Journal articles: 'Personality Disorder'

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Karamuctafalioĝlu, K. O., and N. Karamuctafalioğlu. "DYSTHYMIC DISORDER AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 518B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-01010.

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Leichsenring, Falk, Nikolas Heim, Frank Leweke, Carsten Spitzer, Christiane Steinert, and Otto F. Kernberg. "Borderline Personality Disorder." JAMA 329, no. 8 (February 28, 2023): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.0589.

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ImportanceBorderline personality disorder (BPD) affects approximately 0.7% to 2.7% of adults in the US. The disorder is associated with considerable social and vocational impairments and greater use of medical services.ObservationsBorderline personality disorder is characterized by sudden shifts in identity, interpersonal relationships, and affect, as well as by impulsive behavior, periodic intense anger, feelings of emptiness, suicidal behavior, self-mutilation, transient, stress-related paranoid ideation, and severe dissociative symptoms (eg, experience of unreality of one’s self or surroundings). Borderline personality disorder is typically diagnosed by a mental health specialist using semistructured interviews. Most people with BPD have coexisting mental disorders such as mood disorders (ie, major depression or bipolar disorder) (83%), anxiety disorders (85%), or substance use disorders (78%). The etiology of BPD is related to both genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences, such as sexual and physical abuse. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for BPD. Psychotherapy such as dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic therapy reduce symptom severity more than usual care, with medium effect sizes (standardized mean difference) between −0.60 and −0.65. There is no evidence that any psychoactive medication consistently improves core symptoms of BPD. For discrete and severe comorbid mental disorders, eg, major depression, pharmacotherapy such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors escitalopram, sertraline, or fluoxetine may be prescribed. For short-term treatment of acute crisis in BPD, consisting of suicidal behavior or ideation, extreme anxiety, psychotic episodes, or other extreme behavior likely to endanger a patient or others, crisis management is required, which may include prescription of low-potency antipsychotics (eg, quetiapine) or off-label use of sedative antihistamines (eg, promethazine). These drugs are preferred over benzodiazepines such as diazepam or lorazepam.Conclusions and RelevanceBorderline personality disorder affects approximately 0.7% to 2.7% of adults and is associated with functional impairment and greater use of medical services. Psychotherapy with dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic therapy are first-line therapies for BPD, while psychoactive medications do not improve the primary symptoms of BPD.

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KIRSTEN, MARKHAM. "Multiple Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 10 (October 1990): 1386—b—1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.10.1386-b.

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Huang, Leyao. "Cluster B Personality Disorder, Treatment, Comorbidity and Stigma." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/7/2022912.

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Schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are examples of unusual or eccentrictraits shared by Cluster A. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders all fall under the category of cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and performance personality disorder, will be the focus of this paper. The problems encountered in treating the disorders are investigated by comparing the similarities and co-morbidity of Cluster B personality disorders in parallel. Highlighted how people with personality disorders can be stigmatized in their lives and therapy. Elaborated on the negative impact of stigma on treating Cluster B personality disorder and how to counteract stigma. Through discussing this kind of personality disorders, we can put forward a scientific basis for how to prevent personality disorders in the future.

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Banerjee, Penny J. M., Simon Gibbon, and Nick Huband. "Assessment of personality disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005389.

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SummaryIn 2003 the Department of Health, in conjunction with the National Institute for Mental Health in England, outlined the government's plan for the provision of mental health services for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder. This emphasised the need for practitioners to have skills in identifying, assessing and treating these disorders. It is important that personality disorders are properly assessed as they are common conditions that have a significant impact on an individual's functioning in all areas of life. Individuals with personality disorder are more vulnerable to other psychiatric disorders, and personality disorders can complicate recovery from severe mental illness. This article reviews the classification of personality disorder and some common assessment instruments. It also offers a structure for the assessment of personality disorder.

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Camilleri, Roberta. "Personality disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 7 (July 2018): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018769685.

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Personality disorders are complex to both identify and manage. All humans have a unique personality. Personality is what distinguishes us from each other and shapes our thoughts, emotions and behaviour. Personality disorders may be diagnosed when behaviour differs from expected norms, and abnormal traits in behaviour are persistent, pervasive and problematic. This article will provide an overview of the classification of personality disorders and the factors that contribute to their development. It will then consider dissocial personality disorder, the personality disorder encountered most often by GPs, in more detail. Finally, the benefits of countertransference are considered in an overview of the interaction between GPs and patients with a personality disorder.

