Relevant bibliographies by topics / Personality tests. Crime and criminals

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Personality tests. Crime and criminals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Personality tests. Crime and criminals"

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Zghal, M., F. Fekih Romdhane, F. El Ghali, M. Mezghani, L. Jouini, I. Ghazeli, and R. Ridha. "Homicide, borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder: A case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.915.

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IntroductionZoophilia consists of sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal. There is a paucity of literature on this paraphilia.MethodIn this paper, we report an uncommon case of homicide committed by a man with co-morbid borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder, and review the literature.Case reportMr SH was a single and unemployed 30-year-old male. He was hospitalized in our forensic psychiatric department following a dismissal for criminal responsibility for an act of attempted murder with premeditation. There was no history of any other psychiatric disorder, chronic physical illness or drug dependence. He complained that he had been suffering for the past ten years from sad mood, sleeplessness, loss of interest, and feelings of guilt worthlessness, and hopelessness. He had started sexual intercourse with animals eight years ago. He harbored feelings of guilt for his sexual experiences with animals. There was no formal thought disorder or perceptual abnormality. At the beginning of bestiality, he explained his unconventional behavior, by the fact that he had been bewitched, by his uncle's wife. Projective tests found borderline psychopathology. The crime occurred after a zoophilic sexual intercourse. Mr SH was obsessed with bewitchment thoughts, and got an uncontrollable urge to kill his uncle's wife. The crime was impulsive and violent. Psychiatric experts retained the diagnosis of co-morbid borderline personality disorder and other specified paraphilic disorder (DSM-5).ConclusionIn this case, we discuss the clinical and therapeutic challenges of this complex case, and the legal liability of Mr SH.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Pastushenya, Aleksandr, Andrey Vasishchev, Sergey Filaretov, and Aleksandra Zharkikh. "Improvement of psychological tests to identify persons prone to escape from correctional institutions and places of detention." International penitentiary journal 1, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2019.01(1-3).2.118-136.

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The article is devoted to the problem of developing tests for predicting escapes of convicts, suspects and accused from pre-trial detention centers, prisons and correctional institutions, as well as the algorithm of their implementation in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist. In the overall picture of penitentiary crime, the problem of escapes of convicts, suspects and accused is actual and important. The analysis of literary sources shows that in case of escapes prediction, it is necessary to consider not only criminal, but also social, biological and psychological features of convict’s personality. The psychological determinants of convicts’ escape activity include: emotional instability, conformity, increased anxiety, aggressiveness, rigidity of thinking, pessimism, suspicion, difficult process of adaptation to the conditions of serving punishment; low level of intelligence, presence of negative mental states, expressed motivation to evade serving punishment, an irresistible desire to be free, a desire to protect themselves from physical or psychological impact, active illegal activity in criminal communities. However, identification of the above qualities in convicts, suspects and accused does not allow calculating the probability of their escapes qualitatively. In order to develop psychodiagnostic tools to predict the convicts’, suspects’ and accused persons’ escape probability in terms of predictive validity, the use of “empirical-inductive” strategy of test construction is more effective. As part of this strategy, the scales of escape prediction of convicts, suspects and accused persons in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist, using the psychodiagnostic system “Psychometric Expert”, were implemented. Two scales “Escape 365” and “Escape 90” were added to the method of accentuation research (G. Smishek, K. Leongard). In the method “Comprehensive study of the personality of a convict” – CSPC (E. A. Chebalova) scale “Escape 540” was added. In the method “Abbreviated multifactorial questionnaire for personality research” − Mini-mult (V. P. Zaytsev) scales “Escape 365” and “Escape 180” were added. The analysis of the practice of using predicting scales, implemented in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist, shows that they are additional tools for escapes prevention.
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Novakovic, Milan, Milanko Cabarkapa, Tanja Ille, and Andrej Ilankovic. "Forensic evaluation of persons with destructive behavior in the postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina." Vojnosanitetski pregled 64, no. 3 (2007): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0703183n.

