposition of a social security ceiling to the amounts paid (Scenario 2), or an increase in the retirement normal age, 65 years, (Scenario 3) are real threats to the status quo. Based on a wide range of typological cases, we seek to determine, in each of the three mentioned scenarios, and for each case, what is the amount of accumulated savings, up to the age of 65, that will allow the annuitant a post-retirement income equal to that provided by Social Security before the advent of today's financial problems.
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Adámek, Pavel. "Posouzení finanční efektivnosti koupě vlastního bytu jako možných alternativ řešení bydlení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227520.
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The aim of this thesis is the first part to gather theoretical and methodological knowledge about sources of funding in their own home and family planning personal finances. In the second part are then used to build the knowledge model situations three types of funding for each property separately. Produced models are primarily based on a comparison of the total financial cost and burden on the family budget. Consequently, the aim of using these evaluation and based on other findings in the final stage to propose recommendations that option purchase their own property will be best for the family.
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Hillerstig, Hanna, and Karin Gustavsson. "Pensionssparande ur ett livscykelperspektiv : En studie om vad som påverkar individens beslut avseende pensionssparande." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149782.
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BAKGRUND: Samtidigt som befolkningen blir äldre läggs ett större ansvar på individen att upprätta ett eget pensionssparande. Det blir således viktigare att påbörja sitt pensionssparande vid en yngre ålder. Det bör därför undersökas hur kognitiva motivationsfaktorer förändras över individens livscykel samt hur det interagerar med viljan och möjligheten att pensionsspara. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett retroaktivt perspektiv låta individer reflektera över vad som påverkat deras beslut gällande det egna pensionssparandet. Detta med fokus på (a) självkontroll, (b) mental accounting samt (c) undvikande av information och beslut. Studien avser att analysera och värdera dessa kognitiva motivationsfaktorer i en livscykelkontext samt hur de interagerar med möjligheten och viljan för att pensionsspara. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har genomförts med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer i åldrarna 40-65 år. Respondenterna har ställts inför frågor med fokus på studiens tre huvudfaktorer. Genom frågorna har respondenterna fått reflektera över hur dessa faktorer förändrats över tid och hur de varit kopplat till pensionssparandet. SLUTSATS: Individer tenderar att påverkas av specifika händelser i livet och låter dessa påverka deras pensionssparande. Pensionssparandet är lågt i början av det vuxna livet, när individen studerar och bildar familj, för att sedan öka och nå sin högsta nivå då barnen flyttar hemifrån. Dock finns det en personlighetstyp som har en hög grad av självkontroll genom hela livet och upprättar därmed ett pensionssparande vid ung ålder.BACKGROUND: As people are getting older, the importance of establishing personal retirement savings increases. Therefore, it is more important to begin retirement savings at a younger age. Because of this it needs studying how cognitive motivational factors changes during the life cycle and how they interact with the ability and willingness to save for retirement. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to let individuals reflect on what has affected their decisions regarding retirement savings, in a retroactive perspective. This with a focus on (a) self-control, (b) mental accounting, and (c) information and decision avoidance. The aim of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate these cognitive motivational factors in a life cycle-context, and how they integrate with the ability and willingness to save for the retirement. COMPLETION: The thesis has been conducted using a qualitative approach, through semi-structured interviews with individuals aging from 40-65. The respondents have responded to questions focusing on the thesis’s three main factors. Through these questions, the respondents have reflected on how these factors have changed over time and how they have been connected to retirement savings. CONCLUSION: Individuals tend to be affected by different events in their life and let them affect their retirement savings. Retirement savings are lower in early adult life, when the individual studies and starts a family, and is at its peak when kids move from home. There is also a personality type that has a high level of self-control throughout life and therefore saves for retirement at an early age.
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Teoh, Daphne Phaik-Kin. "Early experience correlates of excessive saving." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/452.
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Annett, Nigel Charles. "An empirical analysis of personal saving in South Africa : 1960-1995." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14723.
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Bibliography: leaves 94-99.This study seeks to empirically identify the major determinants of personal saving in South Africa . The paper uses the empirical results to examine whether personal savings can be an effective policy instrument for generating economic growth. Chapter one begins with a brief discussion of the link between savings and economic growth. The nature of personal savings in South Africa is then reviewed . Because of the composition of personal savings, it is argued that using personal savings as a target of policy will be ineffective .
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Tooth, Richard James Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Relative position and saving behaviour." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24958.
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There appears to be a growing recognition among economists and other social commentators that people attempt to enhance their relative position (which is commonly described as status) through consumption choices and other behaviour. It has been less common to consider whether attempts to enhance relative position impact on saving behaviour. This thesis makes a number of contributions relating to the impact of relative position on saving behaviour. In this thesis I: - consider why concern for relative position may impact on saving behaviour. I demonstrate, with a simple intertemporal model the surprising result that when people are concerned with relative position, income risk can lead to most people saving less and the rich saving more. - conduct an empirical study to test the importance of relative position on saving behaviour. I find a statistically and economically significant relationship between peer income and saving behaviour consistent with theories that people actively forgo saving to seek to enhance their relative position. I use the data to demonstrate that relative position can help to explain why prior research has consistently found that the rich have higher saving rates. - consider the policy implications of relative position to saving behaviour. I examine the policies, primarily corrective taxation, that have been advocated to address externalities of relative position in a static setting. I find that there are significant issues when these policies are considered in an intertemporal setting. I examine the policy of mandatory saving in addressing distortions caused by relative position and the possibility that concern for relative position improves the effectiveness of mandatory saving policy.