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Klembovskaya, E., and G. Fastovtsov. "Clinical Content of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71387-2.

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Background and aim:«Schizotypal personality disorder» occupies a special position in the classification of mental disorders. It is not enough investigated, what kind of disorders they are like, their characteristics are, and how they differ from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. with the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined.Results:•Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.•Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.•Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent schizophrenia, because the clinical picture is similar. the special value acquires a dynamic aspect typical of the endogenous process.•High quality remission of schizophrenia limited of specific personality changes, as a variant of «acquired psychopathy» can be considered as clinically identical to «schizotypal personality disorder».Conclusion:A content of Schizotypal personality disorder includes a group of disorders of schizophrenia spectrum, different originally, from shizofreniform personality disorders without the signs of dynamics to the different states of development of schizophrenia - initial (latent schizophrenia), and final (high quality remission of schizophrenia as practical completion of schizophrenia process with the formation of certain features of personality). It can explain the special place of «Schizotypal personality disorder» in the classification of psychic disorders.

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VAN HANSWIJCK DE JONGE, P., E. F. VAN FURTH, J. HUBERT LACEY, and G. WALLER. "The prevalence of DSM-IV personality pathology among individuals with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 7 (September 25, 2003): 1311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007505.

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Background. There are numerous reports of personality disorder pathology in different eating disorders. However, few studies have directly compared personality pathology in bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity. The present study examines group differences in DSM-IV personality pathology, considering the potential utility of understanding personality disorders in terms of diagnosis and dimensional scores.Method. Eating disorder diagnoses were established using the Eating Disorder Examination interview. Thirty-five bulimia nervosa patients, 15 binge eating disorder patients and 37 obese patients were assessed and compared on the International Personality Disorder Examination using categorical and dimensional personality disorder scores.Results. For most personality disorders, there was a dichotomy of binge eaters versus non-binge eaters. In contrast, there was a continuum of severity in borderline personality disorder pathology between the groups. The dimensional system of measurement of personality pathology allowed for clearer differentiation between the groups.Conclusion. The study strongly indicates that personality disorder difficulties are present in patients who binge eat, while obese patients who do not binge eat display significantly less personality disorder pathology. Assessment of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity needs to address personality disorders and pathology. Dimensional markers of personality pathology can be used to supplement categorical diagnoses, providing information about the traits that underlie diagnosis.

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Petrova, N. N., D. I. Charnaya, and E. M. Chumakov. "Borderline Personality Disorder: Diagnosis." Doctor.Ru 21, no. 8 (2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-8-66-71.

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Objective of the Review: To collect and analyse the available Russian and foreign literature sources in borderline personality disorder. Key Points. The review is dedicated to the borderline personality disorder, which is partially relevant due to a high rate of self-injurious and psychiatric co-morbidities. The data on morbidity, milestones in the development of the notion of the borderline personality disorder, and diagnostic criteria in ICD-11 and DSM-5 are presented. Clinical signs of a borderline personality disorder are characterised, and approaches to the differential diagnosis of schizophrenic and affective disorders are discussed. Conclusion. A review of literature sources demonstrated a higher theoretical and practical importance of the borderline personality disorder. Keywords: borderline personality disorder, prevalence, clinical profile, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, affective disorders, schizophrenia.

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Kaelber, Charles T., and Jack D. Maser. "Reassessing Personality Disorder Constructs: Challenges of Personality Disorders Assessment." Journal of Personality Disorders 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.279.

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Guttman, Herta A. "Book Review: Personality Disorders: Major Theories of Personality Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 8 (July 2006): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100813.

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Cheng, Andrew T. A., A. H. Mann, and K. A. Chan. "Personality disorder and suicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 5 (May 1997): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.441.

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BackgroundThe relationships between personality disorders and suicide were investigated among two aboriginal groups and the Han Chinese in East Taiwan.MethodBiographical reconstructive interviews were conducted for consecutive suicides from each of the three ethnic groups (116 suicides in total), 113 of whom were matched with two controls for age, gender, and area of residence.ResultsIn all three groups, a high proportion of suicides suffered from ICD-10 personality disorder before suicide (46.7–76.7%), and the most prevalent category was emotionally unstable personality disorder (F60.3) (26.7–56.7%). The risk for suicide was mainly significantly associated with F60.3, comorbidity among personality disorders, and comorbidity of personality disorder with other psychiatric disorders, particularly severe depression.ConclusionThe main category of personality disorder significantly associated with the risk of suicide is F60.3 in ICD-10. The risk is highest for a comorbidity of this category and severe depression.

