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1
Ritter, Kathrin. "The narcissistic personality disorder." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17037.
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Die Narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung (NPS) wird aufgrund der inkonsistenten Konzeptualisierung stark diskutiert. Ziel der Studie war es, NPS-Patienten zu untersuchen, um mit empirischen Daten die Validität und klinische Relevanz der NPS zu diskutieren. Es wurden zwei epidemiologische Studien durchgeführt. Studie 1 betrachtet die allgemeine psychische Belastung und Komorbidiätsraten, Studie 5 schaut auf die Stabilität und Remissionsrate der Diagnose und der diagnostischen Kriterien. Studie 1 fand eine erhöhte allgemeine psychische Belastung und hohe Komorbiditätsraten für affektive Störungen und Störungen durch Substanzkonsum, Studie 5 fand eine moderate Remissionsrate von 53%. In Studie 2 und 3 wurden selbstbezogene Kognitionen und Emotionen untersucht. Studie 2 erforschte die explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung. Es zeigte sich, dass die NPS mit einem niedrigen expliziten aber einem unbeeinträchtigten impliziten Selbstwert einhergeht. Studie 3 betrachtete Schamneigung bei der NPS. NPS-Patienten zeigten eine höhere explizite und implizite Schamneigung. Das indiziert, dass die narzisstische Vulnerabilität (niedriger expliziter Selbstwert, hohe explizite und implizite Schamneigung) bei NPS-Patienten eine Rolle spielt. In Studie 4 wurde die kognitive und emotionale Empathie untersucht. NPS-Patienten zeigten eine niedrigere emotionale Empathie aber eine unbeeinträchtigte kognitive Empathie. Die Ergebnisse passen zur aktuellen Kritik, dass die diagnostischen Kriterien zu eng sind, um die NPS adäquat zu beschreiben. Studien 1–3 geben Hinweise für die narzisstische Vulnerabilität, die nicht in den diagnostischen Kriterien repräsentiert wird, Studie 4 bringt Hinweise für eine ungestörte kognitive Empathie, was konträr zum diagnostischen Kriterium „Empathiemangel“ ist, und Studie 5 stellt die Beschreibung der NPS als stabiles andauerndes Muster in Frage. Implikationen für weitere Forschung und für die klinische Praxis werden diskutiert.Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is discussed due to its inconsistent conceptualization. The aim of this study was to investigate a sample of NPD patients to collect empirical evidence and discuss the validity and clinical relevance of NPD. Two epidemiological studies are included in this thesis. Study 1 focused on the general mental stress of NPD patients and assesses comorbidities, Study 5 looks at the stability and remission rate of the diagnosis and its criteria. Study 1 found that NPD is associated with general mental stress and high comorbidity rates for affective disorders and substance use disorders, Study 5 found that NPD demonstrates a moderate remission rate of about 53%. In Study 2 and 3, self-related cognitions and emotions were examined. Study 2 investigated explicit and implicit self-esteem. It was determined that NPD is associated with a lower explicit self-esteem and an unaffected implicit self-esteem. Study 3 focused on shame-proneness in NPD. Patients with NPD showed significantly higher explicit and implicit shame-proneness. These results indicate that the narcissistic vulnerability characterized by low explicit self-esteem and high explicit and implicit shame-proneness is necessary in inpatients with a NPD. In Study 4 cognitive and emotional empathy were examined. NPD patients displayed impairment in emotional empathy while cognitive empathy was unaffected. In summary, the findings are in line with the critique that the diagnostic criteria are too narrow to describe the entire manifestation of the disorder. Study 1-3 presented evidence for the narcissistic vulnerability that is not represented by the current diagnostic criteria, Study 4 provided evidence for an unaffected cognitive empathy that is contrary to the seventh diagnostic criteria “lack of empathy”, and Study 5 calls the stable pattern of long duration into question. Implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed.
2
Warner, Megan Beth. "Personality traits, traitedness, and disorders: towards an enhanced understanding of trait-disorder relationships." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4238.
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Traitedness has been described as the âÂÂthe degree to which a particular trait
structure is approximated in a given personâ (Tellegen, p. 28, 1991) and has been
hypothesized as one explanation for findings of weak trait-behavior relationships. That
is, if traits are differentially applicable to different individuals, then trait-behavior
relationships may be moderated based on the strength with which an individual fits with
a given trait model. This study used moderated multiple regression to test the
moderating effects of four different traitedness indicators to increase the prediction of
diagnostic consistency in four personality disorders, and also tested the main effects of
traitedness estimates to predict cross-situational consistency of functional impairment.
Traitedness estimates performed better in the prediction of increased diagnostic
consistency, though there were some isolated findings of traitedness increasing crosssituational
consistency of functional impairment.
3
Dirks, Bryan Larry. "Repetition of parasuicide : personality disorder, personality and adversity." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26144.
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This study aims to describe the relationship of personality disorders to the repetition of parasuicide whilst taking cognizance of recent developments in the classification of and assessment for personality disorders. This study also aims to determine whether risk factors described by other authors for further suicidal behavior are characteristic of these patients locally. This study also aims to describe the contribution of newly described personality dimensions to repetition of parasuicide. This study also describes suicidal behavior in the follow-up period of a cohort of parasuicide patients who were seen in the emergency psychiatric service during follow-up. This study also examines the comorbidity between the personality disorders categories defined by the clinical criteria of the Tenth International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders or ICD-10, (World Health organization, 1992). This study compares the co-occurence of these new personality disorder categories with the comorbidity which has been observed in older classification systems (American Psychiatric Association; 1980, 1987) in order to determine whether this new classification system has led to less comorbidity among the personality disorders. This study also examines aspects of the relationship between informant based diagnoses of personality disorder and personality dimensions described by Cloninger et al (1994).
4
POGGI, ANITA. "Trust in Borderline Personality Disorder." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/330121.
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Il presente contributo propone un modello euristico per lo studio della fiducia interpersonale. Sulla base di precedenti concettualizzazioni sul tema della fiducia consideriamo la fiducia interpersonale un processo interattivo, circolare e che prevede più fasi. Di conseguenza, sottolineiamo l'importanza di considerare le espressioni comportamentali di fiducia come l'esito di un processo dinamico in continua evoluzione piuttosto che come una disposizione personale statica. Nella presente tesi, miriamo ad approfondire i processi che sottostanno una minore predisposizione a fidarsi del prossimo da parte dei soggetti con tratti di personalità borderline (il così detto, untrustworthiness bias). Lungo l'intero elaborato di tesi esemplifichiamo un utilizzo del modello proposto per esplorare l'untrustworthiness bias in soggetti con tratti di personalità borderline. Nel primo Capitolo, forniamo una presentazione dettagliata del modello già menzionato in precedenza e una revisione sistematica della letteratura precedente in merito a difficoltà a fidarsi del prossimo in soggetti con Disturbo Borderline di Personalità. Nei capitolo successivi presentiamo cinque studi empirici che approfondiscono alcune fasi specifiche suggerite nel modello. Nei capitoli 2, 3 e 4 esploriamo l'influenza di alcune differenze individuali sull'untrustworthiness bias di soggetti con tratti di personalità borderline. Più di preciso, un questi capitoli ci occupiamo di esplorare rispettivamente la sensibilità all'esclusione sociale, all'ingiustizia e la sospettosità. In questi capitoli dimostriamo empiricamente come diverse disposizioni individuali possono influenzare diversamente la disposizione individuale a fidarsi del prossimo in soggetti con tratti borderline di personalità. Nel Capitolo 5, invece, esploriamo l'effetto che diversi indizi di fiducia (indizi diretti e indiretti) possono avere sull'untrustworthiness bias di soggetti con tratti borderline di personalità. I nostri risultati sottolineano come l'associazione tra tratti borderline e untrustworthiness bias non è stabile, bensì variabile. Infine, nel Capitolo 6, ci focalizziamo sull'influenza della situazione di Covid-19 sulle disposizioni individuali a fidarsi del prossimo in soggetti con tratti di personalità borderline. Sorprendentemente, troviamo disposizioni alla fiducia interpersonale simili tra individui che hanno partecipato allo studio durante il periodo di lock-down nonostante livelli variabili di tratti borderline di personalità.