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Beerli, Monique J. "Saving the saviors : an international political sociology of the professionalization of humanitarian security." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0033.
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Aujourd’hui, un discours dominant affirme que le travail humanitaire est devenu dangereux. Face à l’insécurité croissante, les organisations humanitaires ont développé de nouvelles politiques de sécurité afin de mieux protéger le personnel et les infrastructures. En se fondant sur la sociologie des professions d’Abbott, ainsi que sur la théorie du pouvoir de Bourdieu, cette thèse propose une sociologie politique internationale de la professionnalisation de la sécurité humanitaire. Afin de combler les lacunes des explications et des critiques de la sécurité humanitaire, ce travail examine les conditions de possibilités à l’émergence d’un microcosme de professionnels. Du fait de cette transformation de la division du travail, les humanitaires considèrent désormais que certaines des populations les plus nécessiteuses se trouvent au-delà des limites raisonnables du sacrifice. En comparant le coût de la perte d’une « vie d’humanitaire » à la valeur potentielle du sauvetage des vies, les humanitaires participent à l’intensification des inégalités mondiales. Les humanitaires ne contentent plus seulement d’atténuer la souffrance de lointains étrangers, mais ils contribuent aussi à redéfinir la notion de « populations dans le besoin », en les étiquetant comme « populations dangereuses ». Ainsi, la mise en place de la sécurité comme sens pratique de l’humanitaire inverse les impératifs humanitaires fondés sur le sauvetage des vies et sur la défense d’une humanité partagée. Tout en contribuant aux débats sur la sécurité humanitaire, cette thèse participe également à faire avancer les études sur les élites transnationales, sur la sécurité et sur les organisations internationalesIn recent years, a dominant discourse has emerged asserting that humanitarian work has become a dangerous profession. In response to growing insecurity in the field, humanitarian organizations have developed new security policies to better protect humanitarian staff and infrastructures. Drawing from Andrew Abbott’s historical sociology of professions and Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory of power, this thesis proposes an international political sociology of the professionalization of humanitarian security. To address the shortcomings of normative-functionalist explanations and poststructuralist critiques of humanitarian security, this thesis examines the conditions of possibility fostering the emergence of a microcosm of humanitarian security professionals. As a consequence of this transformation in the division of humanitarian labor, humanitarian organizations now classify some of world’s neediest populations as beyond the limits of reasonable sacrifice. In the production of this exclusion, humanitarian actors reconstruct “populations in need” as “dangerous populations.” By weighing the cost of the loss of a “humanitarian life” against the potential value of saving the lives of needy others, humanitarian actors contribute to the intensification of global divides in their quest for a common humanity. In sum, the imposition of security as a humanitarian logic of practice is analyzed as a driving force of the inversion of the humanitarian imperative to save lives and act in defense of a shared humanity. Contributing to debates on humanitarian security, this thesis also advances the study of international organizations, security, and transnational power elites
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Yang, Yue. "Facilitating Game-Based Design in Personal Finance : The Design Process and Framework of Gamification Design in Personal Saving." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272128.
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Personal financial health determines the majority of daily decisions, but managing it could be uninspiring, stressful and at times hard to insist, which is especially challenging for those without professional financial knowledge and chrematistic habits. Gamification is introduced as the approach to simplify the financial terminology and employs game design elements to impel the users to engage more efforts into managing personal finance. This study aims at applying a participatory design approach to gamify a financial saving service, employed with design activities including an online survey, interviews, ideation workshops, prototyping and usability tests in the research process. The findings exposed the current primary pain points in personal savings including nebulous or evening missing of the saving goals, deficient in saving knowledge and lack of social information, which guided the three gamification settings and interactive gamified systems. The gamification design guidance in personal saving was proposed in two facets, where the gamification design process was concluded as finding the triggers, defining the target users, proposing gamification settings, gamifying interactive systems and evaluating the prototype, the gamification design framework was generalized in four gamification settings and user types. The results would guide the design process and streamline the future gamification design work in the personal financial domain, which would attach the efficiency and integration to the application of gamification in personal saving.Personlig ekonomi påverkar de flesta daglig beslut som man gör, men det kan vara svårt att sköta sin personliga ekonomi, särskilt för dem som inte har någon kunskap om hur man förvaltar sin ekonomi. Vi prövade gamifiering som ett verktyg för att hjälpa användaren att förstå och hantera sin ekonomi, men framförallt för att öka lusten att hantera sin ekonomi. I projektet använde vi deltagande design för att utveckla tillämpningen för sparande, vilket inkluderar design aktivtiter, en onlineundersökning, intervjuer, idéskapande workshops, samt utveckling av prototyper. Resultaten visar att det finns problem med personliga besparingar vilka inkluderar brist på besparingsmål, relevant ekonomisk kunskap samt brist på sociala processer som kan stödja användaren. Det vi fann bidrog till konstruktionen och design av gamifieringen i tillämpningen. Baserat på designarbetet tog vi fram ett ramverk för gamifiering. Ramverkt ger vägledning för gamifiering av tillämpningar för att hantera personlig ekonomi, förenklar design processen, vilket i sin tur gör att vi kan bli effektivare i hur vi använder gamifiering inom området.
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Persson, Danny, and Peter Furberg. "Saving & Investment : a guide to personal financial advising; the process and outcome." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23530.
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The ongoing global recession has made the economy widely discussed in recent months. As individuals, who are part of, and affected by what is happening in the global economy, we found it interesting to investigate the current financial situation on a more individual and personal level. We intended to find out more about personal financial advising, how it is conducted and what the financial advisors suggest we do with our money today. Is it best to stick the money under the mattress or has the current financial situation brought on a perfect opportunity invest money in the financial markets?
