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Duerringer, Christopher. "Using Perspective by Incongruity to Crack Invisible Whiteness." Communication Teacher 28, no. 2 (2013): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2013.865767.
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Sumney, Jerry L. "“We Are Obliged to Give Thanks”: Aspects of Grace in 2 Thessalonians." Horizons in Biblical Theology 41, no. 2 (2019): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341397.
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Abstract Drawing on the aspects of grace that John M. G. Barclay identifies, this essay examines the understandings of grace found in 2 Thessalonians. We find that 2 Thessalonians “perfects” (pushes to the extreme) the superabundance and emphasizes the priority of God’s gift of grace. Unlike what Barclay finds in Romans and Galatians, 2 Thessalonians does not perfect the incongruity of grace. It allows that there is a sense in which God has chosen the appropriate people to give grace. Because it does not perfect the incongruity between the worthiness of the recipient and the offer of grace, its view of grace is similar to that of the Wisdom of Solomon. Seeing that 2 Thessalonians does not perfect incongruity as Paul does in Romans and Galatians may offer a new perspective from which to think about its authorship.
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Whedbee, Karen. "Perspective by incongruity in Norman Thomas's “some wrong roads to peace”." Western Journal of Communication 65, no. 1 (2001): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570310109374691.
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Rockler, Naomi R. "“It's Just Entertainment” Perspective by Incongruity as Strategy for Media Literacy." Journal of Popular Film and Television 30, no. 1 (2002): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01956050209605555.
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Nikonova, Vira, Yana Boiko, and Yuliia Savina. "Incongruity-specific British and American Humour from the Perspective of Translation Studies." Studies About Languages, no. 35 (December 5, 2019): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.35.22962.
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The aim of this study is to reveal the interrelation between the national character of the comic, its cognitive mechanisms and the choice of the strategy while representing the comic in Ukrainian translations of J. K. Jerome’s and O. Henry’s flash fiction. First, using the methodological principles of Linguoculturology, we determine how sociocultural context influenced the British and American authors’ consciousness which determined the cultural aspect of their individual worldview and the specifics of their sense of humour. Then we identified the comically marked contexts in J. K. Jerome’s and O. Henry’s flash fiction using the methodology of linguopoetic research, and revealed the features of incongruity as the cognitive mechanisms of the comic in their works applying the methods of cognitive linguistics. At the final stage, we performed the translation analysis of the distinguished comically marked contexts evaluating the strategies used for representing the comic in Ukrainian translation.
 The analysis of the research material elucidates the following conclusions. The cultural background of the British or American writer determines the specifics of incongruity (logical, notional, valorative and ontological) as the cognitive mechanisms of the comic embodied in their flash fiction which, in its turn, strongly influences the choice of the translation strategy. The comic in J. K. Jerome’s fiction is represented in Ukrainian translations mostly by using the strategies of preservation and localization, while O. Henry’s humour is rendered by using localization and addition. Hence, the strategies of representing the comic in Ukrainian translation highly depend on the comic pictures of the world of the author and the target reader.
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McAlear, Rob. "Orientation and Perspective by Incongruity: Seeing and Not seeing in Native Son." Journal of American Culture 43, no. 2 (2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacc.13131.
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Levasseur, David G. "Edifying Arguments and Perspective by Incongruity: The Perplexing Argumentation Method of Kenneth Burke." Argumentation and Advocacy 29, no. 4 (1993): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028533.1993.11951570.
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Dow, Bonnie J. "AIDS, Perspective by incongruity, and gay identity in Larry Kramer's “1,112 and counting”." Communication Studies 45, no. 3-4 (1994): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510979409368426.
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Watson, Cate. "Perspective by incongruity in the performance of dialectical ironic analysis: a disciplined approach." Qualitative Research 20, no. 1 (2019): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794119830073.
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The importance of dialectic to sociological thought has been recognised by many of the discipline’s most eminent thinkers. Adopting a dialectical world view infused with irony provokes insights revealing logical contradictions, so opening up possibilities for the development of alternative interpretations of the social world. There is, however, very little in the way of method to support the development of dialectical irony as a key analytical tool for the social sciences. This article seeks to remedy this deficit. Drawing on three key examples (trained incapacity, functional stupidity and interpassivity) the article examines Kenneth Burke’s ‘perspective by incongruity’ as a means for interrogating the dialectical moment, so contributing towards the development of dialectical ironic analysis within a methodology of humour.