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Tamam, Lut, Nurgul Ozpoyraz, and Gonca Karatas. "Personality disorder comorbidity among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 16, no. 3 (June 2004): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2004.00074.x.

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Background:Comorbid personality disorders have been shown to be a prominent factor affecting symptom severity and course in bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Bipolar patients with personality disorder had more relapses, poorer prognosis and worse treatment response than those without an axis II diagnosis.Objective:We evaluated the prevalence rate of comorbid personality disorder in 74 bipolar I disorder cases who were in remission and tried to elucidate the possible relationship between comorbid axis II disorders and prognosis, severity and treatment features of BD cases.Methods:Diagnosis of all personality disorder comorbidities was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis-II Disorders (SCID-II), while the general psychopathology level was assessed using the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R). A questionnaire for acquiring sociodemographic and clinical variables was also used.Results:Sixty-two per cent of bipolar I patients in this sample had at least one comorbid axis II disorder. The most common comorbid cluster of personality disorder was cluster C (48.6%), followed by cluster A (25.7%) and cluster B (20.3%) personality disorders. Assessment of demographic and clinical variables revealed that bipolar patients with comorbid personality disorder were mainly female, had multiple affective episodes, and had attempted suicide more often than patients without personality disorder.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that comorbid personality disorder might alter the course of BD and result in a poorer prognosis and more severe psychopathology. Further prospective controlled studies minimizing the bias of interviewers and other confounding factors would help us to understand the pure impact of personality disorder on the course of BD, its prognosis and response to treatment.

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Atkinson, Stacey. "Personality disorder." Learning Disability Practice 18, no. 6 (June 29, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ldp.18.6.13.s14.

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Repper, Julie. "Personality disorder." Mental Health Practice 1, no. 8 (May 1998): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.1.8.32.s19.

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Gask, L., M. Evans, and D. Kessler. "Personality disorder." BMJ 347, sep10 7 (September 10, 2013): f5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5276.

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Ferguson, Brian, and Peter Tyrer. "Personality disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, no. 2 (April 1991): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199104000-00002.

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Ferguson, Brian G. "Personality disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199204000-00007.

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Duggan, Conor. "Personality disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 6, no. 6 (December 1993): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199312000-00004.

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Tyrer, Peter. "Personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 1 (July 2001): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.1.81.

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It is now respectable to read about personality disorder. It was not always so. Despite the impossibility of practising psychiatry without being aware of the term and the subject matter it describes, it was not appropriate in good psychiatric circles to mention the subject unless presaged by a pause and pronounced with a mocking inflexion that indicated that the words were in parentheses: signposts to somewhere undesirable, usually somewhere in the jungle of forensic psychiatry (a subject about which I write very little in this piece, in an attempt ot redres the balance). I think the reason for this was that personality disorder had such a strong flavour of criticism that, even in a discipline in which stigma confronts us on every corner, its words were the ultimate derogatory label that, once attached, became virtually indelible. Or, as my Landcashire grandmother would say about all unsavoury topics, it was “not very nice and no one really wants to know.”. So research and writing on the subject became almost a samizdat topic, written about in code, discussed in quiet corners between professionals when they could not be overheard, or in proxy phrases such as ‘relationship difficulties’ or ‘patients who are difficult to place’ (Coid, 1991).

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Bennett, C. "Personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 1 (July 2002): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.1.76.

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Fonagy, Peter. "Personality disorder." Journal of Mental Health 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230601182110.

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Gunn, J. "Personality Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 5 (November 1988): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000223805.

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Horton, P. C. "Personality Disorder." Archives of Neurology 42, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1985.04060080018007.

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Ronningstam, Elsa, and John Gunderson. "Differentiating Borderline Personality Disorder from Narcissistic Personality Disorder." Journal of Personality Disorders 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1991.5.3.225.

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Mulder, Roger. "Is borderline personality disorder really a personality disorder?" Personality and Mental Health 3, no. 2 (April 14, 2009): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmh.80.

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Park, Emma C., Glenn Waller, and Kenneth Gannon. "Early Improvement in Eating Attitudes during Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Eating Disorders: The Impact of Personality Disorder Cognitions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812001117.