We hope to find patterns on how financial advisors recommend that we save and invest our money today. Also, we want to investigate what these recommendations are based on and how these financial advisors work to present these advices. We intend to look for similarities within the branch in the advising process, as well as the outcome of the process in order to create guidelines for saving and investment.
We intended to answer these questions by conducting a qualitative study where we interviewed six financial advisors at three different financial institutions. We take on a constructionist ontological position assuming that reality is constructed by the perception of social actors. Furthermore, we have taken an interpretivistic epistemological stance that view knowledge based on interpretations, and try to understand the world from the research subjects' point of view.
We utilized a number of theories in order to support and build our study. These theories were used in order to help us construct and conduct our collection methods of primary data, and further used to aid us in analyzing the interview findings.
Analyzing the empirical results we learned that the basis in the financial advising process is fairly standardized within the branch. First, personal and financial information is gathered in order to assess the client's unique situation, followed by the creation of a risk profile, which is very important according to the respondents. Even though the study shows that there are different methods to collect this information and create these profiles, the patterns show that all institutions work around the same concept, that every client is an individual that needs to be assessed as unique. We also learned that the financial crisis have not had a significant impact on the financial advising itself, but rather in the attitudes of the clients. Furthermore, the increased level of documentation due to the new laws is the only evident change, with minor signs of an increased protection for both the advisor and the client. Finally, conclusions about saving and investment today were drawn by finding patterns and common denominators between the respondents advices for the individual profiles created for this study.
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Hajjaj, Mohammed Awad. "Advanced intelligent lighting system for boosting personal comfort and energy saving of workspaces." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13158476/?lang=0, 2021. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13158476/?lang=0.
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本論文は，知的照明システムの改良に関わるものであり，従来の課題であった色温度の実現精度の向上と高価な色温度センシング機材を無くす方法ならびにそれらの最適制御法，これまで不明であったシステムがもたらす省エネルギー性に関する詳細な解析方法を提案し，これらの提案手法の有効性を検証するため新たに改良した知的照明システムを用いて実験を行い，それらの手法の有効性を確認した．An advanced intelligent lighting system has been proposed and introduced to provide a comfortable personal lighting environment for the workplace using the evaluation and biological information of workers. The research studies the appropriate perspectives of using the intelligent lighting system as a solution of the smart design in the office workspace. In the first part, the research paper has utilized the computerized system and the optimization method to generate the lighting automatically instead of using the sensing devices. The second part is related to energy consumption. The illuminance has been distributed based on the individual preference available of each user inside the office.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Mastná, Markéta. "CHUDOBA A PŘEDLUŽENOST ČESKÝCH DOMÁCNOSTÍ." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76219.
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The diploma work deals with the problem of poverty following from overdebtedness of Czech households. Poverty is defined as a strong social handicap leading up to a social exclusion. Overdebtedness means such a financial situation when households are not able to fulfill their financial obligations and thus it concerns especially households with low incomes. In the Czech Republic this fact has been distinguished since the year 2000. The topic of the diploma work points at the development of overdebtedness of Czech households and its evaluation, the size of this problem and the estimation of its further development. It analyses the threat to households leading to a debt trap. It deals with economic impact of state debtedness in connection with that of Czech households. Some attention is paid to the increasing unemployment as one of the strongest causes leading to a state of poverty and consequently to undesirable debtedness showing the evident link between unemployment and overdebtedness. At the same time, the emphasis is put onto individual responsibility and lifelong education as the prevention and solution to unemployment and doubtedness. The phenomenon of overdebtedness of Czech households is understood as a warning signal of the present.
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Valero, Marco. "Implementing Energy-Saving Improvements to the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocol." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cs_theses/62.
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IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard designed for low data rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) intended to provide connectivity to mobile devices. Such devices present considerable storage, energy, and communication constraints. However, they can be used in a variety of applications like home/office automation, environmental control and more. In order to extend the lifetime of the WPAN, we propose some changes to the standard including modifications to the Superframe Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) distribution which can be optimized to reduce energy consumption. We implemented the proposed improvements to the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol using real sensor nodes. Specifically, we conducted an energy study of the proposed acknowledgment-based GTS descriptor distribution scheme and compared the results with the standard implementation. Experiments show that the proposed changes reduce energy consumption up to nearly 50% when 7 devices allocate guaranteed time slots descriptors during normal communication.
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Mngqibisa, Vuyisa. "Saving and investment in South Africa: a causality study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011887.
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between private saving and investment for South Africa using a Vector Error Correction Framework. Saving and investment are considered to be important factors for sustainable economic growth in the country, particularly as these variables have been recorded at significantly lower levels than those of other developing nations. By examining the direction of causality between saving and investment, the most suitable policy measures can be used in stimulating either savings or investment, and as a result aggregate growth. The study found a positive two-way causality to exist between these two variables, proving that both saving and investment-led policies are necessary in raising saving and investment levels. With the inclusion of credit extension as the third variable used to remove any variable bias, the study not only found credit extension to Granger cause private saving, but the reverse relationship was found to be present as well. This relationship was however found to be negative, confirming that lower borrowing constraints may have a negative effect on saving levels. The negative relationship between credit supply and private saving (substitution effect) proves that credit supply will only yield a positive result for savings if channelled through investment expenditure.
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Mantashe, Zuko Nathi. "Factors that prevent black South Africans from attaining adequate levels of saving." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18551.