Nelle conclusioni presentiamo i nostri risultati principali e le implicazioni dell'usare, sia in ambito clinico sia empirico, il modello suggerito per studiare il fenomeno della fiducia interpersonale.The present work proposes a novel heuristic model for studying Interpersonal Trust. Building upon previous conceptualizations of trust, we recommend considering trust as an iterative, circular, and multi-step process. Hence, we stress the importance of considering trust expressions as a dynamic process in continuous evolution rather than a static personality disposition. In the present work, our main aim is to shed light on the processes underlying the lower propensity of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder features to trust others (i.e., untrustworthiness bias). Throughout the thesis, we exemplify the use of the proposed model for exploring the well-established untrustworthiness bias of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features. Chapter 1 provides a detailed illustration of the model mentioned above and a systematic review of the previous literature on trust impairments among individuals with BPD. In the following chapters, we present five empirical studies that elucidate the peculiar functioning of individuals with BPD features in some of the stages suggested by the model. In Chapters 2, 3, and 4, we investigate the influence of some individual differences on BPD’s untrustworthiness bias. We respectively focus on the exploration of Rejection Sensitivity, Justice Sensitivity, and Suspiciousness. In these chapters, we empirically prove that different trust-related personal dispositions have a typical influence on the interpersonal trust dispositions of individuals with BPD features. In Chapter 5, we explore the effects of diverse (i.e., direct or indirect) cues on the untrustworthiness bias of individuals with BPD features. Our findings remarkably suggest that the association between BPD features and untrustworthiness bias is not stable rather variable. Finally, in Chapter 6, we focus on the influence of Covid-19 circumstances on the interpersonal trust dispositions of individuals with BPD features. Surprisingly, we found similar interpersonal trust dispositions among individuals with different BPD features’ levels in a large community sample recruited during confinement. In conclusion, we discuss our findings and the implications of using the suggested model to study Interpersonal Trust both from an empirical and clinical perspective.
5
Boyd, Sara E. "Personality and Personality Disorder in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/30.
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Very little research has examined the role of personality in important life outcomes and support needs of adults with intellectual disabilities. This exploratory study includes a sample of 102 community-dwelling adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and begins to evaluate the relative contributions of general personality and personality disorder as it they concern their adaptive functioning, Axis I psychopathology symptoms, and residential and vocational supports.
Observer ratings of personality disorder and Five Factor Model and Reiss Profile general personality functioning were obtained from direct service providers who knew the participants well, and archival file data (e.g., IQ, adaptive functioning scores, medications prescribed, and diagnoses) were collected after informed consent and assent were obtained from the participants. The results suggest that both personality and personality disorder, relate the intensity of supports required, the number of psychiatric medications prescribed, maladaptive behavior, and the amount of Axis I psychopathology exhibited by the participants. Results of the study are discussed with reference to implications for service delivery and planning and future research.
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Stinson, Jill D., and Brittany V. Williams. "Redefining Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD, DSM-v, and Emotion Regulation Disorders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7970.
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Solhan, Marika. "Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4605.
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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
8
Butler, Emma. "The clinical relevance of personality disorder cognitions in the eating disorders." Thesis, University of East London, 2009. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3729/.
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Although cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) as the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa, it has only been found to be effective for 50-60% of individuals. In addition, the evidence base for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is weak. It is commonly recognised that there is a high comorbidity between personality disorders (and their associated traits) and eating disorders. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the cognitions underpinning personality disorders in individuals with eating disorders, and to investigate whether those cognitions reduce the impact of CBT for eating disorders. Participants were 59 individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder presenting for CBT at a specialist eating disorder service. Each participant completed measures of personality disorder cognitions, eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions and other psychological symptoms at session one of CBT. Participants were then asked to repeat the measures of eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions at session six of CBT. Drop-out rates were recorded. Findings provided evidence of the rapid onset of action of CBT for eating disorders. There was a significant reduction in eating disorder attitudes over the first six sessions. Six personality disorder cognitions were significantly associated with eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions and other psychological symptoms. These were avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, dependent, borderline, histrionic and paranoid personality disorder cognitions. Higher levels of dependent and narcissistic personality disorder cognitions were associated with dropping out of treatment before session seven of CBT, and higher levels of histrionic, avoidant and borderline personality disorder cognitions were associated with an improvement in eating disorder attitudes in the first six sessions of CBT. The limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are discussed. In addition, the clinical implications of the findings are considered.
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Prane, Jada Z. "Multiple personality disorder/dissociated identity disorder : the client as actor model /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9957569.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 337-340). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9957569.
10
Useda, J. David. "The construct validity of the paranoid personality disorder features questionnaire (PPDFQ) : a dimensional assessment of paranoid personality disorder /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025654.
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Theunissen, Chris. "A multidimensional developmental neuropsychological model of borderline personality disorder (BPD) : examining evidence for impairments in 'executive function' /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050602.162509.
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Carver, Margaret D. "Personality disorder dimensions and relational functioning /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1990. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/0115200.
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Simpson, Phillip Richard. "Emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1364.
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This paper reviews the theoretical, conceptual and empirical literature relating to emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder. A number of issues relating to the disorder are discussed, including problems with the categorical system of diagnosis and potential co-morbidity. The prominent models of treatment are reviewed along with the evidence for their effectiveness. The concept of a core dysregulation of emotion in the disorder is considered and the psychological models of emotion explored. A systematic review is then described that identified twenty-one experimental studies that investigated aspects of emotional dysregulation in the disorder. The results of this review are categorised into subgroups on the basis of the experimental methods used, and discussed within this context. The results provide limited support for the concept of emotional sensitivity, with empirical evidence for increased attention to emotional stimuli but no evidence of a lower threshold of emotional response. Increased emotional intensity has been demonstrated with self-report and time-sampling data, however results from physiological measures are inconsistent. The limitations of the current literature are discussed, and the implications for future research and clinical practice are considered.
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West, Laura. "Personality disorder & serious further offending." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14241/.