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Background: The personality disorders are commonly comorbid with the eating disorders. Personality disorder pathology is often suggested to impair the treatment of axis 1 disorders, including the eating disorders. Aims: This study examined whether personality disorder cognitions reduce the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for eating disorders, in terms of treatment dropout and change in eating disorder attitudes in the early stages of treatment. Method: Participants were individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder, presenting for individual outpatient CBT. They completed measures of personality disorder cognitions and eating disorder attitudes at sessions one and six of CBT. Drop-out rates prior to session six were recorded. Results: CBT had a relatively rapid onset of action, with a significant reduction in eating disorder attitudes over the first six sessions. Eating disorder attitudes were most strongly associated with cognitions related to anxiety-based personality disorders (avoidant, obsessive-compulsive and dependent). Individuals who dropped out of treatment prematurely had significantly higher levels of dependent personality disorder cognitions than those who remained in treatment. For those who remained in treatment, higher levels of avoidant, histrionic and borderline personality disorder cognitions were associated with a greater change in global eating disorder attitudes. Conclusions: CBT's action and retention of patients might be improved by consideration of such personality disorder cognitions when formulating and treating the eating disorders.

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Stern, Julian, Michael Murphy, and Christopher Bass. "Personality Disorders in Patients with Somatisation Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (December 1993): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.785.

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Twenty-five women with somatisation disorder (SD) were compared with matched patient controls for the presence of personality disorders. Personality was assessed with the Personality Assessment Schedule (PAS). Interviewers were unaware of the patients' diagnoses. All controls had DSM–III–R axis I diagnoses of depressive or anxiety disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders among patients with somatisation disorder was 72% compared with 36% among controls. Certain personality disorders, including passive–dependent, histrionic, and sensitive–aggressive, occurred significantly more often in the SD patients than controls.

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Bennett, Alice, and Darren Johnson. "Co-morbidity of personality disorder and clinical syndrome in high-risk incarcerated offenders." Journal of Forensic Practice 19, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-05-2016-0026.

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Purpose In light of the clinical importance of understanding co-morbidity within offender populations, the purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence and comorbidities of clinical disorder (Axis I) and personality disorder (Axis II) within a sample of high risk, male offenders located in a high secure, prison-based personality disorder treatment service. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised clinical assessment data for both Axis I diagnoses (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV) and Axis II diagnoses (International Personality Disorder Examination) of 115 personality disordered offenders who met the criteria for the treatment service between 2004 and 2015. Findings Co-morbidity between Axis I and Axis II diagnoses was high, with 81 per cent of the sample having co-morbid personality disorder and clinical disorder diagnosis. The most prevalent Axis I disorder was substance misuse, and Axis II was antisocial, borderline, and paranoid personality disorder. Following χ2 analysis, Cluster A personality disorder demonstrated co-morbidity with both mood disorder and schizophrenia/other psychotic disorder. Paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorder demonstrated a level of co-morbidity with Axis I disorders. There was no association found between the clinical disorders of substance use and anxiety with any personality disorder within this sample. Practical implications In part these results suggest that certain Axis II disorders may increase the risk of lifetime Axis I disorders. Originality/value The findings of no co-morbidity between the clinical disorders of substance use and anxiety with any personality disorder within sample are inconsistent to previous findings.

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Benjet, Corina, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elena Medina-Mora. "DSM-IV personality disorders in Mexico: results from a general population survey." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300009.

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OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the first population estimates of prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in the Mexican population. METHOD: Personality disorders screening questions from the International Personality Disorder Examination were administered to a representative sample of the Mexican urban adult population (n = 2,362) as part of the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, validated with clinical evaluations conducted in the United States. A multiple imputation method was then implemented to estimate prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in the Mexican sample. RESULTS: Multiple imputation method prevalence estimates were 4.6% Cluster A, 1.6% Cluster B, 2.4% Cluster C, and 6.1% any personality disorder. All personality disorders clusters were significantly comorbid with DSM-IV Axis I disorders. One in every five persons with an Axis I disorder in Mexico is likely to have a comorbid personality disorder, and almost half of those with a personality disorder are likely to have an Axis I disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Modest associations of personality disorders with impairment and strong associations with treatment utilization were largely accounted for by Axis I comorbidity suggesting that the public health significance of personality disorders lies in their comorbidity with, and perhaps effects upon, Axis I disorders rather than their direct effects on functioning and help seeking.

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Baer, Lee, and Michael A. Jenike. "Personality Disorders in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15, no. 4 (December 1992): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30210-7.