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South Africa is trailing behind its BRICS counterparts in terms of Gross national Savings rates. South Africa stands at around 16% of gross domestic product, fellow BRICS members China and Russia are standing at approximately 52% and 22% respectively. South Africa saw a decline from approximately 30% GDP to savings ratio before 1994 to the current level of approximately 16%. The trend has been very similar in comparison with India. The other similarity between these BRICS countries is that they all have seen very rapid growth. All economic indicators have indicated that the economies of the BRICS nations are very strong and have been performing at a superior level to South Africa. South Africa compares even worse with regards to household savings versus its BRICS counterparts. Various arguments and explanations as to why this is so come up on a number of social, government and corporate platforms. The “aspirational” culture is widely blamed for the poor showing of South African households when it comes to savings. The South African financial sector is very sophisticated and is widely blamed for the encouraging consumption and even worse credit consumption. An analysis done by Ecnometrics found that amongst the significant determinants of household saving rates are: uncertainty (inflation), income level, public sector savings, development’s in the global economy and government economic policy. The study revealed that the above factors were very influential in the rapid economic growth and increased per capita net worth seen of the most BRICS countries. The correlation between saving/investment and consumption/irresponsible consumer behavior is indicated to be a very strong one and takes a very longtime to evolve. This requires outrooting certain societal norms, attitudes and culture and replacing it with a brand new behavior, beliefs and aspirations. Role players that emerge as strong drivers in this phenomena is the societal culture however the other role player who prove to be prominent are the policy makers. In most cases the economic and gross national saving rates coincided with major economic policy reforms in the countries that have performed well.
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Bi, Lan. "The influence of uncertainty and liquidity constraints on liquid asset holdings of credit card revolvers." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127153217.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 174 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-160). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Bartošíková, Tereza. "Vnitropodnikové směrnice ve společnosti Focus Cz Marketing and IT Research s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224495.
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This thesis deals with issues related to internal guidelines of the particular company. Initially defines the internal guidelines and related basic concepts and then analyzes guidelines of the company and proposes implementation of new company regulations or improvement of the existing ones in order to help the company to statutory and effective accounting
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Nijad, Daniel, and Edwin Tse. "Nästan miljonnärer: : En kvalitativ studie om hur personer med utländsk bakgrund tänker kring finansiella beslut på finansmarknaden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomi, geografi, juridik och turism, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38956.
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Ett aktuellt debattämne på den politiska agendan är de ökade samhällsklyftorna som till stor del beror på inkomstskillnader i den svenska befolkningen. Det har visat sig finnas svårigheter för människor att ta beslut på en allt mer komplex finansmarknad med många attribut, som ställer högre krav på människors finansiella kunskapsförmåga för att kunna hantera sin egen privatekonomi. Människor med lägre finansiell kunskapsnivå har till stor del uteslutits och detta har varit mer tydligt för samhällsgrupper med sämre sociala och ekonomiska förhållanden. Tidigare forskning har visat att personer med utländsk bakgrund är en samhällsgrupp som denna problematik berör. Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie, med en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats, i form av fokusgruppsintervjuer med personer med utländsk bakgrund, ämnar denna studie bidra med ökad förståelse för hur denna samhällsgrupp ser på och tänker kring finansiella beslut på finansmarknaden. Studiens teoretiska referensram är baserad på tidigare forskning om personer med utländsk bakgrund, kognitiv förmåga, diskriminering samt forskningsfältet ”financial literacy”. Resultatet visade på att det fanns ett behov av ”financial literacy” bland informanterna, då många ansåg att den befintliga informationen som finns på finansmarknaden var svårtolkad och sätter allt högre krav på människans kognitiva förmåga. Det framgick även att många informanter ur den valda samhällsgruppen i studien “personer med utländskbakgrund” valde att avstå från att investera på finansmarknaden på grund av den risk som är associerad med finansiella investeringar.A current topic of debate on the political agenda are the increased social gaps, which are largely due to income differences within the Swedish population. There have been difficulties for people to make financial decisions in an increasingly complex financial market with many attributes, which places higher demands on people's financial knowledge to manage their own personal finances. People with lower financial knowledge have largely been excluded and this has been more evident for social groups with poorer social and economic conditions. Previous research has shown that people with a foreign background are a social group affected by this problem. Through a qualitative case study, with a socialconstructivist approach, based on focus group interviews with people from foreign background, this study aims to contribute to greater understanding of how this group of people views and thinks about financial decisions in the financial market. This study's theoretical frame of reference is based on past research about people with foreign backgrounds, cognitive ability, discrimination and the research field of “financial literacy”. The results showed that there was a need for financial literacy among the informants, as many considered that the existing information available in the financial market was difficult to interpret and has higher demands on humans cognitive ability. It was also found that many informants from the chosen social group in this study “people with foreign backgrounds” chose to draw back from investing in the financial market because of the risk associated with financial investments.
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Chuquihuaccha, Hernández Victor Daniel, and Guerra David Alberto Tamayo. "Aplicación móvil para smartphone para fomentar hábitos de ahorro en personas entre 25 y 35 años basado en principios de gamificación en Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653952.
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Esta tesis presenta el diseño de una aplicación gamificada para smartphone, tanto Android y iOS, que tiene como finalidad fomentar hábitos de ahorro. Esta aplicación tiene como público objetivo principal personas entre 25 y 35 años de Perú.
Para poder cumplir este objetivo analizamos dos conceptos importantes, el primero de ellos es sobre la gamificación, cuáles son los usos actuales de este concepto y los principales elementos de diseño. El segundo grupo es sobre la banca electrónica, como se desempeña hoy en día y algunos usos de la gamificación sobre ella.