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Offender characteristics are considered important in the prediction of future risk of re-offending and response to treatment. The psychiatric classification of offenders can therefore be an important variable influencing decision making. Although the relationship between personality disorder and offending is established in the literature, the relationship is complex. Recidivism of any type, particularly serious further offending that is violent or sexual in nature, has far reaching implications on the victims, the perpetrator, the criminal justice system and wider society. The identification and management of individuals with personality disorder is a priority for both mental health professionals and the criminal justice system. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between personality disorder and further offending in adult forensic populations (prison and probation). Chapter one presents a general introduction to the topic. Chapter two presents a literature review following a systematic approach and poses the question: Is personality disorder associated with recidivism? The findings are generally supportive of the view that some personality disorders are associated with a greater likelihood of recidivism. The limited good quality research available indicates the need for further research. Chapter three presents a critique of a screening tool for personality disorder, the Standardised Assessment of Personality: Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS). It highlights that despite some shortcomings, the SAPAS is a simple, brief and useful first-stage screening tool for personality disorder that possesses adequate psychometric properties. It is proposed that a combined screening approach, using the SAPAS and Offender Assessment System Personality Disorder (OASys PD) screen, is necessary to improve the detection of antisocial cases, particularly in forensic populations. In Chapter four an exploratory cohort study examines personality disorder in a UK sample of offenders, that have committed a further serious sexual or violent offence, whilst under the active supervision of the London Probation Trust. The study investigated the prevalence and type of personality disorders using the SAPAS and OASys PD screen. Comparisons were made between serious further offence (SFO) offenders with and without personality disorder, and within the SFO group by type of SFO (violent or sexual). The SAPAS and OASys PD screen were also explored in relation to their ability to predict group membership (SFO vs. non-SFO). The study identified that personality disorder prevalence was higher in SFO offenders, particularly antisocial traits, and that the OASys PD and OASys risk of harm (RoH) classification are significant variables for predicting group membership. The study has added to the knowledge base and understanding of SFO offenders and has implications for the practice of Offender Managers/Supervisors in UK prisons and probation units. The findings support the efficacy of the screening approach used in the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (DOH/NOMS, 2012), London Pathways Project. A single case study is presented in Chapter five which evaluates the utility of psychological therapy with a man on Licence, presenting with traits of antisocial personality disorder. The difficulties associated with working with this client group are considered. In Chapter six a discussion of the work presented concludes the thesis. Overall, the thesis identifies some interesting findings in relation to the prevalence of personality disorder in SFO offenders and the utility of some key tools used in the assessment of offenders in probation/prison, and how these could be used in relation to risk management.
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Swinson, Nicola. "Personality disorder in perpetrators of homicide." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/personality-disorder-in-perpetrators-of-homicide(9b3ad6fa-f504-4311-9c39-8d14288d7148).html.
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Background: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness has been collecting detailed clinical data since 1996 on a national sample of people who commit homicide, including psychiatric reports prepared for court. From 1996-2006, the Inquiry was notified of 5808 homicides in England and Wales. A diagnosis of personality disorder was made in 16% (406) of cases in psychiatric reports prepared for court. Given prevalence figures of 50-90% for personality disorder in the offender population in general, it seems likely that this is an underestimation in this population. Aims: Estimate the prevalence of personality disorder in a national case series of homicide perpetrators with court reports. Investigate any variables associated with the diagnosis of personality disorder in court reports, and with specific dimensions of personality disorder. Explore potential reasons for the lack of attribution of a personality disorder diagnosis in reports. Method 600 court reports were analysed using the PAS-DOC, a document derived version of the Personality Assessment Schedule. Those with a diagnosis of personality disorder in reports were compared with those without on a number of sociodemographic, clinical, and criminological variables Focus groups and semi structured interviews were conducted with Forensic Psychiatrists with a range of experience to explore attitudes towards personality disorder. Results: The prevalence of personality disorder in this sample was 56.3% (95% CI 52.3% - 60.3%). Perpetrators with previous violent offences and substance misuse were more likely to be diagnosed with personality disorder by report writers. Severe personality disorder was significantly associated with prior convictions for any violent offences and with a stranger as a victim. Complex personality disorder was associated with a family or spouse as a victim, and negatively associated with a stranger as a victim. A number of themes emerged in the focus groups and semi-structured interviews to explain the discrepancy between the identified prevalence of personality disorder and its diagnosis made by report writers. These included issues surrounding classification, comorbid mental illness, ethical issues regarding court, recommendations for verdict and disposal, treatability, service provision, training and stigma. Conclusions: Personality disorder is underdiagnosed in psychiatric reports prepared for court. Reasons for this and the implications from both a clinical and ethical perspective are discussed.
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Gluszik, Laura Ann. "Dependent Personality Inventory-Revised (DPI-R): Incorporating A Dimensional Model In The Assessment Of Dependent Personality Disorder." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1270666735.
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au, chris theunissen@health wa gov, and Christopher Theunissen. "A Multidimensional Developmental Neuropsychological Model of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Examining Evidence for Impairments in Executive Function." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050602.162509.
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric disorder characterised by turbulent interpersonal relationships, impaired self image, impulsivity, and a recurrent pattern of unstable affect which is usually evident by early adulthood. It has a community prevalence rate of two per cent, and approximately nine per cent of people diagnosed with BPD commit suicide. This suggests that BPD has one of the highest lethality rates of all psychiatric disorders. The course of the disorder shows a steady improvement over the course of early adulthood with the majority of cases remitting by middle age. This positive but incomplete long-term recovery is thought to be a naturalistic outcome that is independent of treatment effect.
The reported study sought to test selected components of a multidimensional developmental neuropsychological model of executive functioning in BPD. The model proposed that BPD is characterised by impairments to four neuropsychological executive functions. These include working memory, response inhibition, affective-attentional bias, and problem-solving. The model further proposed that impaired executive functioning in BPD occurs as a result of the failure of experience-dependent maturation of orbitofrontal structures. These structures are closely associated with the development of the cognitive executive.
The study incorporated a cross-sectional design to analyse data from a BPD group, a Depressed Control Group, and a Medical Control Group. The overall findings of the study returned limited support for the original hypotheses. There was no evidence of deficits in working memory, response-inhibition, or problem-solving. In contrast, the BPD group returned some evidence of deficits in affective-attentional bias.
Therefore, the results suggest that executive functioning remains largely intact in BPD. This also suggests that people with BPD have the working memory resources necessary to facilitate abstract cognition, have the capacity to effectively plan and execute future-oriented acts, and are able to perform appropriate problem-solving functions. These problem-solving returns are also particularly significant because a number of the tasks utilised in the study are known to be associated with so-called frontal-executive function. These unremarkable findings challenge the view that people with BPD might experience some form of subtle neurological impairment associated with frontal-lobe compromise.
The Stroop measure of affective-attentional bias provided the only supportive evidence for the proposed model, and these findings can be accounted for by at least two different explanations. The first suggests that BPD might be characterised by a hypervigilant attentional set. The specific cause of hypervigilance in BPD is unknown, but some candidate factors appear to be the often-reported abuse histories of borderlines, insecure attachment histories, and deficits in parental bonding. The second interpretation suggests that the Stroop findings reflect a form of response conflict in which BPD participants experience difficulties overriding tasks that rely on the enunciation of automatic neural routines.
As a result of these findings, further research on the role of arousal, priming, hypervigilance, and response-conflict in BPD is required. It is likely that the Stroop findings reflect a basic, hard-wired attentional mechanism that consolidates by early adolescence at the latest. As a result, the Stroop findings have implications for both the prevention and treatment of BPD.
A number of prevention strategies could be developed to address the attentional issues identified in the present study. These include assisting children to more effectively regulate arousal and affect, and assisting parents to communicate affectively with children in order to enhance self-regulation. The treatment implications suggest that interventions directed at affective-attentional processes are required, and further suggest the need for new pharmacotherapies and psychological treatments to modify dysfunctional attentional process. Affective neuroscience will have an increasingly important role to play in the understanding of BPD, and the next quarter century is likely to witness exciting advances in understanding this most problematic of disorders.