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Background/Aim. Different persons show forensic differences related to aggressive behavior in criminal and violation acts. The aim of this study was to forensically analyze the influence of socio-dynamic conditions and stress in testing the forensic hypothesis of hetero-destruction, and analysis of persons with destructive behavior in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in the period from 1996?2005. Methods. The experimental group consisted of 125 persons who had committed a crime according to the Criminal Law of B&H and, thus were under security measures or treatment. The control group consisted of 125 persons who had committed a violation. The following psychometric tests/questionnaires were used in the study: Eysenek Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Profile Index of Emotions (PIE). Results. There were a significant difference between the respondents? groups related to gender (p < 0.01), while broken family, migration, and family comorbidity showed insignificant differences. EPQ test showed statistically significant differences between the groups for all four variables, and Beck test found significant differences only for some ones. PIE test proved the relations of the basic emotions confirmed by discriminative function. Conclusion. High level of hetero-destruction in crime was proven in the study. Criminal acts and violations were committed by the persons without psychopathology, as well as by the persons with mental diseases, which rendered a forensic responsibility and analysis of such an influence on behavior.
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Khanmohammadi, A., M. Kalantarian, F. Alipour, and F. Mohammadi Kordekheyli. "Personality and Crime: Developing a Personality Profile for Criminal People." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71312-4.

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Introduction and aim:A review of available evidence indicate that crime features depend on many and variable factor. for example psychological, environmental, personality cal and so on. in psychology and psychiatry it seems personality plays important role in tendency to crime. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our crime sample. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our criminal sample.Method:38 male with history of crime and sent to jail were randomly selected and Eysence's Personality Questionnaire was administered on them. the questionnaire assesses personality on four dimension: Extroversion, Introversion, Neuroticism and lie detector.Results:Result showed the criminals have high score in Neuroticism and Extroversion and their profile shows critical situations that need treatment interventions.Conclusion:It is recommended to plan psychiatric interventions to reduce level of Neuroticism in them and direct them to better and social behavior.
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Dahesh, Mitra. "The Role of painting in prevention of crime." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 4, no. 22 (December 30, 2019): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v4i22.572.

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Art has recently been considered as one of the therapeutic methods in medical science. Since one of the most important measures in dealing with criminals is therapeutic and habilitation measures, taking into account my personal interests in art particularly paintings and regarding the effect of artwork creation on human personality. A criminal by creating a work of art, in another word by releasing his personality can retell all hidden secrets or evacuate his inner emotions. Art has the effect of spiritual freshening, ethic and skill education, spare time making for criminals. Therefore, the subject of painting’s role in the prevention of crimes is considered to be of high importance which should be examined separately in order to highlight the importance of art and particularly paintings.
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Goodlad, Katie, Maria Ioannou, and Melanie Hunter. "The Criminal Narrative Experience of Psychopathic and Personality Disordered Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18808433.

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Given the challenges associated with psychopathic and personality disordered offenders, further insight is needed. One way of doing this is by looking at offending from the first-person perspective. The study investigated the criminal narrative experience (CNE) of this population during the commissioning of crimes. Twenty-two high-risk male offenders were recruited and a questionnaire design was used. The data were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis which revealed four themes consistent with Ioannou, Canter, and Youngs’s CNE framework: depressed victim, distressed revenger, calm professional, and elated hero. Independent samples t tests explored whether personality disorders related to CNE themes, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation was used to explore the relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. Borderline personality disorder identified with the depressed victim. Paranoid and schizoid personality disorders did not identify with the calm professional. There was no significant relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Kaliuzhnyi, Aleksandr, Nikolai Shurukhnov, and Oleg Karpushkin. "Psychological and physiological characteristics of criminals and victims of crimes of personal freedom based on Russian criminal cases." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.52.

