Journal articles: 'Personality tests. Crime and criminals'

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Zghal, M., F. Fekih Romdhane, F. El Ghali, M. Mezghani, L. Jouini, I. Ghazeli, and R. Ridha. "Homicide, borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder: A case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.915.

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IntroductionZoophilia consists of sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal. There is a paucity of literature on this paraphilia.MethodIn this paper, we report an uncommon case of homicide committed by a man with co-morbid borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder, and review the literature.Case reportMr SH was a single and unemployed 30-year-old male. He was hospitalized in our forensic psychiatric department following a dismissal for criminal responsibility for an act of attempted murder with premeditation. There was no history of any other psychiatric disorder, chronic physical illness or drug dependence. He complained that he had been suffering for the past ten years from sad mood, sleeplessness, loss of interest, and feelings of guilt worthlessness, and hopelessness. He had started sexual intercourse with animals eight years ago. He harbored feelings of guilt for his sexual experiences with animals. There was no formal thought disorder or perceptual abnormality. At the beginning of bestiality, he explained his unconventional behavior, by the fact that he had been bewitched, by his uncle's wife. Projective tests found borderline psychopathology. The crime occurred after a zoophilic sexual intercourse. Mr SH was obsessed with bewitchment thoughts, and got an uncontrollable urge to kill his uncle's wife. The crime was impulsive and violent. Psychiatric experts retained the diagnosis of co-morbid borderline personality disorder and other specified paraphilic disorder (DSM-5).ConclusionIn this case, we discuss the clinical and therapeutic challenges of this complex case, and the legal liability of Mr SH.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Pastushenya, Aleksandr, Andrey Vasishchev, Sergey Filaretov, and Aleksandra Zharkikh. "Improvement of psychological tests to identify persons prone to escape from correctional institutions and places of detention." International penitentiary journal 1, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2019.01(1-3).2.118-136.

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The article is devoted to the problem of developing tests for predicting escapes of convicts, suspects and accused from pre-trial detention centers, prisons and correctional institutions, as well as the algorithm of their implementation in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist. In the overall picture of penitentiary crime, the problem of escapes of convicts, suspects and accused is actual and important. The analysis of literary sources shows that in case of escapes prediction, it is necessary to consider not only criminal, but also social, biological and psychological features of convict’s personality. The psychological determinants of convicts’ escape activity include: emotional instability, conformity, increased anxiety, aggressiveness, rigidity of thinking, pessimism, suspicion, difficult process of adaptation to the conditions of serving punishment; low level of intelligence, presence of negative mental states, expressed motivation to evade serving punishment, an irresistible desire to be free, a desire to protect themselves from physical or psychological impact, active illegal activity in criminal communities. However, identification of the above qualities in convicts, suspects and accused does not allow calculating the probability of their escapes qualitatively. In order to develop psychodiagnostic tools to predict the convicts’, suspects’ and accused persons’ escape probability in terms of predictive validity, the use of “empirical-inductive” strategy of test construction is more effective. As part of this strategy, the scales of escape prediction of convicts, suspects and accused persons in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist, using the psychodiagnostic system “Psychometric Expert”, were implemented. Two scales “Escape 365” and “Escape 90” were added to the method of accentuation research (G. Smishek, K. Leongard). In the method “Comprehensive study of the personality of a convict” – CSPC (E. A. Chebalova) scale “Escape 540” was added. In the method “Abbreviated multifactorial questionnaire for personality research” − Mini-mult (V. P. Zaytsev) scales “Escape 365” and “Escape 180” were added. The analysis of the practice of using predicting scales, implemented in the automated workplace of a penitentiary psychologist, shows that they are additional tools for escapes prevention.

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Novakovic, Milan, Milanko Cabarkapa, Tanja Ille, and Andrej Ilankovic. "Forensic evaluation of persons with destructive behavior in the postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina." Vojnosanitetski pregled 64, no. 3 (2007): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0703183n.

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Background/Aim. Different persons show forensic differences related to aggressive behavior in criminal and violation acts. The aim of this study was to forensically analyze the influence of socio-dynamic conditions and stress in testing the forensic hypothesis of hetero-destruction, and analysis of persons with destructive behavior in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in the period from 1996?2005. Methods. The experimental group consisted of 125 persons who had committed a crime according to the Criminal Law of B&H and, thus were under security measures or treatment. The control group consisted of 125 persons who had committed a violation. The following psychometric tests/questionnaires were used in the study: Eysenek Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Profile Index of Emotions (PIE). Results. There were a significant difference between the respondents? groups related to gender (p < 0.01), while broken family, migration, and family comorbidity showed insignificant differences. EPQ test showed statistically significant differences between the groups for all four variables, and Beck test found significant differences only for some ones. PIE test proved the relations of the basic emotions confirmed by discriminative function. Conclusion. High level of hetero-destruction in crime was proven in the study. Criminal acts and violations were committed by the persons without psychopathology, as well as by the persons with mental diseases, which rendered a forensic responsibility and analysis of such an influence on behavior.

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Khanmohammadi, A., M. Kalantarian, F. Alipour, and F. Mohammadi Kordekheyli. "Personality and Crime: Developing a Personality Profile for Criminal People." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71312-4.

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Introduction and aim:A review of available evidence indicate that crime features depend on many and variable factor. for example psychological, environmental, personality cal and so on. in psychology and psychiatry it seems personality plays important role in tendency to crime. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our crime sample. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our criminal sample.Method:38 male with history of crime and sent to jail were randomly selected and Eysence's Personality Questionnaire was administered on them. the questionnaire assesses personality on four dimension: Extroversion, Introversion, Neuroticism and lie detector.Results:Result showed the criminals have high score in Neuroticism and Extroversion and their profile shows critical situations that need treatment interventions.Conclusion:It is recommended to plan psychiatric interventions to reduce level of Neuroticism in them and direct them to better and social behavior.

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Dahesh, Mitra. "The Role of painting in prevention of crime." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 4, no. 22 (December 30, 2019): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v4i22.572.

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Art has recently been considered as one of the therapeutic methods in medical science. Since one of the most important measures in dealing with criminals is therapeutic and habilitation measures, taking into account my personal interests in art particularly paintings and regarding the effect of artwork creation on human personality. A criminal by creating a work of art, in another word by releasing his personality can retell all hidden secrets or evacuate his inner emotions. Art has the effect of spiritual freshening, ethic and skill education, spare time making for criminals. Therefore, the subject of painting’s role in the prevention of crimes is considered to be of high importance which should be examined separately in order to highlight the importance of art and particularly paintings.

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Goodlad, Katie, Maria Ioannou, and Melanie Hunter. "The Criminal Narrative Experience of Psychopathic and Personality Disordered Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18808433.

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Given the challenges associated with psychopathic and personality disordered offenders, further insight is needed. One way of doing this is by looking at offending from the first-person perspective. The study investigated the criminal narrative experience (CNE) of this population during the commissioning of crimes. Twenty-two high-risk male offenders were recruited and a questionnaire design was used. The data were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis which revealed four themes consistent with Ioannou, Canter, and Youngs’s CNE framework: depressed victim, distressed revenger, calm professional, and elated hero. Independent samples t tests explored whether personality disorders related to CNE themes, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation was used to explore the relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. Borderline personality disorder identified with the depressed victim. Paranoid and schizoid personality disorders did not identify with the calm professional. There was no significant relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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Kaliuzhnyi, Aleksandr, Nikolai Shurukhnov, and Oleg Karpushkin. "Psychological and physiological characteristics of criminals and victims of crimes of personal freedom based on Russian criminal cases." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.52.

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A person’s personality is a carrier of individual, unique signs and traits that depend on its nature and are formed during life experience, including during the commission of crimes. We studied 320 criminal cases of violations of personal freedom (kidnapping, human trafficking, the use of their slave labor, etc.), as well as an analysis of the scientific literature that made it possible to substantiate the characteristics of criminals and their victims. As a result of the study, criminals and their victims were classified into groups. The features of these groups were characterized. The study of the personal properties of criminals and victims is necessary for all crimes of personal freedom, regardless of the commission country, and allows you to properly organize an investigation, put forward standard versions, build work to find traces and means of crime, thereby exposing the criminal.

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Jonathan, Okpuvwie Ejuvweyere, Akinyede Joseph Olusola, Tohozin Coovi Aime Bernadin, and Toko Mouhamadou Inoussa. "Impacts of Crime on Socio-Economic Development." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0045.

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Crime is as old as man and it exists in every society in respective of its level of development. The rate at which criminals operate unhindered in most societies especially in developing countries around the world is worrisome. Crime creates fear and untold suffering among people. Crime often stands as a barrier to socio-economic growth of society, discourages investment, increases the cost of transactions and ultimately fuel migration which eventually creates economic development disparities around the world. The aim of this study is to analyze the manifestation of crime the world over with a view to intimating government of all countries to have a firm control of all criminal activities in their respective countries for a better society. The approach methodology is based on a literature review of scientific journals and reports. Secondary data were sourced from both published and unpublished works as the study applies descriptive method. The main results showed various manifestations of crimes such as banditry, kidnapping, rape, stealing and murder among others. Therefore, crime fuels corruption and destabilizes development of any society. In conclusion, crime knows no boundary nor personality as it affects people at all levels. This sad activity will continue to be a major factor of lack of socio-economic development if no strong action is taken by governments to effectively tackle the activities of criminals, terrorists and bandits around the world. Received: 14 May 2021 / Accepted: 5 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021

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Shurukhnov, Nikolay G., Aleksey S. Knyazkov, and Alexander V. Akchurin. "THE PERSONALITY OF A PENITENTIARY CRIMINAL: THE CONCEPT AND CRIMINALISTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS PROPERTIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/9.

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The subject of the study was the forensic aspects of the concept and properties of the per-sonality of the prison offender. The article presents the solution of the following tasks: identi-fication of the problems of criminalistic understanding of the definition "personality of prison offender", which is widely spread in the legal literature; establishment of criminalistic interre-lations and interdependencies between the personality features of prison offender and individual circumstances of crimes committed by them; identification of the main directions of using personality features in tactics and methods of investigation of unlawful acts committed by persons staying in The research is conducted on the basis of analysis of the works of scientists who have previously analyzed some aspects of the penitentiary crime and personality of the penitentiary criminal, as well as the forensic significance of the personality properties of the criminal and the related methodological recommendations for the investigation of penitentiary crimes. The research used the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, private-scientific methods of analysis and generalization, the method of comparison, the method of modelling, the socio-logical method used in the survey of correctional officers who attended advanced training courses at the Academy of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service in 2014-2018. The results obtained were systematised and compared in order to identify interrelations and interdepen-dencies. As a result of the study the author's concept of understanding the penitentiary offender is formulated. The arguments in favour of generalisation under this concept of all categories of persons (convicts, suspects, defendants) staying in conditions of isolation in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention centres are given. The main groups of properties of the personality of a penal offender were analyzed. Identified criminally relevant tasks, solved with the use of information about these properties, the main sources of information about the personality of prison criminals. An attempt to comprehend the process of formation of crimi-nologically significant information concerning the penitentiary criminals was made. We ana-lyzed changes in the penitentiary crime situation that indicate the biological, psychological and social characteristics of the personality of the penitentiary offender. Five main types of personality of prison criminals were identified. Possibilities of use of the mentioned properties for construction of the criminalistic characteristic of penitentiary crimes, serving as the starting point in formation of the corresponding criminalistic recommendations are shown.