Posterior a ello, se plasma la conceptualización del juego. Esta definición consta del diseño, mecánicas y dinámicas de juego, como ayudará a fomentar hábitos de ahorro a los usuarios y cómo estos serán validados. Además, se detalla la propuesta de desarrollo, organigrama, tecnologías involucradas, cronograma y costos.This thesis presents the design of a gamified smartphone application, Android or iOS, which aims to promote saving habits. The main target public of this application is people between 25 and 35 years old from Peru. In order to achieve this objective, we analyze two important concepts, gamification is the first one, what are the current uses and the main design elements. The second group is about electronic banking, how it works today, and some uses of gamification on it. Finally, the game conceptualization is reflected. This definition consists of the game design, mechanics and dynamics, how it will help to promote saving habits and how these will be validated. In addition, the development proposal, organization chart, technologies involved, schedule and costs are detailed.
Tesis
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Heyman, Susanna. "Visualizing Financial Futures." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och interaktionsdesign, MID, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211657.
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Research on financial decision aids, systems designed to help people make financial decisions, is sparse. Previous research has often focused on the theoretical soundness of the advice that the systems provide.The original contribution of this doctoral thesis is a set of empirical studies of how non-expert people understand the advice provided by financial decision aids. Since every piece of advice must be interpreted by a receiver, the accuracy of the advice can be corrupted along the way if the receiver does not understand complicated terminology, probabilistic reasoning, or abstract concepts.The design concept resulting from the studies visualizes a unique combination of short-term and long-term variables that are usually treated as separate and not interacting with each other; loans and amortizations, insurance, retirement saving, and consumption. The aim is to visualize the consequences of different decisions and possible adverse events in terms of their effect on the user’s future consumption, rather than abstract numbers detached from the user’s lived experience.The design concept was tested and evaluated by personal finance experts and professional financial advisors, as well as students and people without financial education, who represented the target users of the system. Results indicate that the system has a learning curve, but that once users understand how to read the graph, they find it more informative than conventional financial planning tools.QC 20170809
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Latronico, Fernanda Rampim. "Planejamento e habitualidade são determinantes na poupança familiar?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18698.
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Balance expenses of families, governments and companies can bring sustainability on medium and long term for Brazil. Therefore, comprehending what could bring it to a balance, analyzed by the household savings, could be the base to form public policies strategies. In the light of this work, a sample of actual financial movement of users of the financial control application Minhas Economias was analyzed, for appointing which characteristics and behaviors of a individual could impact its savings rate, considering the hypothesis that planning and habituality could imply higher savings rates. Some of the results are in line with the theories of Dholakia et al. (2016) and Shefrin & Thaler (1988), attesting that habituality and planning could impact the families savings rate. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that income and expenses, as well as its standard deviations, also generate, in level, significant statical impact over the savings rate. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that income and expenses, as well as its standard deviations, also generate, in level, significant statical impact over the savings rate. However, longitudinal analysis showed that planning, measured by the dummy variable budget, loses significance. That fact can be explained due to the non-observable effects (fixed characteristics of each individual), and as it is controlled, the dummy has no longer an effect. Therefore, the budget can reveal something peculiar in the individual and that, certain way, is controlled in the panel.
Equilibrar os gastos das famílias, governos e empresas pode trazer sustentabilidade no médio e longo prazo para o Brasil. Desta forma, compreender o que pode levar a um equilíbrio, analisado pela poupança familiar, pode ser a base para formar estratégias de políticas públicas. Para a realização do trabalho, portanto, uma amostra de movimentação financeira real de usuários do aplicativo de controle financeiro Minhas Economias foi analisada, levando a entender quais características e comportamentos de um indivíduo podem impactar a sua taxa de poupança, trabalhando com a hipótese que planejamento e habitualidade podem fazer com este tenha maiores taxas de poupança. Alguns dos resultados obtidos corroboraram com as teorias de Dholakia et al. (2016) e Shefrin & Thaler (1988), que a habitualidade e planejamento podem impactar a taxa de poupança das famílias. Além disso, foi possível concluir que receitas e despesas, bem como seus desvios padrão, também geram impacto estatisticamente significativo sobre a taxa de poupança em nível. No entanto, quando da análise longitudinal observou-se que o planejamento, medido pela variável dummy orçamento, perde significância. Tal fato pode ter se dado devido aos efeitos não observáveis (características fixas de cada indivíduo), e ao haver controle sobre isso, a dummy não possui mais efeito. Desta forma, o orçamento pode revelar algo que está no indivíduo e que no painel é de certo modo controlado.
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Berry, Jessica R. "Bus on Shoulder: Local Assessment of Shoulder Transit Lane for Regional Buses in San Luis Obispo County." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/263.
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The study looks at the applicability of integrating a Bus Only Shoulder (BOS) into the intermittently congested segment of US 101 in southern San Luis Obispo County. Policy, infrastructure and implementing criteria derived from case studies in Minnesota, Florida and California (San Diego) and the 2007 California Decision Document on BOS are applied to conditions in the region. One measure of performance, time savings, is projected to 2025 to determine the value of integrating the program by that horizon year. Given the substantial potential for time savings in that future year, recommendations are made to create the appropriate policy and infrastructure environment for the program.
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Ederer, Stefan, Maximilian Mayerhofer, and Miriam Rehm. "Rich and Ever Richer: Differential Returns Across Socio-Economic Groups." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7170/1/WP_29.pdf.