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Saroglou, Vassilis. "Humor Appreciation as Function of Religious Dimensions." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 24, no. 1 (2002): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157361203x00282.
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Religion and specific religious dimensions have been hypothesized to reflect and have an effect on sense of humor, especially from a personality psychology perspective. Some empirical evidence tends to confirm this hypothesis, at least when behavioral (spontaneous humor creation) measure but not questionnaires are used. However, sense of humor is not restricted to humor creation, but includes other components such as humor appreciation. In the present study (based on pencil evaluation of humorous stimuli by 118 participants), as hypothesized, religious fundamentalism and orthodoxy were found to be negatively related to humor appreciation in general and to appreciation of incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor in particular, whereas religious historical relativism was positively related to appreciation of nonsense (= unresolved incongruity) humor. However, religiosity was unrelated to humor appreciation and no religious dimension predicted low appreciation of sexual humor.
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Qin, Qu, Zeli Hu, Anle Liu, Yan Huang, and Fengtai Zhang. "Identification and Evolution of the Noncoordination Coupling Relationship between Tourism Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Environments in Poor Mountainous Areas." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5094863.
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Tourism poverty alleviation and ecological environments are closely associated with each other’s dissipation structure, which contains various coordinated and noncoordinated coupling states. Based on the perspective of reverse thinking and problem diagnosis, this paper constructs a bridge from uncoordinated pathology to coordinated development. From the perspective of incongruity, the framework model and evaluation index system of tourism poverty alleviation and ecological environments incongruity coupling coordination driving mechanism are constructed. Also, the variation coefficient method is used to calculate the weight of each evaluation index and the coupling relationship and evolution of tourism poverty alleviation and ecological environments in Liupanshui city are analyzed by the noncoordination coupling function. The results suggest the following: (1) During the study period, the poverty alleviation level of tourism in Liupanshui city presents a continuous growth curve. Meanwhile, ecological environment development level depicts rapid growth initially and then slows down and improves further. In this way, it shows different stage characteristics from the tourism poverty alleviation level. (2) The discordant coupling between tourism poverty alleviation and ecological environments in Liupanshui city shows a decreasing curve. So, the noncoordinated development relationship between tourism poverty alleviation and ecological environments is significant.
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Chen, Qiaoyun, and Guiying Jiang. "Why are you amused: Unveiling multimodal humor from the prototype theoretical perspective." European Journal of Humour Research 6, no. 1 (2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2018.6.1.chen.
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This paper looks at multimodal humour through the lens of prototype theory in the framework of conventional incongruity theory of humour, aiming for a unified linguistic and semiotic approach to humour. From this perspective, humour can be achieved through the following three aspects of linguistic and non-linguistic categories: 1) prototypicality versus non-prototypicality of category members; 2) the family resemblance shared by category members; 3) vague inter-categorical boundary. The cognitive mechanisms behind this type of multimodal humour and its comprehension are discussed. The intermodal relationships involved are examined and categorised into two major types: complementary and non-complementary ones.
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Eisenstadt, Michael. "Perspective by incongruity: Law and rhetoric in Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission." First Amendment Studies 54, no. 1 (2020): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21689725.2020.1728357.
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McHugh, Tara, and Lori Buchanan. "Pun processing from a psycholinguistic perspective: Introducing the Model of Psycholinguistic Hemispheric Incongruity Laughter (M.PHIL)." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 21, no. 4-6 (2016): 455–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357650x.2016.1146292.
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Silverman, Rachel E. "Comedy as Correction: Humor as Perspective by Incongruity on Will & Grace and Queer as Folk." Sexuality & Culture 17, no. 2 (2012): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-012-9150-5.
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Shou, Huisheng, and Gary S. Green. "The Political Economy of Organisational Violence in Chinese Industry." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 45, no. 3 (2016): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261604500307.