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A person’s personality is a carrier of individual, unique signs and traits that depend on its nature and are formed during life experience, including during the commission of crimes. We studied 320 criminal cases of violations of personal freedom (kidnapping, human trafficking, the use of their slave labor, etc.), as well as an analysis of the scientific literature that made it possible to substantiate the characteristics of criminals and their victims. As a result of the study, criminals and their victims were classified into groups. The features of these groups were characterized. The study of the personal properties of criminals and victims is necessary for all crimes of personal freedom, regardless of the commission country, and allows you to properly organize an investigation, put forward standard versions, build work to find traces and means of crime, thereby exposing the criminal.
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Jonathan, Okpuvwie Ejuvweyere, Akinyede Joseph Olusola, Tohozin Coovi Aime Bernadin, and Toko Mouhamadou Inoussa. "Impacts of Crime on Socio-Economic Development." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0045.

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Crime is as old as man and it exists in every society in respective of its level of development. The rate at which criminals operate unhindered in most societies especially in developing countries around the world is worrisome. Crime creates fear and untold suffering among people. Crime often stands as a barrier to socio-economic growth of society, discourages investment, increases the cost of transactions and ultimately fuel migration which eventually creates economic development disparities around the world. The aim of this study is to analyze the manifestation of crime the world over with a view to intimating government of all countries to have a firm control of all criminal activities in their respective countries for a better society. The approach methodology is based on a literature review of scientific journals and reports. Secondary data were sourced from both published and unpublished works as the study applies descriptive method. The main results showed various manifestations of crimes such as banditry, kidnapping, rape, stealing and murder among others. Therefore, crime fuels corruption and destabilizes development of any society. In conclusion, crime knows no boundary nor personality as it affects people at all levels. This sad activity will continue to be a major factor of lack of socio-economic development if no strong action is taken by governments to effectively tackle the activities of criminals, terrorists and bandits around the world. Received: 14 May 2021 / Accepted: 5 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Shurukhnov, Nikolay G., Aleksey S. Knyazkov, and Alexander V. Akchurin. "THE PERSONALITY OF A PENITENTIARY CRIMINAL: THE CONCEPT AND CRIMINALISTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS PROPERTIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/9.

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The subject of the study was the forensic aspects of the concept and properties of the per-sonality of the prison offender. The article presents the solution of the following tasks: identi-fication of the problems of criminalistic understanding of the definition "personality of prison offender", which is widely spread in the legal literature; establishment of criminalistic interre-lations and interdependencies between the personality features of prison offender and individual circumstances of crimes committed by them; identification of the main directions of using personality features in tactics and methods of investigation of unlawful acts committed by persons staying in The research is conducted on the basis of analysis of the works of scientists who have previously analyzed some aspects of the penitentiary crime and personality of the penitentiary criminal, as well as the forensic significance of the personality properties of the criminal and the related methodological recommendations for the investigation of penitentiary crimes. The research used the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, private-scientific methods of analysis and generalization, the method of comparison, the method of modelling, the socio-logical method used in the survey of correctional officers who attended advanced training courses at the Academy of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service in 2014-2018. The results obtained were systematised and compared in order to identify interrelations and interdepen-dencies. As a result of the study the author's concept of understanding the penitentiary offender is formulated. The arguments in favour of generalisation under this concept of all categories of persons (convicts, suspects, defendants) staying in conditions of isolation in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention centres are given. The main groups of properties of the personality of a penal offender were analyzed. Identified criminally relevant tasks, solved with the use of information about these properties, the main sources of information about the personality of prison criminals. An attempt to comprehend the process of formation of crimi-nologically significant information concerning the penitentiary criminals was made. We ana-lyzed changes in the penitentiary crime situation that indicate the biological, psychological and social characteristics of the personality of the penitentiary offender. Five main types of personality of prison criminals were identified. Possibilities of use of the mentioned properties for construction of the criminalistic characteristic of penitentiary crimes, serving as the starting point in formation of the corresponding criminalistic recommendations are shown.
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Arendt, Florian. "Impulsive Facial-Threat Perceptions After Exposure to Stereotypic Crime News." Communication Research 44, no. 6 (January 13, 2015): 793–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565919.