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Arendt, Florian. "Impulsive Facial-Threat Perceptions After Exposure to Stereotypic Crime News." Communication Research 44, no. 6 (January 13, 2015): 793–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565919.

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Tests were performed to learn whether exposure to news about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals increases impulsive facial-threat perceptions of meeting dark-skinned strangers in a subsequent situation (media-priming hypothesis), but only when the facial displays are ambiguous (ambiguity hypothesis). The assumption is that news stereotypes prime the “dark-skinned criminal” stereotype, which, in turn, influences subsequent face processing. An experiment with two groups was used to test this prediction. Participants allocated to the treatment group ( n = 53) read about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals. In contrast, for the control group ( n = 52), cues indicating skin color were not mentioned at all. As predicted, the treatment increased the perceived facial threat of dark-skinned strangers, but only when the facial displays were ambiguous. Given the importance of the face in social interaction, I discuss important, real-world implications for recipients as well as for journalists and media organizations.

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Shably, I., and S. Diyakov. "The relationship of the temperament of the subject of crime with the characteristics of offences." Psychology and Law 5, no. 4 (2015): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015050403.

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The features of communication psychological characteristics of temperament types of crimes. The analysis of scientific views on the role of temperament in the predisposition of the individual to the crime. With the help of empirical study confirmed the hypothesis that the subjects who had committed certain type of crime have specific personal psychological characteristics that reveal the determinants of their offences. The personality questionnaires EPI and MMPI used methods of analysis of personal files of prisoners; observation of their behaviour and discussions with them; drawing up of psychological portraits. Also developed and used an original questionnaire. The results showed that among criminals-murderers is dominated by people with a tendency to choleric expression of properties of temperament, expressed the need for self-affirmation, affective behavior, impulsivity, and disregard for social demands. The perpetrators of the theft inherent in the assertion of his personality not only in the eyes of the environment, but above all in its own. The perpetrators of rape there is usually no clear idea of traditionally male and female traits in behaviour, the relationship between a man and a woman are limited to sexual function. Criminals convicted of fraud and hooliganism, unable to establish contact with others not able to take the point of view of another, there is a disregard for moral and ethical standards.

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Hausman, David K. "Sanctuary policies reduce deportations without increasing crime." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (October 19, 2020): 27262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014673117.

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The US government maintains that local sanctuary policies prevent deportations of violent criminals and increase crime. This report tests those claims by combining Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) deportation data and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime data with data on the implementation dates of sanctuary policies between 2010 and 2015. Sanctuary policies reduced deportations of people who were fingerprinted by states or counties by about one-third. Those policies also changed the composition of deportations, reducing deportations of people with no criminal convictions by half—without affecting deportations of people with violent convictions. Sanctuary policies also had no detectable effect on crime rates. These findings suggest that sanctuary policies, although effective at reducing deportations, do not threaten public safety.

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Karavaeva, Iulia S. "Criminological and legal value of the highest position in the criminal hierarchy as characteristics of the social status of the subject of the crime and the personality of the criminal." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 7, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls33798.

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The appearance of article 210.1 in the criminal law caused an active discussion in the scientific community and many critical comments. Supporting the idea of the legislator about the need to strengthen the fight against organized crime by criminal legal means, the author notes the failure of the wording used in this norm, the complexity of its practical application, and the violation of the fundamental principles of legality, justice, and guilt. These criticisms are analyzed using the criminal legal approach, which allows projecting the provisions of the criminal law on the criminological plane. Thus, the highest position in the criminal hierarchy, being a special feature of crime, characterizes its social status within the framework of criminal interactions. In addition, the status and role characteristics of the subject have the value of the criminals personal characteristics. Given the criminological doctrine of the criminal, the author formulates the concept of the individual special subject of the crime as a specific sociocriminological personality type characterized, as a rule, a high degree of public danger, which is based on the relationship between the social status and role of the offender with criminal threats, a wide range of victimization, criminal commitment, legal nihilism, and capabilities and skills to counteract the preliminary investigation. In support of this definition, the author analyzes the features of the sociodemographic and value-normative subsystems of the personality of a special subject of crime and argues for the relationship with the personality of the criminal as a private with a general one. Justifying the typologization of the personality of a special subject of crime into socialized and non-socialized types, the author refers to the second person who occupies the highest position in the criminal hierarchy.

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Zlokazov, Kirill, and Anton Rozhkov. "An empirical study of the characteristics of social space in the perceptions of criminals." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-1-234-240.

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The article discusses the specificity of criminals’ perceptions of social space. It is shown that social space is considered derivative of multiple interactions of a person with the social environment. The elements of social space are people and groups, with which the personality interacts. An individual’s idea of social space is formed by summarizing the characteristics of interaction. The study examines three types of characteristics of the representation of social space: (1) representation of the co-participation of other people (i.e. properties of social space), (2) self-assessment of interaction with other people, (3) representation of the ability to manage the interaction with the surrounding people. A hypothesis is formulated about the differences in criminals’ perceptions of these characteristics. The hypothesis is tested empirically. The research is conducted by measuring the perceptions of criminals and law-abiding citizens about social space. The method of data collection is self-reporting. Comparison of the perceptions is performed by Kruskal – Wallis one-way analysis of variance The research sample consists of two groups: a) criminals, 210 people convicted of committing violent crimes; b) law-abiding citizens, 210 people who did not commit a crime. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis about the specificity of criminals’ ideas about the characteristics of social space. It was found that social space is viewed by criminals as insensitive and difficult, reducing their self-esteem (devaluing), as well as uncontrollable and unmanageable. The results are confirmed in alternative studies of violent offenders. The conclusion is made about the prospects of research on the perceptions of social space as a resource for the prevention of criminal acts.

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Ritzler, Barry. "Personality Factors in Genocide: The Rorschachs of Nazi War Criminals." Rorschachiana 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.22.1.67.

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Les facteurs de personnalité associés au génocide ont été étudiés à partir des Rorschach de simples soldats Nazis danois qui ont été évalués à l’occasion des procès pour crime de guerre à Copenhague en 1946. L’échantillon comprend 165 citoyens danois qui ont collaboré avec les Nazis pendant l’occupation du Danemark et de 22 officiers allemands. Les protocoles de Rorschach ont été cotés selon le Système Intégré ( Exner, 1993 ). La fiabilité de la cotation s’établit à 80% et plus d’accord inter-correcteurs pour toutes les catégories. En raison des défauts de l’enquête dans la plupart des protocoles, les critères de cotation pour les couleurs, l’estompage et la dimension formelle furent modifiés, et la somme pondérée des cotations spéciales ne fut pas calculée ( Ritzler & Nalenik, 1990 ). Avant de procéder à l’analyse des données, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que nous allions trouver trois profils basés sur des facteurs de personnalité antérieurement suggérés en rapport avec le génocide: 1) Banalité ( Arendt, 1963 ); 2) obéissance aveugle à l’autorité ( Milgram, 1963 ; 1974 ); et 3) Sadisme psychopathique ( Miale & Slezer, 1975 ). Les normes du Système Intégré ont été utilisées comme données comparatives en l’absence d’échantillon non-Nazi plus approprié. Le profil “Banalité” fut opérationnalisé dans le Système Intégré en terme de simplicité de la personnalité et manque de ressort: Lambda > 0,99, Coping Deficit Index (CDI) > 3, Zd < –3, et différences significatives dans l’utilisation des Détails Courants (élevée), Fréquence des scores Z (basse) et Persévérations (élevées). Le profile “obéissance aveugle à l’autorité” comprend le besoin de structure externe, la conventionnalité et une pensée rigide: EB ambiéquaux, X+% > 85, P > 7, et une disproportion significative dans le rapport entre mouvements actifs et passifs (un de plus que le double de l’autre). Le profile “Sadisme Psychopathique” comprend des indicateurs de manque d’empathie, comportement primitif, affect relativement peu modulé, narcissisme, et agressivité: peu de contenus humains, DQv > 1, DQ + < 6, CF+C > FC+1, Fr+rF > 1, Space > 2, AG > 2, MOR > 2, et S–% > 41. La comparaison des Nazis danois avec les normes du Système Intégré semble confirmer le profile “Banalité: plus grande fréquence de Lambda > 0,99 et de CDI > 3, plus de Détails Courants et de Persévérations, et moins de scores Z. Zd fut la seule variable à ne pas présenter de différence significative. L’analyse des composantes du CDI montre que le résultat est dû à un manque d’empathie et de sentiments positifs envers les autres (i. e., EA bas, peu de COP, p > a+1, et faible nombre de H étaient significatifs), et non à un manque d’engagement (i. e., peu d’AG, faible WSumC, Afr bas et Indice d’Isolation élevé n’étaient pas significatifs). Le profil ”Obéissance aveugle à l’autorité“ ne fut pas confirmé sur les variables de conventionnalité ou de rigidité (i. e., X+%, P et le rapport a/p ne sont pas significatifs). Toutefois, on a trouvé beaucoup plus de EB ambiéquaux (46% dans l’échantillon Nazi par comparaison avec 23% dans les normes du Système Intégré). Le profile ”Sadisme Psychopathique“ fut confirmé sur les variables manque d’empathie et comportement primitif (i. e., peu de réponses H, DQv élevé, CF+C > FC+1, AG et MOR furent significatifs) mais non pour le narcissisme et l’agressivité internalisée (i. e., Fr+rF et les variables Space ne furent pas significatives). Nous avons aussi trouvé des résultats que nous n’avions pas prévus dans nos hypothèses: grande fréquence de la réponse ”caméléon“ dans les D latéraux de la planche VIII (21% des Nazis contre moins de 2% chez les non-Nazis). Deux autres variables nous ont frappées. Les réponses de Texture ”négative“ (c’est-à-dire des réponses T non associées à des sensations de douceur ou plaisantes) étaient représentées avec une grande fréquence. En outre, les Rorschach des Nazis contenaient des Indices EGO bas (< 0,33). Nous avons interprété ces résultats comme une marque d’ambivalence envers l’intimité (ambivalence et non pas évitement) et une faible estime de soi (congruente avec leur statut de simple soldat). Nous avons étudié le recouvrement éventuel des profils modifiés de ”Banalité“ (Lambda élevé et CDI), Ambiéqualité (et non plus Obéissance Aveugle), et Sadisme (et non plus psychopathique), et nous avons trouvé un haut degré de recouvrement entre Banalité et Ambiéqualité, un degré de recouvrement modéré entre Ambiéqualité, Sadisme et Caméléon, et un faible recouvrement entre Banalité, Sadisme et Caméléon. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent nettement qu’il n’existe pas de profil unique de personnalité qui puisse expliquer le génocide Nazi. Est-ce que nous avons identifié des facteurs de personnalité qui peuvent contribuer à expliquer pourquoi les humains commettent des génocides? Oui, les facteurs Banalité, Ambiéqualité et Sadisme semblent représentés de manière inhabituellement fréquente dans les Rorschach danois. En outre, et quelle qu’en soit la signification psychologiques, il semble important de tenir compte de la réponse caméléon ainsi que de la faible estime de soi (Indice EGO bas) et de l’ambivalence envers l’intimité (Texture négative). Est-ce que ces facteurs sont suffisants à rendre compte de la motivation psychologique à participer à un génocide? A l’exception peut-être du Sadisme qui n’est apparu que rarement sans la présence concomitante d’au moins l’un des autres facteurs, chacun des facteurs majeurs n’est apparu de manière isolée que dans environ 1/3 des cas. Le recouvrement était courant et il apparaît que l’explication du génocide Nazi à partir des Rorschachs danois n’est pas simplement affaire d’identifier des variables isolées. Enfin, est-ce que les Rorschach danois ont identifié la plupart des facteurs psychologiques du génocide? Environ 1/3 des protocoles ne contenaient aucun des facteurs identifiés dans cette étude. Peut-être faut-il se contenter des résultats obtenus sur les deux autres tiers, en termes de facteurs explicatifs potentiels. Il est fort probable que près d’un tiers des acteurs de génocide ne sont en rien différents des être humains que l’on appelle ”normaux“. Cette hypothèse ne pourra être confirmée que par d’autres études sur la psychologie du génocide.