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Castlebury, Frank D., Mark J. Hilsenroth, Leonard Handler, and Thomas W. Durham. "Use of the MMPI-2 Personality Disorder Scales in the Assessment of DSM-IV Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders." Assessment 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119700400205.

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This study explored the diagnostic utility of the MMPI-2 Personality Disorder (MMPI-2 PD) scales to correctly classify three Cluster B Personality Disorders (Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder). Classification was compared against the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) chart diagnoses checked for interrater agreement. MMPI-2 PD scale scores for 53 outpatients diagnosed with a Cluster B Personality Disorder were contrasted with an Other Personality Disorder group ( n = 20) and a nonclinical population ( n = 67). Scores for both the overlapping and nonoverlapping scales of the MMPI-2 PD scales were used in calculating diagnostic efficiency statistics. In support of past findings, results suggest the MMPI-2 PD scales should be used conservatively; they are best at screening for presence or absence of a personality disorder, identifying members of personality disorder clusters, and identifying negative occurrences of specific personality disorders or personality disorder clusters. Findings endorse the use of both versions of the Antisocial Personality Disorder scale and the overlapping version of the Borderline Personality Disorder scale. Use of the Narcissistic Personality Disorder scales is recommended for negative predictive power values only. A multimodal approach is recommended, whereby assessment measures may be used conjointly to improve diagnostic efficiency.

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Koch, Jessa, Taylor Modesitt, Melissa Palmer, Sarah Ward, Bobbie Martin, Robby Wyatt, and Christopher Thomas. "Review of pharmacologic treatment in cluster A personality disorders." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.03.75.

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Abstract Introduction: A personality disorder is a pervasive and enduring pattern of behaviors that impacts an individual's social, occupational, and overall functioning. Specifically, the cluster A personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Patients with cluster A personality disorders tend to be isolative and avoid relationships. The quality of life may also be reduced in these individuals, which provokes the question of how to treat patients with these personality disorders. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature for pharmacologic treatments for the cluster A personality disorders. Methods: A Medline/PubMed and Ovid search was conducted to identify literature on the psychopharmacology of paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. There were no exclusions in terms of time frame from article publication or country of publication, in order to provide a comprehensive analysis; however, only articles that contained information on the cluster A disorders were included. Results: Minimal evidence regarding pharmacotherapy in paranoid and schizoid personality disorders was found. Literature was available for pharmacologic treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Studies evaluating the use of olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, fluoxetine, and thiothixene did yield beneficial results; however, treatment with such agents should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Discussion: Most of the literature analyzed in this review presented theoretical ideas of what may constitute the neurobiologic factors of personality and what treatments may address these aspects. Further research is needed to evaluate specific pharmacologic treatment in the cluster A personality disorders. At this time, treatment with pharmacologic agents is based on theory rather than evidence.

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Broadbear, Jillian H., Julian Nesci, Rosemary Thomas, Katherine Thompson, Josephine Beatson, and Sathya Rao. "Evaluation of changes in prescription medication use after a residential treatment programme for borderline personality disorder." Australasian Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (July 10, 2016): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216654391.

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Objective: Residential patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder were evaluated to determine whether borderline personality disorder-focused psychotherapy reduced prescribing, personality disorder and co-morbid symptom severity. Method: Psychotropic prescriptions were measured at admission, discharge and 1 year later in 74 female participants with one or more personality disorder diagnosis and co-morbid mood disorders. Changes in pharmacotherapy were examined in the context of improvements in borderline personality disorder and/or co-morbid disorder symptom severity. Residential treatment included individual and group psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used to confirm the borderline personality disorder diagnosis and associated co-morbid conditions. The Beck Depression Inventory was completed at each time point. Results: A significant reduction in the incidence and severity of self-rated depression as well as clinician assessed personality disorder, including borderline personality disorder, was accompanied by a reduction in prescription of psychoactive medications. Conclusions: Three to six months of intensive borderline personality disorder-specific psychotherapy showed lasting benefit with regard to symptom severity of personality disorders (borderline personality disorder in particular) as well as depressive symptoms. This improvement corresponded with a reduction in prescriptions for psychoactive medications, which is consistent with current thinking regarding treatment for borderline personality disorder.

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Klembovskaya, E., G. Fastovtsov, and O. Pechenkina. "Differencial diagnosing of schizotypal personality disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72490-7.