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Tests were performed to learn whether exposure to news about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals increases impulsive facial-threat perceptions of meeting dark-skinned strangers in a subsequent situation (media-priming hypothesis), but only when the facial displays are ambiguous (ambiguity hypothesis). The assumption is that news stereotypes prime the “dark-skinned criminal” stereotype, which, in turn, influences subsequent face processing. An experiment with two groups was used to test this prediction. Participants allocated to the treatment group ( n = 53) read about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals. In contrast, for the control group ( n = 52), cues indicating skin color were not mentioned at all. As predicted, the treatment increased the perceived facial threat of dark-skinned strangers, but only when the facial displays were ambiguous. Given the importance of the face in social interaction, I discuss important, real-world implications for recipients as well as for journalists and media organizations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Personality tests. Crime and criminals"

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Min, Suhong. "Causes and consequences of low self-control: Empirical tests of the general theory of crime." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186809.

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This study operationalized and empirically tested the general propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990). Specifically, the core concept of the theory, self-control, is operationalized using two data sets--Richmond Youth Project and Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development--and tested using criteria of reliability and validity. In this part of the study, a methodological question focuses on the pattern of validity change across types of data, namely, cross-sectional and longitudinal data. In the following tests, causes and consequences of low self-control are tested using Richmond Youth Project data. Child rearing as early socialization and individual traits are tested as sources of self-control. Then the measure of self-control is related to crime, delinquency, and analogous behaviors that are, according to the theory, manifestations of low self-control. A research question here focuses on the generality of self-control theory. Overall, the test results support the claims of the general theory of crime. Findings from the validity tests of the self-control index show theoretically expected relations with important individual variables such as gender, race, and delinquent status. In particular, findings from two differently designed data sets are very similar. Test results also show that boys low on self-control are more likely than others to have committed crime, delinquency, and various analogous behaviors. One possible research problem based on the theoretical assumption was also tested and empirically supported. Theory implies that respondents low on self-control are more likely than others to fail to answer questions in self-report survey. Empirical tests support this theoretical implication, revealing that respondents dropped from the index due to missing data are more likely than others to be delinquents. Further research implications are also discussed.
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Borzuk, Cristiane Souza. "O fortalecimento das explicações naturais para os fenômenos sociais ligados ao crime." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47131/tde-20102014-124502/.