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Kazberov, P. N., B. G. Bovin, and A. A. Fasolya. "Terrorist's Psychological Profile." Psychology and Law 9, no. 3 (2019): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2019090311.

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The article is devoted to assessing the psychological characteristics of individuals convicted of extremist and terrorist crimes. MMPI test was used to examine 915 prisoners in various regions of Russia. The results of the analysis of the profiles of three categories of individuals are presented: extremists, terrorists and convicted for both extremist and terrorist crimes. In all three subgroups, a personality conversion profile was identified, testifying to the hysterical personality traits of the criminals and conflicting qualities, combining high activity with psychasthenic traits, making it easy to perform certain actions, often not well thought out and hasty, but evoking a guilty feeling that is supplanted by the psychological mechanism of denial. The expressed conversion is supposedly a consequence of unreacted psychotrauma. The results of a questionnaire survey, in which the main motives for the crime are named offense and revenge serve as a definite confirmation of this.

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Kuzmin, Yury A. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CRIME PREVENTION." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2020-3-40-47.

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The problem of criminality prevention is being updated. The relevance of issues related to crime prevention as the main factor of criminality prevention in general is substantiated. The essence of criminality prevention is in implementation of the law's educational function. Its mission is not in punishment, but in fostering anti-criminal cogitative-behavioral “in-stincts” of a personality. Criminality prevention should be based on certain universally rec-ognized international and national principles aimed at decriminalizing the identity of poten-tial criminals. Crime theory is a whole system of modern scientific knowledge, forms and methods (historical, socio-political, psychological, medical, legal, economic, etc.). The urgency of the research is caused by the fact that in the conditions of the Russian re-ality criminality is the most serious form of a social disease, in the “treatment” of which there are no universal and final remedies. There are only means to stabilize it, to minimize, to reduce it, etc. It is really utopian to remain on its complete eradication by state-legal means. However, the latter is very relevant for society, the state, the citizen. The problem of criminality prevention is notable for its complex and multifaceted character. Therefore, the state has applied and is now applying all available civilized means of its social and legal control. Effective criminality prevention requires improved law en-forcement activities, namely, focusing on identifying, researching, analyzing the main as-pects of criminality prevention, as well as on characterization and evaluation of the crim-inality prevention system in modern conditions, taking into account domestic and foreign experience. Various methods for prevention of crimes and offenses are analyzed. Criminality preven-tion must be understood as a specific direction in the state activity to affect the causal set of illegal behavior and conditions conducive to it, which results in the reduction, stabilization, quantitative reduction and qualitative mitigation of crime.

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Гришин, Алексей, Alexey Grishin, Александр Шахматов, and Alexander Shakhmatov. "Operational-search characteristics of the offender committing sexual crimes against minors and teenagers." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2019, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2019-2-199-207.

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this article deals with the issues of operational-search characteristics of the criminal personality, committing sexual crimes, types of crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom, the qualification of the person committing sexual crimes, its psychological characteristics, as well as issues related to the study of the criminal personality, as one of the elements of operational-search characteristics of the investigation and disclosure of crimes against sexual integrity of minors and minors. Investigative and operational investigative practice includes the development of a psychological portrait of a person unknown to law enforcement agencies, but the perpetrator of the crime Studied several types of crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of minors and minors, which include sexual depravity. The article States that the subject of rape can be a male person, but women can also become criminals in this area, not only acting as an organizer, instigator or accomplice, but also as a person who commits a sexual crime. The article provides recommendations for the development of a file, which should contain the most complete information about the perpetrators of sexual crimes, the external characteristics of persons in respect of whom sexual interest was expressed. The presence of such information will make the most effective work of law enforcement agencies in the operational investigation and disclosure of these crimes, will increase the efficiency in identifying persons who have committed sexual crimes, and most importantly prevent possible serial crimes.

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Dyntu, Valeriia, and Oleh Dykyi. "CRYPTOCURRENCY IN THE SYSTEM OF MONEY LAUNDERING." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-75-81.

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The target of the article is to study the place of the cryptocurrency in the process of money laundering. The subject of the article is to investigate the ways and means of usage cryptocurrency for money laundering, the possibilities, and limits. Problem’s setting. The authors of the paper have emphasized that despite the broad usage of cryptocurrency all over the world for different kinds of purchasing and transactions, there is no unified position regarding the definition of cryptocurrency, as well as its legal status. Moreover, the aforementioned circumstances trigger the difficulties during the criminal investigation of money laundering by using cryptocurrency. Thus, law informant agencies are facing challenges with the identification of criminals’ personality and the fact of crime commitment. In addition, in the article, the authors articulate the main concept of cryptocurrency: anonymity and decentralization, which engender the main aggro while crime investigation. Methodology. The research is based on an analysis of historical stages of cryptocurrency creation: from Friedrich August von Hayek’s idea of “currency independent from banking and governmental” to the establishment of decentralized currency. Moreover, there were analysed the cases of money laundering where criminals who used cryptocurrency have been identified and press charged. In addition, the comparative methods were used to collate different positions regarding cryptocurrency all over the world and inside Ukraine. The position of the main authorities and organizations regarding the legal status of cryptocurrency was investigated as well. The results of the study revealed that a cryptocurrency is a convenient tool for money laundering because it gives relative anonymity for the owner of the currency, as far as it does not require any personal information about the user and his location. Aforementioned feature minimizes the opportunity for law enforcement agencies to track back the criminal activity and to identify the criminal personality. Furthermore, cryptocurrency transactions are out of the government control because for conducting any transactions by using cryptocurrency, there is no need for their verification by third parties like a bank, governmental authority or nongovernmental organizations. In addition, the user can have more than one account and conduct transactions from different places at the same time.

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Filimonov, Vadim D. "The Mechanism for Imposing Punishment as a Tool for Implementing the Principle of Justice." Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, no. 16 (2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/16/7.

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The article examines justice as a principle of law and as criminal principle of justice as a principle of compensated justice. The measure of justice in punishment is mainly the correspondence of the punishment to the public danger of the committed crime, i.e. a certain equality of harm caused by criminals to other persons, society or the state, and the severity of the punishment imposed on them. The author argues that a court that follows the principle of justice in imposing punishments has to establish two types of genetic correspondence. The first type is the correspondence of the criminal behavior, circumstances of the crime and the culprit’s personality to the public danger of the criminal’s personality as a criminological basis for imposing punishment. This correspondence employs the genesis of criminal behavior to substantiate the imposed punishment. The rejection of this correspondence could lead to a misconception about the nature and degree of social danger of the perpetrator’s personality as well as an unreasonable type and amount of punishment for the committed crime. The second type consists in the compliance of the type and amount of punishment with the grounds for its imposition ˗the social need to oppose antisocial behavior and personality traits of the guilty person with such a punishment that meets the interests of law-abiding citizens, society, and the state, that is, a social phenomenon that embodies the genesis of criminal law regulation of public relations. The author claims that that it is necessary to identify not only the above-mentioned types of genetic and other correspondences in the mechanism of imposing a punishment, but also take into account the correspondence in terms of proportionality, especially when it comes to the compliance of the punishment with the gravity of the crime committed. Having analyzed all types of correspondences in the mechanism of punishment imposition, the author concludes that since the indicated types of orrespondences in the system of punishment imposition determine the activity of the court, insofar they act as its regulators. The ability to regulate the activities of the court turns their entire set into an instrument for introducing the principle of justice into punishment. Therefore, the mechanism for imposing punishment manifests itself in the process of regulating criminal law relations as a legal instrument for implementing the principle of justice in punishment.

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L.G., Kozlyuk. "The Importance of Studying Issues Related to the Identity of the Perpetrator from the View of Socio-naturalistic Criminology." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-374-380.

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The article is noted to the importance of studying issues related to the identity of the perpetrator from the view of socio-naturalistic criminology. It is emphasized that successful opposition to criminality is possible with a careful study of the identity of the perpetrator, since it is a kind of center that gives the opportunity to "work" the mechanism of criminal behavior. Therefore, all the factors that, to one degree or another, make it possible to implement such a mechanism need serious consideration. Without the use of the most effective methodological tool in the process of investigating the identity of the perpetrator, it is impossible to determine the causes and conditions of crime, and accordingly to find effective measures to counter it. In this regard, the methodological toolkit by which criminology is applied. The purpose of this study is to determine the perspective of knowing the identity of the perpetrator from the view of socio-naturalistic criminology. The study was carried out on a new progressive criminological doctrine based on the principle of social naturalism and showed that an effective mechanism of generating crime may be a socio-biological approach, provided the knowledge of the roles and limits of the action of social and biological factors in the structure of man. It is proved that understanding the identity of the offender and the properties inherent in him from the view of socio-naturalistic criminology, gives the opportunity to answer the age-old questions that interest criminologists: why a person commits a crime? And why does a person commit such a crime? It is substantiated that the study of the offender's personality from the point of view of socio-natural criminology is of great scientific and practical importance, since it allows distinguishing criminals from other people and clearly separating the causes and conditions of crime. The study of to the identity of the perpetrator from the view of socio-naturalistic criminology (criminology based on the principle of social naturalism), provides an opportunity to adequately solve the problems that arise in the field of combating crime and, thus, to ensure law and order and social progress in Ukraine. It is noted that the study of the identity of the perpetrator from the view of socio-naturalistic criminology does not lead to offsetting the achievements of different approaches to the study of the offender, which take place in criminology, on the contrary, such study, enriches the theory and practice of combating crime and helps to solve complex problems. In particular, the ratio of social and biological in the mechanism of crime; study of the properties of a person who influence the choice of a criminal act; causes and conditions of crime. A high crime rate is an indicator of the need to find new ways to solve problems related to the study of the offender's personality. Today, the study of the offender's personality from the view of the social-naturalistic doctrine solves the urgent criminological need for new methodological tools that are necessary in the study of the offender's personality. Therefore, this study attempts to show a promising methodologically new approach to the study of the identity of the perpetrator in criminology. Therefore, the problem of effective research on the identity of the perpetrator is crucial in criminology because its solution is a prerequisite for the successful counteraction of crime in our country.