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Background and aimClinical definitions and differencial diagnosis criteria of «Schizotypal personality disorder» is not enough investigated yet, especially how it differs from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. It is impossible to consider diagnostic indications (that the symptoms of schizophrenia couldn’t be observed before and during actual examination) sufficient to explain the special place of this mental disorder. Some criteria of diagnosis of schizotypal disorders (for example, suspiciousness and paranoid ideas, episodes of quazi- psychotic disorders) are not applicable.With the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined. All patients were characterized by mainly personality disorders.Results-Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.-Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are rather typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.-Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent, prodromal schizophrenia, because the clinical picture of these states is very similar. The special value acquires a dynamic aspect, allowing to find the signs of «flow» and dynamics typical of the endogenous process.ConclusionThus, the main differencial diagnosing criteria of schizotypal personality disorder are the dynamic aspects and changing of clinical features.

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Landrine, Hope. "The Politics of Personality Disorder." Psychology of Women Quarterly 13, no. 3 (November 1989): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01005.x.

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This research tested the hypothesis that the gender distribution of personality disorders stems from the resemblance between each personality disorder and the role/role-stereotype of the status group for whom the disorder is prevalent. The first study found that undergraduates attributed descriptions of each personality disorder to the gender, social class, and marital status of the group that tends to receive that label; the second study found that the Sadistic and the Self-Defeating Personality Disorders of the DSM-IIIR were attributed to white males and middle-class females, respectively. It is suggested that personality disorders represent the roles/role-stereotypes of both genders.

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Tulachan, Pratikchya, Manisha Chapagain, Saraswati Dhungana, Sagun Ballav Pant, and Saroj Prasad Ojha. "Psychiatrists’ Attitude Towards Personality Disorder." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v16i2.20299.

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Background: Worldwide mental health professionals have negative attitude towards personality disorder. Aim of this study was to assess the attitudes toward personality disorder among Nepalese psychiatrists. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was done. Survey questionnaire was developed which consisted of 10 questions to explore the feeling and views regarding personality disorder. It was distributed via e-mail to 80 registered psychiatrist who were randomly selected and responses were analyzed.Results: Results showed only 50% of psychiatrist assessed for personality disorders whereas only 55.6% diagnosed it. Cluster ‘B’personality disorders were most commonly diagnosed personality disorder, 36.1% felt helpless for those patients, 75% felt overall treatment for personality disorder was very difficult and 50% reported they were not competent to care for personality disorder patients. Conclusions: Nepalese psychiatrists were not optimistic towards personality disorder in terms of its recognition, diagnosis and its overall management. Thus, future researches are needed to explore such attitudes in depth in same population.

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Rutter, M. "Temperament, Personality and Personality Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (April 1987): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.443.

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Graham, P. J., and J. E. Stevenson. "Temperament, Personality and Personality Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 6 (June 1987): 872–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000214931.

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Kendell, R. E. "The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 2 (February 2002): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.2.110.

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BackgroundProposals by the UK Government for preventive detention of people with ‘dangerous severe personality disorders' highlight the unresolved issue of whether personality disorders should be regarded as mental illnesses.AimsTo clarify the issue by examining the concepts of psychopathy and personality disorder, the attitudes of contemporary British psychiatrists to personality disorders, and the meaning of the terms ‘mental illness'and ‘mental disorder’.MethodThe literature on personality disorder is assessed in the context of four contrasting concepts of illness or disease.ResultsWhichever of the four concepts or definitions is chosen, it is impossible to conclude with confidence that personality disorders are, or are not, mental illnesses; there are ambiguities in the definitions and basic information about personality disorders is lacking.ConclusionsThe historical reasons for regarding personality disorders as fundamentally different from mental illnesses are being undermined by both clinical and genetic evidence. Effective treatments for personality disorders would probably have a decisive influence on psychiatrists' attitudes.

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Wise, Edward A. "Relationships of Personality Disorders with MMPI–2 Malingering, Defensiveness, and Inconsistent Response Scales among Forensic Examinees." Psychological Reports 90, no. 3 (June 2002): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.760.

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MMPI–2 validity scales were correlated with MCMI–II personality disorder scales to examine relationships between response styles and personality disorders in a sample of 84 criminal defendants. 14 MMPI–2 validity scales were significantly correlated with 13 personality disorders. All of the personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with at least one validity measure and 11 of 13 personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with two or more MMPI–2 validity scales. While a personality disorder diagnosis may have a general effect on validity scales, relationships theoretically consistent with a given personality disorder were also found. This means that response set appears to be a manifestation of personality, and as such, examiners should expect symptom amplification or minimization or inconsistent responses, based on an individual's personality. Subsequently, forensic examiners are encouraged to evaluate the relationships between MCMI–II personality disorders and MMPI–2 validity scales to avoid misjudging MMPI–2 profiles as invalid when they accurately reflect manifestations of personality.