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“Organisational violence” involves wilful, illegal business behaviour that has the potential to harm workers, consumers, or the environment. We use a combined perspective from the fields of political economy and criminology to examine the incongruously high level of organisational violence among Chinese firms that exists despite robust efforts by the government to put forth regulatory laws that prohibit it. As the explanation for this incongruity, we assert two conditions that synergistically interact in a bidirectional relationship: 1) the complex legal structural barriers to effective enforcement against organisational violence caused by a politically biased and administratively fragmented Chinese political system, and 2) a socially disorganised business environment that does not recursively message the wrongfulness of organisational violence. The analysis rejects not only financial gain as a relevant factor in the commission of organisational violence but also other current perspectives on the causes of organisational violence in China.
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Yang, Xi, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021.
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Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the production-based WF (PWF) and derives the economic value-based WF (EWF) of 14 major crops in 31 provinces for each year over 2001–2016. The synergy evaluation index (SI) of PWF and EWF is proposed to reveal the synergies and trade-offs of crop water productivity and its economic value from the WF perspective. Results show that both the PWF and EWF of most considered crops in China decreased with the increase in crop yield and prices. The high (low) values of both the PWF and EWF of grain crops tended to cluster obviously in space and there existed a huge difference between blue and green water in economic value creation. Moreover, the SI revealed a serious incongruity between PWFs and EWFs both in grain and cash crops. Negative SI values occurred mostly in north-west China for grain crops, and overall more often and with lower values for cash crops. Unreasonable regional planting structure and crop prices resulted in this incongruity, suggesting the need to promote regional coordinated development to adjust the planting structure according to local conditions and to regulate crop prices rationally.
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Komatsu, Hikaru, and Jeremy Rappleye. "Incongruity between scientific knowledge and ordinary perceptions of nature: an ontological perspective for forest hydrology in Japan." Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 2 (2017): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1283977.
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Tonn, Mari Boor, and Valerie A. Endress. "Looking Under the Hood and Tinkering with Voter Cynicism: Ross Perot and "Perspective by Incongruity"." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 2 (2001): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.2001.0032.
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Tölle, Alexander. "National Planning Systems Between Convergence and Incongruity: Implications for Cross-Border Cooperation from the German–Polish Perspective." European Planning Studies 21, no. 4 (2013): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.722957.
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Pindur, Szymon. "A linguistic study of humour and allusions in J. R. R. Tolkien’s "Farmer Giles of Ham"." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 16/3 (September 18, 2019): 25–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2019.3.02.
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“Farmer Giles of Ham” is a satirical story by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is full of humour and allusions. The diversity of these elements allows for a detailed linguistic study distinguishing different levels at which the humour can be found and the different ways in which it is achieved. In the present paper, we attempt to discuss these devices and levels of humour and draw some conclusions on their effects. Our study is reinforced by a discussion of theoretical preliminaries of humour analysis, including the classification of the different levels, forms and devices of humour, as well as a brief discussion of the most widely acknowledged theory of humour ‒ the incongruity theory. Using this theoretical framework, we explore the possibilities of viewing the phenomenon of humour in literature from a linguistic perspective and attempt to show the utility of this perspective in literature studies.
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Wilson, Tim J., and Angela M. C. Gallop. "Criminal Justice, Science and the Marketplace: The Closure of the Forensic Science Service in Perspective." Journal of Criminal Law 77, no. 1 (2013): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2013.77.1.818.
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Despite hesitant beginnings the Forensic Science Service (FSS) prospered institutionally, as the dominant supplier of forensic science services to the police, after the introduction of neoliberal policies. This ended when the FSS overreached itself and the intensification of neoliberal policies created an incongruity between its organisational objectives and those of its clients. The fortunes of UK forensic science and the FSS diverged long before its closure. Academic and learned society evidence to a Select Committee inquiry into this event, and the influence that this had on the Committee's report, illustrates this change. This expert testimony also explains the importance of the normative, epistemic and professional aspirations of criminal justice practitioners for ensuring the value of forensic science to criminal justice. We argue that the risks threatening scientific evidence, particularly recurrent problems of under-funding and unequal access for the defence, may be masked by older narratives of neoliberalism or too narrow an institutional focus.
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Crable, Bryan. "“Beat the Devil, Beat the Devil, Beat the Devil, Beat the…”: Kenneth Burke on the Cleansing of Tensions, Both Comic and Tragic." Literature of the Americas, no. 9 (2020): 12–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2020-9-12-42.