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O propósito deste trabalho é investigar a natureza das pesquisas que tem como objeto o Transtorno de Personalidade Antissocial e o Comportamento Criminoso no Brasil. Partimos da hipótese de que nestas pesquisas há uma tendência a atribuir a fatores endógenos os motivos que fazem com que o crime seja cometido, excluindo a dimensão histórica. Centramo-nos na produção científica, pois entendemos que a ciência responde às necessidades objetivas de cada época e, sobretudo, pelo fato de que ela não é alheia aos processos postos em desenvolvimento pela totalidade social, sendo um elemento valioso para a compreensão da sociedade em que é produzida. Foram selecionados no Banco de Teses da CAPES os resumos de teses de doutorado e de dissertações de mestrado identificados a partir dos descritores Comportamento Criminoso, Transtorno de Personalidade Antissocial e Psicopatia. A amostra consistiu em 47 resumos, sendo nove teses de doutorado e 36 dissertações de mestrado. Destes 47 resumos, foram escolhidos dois para o estudo da pesquisa completa. O procedimento adotado foi a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram a existência de duas tendências importantes. A primeira, monadológica, demonstra que nestas pesquisas o crime e a criminalidade foram relacionados a fatores individuais. Implicada nesta tendência foi possível verificar que: a. o comportamento criminoso foi associado, frequentemente, a alterações anatômicas e/ou funcionais do cérebro; b. há uma tendência a associar o crime ao diagnóstico de Transtorno de Personalidade Antissocial; c. há o desenvolvimento e a validação de instrumentos voltados para a identificação de indivíduos supostamente predispostos a cometer crimes. A segunda tendência, menos expressiva numericamente, mas também importante, é a economicista. A centralidade destes trabalhos está na correlação entre problemas econômicos e o aumento ou diminuição nos índices de criminalidade. Nestes casos, a ênfase recai em aspectos microeconômicos, não havendo referência aos fatores estruturais do modo de produção. Também houve trabalhos que desenvolveram críticas vigorosas à tendência monadológica. Isto indica a existência de um potencial de resistência a ela. O referencial teórico-metodológico é a Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, particularmente os escritos de Theodor Adorno
Investigating the nature of researches that aims the Antisocial Personality Disorder and Criminal Behavior in Brazil is the scope of this study. We came from the hypothesis that there is a tendency in these studies which assign to endogenous factors the reasons for crimes to be committed, not including the historical dimension. We focused on scientific production because we understand that science responds to the objective needs of each epoch, and especially by the fact that it is not indifferent to the processes that are put into action by the social totality, being so a valuable element to understanding the society in which it is formed. PhD theses abstracts and MSc dissertations, identified from the descriptors Criminal Behavior, Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy were selected in the CAPES Bank of Theses. The sample consisted of 47 abstracts, nine PhD theses and 36 MSc dissertations. Out of these 47 abstracts we have selected two for the study of full research. The procedure adopted was content analysis. The results pointed to the existence of two important tendencies. The first one, monadological, shows in those researches that crime and criminality were related to individual factors. Implicated in this tendency, it was also observed that: a. criminal behavior has been often associated with anatomical and/or functional changes in the brain; b. there is a tendency to associate crime to the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, c. there is the development and validation of instruments intended to identify individuals predisposed to supposedly commit crimes. The second tendency, less significant numerically, but also important, is the economistic. The centrality of these studies is in the correlation between economic problems and the increase or decrease in crime rates. In these cases, the emphasis is on microeconomic aspects, there is no reference to structural factors of the production mode. There have also been studies that developed vigorous criticism to the monadological tendency. It indicates the existence of a potential for resistance to it. The theoretical-methodological framework is the Critical Theory of Society, particularly the writings of Theodor Adorno
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Ellis, Tareen. "Psychopathy as a cause of violent crime in South Africa : a study into the etiology, prevelance and treatment of psychopathy as a cause of violence with particular reference to domestic violence in South Africa." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18333.

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Murder, rape, corruption and gang wars, sounds like something out of a bad movie but for many it is their way of life and not a movie they can stop. Many people today live with the constant threat of attack and the threat is often not by some stranger but someone they know, their neighbour, their uncle, their father, their domestic worker and on occasion even their own mother. As crime escalates more people are asking the question,"Why this rapid increase in crime and why is there such an increase in the number of violent crimes?" South Africa is well known, unfortunately, for its high crime rate and in particular it's exceptionally high violent crime rate. South Africa is rated in the top 10 for the highest murders per capita (UNDOC 2011). Over the past 20 years the number of violent crimes has progressively increased and the reason for this increase needs to be examined. there appears to be a rapid increase in the number of people presenting personality disorders in society. A number of studies have been conducted on the etiology of anti-social personality disorder and on psychopathology. In the past the majority of these studies had been conducted in developed countries and in the past few years a number of studies have started to be conducted in developing countries. Although very interesting with great insight very few have tried to examined any trends and differences between developed and developing countries. During the course of these studies it has been observed that inmates and people exhibiting Psychopathy traits are more likely to commit violent crimes and in addition reoffend. The thesis proposed examines trends between developed and developing countries to find any links between crime and psychopathology and in addition the etiology, prevalence and prevention of psychopathology. The study will identify a number of models utilised to understand violence in society and personality disorders with particular reference to psychopathy. The study is being done in order to obtain a better understanding of a link between psychopathology and escalating crime in South Africa and what, if anything can be done to decrease this prevelance. This thesis outlines a number of diagnostic tools utilised in order to determine if a person is indeed suffering from psychopathy. Each one of these is discussed and the validity of each considered for both developed and developing countries as a diagnostic tool. The study clearly show that there are a number of unanswered questions around psychopathy within South Africa and that more research within a South African context needs to be conducted if this disorder is to be properly understood.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
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Books on the topic "Personality tests. Crime and criminals"