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Kwapil, Thomas R., and Neus Barrantes-Vidal. "Schizotypal personality disorder in the alternative model for personality disorders." Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 13, no. 4 (July 2022): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000538.

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Samuels, Jack, Gerald Nestadt, O. Joseph Bienvenu, Paul T. Costa, Mark A. Riddle, Kung-Yee Liang, Rudolf Hoehn-Saric, Marco A. Grados, and Bernadette A. M. Cullen. "Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 5 (November 2000): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.5.457.

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BackgroundLittle is known about personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).AimsTo determine whether specific personality characteristics are part of a familial spectrum of OCD.MethodClinicians evaluated personality disorders in 72 OCD case and 72 control probands and 198 case and 207 control first-degree relatives. The self-completed Revised NEO Personality Inventory was used for assessment of normal personality dimensions. The prevalence of personality disorders and scores on normal personality dimensions were compared between case and control probands and between case and control relatives.ResultsCase probands and case relatives had a high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and high neuroticism scores. Neuroticism was associated with OCPD in case but not control relatives.ConclusionsNeuroticism and OCPD may share a common familial aetiology with OCD.

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Alfred, Dewitt C. "Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Epidemiological Perspective Offenders With Personality Disorder Antisocial Behavior: Personality Disorders From Hostility to Homicide." Psychiatric Services 52, no. 6 (June 2001): 848—a—849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.6.848-a.

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Chioqueta, Andrea P., and Tore C. Stiles. "Assessing Suicide Risk in Cluster C Personality Disorders." Crisis 25, no. 3 (May 2004): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.3.128.

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Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess suicide risk in psychiatric outpatients with specific cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). A sample of 142 psychiatric outpatients was used for the study. The sample was composed of 87 outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder and 53 psychiatric outpatients meeting criteria for an axis I disorder only. The results showed that dependent, but not avoidant or obsessive-compulsive, personality disorders, as well as the clusters A and B personality disorders, were significantly associated with suicide attempts. This association remained significant after controlling for both a lifetime depressive disorder and severity of depression for the cluster A and the cluster B personality disorders, but not for dependent personality disorder. The results underline the importance of assessing suicide risk in patients with cluster A and cluster B personality disorders, while the assessment of suicide risk in patients with cluster C personality disorders seems to be irrelevant as long as assessment of a comorbid depressive disorder is appropriately conducted.

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Cotta, C., G. Jesus, V. Vila Nova, and C. Moreira. "Boderline versus personality." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2361.

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IntroductionLatest classifications led to an inflamed debate urging for change or validation in the way personality disorders are classified. The placement in psychiatric classifications of several personality disorders, particularly Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), is also a matter of discussion.Objectives and aimsThe present work aims to question BPDs place in classification alongside with other personality disorders, rather than focusing on the algorithms used to classify it. The authors review updated literature on core features of the disorder collected from online scientific databases.ResultsStudies reveal that the stability of the diagnosis of BPD over the longer term is less than what standard general definitions of personality disorders would appear to require. It is a chronic and debilitating syndrome with severe functional and psychosocial impairment that remain relevant when comparing to other personality disorders. Additionally, these measures show further declines over time in spite of improvement in psychopathology, in contrast to what happens with other personality disorders. Several misconceptions may have led to the placement of BPD on former axis II, namely being a direct consequence of trauma and merely explained by environmental factors. However, recent research on heritability shows the contrary and several neurobiological markers suggest it has got a nature of its own.ConclusionBPD is probably the most studied and validated personality disorder and has substantially greater empirical basis, clinical significance and public health implications, being both enduring and distinct from other personality disorders. We suggest the placement of BPD as major psychiatric disorder in classifications.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Kelly, Brendan D., Patricia Casey, Graham Dunn, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, and Christopher Dowrick. "The role of personality disorder in ‘difficult to reach’ patients with depression: Findings from the ODIN study." European Psychiatry 22, no. 3 (April 2007): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.07.003.