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Alzouabi, Lina. "Social Environment and Crime in Dickens' Oliver Twist and Great Expectations." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.6.19.

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This study reads Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist and Great Expectations as crime novels by applying Sutherland's theory of "differential association" which postulates that criminal behavior is learned rather than inherited, and it is learned through interaction with other people within intimate personal groups in which one learns techniques and acquires motives for committing crimes. In Oliver Twist, Oliver is portrayed as a victim of the corrupted social environment as well as Monks' conspiracy with Fagin to drag him down to the underworld.; he is raised as an orphan in a workhouse and subjected to mistreatment. Thus, he unknowingly indulges in Fagin's gang and learns the crime of pickpocketing, as all the members of the gang come from a poor background and are taught how to commit crimes within the gang, their intimate social group. Nancy's poverty also compels her to join the gang, which ultimately leads to her death, as criminality is not innate in her personality. Criminality in Oliver's character is not innate either, so he ends up leading a decent life in a healthier environment. Like Fagin, Compeyson in Great Expectations favors the violation of law and has others indulge in the criminal world, thereby exploiting Magwitch and Orlick who turn into criminals. By presenting criminal characters with various motives and from harsh backgrounds, Dickens' fiction suggests that crime behavior has nothing to do with heredity. Rather, criminal characters are implicated in crimes as a result of the corrupted social environment forced on them, along with gangs and corrupt people they have to encounter.

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Resch, Mária, and Tamás Bella. "False victimization syndrome." Orvosi Hetilap 152, no. 14 (April 2011): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2011.29080.

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Criminology and criminal-psychology are sciences dealing mostly with the personality of the criminals as well as the interconnections of crime and deviance. The other player of the crimes – the victim - has recently come into focus posing the question why and how somebody is becoming a victim, and what effect can the victim have when the crime is being committed. The first international publications appeared at the beginning of the third millennium on so-called victims who are convinced to suffer from material, moral or other damages and, accordingly, who would pursue “justice” at any rate. They often appeal against decisions. Considering these facts the procedures are rather thorough and circumspect. A significant part of the law-enforcement staff is heavily involved for long periods. On the other side there is the person considered criminal being actually the real victim. These people are getting alienated from the society because of their reckoned deeds and, because of the distorting influence of the media they are condemned morally. The present study describes the syndromes of fake-victim, their occurrence as well as psychiatric considerations, social appearance and impact. Authors are drawing attention to the medical-legal existence of the problem as well as its existence. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 559–568..

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Naumenko, Olga N., and Evgeny A. Naumenko. "Book as a Cure of the Condemned: From the History of Penitentiary System of Western Siberia (second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century)." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-171-176.

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Historical experience of education by the means of books, known as culture of reading, started being weakened in “the age of Internet”. Novelty of the article is in the described process of impact of the book on criminals in the territory of Western Siberia considered through the cultural, historical and psychological aspects. With the use of previously unknown archival materials there are revealed the cure methods of the condemned by using the book, and the relationship to the prison literature of the political prisoners. The personality of prisoners differed by a set of moral qualities, but almost all of them were ready to the perception of people around and themselves through the literature. Illiteracy was the main obstacle in education of the condemned, but the administration of prisons opened prison schools and organized reading literature aloud. The first prison libraries appeared in the 1860-ies and were replenished generally at the expense of philanthropists. F.M. Dostoyevsky’s novels “Crime and Punishment” and “Notes from the Dead House”, fairy tales and poems by A.S. Pushkin were the most popular books: they filled life with romanticism and were a compensation factor. Political prisoners denied any educational methods, preferring to read revolutionary literature. It is impossible to track extent of impact of book on the process of correction of criminals, but it is possible to claim that libraries started forming the atmosphere of book which is the most important condition of education in prisons, and is a necessary prerequisite for correction of a convicted person.

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Krawczyk-Żywko, Lucyna. "A Study in Four Colours: The Case of the Chameleon Detective." Victoriographies 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0209.

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Sherlock Holmes, one of the world's most famous detectives, is skilled at disguising himself and adjusting to different circumstances and yet remaining himself. Few literary characters lose so little in the process of adaptation, be it cinematic or literary, and I propose calling him a cultural chameleon: regardless of the palette and colour against which he is positioned – warm (scarlet and pink), cold (emerald), or black – he remains a brilliant sleuth. This paper compares four titles and four colours: A Study in Scarlet (1887), the first of the long-running series of texts by Doyle, and three instances of Holmes's adaptability to twenty-first century standards and expectations: ‘A Study in Emerald’ (2003), an award-winning short story by Neil Gaiman, ‘A Study in Pink’ (2010), the first episode of the BBC series Sherlock, and ‘A Study in Black’ (2012–13), a part of the Watson and Holmes comics series. Each background highlights different aspects of the detective's personality, but also sheds light on his approach to crime and criminals.

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Lutskyi, Andrii, Myroslav Lutskyi, and Boris Kindyuk. "The Contribution of Prof. M.N. Gernet to the Development of Legal Science." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(3).519-529.

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The paper presents the biography and systematizes the research of a well-known Russian scholar Prof. M.N. Gernet. The authors single out different spheres of his work: 1) the theory and history of criminal law, including the theory of crime as a social phenomenon, the qualification of criminals and crimes, the concept of criminal law, types of punishment used in different countries as well as social security measures in the form of the penitentiary system, organization of inmates’ labor, their re-socialization; 2) criminal law sociology, including the research of the dependence of the number of crimes on the economic conditions, such as the average salary, housing utility payments, size of dwelling, price of bread and other basic necessities; 3) criminal law statistics whose methods M.N. Gernet actively used, such as survey, questionnaires, observation, experiment, ranging (structuring); thanks to the crime and criminal personality research offices that he organized in different cities of the Soviet Union it was possible to collect data and to systematize it by the causes of crime, types of crimes, personal characteristics of some criminals (gender, age, education, marital status); 4) problems of juvenile delinquency analyzed by scholars using data on age groups of delinquents, which allowed to show the positive effect of the reduction of punishment depending on age, the hearing of cases by the Commission on Minors’ Affairs and a wide use of medical and pedagogical measures; 5) the history of using capital punishment, including a historical overview of using this type of punishment, which gave the scholar an opportunity to show that this measure does not affect the total number of crimes and has a negative impact on the psychological atmosphere in the society manifested through an increased number of civil disobediences and violent crimes; 6) crimes of Hitler’s army against humanity, which M.N. Gernet studied by collecting data on the number of war crimes against civilians, prisoners of war, hostages, analysis of mass shootings and the destruction of cities, villages, cultural monuments and other valuable objects; 7) biographies of legal scholars, including the information that M.N. Gernet collected on the work and contributions to the legal science of such famous lawyers as A.F. Konin, N.S. Tagantsev, V.K. Sluchevsky, I.Ya. Foinitsky, P.I. Lyublinsky, paying special attention to the monographs and textbooks that they wrote.

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DOLAN, M., and R. FULLAM. "Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002028.

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Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.

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Robson, Michelle, Jon Maskill, and Warren Brookbanks. "Doctors Are Aggrieved—Should They Be? Gross Negligence Manslaughter and the Culpable Doctor." Journal of Criminal Law 84, no. 4 (August 2020): 312–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018320946498.

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Doctors may also be criminals. Mercifully, this is a rare event but no health professional is infallible, mistakes happen and the challenge is to distinguish inadvertence from wilful disregard for the consequences. Healthcare professionals are uneasy about the readiness of the current law to attribute criminal responsibility accompanied by a failure to recognise the highly pressurised context in which sub-standard practice occurs. This article argues that the offence of gross negligence manslaughter is improperly defined and fails to target those doctors whom society should criminalise. Alternatives to gross negligence manslaughter to include culpable homicide adopted in Scotland and the major departure test favoured by New Zealand are considered before advocating a more radical approach—the sliding scale of negligence. Using existing tests in civil and administrative law, a more objective test of gross negligence is proposed, with culpability as a mandatory requirement for a doctor to be convicted of a crime. It is contended the law must move away from the stance a patient’s death is required for medical negligence to become a crime, an outcome bias, to a conduct biased offence. There is no underlying reason why culpable gross negligence causing serious harm should not also be subject to criminal sanction. The recent sentencing guidelines demonstrate the law is sophisticated enough to distinguish reprehensible conduct from careless behaviour. It is now time for the legal test to also acknowledge all the circumstances of the alleged crime.

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Weiner, James F. "Sherlock Holmes and Martin Heidegger." Archaeological Dialogues 3, no. 1 (May 1996): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800000568.

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Let me begin my commentary on Julian Thomas' provocative and stimulating project by invoking, as anthropologists seem to do from time to time, the figure of Sherlock Holmes. Holmes, as we know, classified types of persons, livelihoods, mentalities and criminalities by, among other things, the varieties of dirt on their shoes, the characteristic calluses and grooves on their hands, the imprints they made upon different utensils, the kinds of tobacco, food scraps, and bits of clothing they left behind as traces of their presence. Holmes made a living out of deducing the motivational and moral contours of a human personality from such material indices. He knew the physical components of his environment – the different soils and plants of London, which stores purveyed which implements and goods characteristically utilised by criminals – and he catalogued the sartorial and other visible indices which marked inhabitants of different districts, and socioeconomic and ethnic categories. We also learned that he was not unfamiliar with the Who's Who of London society of his time, not to mention the London constabulary and the organisation of various other professions whose activities related to his interest in crime solving.

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Nasir, Muhammad. "TRACING THE ARMENIAN DESCENDANTS AND SELF-IDENTITY: AN ANALYSIS OF CAN THESE BONES LIVE?" Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.831.