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Taha, Ai Yun. "Exploring functional connectivity across borderline personality disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471093/.
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The overall focus of this thesis relates to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the default mode network (DMN) in borderline personality disorder (BPD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative disorders. Part one of the thesis systematically reviewed 19 studies investigating RSFC of the DMN in PTSD, BPD and dissociative disorders to establish the value of DMN in understanding the three psychopathology. Current research suggests that RSFC of the DMN is distinct when comparing participants with PTSD, participants with PTSD co-morbid with MDD, and healthy controls. In addition, studies also showed that RSFC of the DMN was associated with PTSD severity and trauma experiences. In terms of BPD, findings seem to indicate the presence of aberrant RSFC of the DMN when compared to healthy controls and bipolar disorder. However, in order to interpret these results, it is essential to consider the potential influence of co-morbid MDD. As there was only one research investigating dissociative disorder, it is premature to conclude if RSFC of the DMN is atypical in this disorder. Overall, the reviewed studies seems to indicate that the value of the DMN in understanding psychopathology is strongest in PTSD but lacking in BPD and dissociative disorder. Part one concludes by addressing current limitations and implications for future research. Part two presents an empirical study investigating RSFC of the DMN in participants with BPD and healthy controls. In order to further elucidate the associations with indices of core symptomatology, self-reports measures pertaining to dissociation, trauma, emotional dysregulation, general clinical symptomatology and personality psychopathology were also administered. The findings suggest that BPD participants display higher RSFC between core brain regions. However, as only one of the obtained finding remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, higher RSFC in BPD participants were also associated with higher self-reported trauma experiences, dissociation and general clinical symptomatology. Similarly, these results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and hence should be further investigated in future studies. This section concluded by discussing implications of these findings and limitations of the current study. Part three provided a critical appraisal of the entire research process. Firstly, it considers the implications of the current study, namely the influence on therapeutic approaches, our understanding of BPD, PTSD and dissociation, reflections on the wider issues in neuroimaging studies and in BPD research. This is then followed by a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in research investigating multiple constructs. Lastly, whilst acknowledging the limitations of neuroimaging, the critical appraisal also put forth suggestions aimed at maximizing clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
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Butrus, Ninawa. "The relationships between personality traits, dysfunctional schemas and personality disorder features." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2012. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/cfcbd9baef7fb82248e291131e028a661dc2b23ef137eb5c81c0a940196f34c8/4783816/Butrus_2012_The_relationship_between_personality_traits.pdf.
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The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the relationships between personality traits, dysfunctional schemas and personality disorder (PD) features. Previous research has established that personality traits and dysfunctional schemas are associated with personality disorders (PDs). However, comparatively little research has examined the relationships between personality traits and dysfunctional schemas or explored whether dysfunctional schemas have incremental validity in the prediction of PD features over and above personality traits. Thus, three studies were conducted to understand PD features from an integrated perspective that incorporates some of the key elements from both trait and cognitive-behavioural theories of PDs. Study 1 (N = 313) and Study 2 (N = 269) investigated the relationships between personality traits, dysfunctional schemas and PD features in non-clinical analogue samples through the use of several self-report measures. Correlational analyses in Study 1 and Study 2 revealed that general personality traits from the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and maladaptive personality traits from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) model, respectively, were meaningfully correlated with: (a) dysfunctional schemas conceptualised as either early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) or dysfunctional PD beliefs; and (b) theoretically-relevant PD features. Further, correlational analyses in Study 1 revealed a large number of positive zero-order correlations between EMSs, dysfunctional PD beliefs and PD features. (...)
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Austin, Karla Michele. "Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Personality Characteristics and Comorbidity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279399/.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is surrounded by confusion and controversy regarding its definition, course, etiology and treatment. Among adults, ADHD is rarely considered a diagnostic reality of primary importance and is often overlooked. This study provides descriptive validity for adult ADHD in distinguishing it from controls, and identifying both a pure condition and one wrought with comorbidity.
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Jones, Curt. "Responding biblically to dissociative identity disorder." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Bourne, James. "A genealogy of the personality disorder construct." Thesis, University of East London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532925.
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Personality disorder is a commonly diagnosed set of psychiatric disorders that are used to denote a stable and enduring pattern of experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from cultural expectations. The construct is widely acknowledged to be problematic on the grounds of its scientific reliability and validity and there is a debate in the literature regarding the re-conceptualisation of personality disorder using a dimensional model. This study employs a genealogical methodology to carry out a philisophico-historical analysis of the politio-medical conditions of emergence of the construct. The work looks at the way in which disparate discourses have transformed and merged to take on increasingly essentialist, scientised and rarefied forms during the course of the twentieth century. The emergence of personality as a multi-dimensional statistically knowable phenomenon amenable to professional and technical management is also explored. The study goes on to apply the ideas from two papers, Leeming and Boyle's (2004) paper on Shame as a social phenomenon and Moncrieff's (2008) chapter on Neoliberalism and Psychiatry, to the historical material drawn upon, in order to explore possible implications from a psychological as well as a political perspective. There are some concluding remarks on the possible value of reflexivity when attempting to address complex issues. 3
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Kim, Nami. "Decision-making, impulsivity, and borderline personality disorder." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3215400.
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Walton, Laura Carol. "Attachment and metacognition in borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7591.
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Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by emotional and behavioural instability, and impaired ability to maintain relationships. Previous research has demonstrated an association between BPD and insecure attachment style. It has been argued that BPD is a disorder of attachment, with insecure attachment being associated with inadequate capacity to represent mental states, or to “mentalize”. There is evidence that people with BPD are impaired in their capacity to mentalize in the context of attachment relationships. The term “mentalization” encompasses a broad range of processes including metacognition. There is a theoretical basis for metacognitive deficits in BPD. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the role of metacognition in BPD and its relationship to adult attachment style. Method: Participants with BPD were recruited from Community Mental Health Teams, Clinical Psychology and a Dialectal Behaviour Therapy (DBT) service within NHS Highland. A comparison group of participants without BPD were recruited from the Clinical Psychology service, having been referred for symptoms of depression. Both groups were administered the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ)(a self-report measure of attachment); and a short version of the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30). Severity of clinical symptoms and current mood was assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Participants with BPD scored significantly higher than those without BPD on the attachment-anxiety and attachment-avoidance dimensions of the RSQ. The BPD group also endorsed MCQ-30 items more than the comparison group. There was a significant difference between the groups on the MCQ-30 total score and four of the five subscale scores. There were significant positive correlations between attachment dimension scores and metacognition subscales. The strongest associations were between attachmentanxiety and “uncontrollability and danger” and “need to control thoughts” subscales of the MCQ-30. Only metacognition was predictive of current mood and distress levels. Conclusions: The results of this study show that people with BPD report high attachment-avoidance and attachment-anxiety in their relationships, relative to a non-BPD, depressed comparison group. These findings are consistent with the existing literature regarding the profile of attachment in BPD. This study also found that people with BPD also have more maladaptive metacognitions than people with symptoms of depression. An association between self-reported adult attachment style and maladaptive metacognitiion was demonstrated in the present study. Maladaptive metacognitive strategies and beliefs potentially contribute to maintenance of depressed and anxious mood, as well as broader symptoms of distress.