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This paper estimates rates of return across the gross wealth distribution in eight European countries. Like differential saving rates, differential rates of return matter for Post Keynesian theory, because they impact the income and wealth distribution and add an explosive element to growth models. We show that differential rates of return matter empirically by merging data on household balance sheets with long-run returns for individual asset categories. We find that (1) the composition of wealth differentiates between three socioeconomic groups: 30% are asset-poor, 65% are middle-class home owners, and the top 5% are business-owning capitalists; (2) rates of return rise across all groups; and (3) rates of return broadly follow a log-shaped function across the distribution, where inequality in the lower half of the distribution is higher than in the upper half. If socioeconomic groups are collapsed into the bottom 95% workers and top 5% capitalists, then rates of return are 5.6% for the former and 7.2% for the latter.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
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Wu, Tzung-Mou. ""Personne" en droit civil français : 1804-1914." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00738952.
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Cette thèse porte sur les mutations sémantiques qu'a subies le mot "personne" depuis la codification de Bonaparte jusqu'à la Première guerre mondiale. Elle montre que le mot conservait ses emplois et sens traditionnels dans le langage des juges et des praticiens, qu'exemplifient bien des sources jurisprudentielles en matières diverses, et la littérature sur l'abolition de l'esclavage et sur l'adage "le mort saisit le vif". Elle montre également que le mot n'a été associé aux idées d'homme et de sujet de droit qu'à partir de la lecture néologique de fragments romains proposée par Savigny, et que ce changement sémantique s'installait après 1870 à travers les écrits doctrinaux.
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Lieutier, Jean-Philippe. "Le modèle de l'actionnariat salarié." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32049.
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Les différences constatées entre les droits et obligations financiers, patrimoniaux et politiques d’un salarié actionnaire et ceux des autres actionnaires suscitent un légitime questionnement juridique. Il apparaît nécessaire de les expliquer car elles interrogent sur la cohérence d’ensemble du droit de l’actionnariat salarié. Les justifications classiquement avancées ne paraissant pas pleinement satisfaisantes, il convient donc de les dépasser.Le particularisme du statut du salarié actionnaire est ainsi attribué à l’existence d’un modèle de l’actionnariat salarié, soigneusement élaboré par le législateur et par la pratique, afin de répondre à plusieurs défis contemporains. La vérification de cette hypothèse implique d’identifier ce modèle. Une recherche en ce sens met en évidence la « double instrumentalisation » de ce type d’actionnariat partagé entre mode de rémunération et mode de gouvernance. Il est ensuite démontré que ces deux traits caractéristiques du modèle de l’actionnariat salarié ont influencé, au niveau individuel, le statut du salarié actionnaire. Son statut est alors construit autour de la volonté de transformer le principal intéressé, essentiellement, en bailleur de fonds de la société qui l’emploie et, subsidiairement, en actionnaire de contrôle. Cette conclusion offre une autre grille de lecture éclairant d’un jour nouveau le droit de l’actionnariat salarié. Cette nouvelle approche permet de fonder des propositions visant à limiter les risques financiers supportés par le salarié actionnaire et à rénover sa participation à la démocratie actionnarialeThe noticed differences between the financial, patrimonial and political rights and duties of an employee shareholder and those of the other shareholders arouse a legitimate legal questioning. It seems necessary to explain them because they question about the coherence of the whole salaried shareholding law. The justifications classically advanced don’t seem completely satisfactory, it is thus advisable to exceed them.The sense of identity of the status of the employee shareholder is so awarded to the existence of a model of the salaried shareholding, carefully elaborated by the legislator and by the practice, to answer several contemporary challenges. The check of this hypothesis implies to identify this model. A research in this way brings to light the " double instrumentalization " of this type of shareholding shared between method of payment and mode of governance. It is then demonstrated that these two characteristic features of the model of the salaried shareholding influenced, at the individual level, the status of the employee shareholder. His status is then built around the will to transform the main person interested, essentially, in financier of the company who employs him and, additionally, on shareholder of control. This conclusion offers another railing of reading enlightening in a new way the salaried shareholding law. This new approach allows establishing propositions to limit the financial risks supported by the employee shareholder and to renew its participation in the shareholder democracy
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Laland, Pierre. "L’association financière des salariés à la performance de l’entreprise." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020056.
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Au carrefour du droit du travail, du droit civil et du droit des sociétés siège la notion de rémunération. À l’image du contrat de travail, la rémunération peut se métamorphoser pour devenir un outil d’association financière des salariés à la performance de l’entreprise. L’association financière des salariés aux performances de l’entreprise ne présente pas un visage unique. Elle déploie d’abord ses effets dans le périmètre du Code du travail : l’individuel et le collectif se rejoignent pour dessiner une première forme d’association. Salaire et épargne salariale constituent les fruits du contrat de travail exécuté sous la seule bannière de la qualité de salarié. Celle-ci constitue l’élément primaire de l’association financière. L’actionnariat salarié emporte, en revanche, une double qualité : à celle de salarié s’ajoute celle d’associé. L’association financière devient alors parfaiteAt the crossroads between civil law and corporate law lies the notion of remuneration. Modelled on the contract of employment, remuneration can turn into a tool to share profits with the employees according to the performance of the company. Sharing profits with the employees according to the company’s performance is a multifaceted action. Its first effects appear within the scope of the labor code: the notions of individual and collective meet to give a first draft of profit sharing. Salaries and employee savings plans are at the core of profit sharing. On the contrary, employee share ownership presents a twofold position: employee and associate. Profits then become perfectly shared
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Lee, Hsiu-lin, and 李秀玲. "Pension Planning and financial treatment -- A personal savings account simulation." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52103693452466344653.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
社會學系研究所
86
The fertility rate in Taiwan area dropped since 1950,and the population s tructure became aged. The number of children reduced, and family resources to providefor the old aged is threatened. In the process of population aged, we f aced with labour force aged first, and we do not have a complete retirement pe nsion plancurrently. This paper present a retirement pension planning of pe rsonal savings accounr, we make a discussion of institution study, and finan cial simulation of contributionrate pension. To calculate contribution rate, w e estimate salary growth rate inboth macro and micro aspects and life expectan cy of retirement age in future years.Along with the planning of basic pension, we set the income replacement rate ofoccupation for 40%, with the middle proj ection of salary growth rate, adjusted bycareer salary change, and 5% pension fund return rate, a male worker''s contribution rate is 9.74%, for female worke r, the contribution rate is 11.01%.