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Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study demonstrated how Armenian Massacres as crime fiction developed in response to finding their identity by tracing the ethnic criminal or heritage against their descendants. Besides, by looking at this genocide against the Armenian racial, I found it increasingly difficult to ignore the link between self-identity and the race criminalization conducted by the authority Methodology: In this study, the writer implemented New Historicism theory by looking at the historical background, and combined with Horney Psychoanalysis of Personality, through the activities conducted by the characters. Then, through analyzing the plot and the whole story, the writer found that self-awareness of those characters could be seen in different forms and cultures. Based on those theories that people who know themselves will know what they think, feel, and believe; they will be able to take responsibility for themselves and be able to determine their values by reflecting their personality Main Findings: Self-identity and Armenian descendants could be portrayed significantly, and they were very appropriate with the identity of the characters shown in the texts. Here, the writer also found that a novelist like Tom Frist (2015) used the backdrop of massacres to write about the inner lives of Turkish criminals. He focused directly on the narrative dilemmas posed by American Armenian. His work attempted to uncouple race from crime, and this writer showed us how massacres fiction became a necessary identity form for American Armenian who lived as migration and diaspora. Applications of this study: So, the study of Armenian descendants was not only useful for a literary critic but also presented the history and ethnic cleansing in Turkey. And through this analysis, we learned more about the bitter experiences faced by deportees as shown in the setting places and the author’s perspective. Novelty/Originality of this study: Finally, I believed that tracing the Armenian descendants and self-identity was fascinating by identifying the characters shown in the novel.

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Lutsenko, K., A. Roman, and A. Budarina. "ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF THE ANNOUNCER BASED ON THE ORAL SPEECH IN FORENSIC AUDIO AND VIDEO ANALYSIS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_25.

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The article discusses the most common biological traits of a person by voice and oral speech to identify the announcer in the study of video, sound recording and linguistics. The article purpose is to review some of the social and biological traits of the announcer by oral speech, which are used in modern practice to obtain the most complete information about a person/his personality. The application fields of biological traits regarding human voice and oral speech in the modern world are considered, namely: in medicine (diagnosis of many diseases), law enforcement agencies (identification of criminals, crime prevention, etc.), in customer service banking, etc. The article outlines the possibilities of voice and speech forensic diagnostics in a modern technological society in order to determine the basic socio-biological traits of a person, since one of the most common means of communication between people is still oral speech. As a special kind of human communication, oral speech is based on the psycho-physiological functions of the individual organism and personality consciousness in the framework of a particular society. In order to obtain the most complete information about the studied object, there is a need to record traces on digital media (sound traces of speech). From the analysis of conducted examinations and publication on the study and systematization of biological features of human oral speech, the author of the article came to the conclusion that there is a need to further study these traits and integrate with automatic systems in the 21st century in order to not only provide the institute of justice with reliable examination, but also to use this knowledge in various fields of human life.

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Zagar, Robert John, Boris Bartikowski, Agata Karolina Zagar, Kenneth G. Busch, and Randall Stark. "Accepted Legal Applications of Actuarial Testing and Delinquency Interventions: Examples of Savings in Real-Life Situations." Psychological Reports 104, no. 1 (February 2009): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.1.339-362.

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Violent crime, especially by youth, is an increasing and costly problem. Zagar and colleagues have described five empirical studies in which youths' and adults' risks were identified and used to predict commission of homicide. The samples were more representative of the most violent modern urban delinquents than samples in previous research from smaller cities. From Zagar and colleagues' results, it is clear that the use of actuarial personality and probation–parole tests to identify at-risk individuals and target treatments to their needs would allow organizations to reduce loss of life and improve quality of life and economic and social well-being. The current article first provides a brief review of the situations in which the courts already accept the use of actuarial personality and probation-parole tests. Following that are several representations of the costs and benefits of broader application of testing and treatment in schools, universities, and workplaces. Finally, a specific proposal for generalized screening is proposed in a city of 3 million, with estimates of lives saved and costs reduced.

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Chornyi, G. O. "TRACES OF EXPLOSION AS A CONSTITUENT OF CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PICTURE OF TERRORIST DIRECTEDNESS CRIMES." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.10.

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There are viewed the main issues of the general criminalistic classification of traces in the commission of a terrorist directedness crimes, in which the traces are divided into ideal and material. The philosophical basis for the research and study of traces in the broad understanding is the imaging theory. At that a necessary condition for mapping is similarity with the represented object and similarity to it. Material traces by their nature cover changes in the situation of the place of incidence, traces of the object reflection, which are physical evidence and document. The most common traces that remain after the commission of terrorist directedness crimes are the traces of the use of explosives, explosive devices. The author gives the notion of an explosion, from the point of view of its criminalistic meaning, explores the main elements of an explosive device. Particular attention is paid to the classification of explosion traces, depending on conditions and time of trace formation, there are: 1) traces, the formation of which is associated with the illegal manufacture, acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of explosives or explosive devices; 2) preparation traces of the explosive device for the direct explosion; 3) traces of the use of an explosive device in the commission of crimes (traces of an explosion). For each classification group the author indicates the types of traces that are characteristic to it. In the traces, the nature of the actions of criminals, the traits of their personality and the circumstances of committing crimes of a terrorist directedness are objectively reflected. The study of traces makes it possible to reconstruct the mechanism and circumstances of the commission of a crime, the method of preparing it, committing and concealing it, the motives andpur- poses of the crime.

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Ежова, Олеся Николаевна, and Елизавета Вячеславовна Ермоленко. "CONVICTED WOMEN PERSONALITY AND PECULIARITIES OF THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 5(41) (December 25, 2020): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2020.41.5.023.

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В статье рассматривается личность, социальный портрет (возраст, образование, социальный статус) женщин, совершивших преступление в 2019 г. Анализируется статистика преступлений за последние пять лет, совершенных женщинами, за которые им было назначено судами наказание в виде лишения свободы в исправительных учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы. Рассматриваются различные подходы к содержанию понятия «психологическое сопровождение». В основном нормативном правовом акте (приказ Минюста России от 12 декабря 2005 г. № 238), регламентирующем деятельность психологической службы уголовно-исполнительной системы, отсутствует понятие «психологическое сопровождение осужденных». В связи с этим на основании анализа задач, стоящих перед сотрудниками психологической службы, ее функций и основных видов работ раскрыто содержание понятия «психологическое сопровождение осужденных в уголовно-исполнительной системе». Анализ деятельности сотрудников психологических лабораторий позволил прийти к выводу, что психологическое сопровождение осужденных представляет собой систему мероприятий, обеспечивающих процесс адаптации осужденных к условиям изоляции от общества, процесс их успешной ресоциализации и профилактику негативных явлений в среде осужденных. На основании особенностей личности осужденных женщин определены основные требования, которым должно соответствовать их психологическое сопровождение. Указанные требования имеют практическое значение и могут быть использованы в деятельности психологических лабораторий исправительных колоний общего режима, в которых отбывают наказание осужденные женщины. The article examines the personality of a woman criminal, a social portrait of women who committed a crime in 2019 (age, education, social status). The article analyzes the statistics of crimes for the last five years committed by women-criminals, for which they were sentenced by the courts in the form of imprisonment in correctional institutions of the penal system. Various approaches to the content of the concept of «psychological accompaniment» are considered. In the main normative legal act (Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of December 12, 2005, No. 238), regulating the activities of the psychological service of the penal system, there is no concept of «psychological accompaniment of convicts». In this regard, on the basis of the analysis of the tasks facing the employees of the psychological service, its functions and the main types of work, the content of the concept of «psychological accompaniment of convicts in the penal system» is revealed. Analysis of the activities of employees of psychological laboratories made it possible to come to the conclusion that psychological support of convicts is a system of measures that ensure the process of adaptation of convicts to conditions of isolation from society, the process of their successful resocialization and prevention of negative phenomena among convicts. Based on the characteristics of the personality of convicted women, the basic requirements have been determined that must be met by the psychological support of convicted women. These requirements are of practical importance and can be used in the practical activities of the psychological laboratories of general regime correctional colonies, in which convicted women are serving their sentences.

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Liu, Guangyou, and Siyu Liu. "Corruption crime and punishment: evidence from China’s state corruption audits." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2016-0044.

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Purpose This paper aims to answer the following two research questions: Do corruption cases present different features before and since the new administration in China? How are criminal penalties affected by these corruption features? Design/methodology/approach The investigation is based on the online disclosure of 269 state corruption audits and their consequences, which have been made public by China’s National Audit Office since 2011. By manual coding, these official reports were analyzed, and an appropriate-sized sample of corruption cases was chosen. The authors then adopted Welch’s t-test and regression model methods to test the research hypotheses relevant to the two research questions. Findings The authors find that larger embezzlement or bribery amounts and more organizational corruption cases have been detected and punished since the anti-corruption campaign was launched by the new administration. They also conclude that significantly tougher criminal penalties were given to corruption cases involving large monetary amounts, that bribery cases were more harshly punished compared to other occupational crimes and that individual perpetrators received tougher criminal penalties than organizational criminals. In addition, the authors observe a trend that criminal penalties for corruption have been increasingly harsher in recent years. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are quite clear as the Chinese corruption cases in this sample only include state corruption audit cases and does not refer to high-profile corruption cases investigated by the Central Commission of Discipline Inspection. However, this study suggests that state corruption audit results are a good research sample, which can be used to extend empirical tests to archival data acquired from state audit practices and can encourage more studies on public sector auditing and occupational financial crime. Practical implications State corruption audits can be an effective approach to successful anti-corruption campaigns, and the conclusions can be useful to policy makers and legislators in China and other developing countries. Originality/value This paper bridges some gaps in the existing financial crime literature. First, this study on corruption features is located within the context of a political administrative change; second, the state audit is highlighted as a supervising agency in the anti-corruption campaign; and third, the authors’ contribution adds to the empirical testing of data sets of state corruption audits within the existing financial crime literature.

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Masters, Roger D., and Myron J. Coplan. "A dynamic, multifactorial model of alcohol, drug abuse, and crime: linking neuroscience and behavior to toxicology." Social Science Information 38, no. 4 (December 1999): 591–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901899038004005.

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Although there is increasing recognition that many dysfunctional behaviors and diseases require multifactorial explanations that integrate biological and socio-cultural variables, such an approach requires fundamental conceptual changes. To explain geographical and temporal variations in alcohol and drug abuse and in criminal behavior, we propose a dynamic, multifactorial model that integrates findings in neurobiology and social science with toxicology. This model is based on a sequence of probabilistic relationships. (1) Some individuals are potential alcoholics or drug addicts for genetic or developmental reasons that may also be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality, or other traits that have been linked to criminal behavior. (2) Uptake of lead, manganese, and other neurotoxic substances from the environment can downregulate dopamine, glutamate, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters necessary for learning and normal impulse control. (3) Uptake of lead and other neurotoxins is increased by dietary deficits in calcium, zinc, and iron which in turn are associated with poverty, stress, and lactose intolerance. (4) Additional environmental factors, such as silicofluoride use in treatment of public water supplies, also increase uptake of lead. (5) Fetal and childhood uptake of lead and other toxins is associated with both developmental and learning deficits and with continued neurotoxicity during teenage and young adult years. (6) Alcohol and drug abuse can function as crude self-medication to compensate for downregulation of serotonin, dopamine and other affected neurotransmitters. (7) Lead neurotoxicity increases the market for alcohol and hence the total number of active alcoholics. (8) This increase in a community's market size reflects prolonged recruitment of potential alcohol users (higher average age of first use of alcohol is correlated to size of market for alcohol). (9) Larger markets for alcohol lead to larger markets for cocaine and crack. (10) These linked markets are a key factor in different rates of crime, since higher average age of first use of alcohol, of cocaine, or of crack is associated with a higher rate of crime and more criminals who were using cocaine or crack at the time of their offense. When otherwise unexplained geographical and historical differences in rates of crime are analyzed from this perspective, environmental pollution and the use of silicofluorides in water treatment seem to play a critical role in triggering social dysfunction. This dynamic, multifactorial approach may provide a model for studying the epidemiology of other dysfunctional behaviors and diseases, such as ADD/ADHD, asthma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, which have been traced to varied combinations of genetic vulnerabilities, toxic metals, developmental insults, and social stresses.