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Michael, Novak. Character and crime: An inquiry into the causes of the virtue of nations. Notre Dame, Ind: Brownson Institute, 1986.

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Sethna, M. J. Sethna's society and the criminal: With special reference to the problems of crime and its prevention, the personality of the criminal, the treatment of the criminal, prison reform, and juvenile delinquency in India. 5th ed. Bombay: N.M. Tripathi, 1989.

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Teitler, Mirjam. Der rechtskräftig verurteilte Straftäter und seine Persönlichkeitsrechte im Spannungsfeld zwischen öffentlichem Informationsinteresse, Persönlichkeitsschutz und Kommerz. Zürich: Schulthess, 2008.

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Straftäter und Tatverdächtige als Personen der Zeitgeschichte: Ein Beitrag zur Problematik identifizierender Mediendarstellungen. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.

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Clinard, Marshall Barron. Sociology of deviant behavior. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

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1944-, Meier Robert F., ed. Sociology of deviant behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.

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Clinard, Marshall B. Sociology of Deviant Behaviour. 7th ed. Fort Worth: H.R.W, 1989.

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Clinard, Marshall Barron. Sociology of deviant behavior. 7th ed. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1989.

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1944-, Meier Robert F., ed. Sociology of deviant behavior. 6th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985.

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Clinard, Marshall Barron. Sociology of deviant behavior. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Personality tests. Crime and criminals"

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Bisi, Roberta. "The Evolution of Criminology and the Social Sharing of Emotion." In Handbook of Research on Trends and Issues in Crime Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Victim Support, 15–26. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1286-9.ch002.

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In the field of criminology, biographies or life stories should increasingly become the central moment of research aimed at that historical reconstruction which helps, for example, unravelling the tangle of responsibility at the time of a criminal offence. The life story orients and provides elements for the psychic examination and contributes, with the psycho-diagnostic tests, to the discussion on the case and the assertions that precede the conclusions of the expert's report. Placing value on the biographical approach in criminology effectively means abstracting as a guiding hypothesis the identification of the development of personality for the purposes of ascertaining the responsibility of an author and the prediction of future behaviour: reference is, therefore, to the life story understood not only as narration, but also as communication.
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Borwell, Jildau, Jurjen Jansen, and Wouter Stol. "Human Factors Leading to Online Fraud Victimisation." In Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism, 26–45. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4053-3.ch002.

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With the advent of the internet, criminals gained new tools to commit crimes. Crimes in which the use of connected information technologies is essential for the realisation of the offence are defined as cybercrimes. The human factor is often identified as the weakest link in the information security chain, and it is often the behaviour of humans that leads to the success of cybercrimes. In this chapter, end-user characteristics are studied that may predict cybercrime victimisation. This is done by means of a review of the literature and by a study on personality traits. More specifically, personality traits from the big five are tested on victims of three different types of online fraud, phishing, Microsoft fraud, and purchasing fraud, and are compared with norm groups of the Dutch population. This chapter ends with implications for online fraud prevention and possibilities to advance the study of cyber victimisation.
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Bossler, Adam M., and George W. Burruss. "The General Theory of Crime and Computer Hacking." In Corporate Hacking and Technology-Driven Crime, 38–67. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-805-6.ch003.