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Reid, Norman. "Interpersonal relationship difficulties in borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264651.
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Jones, Sarah A. "Understanding change within emotionally unstable personality disorder." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2017. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16351/.
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Qualitative research has begun focussing on the experience of change within psychological therapy for individuals with a diagnosis of Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD). However, many individuals do not access therapy but instead utilise other forms of support. This study aimed to develop a holistic theory of change, applicable to but extendable beyond the remit of psychological therapy. Twelve individuals were interviewed using semi-structured format about their experience of change. Five individuals with a diagnosis of EUPD were interviewed alongside seven staff members. A Grounded Theory methodology was used. The key change experience was defined as one of ‘shifting positions’ where the individual began evolving their relationship to themselves, to others and to help. This process was often facilitated by development of safe and trusting relationships and a personal readiness to change. The change process could simultaneously be enhanced and set back by staff and Mental Health Services. This change process mirrors and expands the findings of previous research and offers a change model applicable across settings. Future research should include the perspective of carers and clinical settings should explore how best to support staff to attune to individuals’ needs in order to facilitate change.
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Intili, Rita. "Borderline personality disorder and emotion information processing." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3513/.
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Interpersonal difficulties, including problems in forming and maintaining relationships, figure prominently in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This paper addresses whether vulnerability to troubled interpersonal relationships in BPD may be related to biases in processing emotionally salient information. It considers the predictions that prominent models of BPD would make in terms of processing emotional information and it surveys the literature to establish whether BPD individuals are characterised by an attention bias, an interpretation bias, a memory bias, or all three. Taken together, the evidence suggests that BPD individuals preferentially attend to emotionally threatening information, but whether this is the result of hypervigilance towards threat, difficulty shifting attention away from threat, or both, is unclear since there is some ambiguity surrounding the methods employed. The range of studies examining an interpretation bias suggests that BPD individuals tend to appraise and interpret others as rejecting when the emotional information is ambiguous. Research on memory bias is still young and the findings too inconsistent to draw conclusions. The methodological limitations across the studies are considered and suggestions for further lines of enquiry are made. Establishing whether processing biases are associated with BPD is important as it may lead to a better understanding of what fuels unstable interpersonal relations. Cognitive biases may also provide clues that refine assessment and treatment.
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White, Lauren. "Borderline personality disorder : a personal construct approach." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14439.
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In 2003, Winter, Watson, Gillman-Smith, Gilbert and Acton criticised the DSM-IV’s psychiatric conceptualisation of BPD, proposing a set of alternative descriptions based on Kelly’s (1955) Personal Construct Psychology (PCP) and diagnostic constructs. According to Winter et al. (2003), PCP offers not only a less “pre-emptive” stance towards BPD but is more clinically useful given its intrinsic implications for treatment. This correlational research study aimed to determine whether BPD symptomatology is associated with these proposed characteristics of construing. In addition, it was hypothesised that those with a belief that BPD was a part of their identity and untreatable would display higher levels of hopelessness. Ten participants with an existing diagnosis of BPD completed the following measures: a) Personal Construct Inventory (PCI; Chambers & O’Day, 1984); b) Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Third Edition, (MCMI-III, Millon, 1994); and c) Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS; Beck & Steer, 1988). Participants were also asked to complete a repertory grid and a Likert Scale indicating the extent of their belief that: a) BPD is an intrinsic part of them; and b) BPD is a treatable condition. Two of the participants are presented as case examples. The most significant finding related to the hypothesis that greater BPD symptomatology would be associated with a higher degree of change in self-construction over time (‘slot-rattling’). Contrary to our prediction, similarity of construing of the elements ‘Me Now’ and ‘Me in the Past’ was correlated with greater BPD symptomatology. This may indicate a belief among participants that they are unable to change or may represent Kellian hostility. Construing one’s mother and father similarly to one’s therapist was associated with greater BPD symptomatology, as was construing one’s father and partner similarly, suggesting, as hypothesised, that those diagnosed with BPD tend to construe current relationships in the same terms as early relationships. Pre-emptive construing and poorly elaborated self-construction were also found to be associated with increased BPD symptoms as predicted. Content analyses performed on elicited constructs revealed that emotion regulation is the most salient area for participants. While the majority of participants considered that BPD was a part of their identity, most were uncertain as to whether BPD is treatable although these findings were not significantly correlated with levels of hopelessness. Participants’ feedback about their experiences of being diagnosed with BPD raises important ethical questions. Further hypotheses are generated based on the study findings and suggestions are made for a revision of the way in which psychological distress is conceptualized, with a particular emphasis on the utility of the PCP approach towards BPD. Clinical implications, limitations of the study and possibilities for further research are discussed.
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White, Elliott P. "Social cognition skills in borderline personality disorder." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/12836/.
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Section A reviewed 18 empirical behavioural studies on empathy and mental state inference (MSI) skills in those meeting Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) criteria. The review was situated within Mentalization theory (MBT), which posits a central link between such skills and complex needs presentation. Firm conclusions about BPD mentalization skills are difficult as deficits, enhanced abilities and no differences from non-patients are reported. None of the reviewed papers stimulated attachment system arousal, as warranted by mentalization theory. Economic game research was highlighted as offering value in assessing self-directed mentalization, an under-researched area. Section B sought to test MBT and other model’s claim that empathy and Mental State inference (MSI) skills are differentially degraded in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). 27 people meeting BPD criteria and a matched non-patient group had empathy assessed with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and MSI assessed with a modified economic game. This was done before and after a novel attachment system intervention. Empathy skills were less accurate in the BPD group. Other findings including game behaviour, fairness ratings and a social cue selective prioritisation in non-patients only are discussed. The theoretical links and suggestions for clinical innovation and research development are provided.
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Sinclair, H. E. "Trait emotional intelligence and borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/855096/.
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Part 1: The Literature Review explores the association between Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEl) and emotion regulation (ER). Twenty-four studies met the review's inclusion criteria and their contributions to the TEl and ER literature are discussed. The studies suggest that high TEl is linked with a greater sensitivity to emotional information and enhanced ER ability. The review concludes that TEl may be an interesting and important concept for further investigation, especially in populations with ER difficulties. Part 2: The Empirical Paper explores the associations between TEl, ER difficulties, and mindfulness ability in those with and without a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). TEl, ER difficulty, and mindfulness scores were found to be correlated for the entire sample. Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD reported statistically significantly lower TEl, greater difficulties in ER and reduced mindfulness skills compared to the Non-Clinical sample. The research and clinical implications of the study, along with its limitations, are discussed. Part 3: The Critical Appraisal reflects on the personal motivations for the research. In addition, process issues which arose from the research are discussed. Finally, in reference to the clinical implications of the study, further areas for investigation are considered and recommendations made.
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Rizvi, Shireen L. "Treatment of shame in borderline personality disorder /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9125.
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Davis, Jeffrey Jay 1955. "Borderline personality disorder and Jungian psychological types." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278029.
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Twenty-one individuals diagnosed as having borderline personality disorder were studied to determine Jungian psychological type. All respondents were recruited through therapists working in the Tucson, Arizona area. Therapists were employed in both private and public mental health care sectors. The respondents were largely female (N = 19) white, and non-married. Due to the large percentage of females, only the female portion of the sample was used for comparison with other, all female populations. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Form F was used to determine psychological type. Respondents showed a higher incidence of introverted and intuitive types when compared to groups representing the general population. Compared to groups representing inpatient psychiatric populations, the study sample showed a larger incidence of intuitive types.