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Osborne, Nicholas. "Little Capitalists: The Social Economy of Saving in the United States, 1816-1914." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VM49F2.
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In the early nineteenth-century United States, many social reformers, public commentators, and legislators argued that workers must engage in prudent financial planning in order to remain independent in a capitalist economy. Their belief that personal mismanagement was the primary cause of poverty led some of them to create the first financial institutions to help Americans of limited means save and invest their earnings: savings banks. From this modest start rose both a widespread ideology that related personal financial practice to personal virtue and a multibillion dollar industry that used the savings of millions of American workers to finance government, business, and personal debt. "Little Capitalists" charts this evolution from the philanthropic savings banks of the early-nineteenth century to the myriad commercial, cooperative, and public financial institutions for the working classes of the early-twentieth century. It shows how conceptions of individual and civic responsibility interacted with actual savings practices to integrate American workers into the national economy, building the financial apparatus that funded the expansion of wage-labor capitalism by harnessing the capital of wage laborers themselves.
American institutional savings pioneers sought to address increased poverty wrought by urban growth and the creation of a wage-earning class in the first half of the nineteenth century. These reformers organized the country's original savings banks on the premise that all workers were capable of saving some of their earnings--no matter how little--so that they could remain financially independent in times of unemployment, injury, or old age. Their institutions tried to teach workers how to save money by providing secure facilities in which they could do so in the small amounts that no other financial institutions would handle. They also offered depositors a chance to earn a small profit from interest paid on deposits. Because this interest derived from investing those deposits in securities, mortgages, and other loans, savings banks brought millions of nineteenth-century wage earners into the American economy as investors. In this way, these institutions promoted the idea that working-class depositors could be their own "capitalists."
As more Americans saved growing amounts, legislators, political economists, social reformers, and other observers took it as evidence that any worker who exercised virtues like thrift and self-denial could save money. Because generations of Americans viewed these personal attributes as the bases of moral civilization, they increasingly looked to savings institutions to foster a better citizenry and nation. The US Congress chartered the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company after the Civil War not only to provide financial services to former slaves but also to train them for a life of citizenship grounded in the principles of free labor ideology. Likewise, a nationwide movement beginning in the late-nineteenth century brought together governments, educators, and bankers to create a system of school savings banks to inculcate virtue in children by teaching them how to save pennies and nickels. In both cases, the point was to mold a working class steeped in the social, political, and moral values that would make them amenable to the emerging system of wage-labor capitalism.
Even as some savings institutions attempted social indoctrination, workers' growing deposits also demonstrated their financial power. From the 1870s to the 1910s, this motivated entrepreneurs and legislators to design and encourage new institutions to collect savings deposits and invest them widely, including: industrial life insurance firms, employee thrift plans, trust company and commercial bank savings departments, and a postal savings system. Meanwhile, organizations like building and loan associations slowly added the extension of working-class credit to the collection of working-class savings. These new institutions gave many Americans increased discretion over how to save (and spend) money. But as they began to utilize them, workers also became a significant component of the nation's for-profit finance economy as both creditors and debtors. In the process, they assumed new financial risk.
"Little Capitalists" outlines this history. It shows how a group of social experiments designed to foster an independent working class in the early-nineteenth century spawned, by the second decade of the twentieth century, both an ideology of saving at the center of popular perceptions about good citizenship and a small finance industry that was indispensable to the American economy.
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Yun-Fang, Hsiao, and 蕭韻芳. "The Optimal Investment Portfolio for Personal Savings for: The Case of Business and Industry Employees." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25752042629598972679.
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碩士實踐大學
企業管理研究所
95
Abstract This study divides individual financial management into three phases. First phase is regular saving (before the age of 40), second phase is wealth growing (from 40 to 50years old), third phase is wealth consolidating (after the age of 51). Risk preference of individual investors are categorical into three types, There are conservative (risk averse), stable (risk neutral) and aggressive (risk seeking). The purpose of this study is to investigate what combination of investment strategies (based on risk preference) in each of the financial phase obtains best result. According to the data collected from 303 samples, including those are retired during the past five years and those will be retired in next five years. The empirical evidence shows that people adopted regressive strategy in savings phase, stable strategy in growing phase and conservative strategy in consolidating phase are most satisfied with their retirement reserve.
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Risenga, Arthur. "Predictive effect of the relationship between debt-instruments and the usage of savings of tools by consumers." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11907.