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Though in recent years, a number of studies have been completed on hackers’ personality and communication traits by experts in the fields of psychology and criminology, a number of questions regarding this population remain. Does Gottfredson and Hirschi’s concept of low self-control predict the unauthorized access of computer systems? Do computer hackers have low levels of self-control, as has been found for other criminals in mainstream society? If low self-control can predict the commission of computer hacking, this finding would seem to support the generality argument of self-control theory and imply that computer hacking and other forms of cybercrime are substantively similar to terrestrial crime. This chapter focuses on the results of a study where we examined whether Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is applicable to computer hacking in a college sample.
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Oleson, James C. "The Study." In Criminal Genius. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520282414.003.0003.

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Little is known about high-IQ criminals because they are statistically rare. Only 2 percent of the general population has an IQ score of over 130 and only one in two thousand possesses an IQ of over 150. Another reason little is known is that few are caught. The differential detection hypothesis suggests that people with high IQs are less likely to be detected, arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and incarcerated than others. Prison studies, therefore, are of limited utility, and to study elite crime, self-report is essential. There is, however, little advantage for high-IQ individuals to participate in self-report research—and potentially much to lose. High-IQ individuals often possess the means to block research inquiries. This chapter describes the methodology of the study, including ethical and legal challenges associated with adult self-report research. It describes the study’s sampling, the design of the self-report questionnaire, the rationale and logistics of the follow-up interviews, and the structure of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R).
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"reports described him as ‘emotionally unstable’ and in a ‘grossly elevated neurotic state’. The judge refused to admit the evidence, and on appeal following conviction it was contended that he was wrong. The primary contention was that the appellant’s pre-existing mental condition made him vulnerable to threats. Held, dismissing the appeal, the duress relied upon was duress by threats, but in some cases a defendant might be able to rely on ‘duress by circumstances’ (see Conway [1989] QB 290; Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652), and although not argued in this way it was proposed to consider whether the medical evidence could have been introduced on the basis that Hegarty might have been able to set up such a defence. Duress by threats provided a defence to a charge of any offence other than murder (see Howe [1987] AC 417), attempted murder (see Gotts [1982] 2 AC 412) and some forms of treason. It was founded on public policy considerations (see AG v Whelan [1934] IR 518). The fact that the defendant’s mind had been ‘overborne’ by the threats did not mean that he lacked the requisite intent to commit the crime (see DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653, 703B). It followed that the law might have developed on the lines that, when considering duress, a purely subjective test should be applied, and it might well develop in this way in the future (see Law Com 218, para 29.14, November 1993, Cmnd 2370 and draft Criminal Law Bill, cl 25(2)). As the law stood however the test was not purely subjective but required an objective test to be satisfied (Howe). The jury had to consider the response of a sober person of reasonable firmness ‘sharing the characteristics of the defendant’. They could take account of age, sex and physical health, but it was open to consideration whether the shared characteristics could include a personality disorder of the kind suffered by the appellant. His counsel argued that the expert evidence was relevant to explain the reaction of a man like him to threats of violence to himself and his family, and admissible because the pathological aspects of his personality and the effect of his disorder on his behaviour were matters which lay outside the knowledge and experience of a judge and jury. Counsel referred to a passage in Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 394, 398 where Lord Taylor CJ said that: ‘... The question for the doctors was whether a woman of reasonable firmness with the characteristics of [the appellant], if abused in the manner which she said, would have had her will crushed so that she could not have protected her child.’ It was accepted that for the purposes of the subjective test medical evidence was admissible if the mental condition or abnormality was relevant and its effects lay outside the knowledge and experience of laymen. In the present case, the reports before the judge did not go that far, and the judge had to decide on the material before him. There were no grounds for disturbing his decision. As the evidence was not admissible to explain the reaction of the appellant himself, it was clearly not admissible on the objective test. The passage cited could not be read in isolation,." In Sourcebook Criminal Law, 568. Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-136.

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