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AbstractIndividuals with personality disorders (especially paranoid personality disorder) tend to be reluctant to engage in treatment. This paper aimed to elucidate the role of personality disorder in predicting engagement with psychological treatment for depression. The Outcomes of Depression International Network (ODIN) involves six urban and three rural study sites throughout Europe at which cases of depression were identified through a two-stage community survey. One patient in seven who was offered psychological treatment for depression had a comorbid diagnosis of personality disorder (most commonly paranoid personality disorder). Forty-five percent of patients who were offered psychological treatment for depression did not complete treatment. The odds of completion were higher for patients with a comorbid diagnosis of personality disorder, especially paranoid, anxious or dependent personality disorder. The relatively low number of cases with some specific personality disorders (e.g. schizoid personality disorder) limited the study's power to reach conclusions about these specific disorders. This study focused on a community-based sample which may lead to apparently lower rates of engagement when compared to studies based on treatment-seeking populations. Episodes of depression in the context of personality disorder may represent a valuable opportunity to engage with patients who might otherwise resist engagement.

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Luty, Jason. "Bordering on the bipolar: a review of criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 persistent mood disorders." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.54.

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SUMMARYThe principal manuals for psychiatric diagnosis have recently been updated (ICD-11 was released in June 2018 and DSM-5 was published in 2013). A common diagnostic quandary is the classification of people with chronic low mood, especially those with repeated self-harm (‘emotionally unstable’ or ‘borderline’ personality disorder). There has been a great interest in use of type II bipolar affective disorder (‘bipolar II disorder’) as a less pejorative diagnostic alternative to ‘personality disorder’, despite the radically different treatment options for these disorders. DSM-5 (but not ICD-11) clearly distinguishes between borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder, indicating that intense emotional experiences (such as anger, panic or despair; irritability; anxiety) should persist for only a few hours in people with a personality disorder. Both manuals now use the term ‘borderline personality disorder’ rather than ‘emotionally unstable personality disorder’. The diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder remain confusing.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •appreciate the key differences in diagnostic classification between persistent mood disorders: bipolar II disorder, borderline personality disorder and dysthymia•be aware of the modest differences between ICD-10, ICD-11 and DSM-5 in diagnostic criteria for these disorders•appreciate that intense emotional experiences need persist for only a few hours to meet criteria for DSM-5 borderline personality disorder and that persistent emotional dysregulation (e.g. irritability, impulsiveness, disinhibition) for a few days meets criteria for DSM-5 bipolar II disorder.

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Bowden, Charles, and Wolfgang Maier. "Bipolar disorder and personality disorder." European Psychiatry 18, S1 (December 2003): 9s—12s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)80010-x.

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Patients with bipolar disorders experience cyclical changes in mood that present as a range of different syndromes. In classical mania, patients experience episodes of euphoria, whereas in depressive episodes they suffer from depression. In hypomania, patients experience a milder form of mania, and in mixed mania, patients may experience both manic and depressive symptoms simultaneously, or alternate between them rapidly. Because of this wide range of symptoms, bipolar disorders can appear to overlap with other mental disorders, especially personality disorders.

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Fridell, Mats, and Morton Hesse. "Clinical Diagnosis and SCID-II Assessment of DSM-III-R Personality Disorders." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 22, no. 2 (January 2006): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.2.104.

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Aim: To assess the diagnostic concordance of SCID-II and clinicians' estimation of DSM-III-R personality disorders of substance abusers. Method: Clinical diagnoses of substance abusers in inpatient treatment were compared with SCID-II diagnoses (N = 138). Findings: The overall prevalence of personality disorder was 79% for clinical diagnosis and 80% for SCID-II diagnosis. Substantial agreement was found for borderline personality disorder, and moderate agreement was found for presence of any personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. All other disorders had slight to fair agreement. Antisocial personality disorder was overdiagnosed by clinical diagnosis but schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive, passive-aggressive, and masochistic personality disorders were reported more often by SCID-II. Selecting only the primary clinical diagnosis and omitting additional clinical diagnoses, reduced agreement with SCID-II diagnoses. Implications: Clinical diagnosis and structured interviews are not interchangeable, and produce somewhat different profiles of diagnoses for a group of substance abusers, but the two methods for diagnosing personality disorders converge for the two most common personality disorders in substance abusers. Rare and less-known diagnoses tend to be underreported whereas common and well-known disorders tend to be slightly overdiagnosed by clinical diagnosis as compared with a semistructured interview, especially if only one clinical diagnosis is noted.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Personality Disorder'

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