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Matich, Theresa. "Attitudes toward Antisocial Personality Disorder Among Clinicians." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/44.
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The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes toward antisocial personality disorder among clinicians. The researcher created a 15 question survey to interview clinicians in hopes of eliciting information about their attitudes toward this population. The survey consisted of seven open ended questions and eight Likert scale questions. The researcher analyzed the data by transcribing the interviews and looking for common themes among the responses. Likert scale questions were tallied and compared in SPSS to determine the spread of the answers. The results of the study showed there are negative attitudes among clinicians currently in direct treatment settings; attitudes were more neutral among clinicians who are currently not involved in direct practice. In applying the theory of reasoned action it is suggested clinicians in direct practice who hold negative views display behaviors that affect the treatment process and outcome. The researcher’s recommendation for future study is to explore the attitudes of other helping professionals in comparison to social work practitioners.
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Neuger, Jolanta. "Platelet serotonin function and personality traits in affective disorder /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-181-0.
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Jahng, Seungmin. "Analysis of affective instability on ecological momentary assessments data successive difference, variance decomposition, and mean comparison via multilevel modeling /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5077.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on May 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Pickersgill, Martyn. "Ordering disorderly personalities : co-producing antisocial personality disorder through policy, science and standards." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504250.
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Boggs, Christina Danielle. "Clinical overlap between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder in male veterans." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4367.
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The associated features, high rates of comorbidity and chronicity of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) raise
questions regarding the distinctiveness of the two disorders. The present study expands
upon previous literature by providing an investigation of clinical features across two
groups: PTSD only and comorbid PTSD and BPD in a sample of male veterans (n=178).
Results suggest that the two groups were distinct, with the comorbid group displaying
higher levels of depression, hostility, alcohol use and general psychopathology. Groups
did not differ on rates of personal trauma, adult sexual abuse, childhood sexual abuse,
attack, accident or disaster. The two groups did differ significantly on rates of childhood
violence.
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Williams, Brittany V., and Jill D. Stinson. "Evidence for the Redefinition of Borderline Personality Disorder as an Emotion Regulation Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7966.
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Recent discussion of proposed changes to the 5th version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders highlighted the struggle to categorize and define the characteristics of persons who present with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). BPD has traditionally been defined as a personality disorder, assuming a distinct trajectory and prognosis that sets it apart from other mood disorder diagnoses. However, early discussion in the development of the DSM-V introduced the possibility of BPD as one of several disorders existing on a shared mood disorder or emotion-regulation disorder spectrum. The final, published DSM-V retained BPD as a personality disorder on a diagnostic spectrum apart from mood or emotion regulation disorders; however, does BPD represent a broader and persistent difficulty with emotion regulation, rather than a disorder of the personality? In the current study, 73 psychiatric inpatients in a state-operated forensic hospital and 428 undergraduate students from a local university were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), as well as the BPD section of the Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders, DSM-IV version (SIDP-IV). Total and subscale scores on the DERS were correlated with individual symptom ratings from the SIDP-IV Borderline. Results suggest many of the subscales representing different facets of emotion regulation evidenced low to moderate correlations with symptoms of BPD. The subscales of the DERS least associated with symptoms and diagnosis of BPD are those that emphasize cognitive regulation of emotional experiences. Thus, it is likely that BPD would fit well within a conceptualization of emotion regulation disorder. Results also suggest some differences between groups, where more overlap between constructs exist for college students rather than psychiatric inpatients, with the least associated constructs are those that emphasize both cognitive and behavioral components of emotional regulation.
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Trace, Sara. "The Genetic Epidemiology of Purging Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/125.
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Although a variety of factors influence the development of eating disorders, genetic factors contribute notably to their etiology. Understanding genetic factors associated with eating disorders is important, as they can influence how these disorders are recognized, researched, and treated. This dissertation included two studies addressing important questions within the fields of eating disorders and genetics; specifically, Study 1 addressed the prevalence and heritability of purging and purging disorder in a population-based sample of female twins from the United States; and Study 2 investigated the nature of the co-morbidity between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive personality disorder in a population-based sample of female twins from Norway. Twin methodology was applied for both studies. Univariate analyses, a bivariate Cholesky decomposition, and an item-factor modeling approach were used. Results from Study 1 revealed estimates of 3.0%, 3.4%, 3.7%, and 11.5% for self-induced vomiting, laxative and diuretic abuse, and excessive exercise, respectively. Laxative abuse was more strongly influenced by common environmental effects, while liability to excessive exercise was more strongly influenced by common genetic factors. Due to insufficient data, an item-factor model of purging disorder did not yield conclusive results. In Study 2, the phenotypic correlation between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive personality disorder was 0.08. A bivariate Cholesky decomposition revealed that an AE-AEre model best fit the data, indicating that additive genetic effects moderately contribute to both anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive personality disorder individually but that these genetic influences are not shared between the two disorders. In addition, this model suggests that the slight overlap in liability between the two disorders is entirely accounted for by unique environmental effects and error. These results provide preliminary findings on important topics within the field of eating disorders and genetics research. Further study of the heritability of purging and purging disorder, as well as the nature of the co-morbidity between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive personality disorder, is needed in large population-based samples. Better understanding the etiology of disordered eating and frequently co-occurring diagnoses, both at the diagnosis and symptom level, might have the potential to inform classification and treatment.
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Engen, Lene. "Co-occuriring borderline personality disorder and substance abuse." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15865.
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Hennigar, Sandra Ann. "Experiences of women living with borderline personality disorder." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/MQ36466.pdf.
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Larstone, Roseann Marie. "Personality disorder traits and antisocial behaviour in adolescents." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39783.
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In an effort to further understand the contribution of maladaptive personality characteristics to the expression of distinct forms of antisocial behaviour during adolescence, this study examined links between personality disorder traits, physical and social aggression, and nonaggressive antisocial behaviour over one year. A community sample of adolescents (n=182) completed self-reports of physical and social aggression and nonaggressive antisocial behaviour during the summer between the 10th and 11th grades. Participants’ parents (n=192) completed a measure assessing the adolescents’ personality disorder traits when the youths were 15 years of age in 2009, and their teachers (n=154) completed measures of the frequency of adolescents’ perpetration of physical and social aggression during the following academic year. Analyses, conducted separately for boys and girls, explored the links between broad personality disorder factors and facet-level traits as predictors of teacher- and self-rated physical and social aggression, and nonaggressive antisocial behaviour. Results of a series of multiple regression analyses revealed that disagreeableness emerged as a strong predictor of teacher-rated social aggression, self-rated physical aggression and nonaggressive antisocial behaviour in girls but not boys. Broad personality disorder traits did not predict self-rated social aggression. Findings from the facet level revealed that, in contrast with previous research, associations were not found between aspects of disagreeableness, emotional instability, compulsivity and nonaggressive antisocial behaviour in boys. Further, facets within the introversion factor strongly predicted self-rated physical and teacher-rated social aggression for girls only. Findings highlight the importance of examining both higher- and lower-order maladaptive personality traits and considering gender differences in trait expression, in understanding the perpetration of distinct forms of adolescent antisocial behaviour.
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Edmundson, Maryanne. "A FIVE-FACTOR MEASURE OF SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/57.