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Пушкарева, Ирина Александровна, and Любовь Николаевна Одинцова. "METHODS OF CRIMINAL`S STUDYING IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND RUSSIA." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 2(43) (August 19, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.80.76.011.

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Уровень преступности в нашей стране и в мире остается по-прежнему высоким. Изменения личности преступников обусловливают возникновение новых способов совершения преступлений. В результате этого необходимость изучения причин, условий и мотивов совершения общественно опасных деяний и особенностей лиц, их совершивших, посредством зарекомендовавших себя и получающих широкое распространение методик научного познания является актуальным для криминологии и иных наук криминального цикла. Авторы освещают понятие «криминальное профилирование», истоки его развития, особенности и условия применения данного метода в российской и американской криминологической практике. Кроме того, предпринята попытка обоснования его значения в отечественном правовом поле и определения перспектив дальнейшего развития. Цель и задачи работы - освещение позитивной зарубежной практики применения криминального профайлинга, возможность заимствования положительного опыта в России. Основными результатами настоящей статьи выступили апробированные рядом зарубежных стран способы изобличения преступников по характерному почерку совершения преступлений, причинам и условиям, им способствующим, криминальной мотивации. На основе анализа зарубежных источников и литературы авторы обосновывают вывод о положительных аспектах вошедшей в практику методики криминального профайлинга за рубежом и расширении ее сферы в нашей стране. Материалы статьи будут интересны ученым и практикам, занимающимся борьбой с преступностью вообще и в условиях изоляции от общества за рубежом отдельных категорий осужденных в частности. The crime rate remains high in our country and in the world. New ways of committing crimes are constantly emerging, and nature of criminal personality is also changing.The need to study the causes, conditions and motives for the committing of socially-dangerous acts and the characteristics of persons who committed them through proven and widely used methods of scientific knowledge does not lose relevance for criminology and other sciences of the criminal cycle. The authors highlight the concept of «criminal profiling», the origins of its development, and the peculiarities of the use of this method in Russian and American criminological practice.Moreover, an attempt was made to substantiate its significance in the domestic legal field and determine the prospects for further development. The goals and objectives of the research are to highlight the positive foreign practice of using criminal profiling, the possibility of borrowing positive experience in Russia. The main results of this article were the ways to expose criminals by the distinctive pattern in crime, the reasons and conditions that contribute to them and the reasons for illegal activities tested by a number of foreign countries. Based on the analysis of foreign sources and literature, the authors justify the conclusion about the positive aspects of the practice of criminal profiling abroad and the expansion of its sphere in our country. The materials of the article will be interesting to scientists and practitioners involved in the fight against crime in general and in isolation from society abroad of certain categories of convicts in particular.

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Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim, Naji Arafat Mahat, Geshina Ayu Mat Saat, Azizah Othman, Ian Lloyd Anthony, Sowmya Kumar, Suzaily Wahab, Saravanan Meyappan, Balan Rathakrishnan, and Fauziah Ibrahim. "The Psychology of Murder Concealment Acts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063113.

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The escalating trend of murder victim concealment worldwide appears worrying, and literature does not reveal any specific study focusing on victim concealment amongst convicted male Malaysian murderers. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the psychological traits that may underlie the act of murder concealment in Malaysia via mixed method approaches. Male murderers (n = 71) from 11 prisons were selected via purposive sampling technique. In the quantitative analysis, a cross-sectional study design using the validated questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contained murder concealment variables and four Malay validated psychometric instruments measuring: personality traits, self-control, aggression, and cognitive distortion. The independent sample t-tests revealed the significantly higher level of anger in murderers who did not commit concealment acts (8.55 ± 2.85, p < 0.05) when compared with those who did so (6.40 ± 2.64). Meanwhile, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed that anger and the personality trait of aggressiveness-hostility significantly varied across the different groups of murder concealment acts (p < 0.05). The qualitative data obtained via the in-depth interviews revealed two important themes for the murderers to commit murder concealment acts: (1) fear of discovery and punishment and (2) blaming others. These findings discussed from the perspectives of the murderers within the context of criminology and psychology may provide the first ever insight into the murder concealment acts in Malaysia that can benefit the relevant authorities for crime prevention and investigation efforts.

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Yoshimasu, Shufu, and Sadakata Kogi. "Études criminologiques et psychiatriques au Japon." Acta Criminologica 2, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017008ar.

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Abstract CRIMINOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC STUDIES IN JAPAN Criminological development in Japan is largely the work of the Japanese Association of Criminology, founded in Tokyo in 1913. The year 1935 saw the debut of the publication Acta criminologia?: et medicinee legalis japonica. After an interruption of several years caused by the second world war, society made great strides, and important research could then be undertaken. There are now three State institutes of criminology in Japan: the General Research Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Tokyo University of Medicine and Dentistry, the Institute of Research, Practical and Clinical Training at the Ministry of Justice, and the Institute of Encephalographie Research of the University of Tokyo. Among the most important criminological and psychiatric research projects are: 1) Study of twins: Led by Yoshimasu, this could be considered as one of the most brilliant contributions of Japanese criminology to science. It is based on the rate of concordance between homozygotic and heterozygotic twins. For a clearer understanding of the phenomenon of concordance between the two partners, Yoshimasu used the following factors: age at first offence, age at the time of research, and number of relapses. The results of his analysis show a lesser rate of agreement than that of foreign studies, nevertheless this rate increased perceptibly after the second world war, which is explained by the influence of environment. 2) Research on recidivism by means of analysis of the life curve: In 1951, Yoshimasu discovered a new method for analyzing the criminal careers of recidivists (this method is defined in English as «the criminal life curve» and in German, die kriminelle Lebenskurve). It comprises three indices: a) age at the time of first offence: before or after 25 years; b) the type of offence: classified in accordance with the kind of crime, the sequence of crime and the kinds of crimes committed during any one episode, i.e. one, the same or different; c) interval between the offences: sequence, remission, intermission, suspension. Later on, various studies were added to this research. 3) Characteristics of various crimes: The studies undertaken dealt with homicidal women, homicidal girls, mass murderers (Massenmo'rder). These studies showed interesting results, because there is an intimate relationship between patricide and the family environment in the traditional Japanese atmosphere. Other researchers were interested in arsonists, sex criminals, persistent embezzlers, recidivists in crimes of violence. 4) Research on juvenile delinquency: In this field, Japan may well be proud of having several pioneers. We stressed the importance of the psychopathic personality, as much as the sheer asymmetry of psychic and physical maturity. 5) Criminality of the mentally disturbed with encephalitis due to anti-rabies vaccination: Studies undertaken after the massacre of 12 employees of the Teikoku Bank of Tokyo revealed that subjects suffering from this malady have a deviated personality of a mythomanie type with Korsakov's syndrome. Other studies show a seat of demyelinized fibres. Treatment could thus be applied to effectively fight this illness. 6) Amphetamine drug addiction and criminality: This problem took on the dimensions of a national crisis after the second world war, when amphetamine drug addiction rose to 200 000. The work undertaken on this problem revealed psychopathic personalities characterized by hyperthymic tendencies, hysterics, explosiveness or instability, as explained by Kurt Schneider. 7) Reactions to penal institutions and disciplinary infractions: With regard to these, a new method called infractiologie was used. It is concerned with the actual relationship which exists between crimes committed in society and infractions committed within the penal institution.

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Normandeau, André, and Denis Szabo. "Synthèse des travaux." Acta Criminologica 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017013ar.