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This study seeks to show that a higher usage of debt instruments by consumers with limited available funds leads to the usage of savings tools to finance debt costs, which subsequently results in lower levels of savings. This was espoused by the literature on PFM and also proven by the test results from the research hypotheses that were computed by means of a logistic regression. The test results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the usage of debt instruments and the usage of savings tools. An emphasis is placed on the importance of savings as an integral component of the PFM concept: it is namely seen to be indispensable to good financial planning to ensure current and future consumer financial security. Therefore, this study concludes by highlighting the importance of consumers’ financial- management skills in minimising debt costs to increase levels of savings by controlling higher consumption expenditure through debt.Business Management
M. Com. (Business management)
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Risenga, Arthur. "Predictive effect of the relationship between debt-instruments and the usage of savings tools by consumers." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11907.
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This study seeks to show that a higher usage of debt instruments by consumers with limited available funds leads to the usage of savings tools to finance debt costs, which subsequently results in lower levels of savings. This was espoused by the literature on PFM and also proven by the test results from the research hypotheses that were computed by means of a logistic regression. The test results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the usage of debt instruments and the usage of savings tools. An emphasis is placed on the importance of savings as an integral component of the PFM concept: it is namely seen to be indispensable to good financial planning to ensure current and future consumer financial security. Therefore, this study concludes by highlighting the importance of consumers’ financial- management skills in minimising debt costs to increase levels of savings by controlling higher consumption expenditure through debt.Business Management
M. Com. (Business management)
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Du, Plessis Germien. "An exploration of the determinants of South Africa’s personal savings rate - Why do South African households save so little?" Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23126.
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Savings plays an important role as a national buffer against international capital fluctuations and as a critical ingredient for economic growth. South Africa has a low national savings rate by international standards, an outcome that has flowed from a declining trend in domestic savings in recent years, to the point where the South African Reserve Bank reported that households had started to dis-save during 2006 and 2007. In view of the importance of savings, the state of South African savings is cause for concern. The determinants of household saving have been examined extensively in the literature on savings behaviour. The application of the theoretical determinants of savings to specific economies, however, has been the subject of debate as a result of the dynamic nature of savings behaviour and the fact that the interaction between theoretical savings determinants (and therefore the anticipated savings behaviour outcome) is influenced by country-specific social, demographic and economic conditions. Accordingly, this paper seeks to distil the determinants of South African household savings behaviour with reference to the expert opinions of South African economists, to gain an understanding of the actions to be taken in order to improve the savings behaviour of South African households. The key findings of the study indicate that South African household savings are impacted negatively by the prevalence of an aspirational culture in which consumption is encouraged by access to credit facilitated by South Africa’s sophisticated financial sector. In addition, governmental policies with regard to wealth distribution and welfare payments contribute to the creation of a culture of dependence and a reduction in household savings. The outcome of the study has various policy implications, including the proposals that government should be engaged to increase financial education of consumers and that the use of fiscal tools (such as tax incentives to encourage savings) and compulsory savings schemes, should be considered. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Nzhinga, Rendani Kenneth. "Strategies in managing financial risk vulnerability among South African households." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23216.
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Various studies have found that South Africa’s high unemployment rate contributes to poverty, inequality, crime and ill-health. Furthermore, South African low to middle-income households are characterised by a high debt to income ratio which contributes to low or negative savings rates. This has left many households vulnerable to financials risk and shocks. This research examined how households with low-income or no income manage to cope on a daily basis. The research adopted an auto ethnography method. During the initial phase of the fieldwork the researcher observed participants over a period of more than a year in the provinces of Limpopo and Gauteng, this was followed by in-depth interviews with households selected using purposive and snowballing sampling. The results revealed that the most common coping strategies used by participants’ to deal with financial risks and shocks are borrowing from peers (family, friends and neighbours) and high-risk lenders i.e. mashonisas and accessing social support networks. Other strategies employed included pawning and selling of assets as well as employers’ loans. It was interesting to note that unlike studies in other countries, skipping meals were not a common coping strategy, and this could mainly be ascribed to the social support networks (Ubuntu) that were found in the communities studied. Future research is recommended on the impact of family financial obligations on households’ financial well-being.Taxation
M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)
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Ming-Cheng, Lin, and 林明正. "Power-Saving Resource Allocation Algorithmfor Wireless Personal Area Network." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72914327434991655700.
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碩士輔仁大學
電子工程學系
94
With the characteristics of short range, high-rate, and low-power, IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN enable the isochronous and asynchronous service to meet the requirements of multimedia applications. This paper investigates the isochronous resource allocation problem in IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN. Due to the limited resources of wireless portable device, saving power is one of the most important issues. In this paper, an optimal energy-aware scheduling problem is defined and proved to be NP-complete. Given a set of established isochronous connections and a set of isochronous connections requests, using a minimal number of isochronous bandwidth and minimal energy to service all the connections is attempted. An efficient isochronous resource-allocation algorithm, capable of providing a solution close to the lower bound, is also proposed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm provides near optimal scheduling to reduce unnecessary switching times and idle time.
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Kuo, Wen-wen, and 郭文文. "Personal Saving Tax Planning-The Case of Planning Inheritance Tax." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98384910391939463017.
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碩士義守大學
管理研究所碩士班
94
This study employs the case of planning inheritance tax to develop an appropriate personal saving tax planning. This study collects the relating inheritance laws and the recommends of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and literature, and deliberates about realistic scenarios. In addition, this study also applies the case study to design the approach of inheritance tax planning and suggests the appropriate method for various scenarios. This study discusses the inheritance tax planning by two aspects: do planning and not planning. According to the characteristics of property, we develop a number of saving tax approaches and tools. Moreover, this study also discusses the timing and the effects of application. After considering the purposes of inheritance tax planning, the personal finance planner may follow this study to find a best way of saving tax.