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The current study provides convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity data for a measure of schizotypia from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. Nine schizotypia facet scales were constructed as maladaptive variants of respective facets of the FFM (e.g., Aberrant Ideas as a maladaptive variant of FFM Openness to Ideas). On the basis of data from 143 undergraduates the convergent validity of these nine facet scales was tested with respect to 11 established measures of schizotypia and the respective facets of the FFM. Discriminant validity was tested with respect to other personality disorders and facets from other FFM domains. Incremental validity was tested with respect to the ability of the FFM schizotypia facet scales to account for variance in two established measures of schizotypia, after variance accounted for by respective FFM facets and other established measures of schizotypia were first removed. The findings support the validity of these new facet scales as measures of schizotypia and as maladaptive variants of the FFM.
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Berlin, Heather. "Impulsivity, the orbitofrontal cortex and borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df454308-aea1-448a-9237-83735452947f.
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Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been associated with disinhibited or socially inappropriate behaviour and emotional irregularities in both humans and monkeys. Prominent characteristics of several personality disorder syndromes, in particular Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), are impulsivity and affective instability. This investigation aimed to determine if certain aspects of the Borderline Personality syndrome, in particular impulsivity, are associated with OFC dysfunction. Basic questionnaires of personality, emotion, and impulsivity together with tasks sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction that assess possible factors related to impulsivity, including time perception, sensitivity to reinforcers, and spatial working memory (SWM), were administered to OFC lesion, BPD, non-OFC prefrontal cortex lesion control, and normal control participants. OFC and BPD patients performed similarly, in that they were more impulsive, reported more inappropriate behaviours, BPD traits, anger, and less happiness than both control groups. They were also less open to experience and had a faster perception of time (in terms of time production) than normal controls. They performed differently on other tasks: BPD patients were less extraverted and conscientious and more neurotic and emotional than all other groups. OFC patients had more severe deficits in reversing stimulus-reinforcer associations compared to all other groups and had a faster perception of time (in terms of time estimation) than normal controls. Both OFC and non-OFC lesion patients had mixed lesions that included dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFC) damage. Accordingly, they both had SWM deficits, a task used to control for DLFC damage, compared to normal and BPD participants. Since BPD participants were not impaired on this task and non-OFC patients did not perform poorly on the same tests that OFC patients did, the neuropsychological deficits of BPD and OFC patients could not be attributed to SWM deficits or DLFC dysfunction. The findings suggest that some of the cognitive/behavioural deficits commonly found in BPD patients are related to OFC dysfunction while others are unrelated and are perhaps related to other brain systems. The possibility of amygdala dysfunction is discussed. The similarities and dissociations found between BPD and OFC patients on certain tasks may lead to a better understanding of the aetiology of BPD and the functions of the OFC. Theoretical and therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.
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Coles, Rebecca-Louise. "Risk assessment, personality disorder, and key developmental variables." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1732/.
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This thesis examined the relationship between key developmental variables, dynamic risk factors, and personality. First, a detailed review of the literature pertaining to these areas is presented. A narrative review with systematic search strategies was compiled due to the breath of the topic areas. Second, an empirical research project was conducted to investigate the relationship between key developmental variables, dynamic risk factors on the Stable-2007 (formally Stable-2000 and Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating) (Hanson & Harris, 2001; Hanson, Harris, Scott, & Helmus, 2007), and personality disorders measured using the Million Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MCMI-III) (Millon, Millon, Davis, & Grossman, 1997). The research had a secondary aim to evaluate whether any of the variables could be used to predict treatment attrition. The Challenge project data was utilised for this research which comprised information on 106 sex offenders both child molesters (n=69) and rapists (n=37). The research demonstrated number of relationships between personality disorder, key developmental variables, and the Stable-2007 items. There were very few significant associations between any of the variables and treatment attrition. Third, a case study aimed to demonstrate the practical utility of Stable 2007 discussed in Chapter 1 and researched in Chapter 2 is presented and relevant interventions are discussed. Fourth, a critique of a psychometric measure, the Stable-2007 is provided, which demonstrates continuing advances and validation of dynamic risk assessments. Finally, an overall discussion of each of the chapters is provided.
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Chester, Ruth M. "Team talk and personality disorder : a discursive analysis." Thesis, University of East London, 2006. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3822/.
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This study's interest lay in how multidisciplinary teams talk together about clients with a diagnosis of personality disorder (PD1 ), and how such talk relates to professional and societal influences. Relationships to wider discourses, power and the creation of knowledge are also considered. Historically PD clients have held a particular role as individuals often excluded from mainstream mental health services. Experiences of exclusion and discrimination dominate service user accounts. There is evidence that mental health professionals and service providers have struggled to provide a satisfactory service response, resulting in clients receiving fragmented care. Exclusion has come to be viewed as reasonable by practitioners. The diagnosis is considered as influenced by moral; social, medical and socio-political influences, and has attracted controversy in relation to its validity, reliability and usefulness. Current proposals to amend mental health legislation and the discourse of risk contribute to the contemporary context. The analyses explored how talk related to constructions of clients, utilising both Discursive Psychological and Foucauldian analytic approaches within a social constructionist epistemological framework, and gathered naturalistic qualitative data from multi-disciplinary team meetings. Services were all adult mental health community services in London. Three Constructions were discussed: as clients in need of mental health service intervention; as clients not in need of mental health service intervention and constructions of clients as manipulative. Particular attention was paid to highlighting ways in which teams managed and negotiated a range of professional views, with a focus on language and the action orientation of discursive resources. These constructions were discussed in the context of literature related to teamwork and social psychological and psychodynamic understandings of interaction and decision making. Clinical implications are considered for a range of interest groups. ' Please note that the term PD will be used throughout to denote clients either with an explicit or implicit Personality Disorder diagnosis.
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Sadie, C. "Childhood experiences of men with borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446805/.
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Borderline personality disorder is a severe, psychologically and socially debilitating condition that tends to develop in people who have experienced multiple forms of adversity in their early lives. For a variety of reasons, most research into the aetiology of the disorder has focused on women. This research seeks to explore potential aetiological factors among men. There is evidence that known risk factors for BPD differ in incidence between men and women, and that responses to and interpretations of such experiences may also differ by gender. It is possible, then, that BPD may develop along different pathways for men and women, or may act on different vulnerabilities. These differences may be clinically significant, and could influence the way in which therapeutic interventions are conceptualised and delivered. The first section, a review paper, describes and critiques the existing research into risk factors for BPD, including aspects of childhood maltreatment and neurobiological markers of the disorder. It examines the literature on gender and BPD, exploring explanations for the apparent rarity of men in research and clinical settings. The review then evaluates the existing research specifically regarding men with BPD, and makes a case for a more inclusive programme of research, incorporating a consideration of gender-specific risk factors. The second section, an empirical paper, presents an analysis of the responses of 30 men, 19 meeting criteria for BPD and 11 forming a psychiatric control group, to questions exploring their childhood experiences of abuse, neglect and adversity, and their current symptomatology. Characteristics of the BPD group were described, and hypotheses regarding the nature and severity of experiences of maltreatment between the BPD and non-BPD group were tested. Then, the findings of this study were compared with those of two recent similar studies. Finally, the paper discusses the theoretical and clinical implications of the results, appraises their validity, and makes suggestions for further investigation. Third, a critical appraisal reflects on several salient issues in some depth. It examines criteria for BPD in the light of gender differences and patterns of responding in this study, and explores the validity of the diagnosis for men. Methodological debates regarding the use of retrospective data collection are detailed and the decisions made in the current study discussed. Finally, some observations are made regarding the research process, noting challenges endemic in research in this area, and specific points of learning.