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Abstract SYNTHESIS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR RESEARCH IN COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY Introduction At the beginning of the development of the social sciences there was a considerable vogue for comparative research. A long period of empirical studies and almost total preoccupation with methodological problems followed. Once again, however, psychology, political science, sociology, and above all anthropology, have taken up the thread of this tradition, and the bibliography in these fields is becoming ever more abundant. The study of deviance, of various manifestations of criminality, and of social reaction against crime are, however, noticeably missing in the picture, even though there is nothing in the nature of criminology which precludes the development of comparative research. To many research workers in criminology, the time seemed ripe to take up the comparative tradition once again. Two imperatives were considered : the generalization of norms of deviance which are tied to the standard of living set by industrial civilization, thus putting the problem of criminality in a global light ; and, second, the development and standardization of methods of studying these phenomena, drawing on the experience of allied disciplines. The response of the participants in this Symposium and the results of their discussions were not unexpected. A consensus was arrived as to the problems it was thought important to study, and agreement was reached about the strategies of research to be undertaken. Priorities, however, were not established since too much depends on the availability of research teams, funds, etc. But the broad, overall look at the main problems in comparative criminology will, hopefully, open a new chapter in the history of crimino-logical research and in our continuing search for knowledge of man and society. The brief resume which follows should give the reader an idea of the extent of the problems tackled. The detailed proceedings of the Symposium will be published at a later date, in mimeographed form. Sectors of research proposed In a sense, this Symposium was prepared by all the participants. The organizers had requested that each person invited prepare a memorandum setting out the problems in comparative criminology which he considered to be most important. The compilation of their replies, reported to the plenary session at the opening of the Symposium, produced the following results : Summary of suggestions for research activities Note : In all that follows, it should be understood that all of these topics should be studied in a cross-cultural or international context. 1) Definitions and concepts : a) Social vs legal concept of deviance ; b) Distinction between political and criminal crimes ; c) The law : a moral imperative or a simple norm ; d) The concepts used in penal law : how adequate ? e.g. personality of criminal ; e) Who are the sinners in different cultures and at different times. 2) Procedures : a) Working concepts of criminal law and procedure ; b) Differentiating between factors relating to the liability-finding process and the sentencing process ; c) Behavioural manifestations of the administration of criminal justice ; d) Judicial decisions as related to the personality of the judges and of the accused ; e) Sentencing in the cross-national context (2 proposals) ; f) In developing countries, the gap between development of the legal apparatus and social behaviour ; g) Determination of liability ; h) The problem of definition and handling of dangerous offenders ; i) Decision-making by the sentencing judges, etc. (2 proposals) ; ;) Medical vs penal committals ; k) Law-enforcement, policing. 3) Personnel : a) Professionalization in career patterns ; b) Criteria for personnel selection ; c) Greater use of female personnel. 4) Causation. Situations related to criminality : a) How international relations and other external factors affect crime ; 6) Hierarchy of causes of crime ; c) Migrants. Minorities in general ; d) Relation to socio-economic development in different countries ; e) A biological approach to criminal subcultures, constitutional types, twin studies, etc. ; f) Cultural and social approach : norms of moral judgment, ideals presented to the young, etc. ; g) Effect of social change : crime in developing countries, etc. (6 proposals) ; h) Effects of mass media, rapid dissemination of patterns of deviant behaviour (2 proposals). 5) Varieties of crime and criminals : a) Traffic in drugs ; b) Prison riots ; c) Violence particularly in youth (7 proposals) ; d) Dangerousness ; e) Relation to the rights of man (including rights of deviants); f) Female crime (2 proposals) ; g) Prostitution ; i) The mentally ill offender ; ;) Cultural variations in types of crime ; k) Organized crime ; /) Use of firearms ; m) Gambling ; n) Victims and victimology. 6) Treatment : evaluation : a) Social re-adaptation of offenders ; b) Statistical research on corrections, with possible computerization of data ; c) Comparisons between prisons and other closed environments ; d) Extra-legal consequences of deprivation of liberty ; e) Rehabilitation in developing countries ; f ) Criteria for evaluation of programs of correction ; g) Biochemical treatment (2 proposals) ; i) Differential treatment of different types of offense. Evaluation ; /) Prisons as agencies of treatment ; k) Effects of different degrees of restriction of liberty ; /) Environments of correctional institutions ; m) Study of prison societies ; n) Crime as related to the total social system. 7) Research methodology : a) Publication of what is known regarding methodology ; b) Methods of research ; c) Culturally-comparable vs culturally-contrasting situations ; d) Development of a new clearer terminology to facilitate communication ; e) Actual social validity of the penal law. 8) Statistics : epidemiology : a) Need for comparable international statistics ; standardized criteria (3 proposals) ; b) Difficulties. Criminologists must collect the data themselves. 9) Training of research workers : Recruiting and training of « com-paratists ». 10) Machinery : Committee of co-ordination. Discussions The discussions at the Symposium were based on these suggestions, the main concentration falling on problems of manifestations of violence in the world today, the phenomenon of student contestation, and on human rights and the corresponding responsibilities attached thereto. Although the participants did not come to definite conclusions as to the respective merits of the problems submitted for consideration, they did discuss the conditions under which comparative studies of these problems should be approached, the techniques appropriate to obtaining valid results, and the limitations on this type or work. Four workshops were established and studied the various problems. The first tackled the problems of the definition of the criteria of « danger » represented by different type of criminals ; the problem of discovering whether the value system which underlies the Human Rights Declaration corresponds to the value system of today's youth; the problem of the treatment of criminals ; of female criminality ; and, finally, of violence in the form of individual and group manifestations. The second workshop devoted its main consideration to the revolt of youth and to organized crime, also proposing that an international instrument bank of documentation and information be established. The third workshop considered problems of theory : how the police and the public view the criminal ; the opportunity of making trans-cultural comparisons on such subjects as arrest, prison, etc. ; and the role of the media of information in the construction of value systems. The fourth workshop blazed a trail in the matter of methodology appropriate to research in comparative criminology. The period of discussions which followed the report of the four workshops gave rise to a confrontation between two schools of thought within the group of specialists. The question arose as to whether the problem of student contestation falls within the scope of the science of criminology. Several experts expressed the opinion that criminologists ought not to concern themselves with a question which really belongs in the realm of political science. On the other hand, the majority of the participants appeared to feel that the phenomenon of student contestation did indeed belong in the framework of criminological research. One of the experts in particular took it upon himself to be the spokesman of this school of thought. There are those, he said, who feel that criminology should confine itself and its research to known criminality, to hold-ups, rape, etc. However, one should not forget that penal law rests on political foundations, the legality of power, a certain moral consensus of the population. Today, it is exactly this « legitimate » authority that is being contested. Is it not to be expected, therefore, that criminology should show interest in all sociological phenomena which have legal and criminal implications ? Contestation and violence have consequences for the political foundations of penal law, and therefore are fit subjects for the research of the criminologist. International Centre {or Comparative Criminology The First International Symposium for Research in Comparative Criminology situated itself and its discussions within the framework and in the perspectives opened by the founding of the International Centre for Comparative Criminology. The Centre is sponsored jointly by the University of Montreal and the International Society for Criminology, with headquarters at the University of Montreal. As one of the participants emphasized, criminologists need a place to retreat from the daily struggle, to meditate, to seek out and propose instruments of research valid for the study of problems common to several societies. Viewing the facts as scientists, we are looking for operational concepts. Theoreticians and research workers will rough out the material and, hopefully, this will inspire conferences and symposiums of practitioners, jurists, sociologists, penologists, and other specialists. Above all, it will give common access to international experience, something which is lacking at present both at the level of documentation and of action. A bank of instruments of method- ology in the field of comparative criminology does not exist at the present time. The Centre will undertake to compile and analyse research methods used in scientific surveys, and it will establish such an instrument bank. It will also gather and analyse information pertaining to legislative reforms now in progress or being contemplated in the field of criminal justice. Through the use of computers, the Centre will be able to put these two projects into effect and make the results easily accessible to research workers, and to all those concerned in this field. The participants at the Symposium were given a view of the extent of the problems envisaged for research by the future Centre. It is hoped that this initiative will be of concrete use to research workers, private organizations, public services and governments at many levels, and in many countries.

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S.V., Tsariuk, and Nesterenko V.V. "Correction and re-socialization of convicted members of the Armed Forces: current state and prospects of their implementation and improvement." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 1, no. 12 (July 2, 2021): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.01.078.

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The analysis of military crimes committed from 2014 till 2020, the process of the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and a range of issues related to the process of correction and re-socialization of convicted members of the armed forces are represented in the article. Studying and determining the patterns of crimes committed while performing active duty in Ukraine, as well as the educational impact of remedies and re-socialization applied to convicted members of the armed forces is studied insufficiently and needs more attention from scholars. One of the main problems that remains relevant among scholars to this day is the development and implementation of optimal ways to correct convicted members of the armed forces. The state of affairs studied during the Anti-Terrorist Operation on Protection the Independence, Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions showed that the criminal-executive system was not ready for the growth of the number military criminals. Taking into account the specifics of these subjects of criminal offenses, and the rapid development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which are in a state of undeclared war with the Russian Federation, we have proposed the necessary measures to correct and re-socialize convicted members of the armed forces in order to meet their needs and protect their rights and interests and, what is most importantly, to develop law-abiding behavior of the personality of a convicted member of the armed forces. The criminological portrait of a military criminal was also considered in the article. The changes through the prism of reforms in the defense sector were analyzed. Moreover, the international experience of studying the problems related to military crimes was analyzed. On the basis of the conducted analysis, corrective measures were proposed. Today, under the influence of legislative changes caused by Ukraine’s movement towards NATO membership, the transformation of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was studied, and the ways to address the emerging needs of the members of the armed forces were proposed. Key words: correction, Military law enforcement service, members of the armed forces, offense, punishment, crime.

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Василенко, Олена. "RELIGIOUS EDUCATION OF INMATES IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS." ОСВІТА ДОРОСЛИХ: ТЕОРІЯ, ДОСВІД, ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35387/od.1(17).2020.123-130.

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The article is devoted to the problem of religious education that may be of great importance to rehabilitate and reform the offender or prisoner. As the problem of crime is one of growing importance, every means available should be used to reform and train the prisoner so that when he leaves the penitentiary he will go out and become a useful member of society. The various reasons for inmate religious involvement are investigated, such as many psychological and emotional benefits, improving their own self-concept, use religion to help change their behavior or to gain physical protection, to meet other inmates or volunteers of the opposite sex. It is proved that inmates can acquire a number of positive characteristics from the practice of religion in prison, because serious religious involvement promotes self-discipline, self-introspection, and concern for others, psychological peace of mind, positive self-concept and improvements in self-control and intellectual abilities. According to the law of many countries, correctional institutions must provide inmates with legal rights concerning the practice of religion and attending religious services, but considering security of the institution. The programs aimed at the successful reintegration of inmates into the community need the assistance of religious personnel to find employment and promote positive family relationships. There has been considered that the prison chaplain has greater potential opportunities in helping to rehabilitate the prisoner, he has shown the most interest in criminals and has been motivated by a religious spirit or a welfare mission. The article analyzes characteristics that the modern prison chaplain must use; he should be extreme tactful, frank, honest, and truthful, careful to keep his promises, sympathetic, must know something about the social sciences and should be a man of strong and attractive personality. The chaplain’s duties and obligations are analyzed. One of the aims of a chaplain is to analyze the inmates' religious and social background, diagnose their deficiencies, and plan for their future. It is noted that whatever the changes in corrections and larger society, because of the historical and legal foundation of religion in corrections it will continue to be an active part of prison life and inmates’ rehabilitation. Key words: religious education; correctional institutions; inmates; prisoners’ rehabilitation; a correctional chaplain.

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Bryskovska, O., and M. Hryha. "CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF WATER TRANSPORT." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.35.

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Illegal possession of water transport and theft (stealing) of sea or river vessels as a kind of criminal business is almost as profitable as illegal possession of motor transport. The nature of the group with a clear planning, the hierarchy of the participants and the distribution of roles often characterize such crimes. However, the investigation of such crimes in practice causes difficulties involved, including the fact that most of them are made without witnesses by virtue of localization of water transport facilities. In this regard, the establishment and analysis of the elements of the forensic characteristics of such crimes as the systems of information about the forensically significant signs of this category of criminal offenses, and the logical connections between them, which contribute to the effective solution of the problems of investigation, seems relevant. The method of illegal possession of water transport, as a key element of the forensic characteristics, is characterized by the presence of a thorough preparatory stage, which includes the establishment of the characteristics of the storage place of the water vehicle, the selection of tools and technical means for entering the storage facility (parking, mooring), its transportation, etc. The characteristic features of the offender is the presence of certain watercraft management skills, knowledge of its technical equipment and operating features. Most of these crimes are committed in groups. Between the personality of the offender and the victim, the presence of certain ties (professional, personal, friendship, kinship, etc.) is often stated. The characteristics of a typical trace pattern of the thefts under consideration are determined by the specifics of the environment in which they were committed. Since the overwhelming majority of such crimes are committed in poorly populated places and places with little infrastructure, not ideal (testimony of the victim, eyewitnesses), but material traces (traces of weapons, criminals, video recordings, etc.) acquire special significance for the investigation. The situation of the crime characterize the place and time of the commission. Basically, the thieves of water transport are activated at night (with the onset of dusk) on the territory of hangars, garages, summer cottages, sheds, berths, parking lots, piers, bases of security firms, places of storage or temporary stay, etc. Obviously, most of all boats are abducted from unguarded objects.

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Garmyshev, Yaroslav, Svetlana Koryagina, and Irina Lavygina. "Moral and Psychological Characteristics of Criminals Personality." Baikal Research Journal 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2018.9(4).19.

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The article is devoted to investigating criminals personality, identifying and analyzing specific deformations and other features of the personality that have led to committing a crime. It gives accent to primary importance of moral and psychological characteristics in studying the criminals personality. It offers a comparative analysis of these indicators with reference to the personalities of careless, juvenile, and environmental criminals. It identifies presence of fundamental differences in the moral and psychological characteristics of the individuals under consideration. Meanwhile, in terms of the moral and psychological aspect, it is possible to identify the worldview factors, the value orientations, the moral and ethical purposefulness, life aspirations of the personality. Psychological features are actively involved in formation of the personalitys moral image and determine the basic motives of its behavior. In other words, in each specific case the personality itself predetermines the choice of socially dangerous behavior, which, of course, depends on the personal characteristics of the individual, which are formed during his/her life. Thus, through the prism of the individual characteristics of the criminals personality there reveals a set of causes and conditions that contribute to its illegal behavior.

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Kranebitter, Andreas. "Rebels without a cause? ‘Criminals’ and fascism in The Authoritarian Personality." Journal of Classical Sociology, December 10, 2020, 1468795X2097850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x20978506.

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An important empirical basis for the interpretations of Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford in The Authoritarian Personality (TAP) were questionnaires and in-depth interviews conducted by William R. Morrow with prisoners at California’s San Quentin prison. A reconstruction of the historical approach exposes serious methodological shortcomings, some of which Morrow openly addressed in memoranda, revealing that the supposedly particularly authoritarian attitude of the prisoners was due, among other things, to their submission to the psychiatric authority in the authoritarian situation of the prison and due to the conditions of a hierarchical prisoner society. In TAP, the empirically inadequate survey was interpreted primarily in the context of psychoanalytic literature on crime at that time, in particular Robert Lindner’s Rebel Without A Cause, whose theory of pseudo rebellion permeated TAP. Focusing on the shortcomings of TAP, this article argues, enables its inspiring insights to be appreciated.

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Dr. Latika Varma. "Effect of Home Environment upon Inferiority among School Going Students." International Journal of Indian Psychology 3, no. 4 (September 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0304.032.

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A study conducted by Ministry of Home Affairs New Delhi. “Crime in India”, 1958 to 1964, it was found that most of the criminals came from broken homes where no code of discipline existed lack of interpersonal harmony and consistency leads to a viscous home atmosphere. The different hypothesis which was made for this study has been confirmed on the basis of the obtained data and statistical treatment. The proposal passed by UNO in chapter27, that every child in the world has the right to live and it is the parents responsibility to provide a congenial and harmonious home environment for the child, so that he can get various opportunities and motivation to develop skills, confidence and over all perfect personality.

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"Chicago: Where Polygraph Becomes a Science." European Polygraph 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ep-2019-0001.

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Abstract In the 1920’s, earlier work on polygraph instrumentation and procedure in Europe and the United States came together in Chicago where John Reid and Fred Inbau at the Scientific Crime Laboratory applied extensive field observations in real life criminal cases to create the Comparison Question and semi-objective scoring technique, the factors that allowed polygraph to achieve scientific status. While Chicago was not the first place the instrumental detection of deception was attempted, it was the place where the contemporary, comparison question technique was first developed and polygraph became a science. This fortuitous development was the result of the unlikely assemblage of a remarkable group of polygraph pioneers and a ready supply of criminal suspects. It is impossible to pinpoint when people first began noticing the relationship between lying and observable changes in the body. The early Greeks founded the science of physiognomy in which they correlated facial expressions and physical gestures to impute various personality characteristics. The ancient Asians noted the connection between lying and saliva concluding that liars have a difficult time chewing and swallowing rice when being deceptive. Clearly, behavioral detection of deception pre-dates instrumental detection of deception which, it is equally clear, is European in origin. By 1858 Etienne-Jules Marey, the grandfather of cinematography recently feted in Martin Scorsese’s film Hugo, and Claude Bernard, a French physiologist, described how emotions trigger involuntary physiological changes and created a “cardiograph” that recorded blood pressure and pulse changes to stimuli such as nausea and stress (Bunn, 2012). Cesare Lombroso, often credited as the founder of criminology, published the first of five editions of L’uomo delinquente in 1876 in which he postulated that criminals were degenerates or throwbacks to earlier forms of human development. Lombroso later modified his theory of “born criminals” by creating three heretical classes of criminals: habitual, insane and emotional or passionate (Lombroso, 1876). By 1898, Hans Gross, the Austrian jurist credited with starting the field of criminalistics, rejected the notion of “born criminals” and postulated that each crime was a scientific problem that should be resolved by the best of scientific and technical investigative aides (Gross, 2014). In 1906, Carl Jung used a galvanometer and glove blood pressure apparatus with a word association test and concluded that the responses of suspected criminals and mental perverts were the same ( Jung, 1907). In order to appreciate the important polygraph contributions that occurred in Chicago, one needs to first consider what was happening at Harvard University and in Berkeley, California at the beginning of the 2oth Century.

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Field, Isabella. "Reading Between the Bars: Brain Science Suggests New Considerations for the Legal System." Elements 13, no. 2 (June 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/eurj.v13i2.9965.

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The following review surveys the current role of intent in determining blameworthiness in the criminal justice system. Through research on empathy, stress and the factors that contribute to antisocial personality disorder, the work aims to communicate the necessity for new technology in this field. In order to improve the accuracy of the criminal justice system in assigning punishment and rehabilitating offenders, there must be consideration for the nature and nurture that contributed to the individual’s decision making, not just the choices they make or the evidence presented against them. philosopher immanuel kant affirms that intention is the true indicator of character, and if the criminal justice system works to employ neurotechnology that is more accurate in determining guilt, society can improve. Crime rates and the number of people in prison will decrease, as preventative measures can be taken once knowledge is spread about the environmental factors that can breed criminals. ignorance of this fundamental aspect of criminology will lead to the promotion of dishonesty in our culture, as well as cyclical crime as offenders may not be receiving the help they need.

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Liu, Lianlian. "A jurisprudential analysis of the concurrent criminal jurisdiction over cross-border telecom fraud crime." Journal of Financial Crime ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (March 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-09-2019-0123.

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Purpose The issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes has become common in a globalizing world, while the rigid compliance with territoriality and active personality jurisdiction has created a legal vacuum for cross-border crimes in many situations. The jurisdiction dispute between mainland China and Taiwan over cross-border telecom fraud crimes is a good example. In recent years, the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China cracked down a series of cross-border telecom fraud crimes against mainland residents and extradited suspects to mainland China. Given a certain proportion of Taiwan residents in criminal gangs, the Taiwan side raised jurisdiction objections, arguing that mainland China had no right to exercise jurisdiction over Taiwanese criminals. The essence of the jurisdiction dispute between two sides is the concurrence of Taiwan’s right to exercise active personality jurisdiction and the mainland’s right to exercise passive personality jurisdiction. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the connotation of different jurisdiction principles (namely, territorial, active personality, protective and passive personality jurisdiction) and reinterpret their prioritization of applicability from a jurisprudential perspective, and thus, enhance the theoretical basis for resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes. Design/methodology/approach By reviewing the historical trajectory of major jurisdiction principles since the 1920s, and studying the specificities of the case in this context, this paper argues that territorial jurisdiction and active personality jurisdiction have presumed priority but not an absolute priority for resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction. The applicability of protective and passive personality jurisdiction could precede the former provided the jurisdictions of territoriality or active personality are inadequate, incompetent or lack of motivation to combat crimes, which harm other jurisdictions. Findings The developmental trajectory and contemporary connotation of major jurisdiction principles suggests that the legitimacy of the mainland’s exercise of passive personality jurisdiction over Taiwan criminal suspects lies in the urgent need to recover mainland victims’ significant property loss, the incompetence of Taiwan in detecting and prosecuting telecom fraud crimes committed by Taiwanese residents and targeting mainland victims and that the mainland has guaranteed the Taiwan side’s right to be timely informed and fully participate in its exercise of criminal jurisdiction over crimes involving Taiwan suspects. Originality/value Current literature on jurisdiction doctrines mainly uses a historical or descriptive approach to reveal the attitudes of different countries toward jurisdiction principles, which helps little in resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes in an era of globalization. This paper uses an interpretative approach, reinterprets the contemporary connotation of different jurisdiction principles and redefines the criteria for determining their prioritization in the context of the specificities of a case. It is expected to update the academic literature for resolving concurrent jurisdiction, fill the legal vacuum for combating cross-border crimes created by rigid compliance with territorial jurisdiction, and meanwhile relieve concerns about abuse of extraterritorial jurisdiction as it provides concrete standards for weighting the applicability of jurisdiction principles.

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"PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COGNITIVE STYLE OF POLENODEPENDENCE OF DELINQUENT PERSONALITY." Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. A Series of Psychology, no. 67 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2225-7756-2019-67-09.

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The main psychological features of the cognitive style of polenodependence of a delinquent person of different age are defined in the article. Using the masked "Hottschald's Included Figures" test (30 tasks, objective test), we determined the cognitive style of the inmates' pollen dependence. The discrepancies between groups of first-time convicts and repeat offenders regarding pollen dependence on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion were determined, as well as the analysis on the pollen dependence of sentenced persons of different age groups. Generally speaking, the cognitive style of inmate dependence is expressed at an average level – out of 30 tasks, on average, they solve about 15. But in the recidivist group, the average rate of pollen dependence is slightly higher than in the first convicted group. This means that poledependent people tend to ignore obstacles, expressive leadership, critical, skeptical, analytical reason, they distinguish between the nuances of the world and cynically use this imperfection of the world, the weaknesses of other people. Analysis of the pollendependence of sentenced persons of different age groups with the number of correctly solved objective test tasks showed that in younger convicted persons (from 20 to 25 years old), pollendependence is expressed on the average level – out of 30 problems they solved on average 15, 9, and convicts of middle age (26 to 34 years), on average, solve 16,3 tasks – the best indicator in terms of older age (35 years and older), they are lower than average, solve 12, 5 tasks. The breakdown by average age of the study groups indicates that the average age of first convicts is 25 years and that of repeat offenders is 32 years. This reflects the current trend in society – the trend of "Rejuvenation of criminals". Based on the results of our research, efforts should be made to correct the cognitive style of the perpetrators in order to increase the offspring's conviction and less conformism to the pressure of the crime environment on different age groups. It turns out that the age factor is more related to such a psychological characteristic of the subjects as polendependence than the factor of the first or repeated crime.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Personality tests. Crime and criminals'

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