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Nicol, Katie. "Social and emotional processing in borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19537.
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Objective Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common and serious mental illness, associated with severe emotional dysregulation, a high risk of suicide and self-harm. Those with a diagnosis of BPD often display difficulties with social interaction, making daily life problematic, and sufferers can struggle to form and maintain interpersonal relationships. Childhood trauma is believed to contribute to the development of BPD, however the mechanism by which childhood trauma increases risk for specific symptoms of the disorder is not well understood. Here, we investigate the ability of participants with a diagnosis of BPD to make social judgements and recognise emotions from facial stimuli. We also explore the relationship between childhood trauma, brain structure, and brain activation in response to emotional stimuli. Methods Individuals with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, as well as matched healthy controls, were recruited to take part in a neuropsychology study of emotion recognition and social judgement from faces. Participants also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, during which data was collected for analysis of brain structure, and brain function in response to emotional faces. In addition, all participants completed a structured clinical interview and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD were less well able to correctly identify facial emotions than healthy control participants (p < 0.001), with a particular deficit in the recognition of disgust (p = 0.001). Those with BPD also had difficulty making appropriate social judgements about others from their faces, and between group differences were greatest for judgements of approachability (p = 0.004) and trustworthiness (p = 0.014). Significant correlations were identified between CTQ scores and performance on both tasks in the BPD group. Although no structural brain differences were noted between the BPD group and healthy controls, we found that brain activation correlated to childhood trauma in midbrain, pulvinar and medial frontal gyrus to fearful (versus neutral) faces. There was a significant association between incidence of abuse in childhood and psychotic symptoms in adulthood. In addition, there was a significant correlation between midbrain activation and reported psychotic symptoms in the BPD group, suggesting a potential relationship between childhood trauma, midbrain activity and the development of psychotic symptoms in those with a diagnosis of BPD. Conclusion Abuse in childhood is associated with impaired social and emotional function, as well as increased activation of a network of brain regions in response to emotional stimuli in BPD. Brain abnormalities in BPD appear to be confined to functional activation changes, rather than structural changes, in regions associated with emotional and social information processing. In addition, childhood trauma is correlated with increased psychotic symptoms in adulthood. These results provide striking evidence for the involvement of childhood adversity in the development of symptoms of BPD, and suggest a possible mechanism by which psychotic symptoms may occur.
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Perrin, Jennifer. "New mentalization-based therapy for borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20945.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterised by deficits in affect and impulse regulation, along with interpersonal difficulties (Lieb et al., 2004). It is thought to develop through a complex relationship between adverse childhood events, such as childhood abuse and genetics. A recent developmental model of BPD and one that is gaining popularity focuses on mentalization. Following their exposition of the mentalizing model of BPD, Bateman and Fonagy developed the Mentalization Based Treatment (MBT) intervention for BPD (Bateman & Fonagy 2006). This intervention includes both group and individual therapy with the focus on the patient’s relationship with the therapist and other members of the group. Promising evidence that MBT interventions are effective for treating symptoms of BPD is beginning to emerge. Methods: First a systematic review examining the prevalence of childhood abuse in BPD patients was conducted. Second, an empirical study of the efficacy of a group-only adaptation of the MBT intervention for BPD, delivered in a routine health service setting. Finally, planned exploratory analyses were conducted in order to ascertain what factors might predict group completion. Results: The results of the systematic review suggested that that emotional abuse (mean prevalence 63%) and emotional neglect (mean prevalence 63.1%) are the most common forms of abuse reported by this population followed by physical neglect (mean prevalence 40.89%) , sexual abuse (mean prevalence 36.9%) and physical abuse (mean prevalence 32.49%). The results of the second study revealed that the HUB is an acceptable treatment to participants, with indicators of treatment efficacy in relation to reducing overall psychiatric symptoms along with specific symptoms including interpersonal sensitivities, depression, phobic anxiety and paranoid ideation. Finally, exploratory analyses suggested that patients who were older and with less histrionic symptoms (as defined by the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4) were more likely to complete the HUB. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that a group-only MBT intervention displays promising effectiveness in treating core symptoms of BPD and is acceptable to patients. Further it suggests that group-only MBT interventions are worth continued investigation both into their efficacies and the potential efficiencies associated a group-based intervention.
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Pizarro-Campagna, Elizabeth. "Socioemotional functioning in youth with borderline personality disorder." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2019. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/af0ba03c5924497d67026f4989923e109291eb65dec285af558dafd646538ea7/8874463/Socioemotional_functioning_in_youth_with_borderline_personality_d_1.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis makes an original contribution to our understanding of socioemotional functioning in borderline personality disorder (BPD) by critically examining social cognition and emotion regulation BPD research from a developmental perspective. It also extends on previous research, making a novel and important contribution to our understanding of sociocognitive functioning and emotion regulation ability in youth with first presentation BPD. This was achieved via two critical narrative reviews of the existing literature and two empirical studies, which examined aspects of social cognition and emotion regulation considered key to interpersonal functioning in BPD. The empirical studies assessed, 1) unconscious simulation processes, a key aspect of affective empathy, and 2) the application of two emotion regulation strategies, expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, in the regulation of negative and positive affect, in a standard laboratory context, as well as in the context of social rejection. The reviews demonstrated that despite their shared diagnosis, important differences between young people and adults with BPD, in terms of their sociocognitive functioning and emotion regulation abilities, are evident. Future research and reviews should avoid conflating developmental age and stage of disorder. Instead, these processes, which are central to interpersonal functioning, need to be better understood over the course of BPD, especially early in its course. The empirical studies demonstrated that socioemotional functioning in youth with first presentation BPD is not uniformly affected. Specifically, rapid facial mimicry was unimpaired, contradicting predictions that heightened unconscious motor mimicry leads to heightened emotional contagion, and associated emotion regulation difficulties. Future research is needed to determine whether this finding also holds true for adults and young people later in the course of the disorder. Future research should also explore other factors that might lead to heightened emotional contagion and associated emotion regulation difficulties in BPD. Emotion regulation ability was largely preserved in youth with first presentation BPD, and functioning was mostly similar to that of typically developing young people. Specifically, for the most part, they could apply expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, to regulate both positive and negative affect (felt subjectively and expressed behaviourally), in a standard laboratory context and in the context of social rejection, with similar effectiveness to that of healthy youth. However, youth with first presentation BPD were not only unable to apply cognitive reappraisal to regulate the behavioural expression of negative emotions in the context of social rejection, but its application in this context intensified their facial expression of negative affect. They also demonstrated a pattern of pervasively blunted positive affect, relative to healthy youth, across indices and contexts. Further research is needed to better understand whether the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal can be improved in this context, or whether it is contraindicated. Given that social rejection is commonly experienced by this group, and given the common application of cognitive strategies in therapy, future research is clearly needed to better understand the effectiveness and consequences of this, and alternative strategies, for use in the context of social rejection by youth with first presentation BPD. Finally, while positive affect has often been neglected in BPD research, the evident pervasive blunting clearly needs greater research and clinical attention in this group.