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There is no question but that Kenneth Burke transformed twentieth century scholarship in rhetorical studies—although too often scholars’ emphasis on identification has led them to neglect other portions of the Burkean canon with important implications for the theory and criticism of rhetorical discourse. In this essay, therefore, I draw upon Burke’s (ultimately unsuccessful) efforts to craft a follow-up to his groundbreaking volume A Rhetoric of Motives, and do so in order to focus specifically on his writings on catharsis. However, I do so not in order to provide a definitive account of this stage of Burke’s career, nor of his unfinished project on poetics (whatever that might be), but to instead engage a difficult question raised by these writings: are the rhetorical dimensions of catharsis necessarily restricted to the transformation of strictly civic motives? Might, in other words, catharsis act instead upon the troubling byproducts of our existence as “bodies that learn language”—the byproducts that drive our (human) rhetorical existence? In the conclusion of the essay, I flesh out this question through the creation of a “perspective by incongruity”— a juxtaposition between Burke’s writings on catharsis and Anne Carson’s innovative volume of Greek tragedy combining works by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, An Oresteia. Ultimately, I argue, this planned incongruity might help us complete Burke’s account of catharsis, and to thereby outline a kind of pollution and cleansing of vital importance to the study of human social life, in all its vital manifestations.
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Filani, Ibukun. "The stand-up comedian as an egocentric communicator." Intercultural Pragmatics 18, no. 1 (2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2021-0001.
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Abstract The general perspective in pragmatics research on stand-up comedy is that the comedian co-produces humor with the audience. In this paper, I argue that the stand-up comedian’s communicative behavior is also partly rooted in egocentrism. To achieve this, I adopted a sociocognitive approach to intention and egocentrism in analyzing a routine that was performed in Chicago by Okey Bakassi, a Nigerian stand-up comedian. I operationalize egocentrism as one of the humor strategies of the comedian. While focusing on the propositional content of the comedian’s utterances, the analysis revealed strategies like privatization, ad hoc concept formation and ad hoc coherence, which the comedian used in individualizing the prior common ground to generate the needed incongruity for humor in the performance sphere.
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Lowrey, Lacy, Valerie R. Renegar, and Charles E. Goehring. "“When God Gives You AIDS … Make Lemon-AIDS”: Ironic Persona and Perspective by Incongruity in Sarah Silverman'sJesus is Magic." Western Journal of Communication 78, no. 1 (2013): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.792387.
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Wang, Fang, and Fang-qu Niu. "Urban Commercial Spatial Structure Optimization in the Metropolitan Area of Beijing: A Microscopic Perspective." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041103.
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Urban commercial districts (UCDs) are the concentrated areas for commercial activities in a city, which provide shopping, leisure, business, and other functions. Urban planners usually face problems in how to plan and design UCDs. The layout of UCDs should not only be appropriately concentrated to realize economic benefits, but should also be properly dispersed to accommodate the distribution of the population. Using Beijing as a case study, this study conducted research into UCDs from a microscopic perspective by utilizing open source big data. A recognition and classification method of UCDs was proposed based on the data of POI and road networks. The proposed model combines Huff’s model and the Voronoi method to analyze how various UCDs should be distributed within a city according to the spatial pattern of the population. The results showed that different kinds of UCDs had different spatial distribution features. Problems were also found, for example, UCDs on the urban outskirts served a large population; there were limitations to the spatial distribution of UCDs in the downtown area; and there was incongruity between the UCD types and the population layout. Based on these findings, suggestions regarding the optimization of the urban commercial spatial structure were also put forward.
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Del Pino-Sepúlveda, Miguel, Alejandra Del Pino-Sepúlveda, and David Pincheira-Fuentealba. "La lectura desde el enfoque del Ministerio de Educación y el enfoque dialógico de la pedagogía “Enlazando mundos”." Revista Electrónica Educare 20, no. 3 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.20-3.6.
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This research aims to characterize the curriculum, the didactics and the assessment promoted by the Ministry of Education of Chili, and the dialogic pedagogy “Enlazando Mundos” (Bridging Worlds). This is a qualitative study based on the dialogic-Kishu Kimkelay Ta Che research approach, with a design of two case studies derived from documentary sources. The procedure to collect and construct knowledge is the interpretation of the dialogic speech; as a data analysis, it focuses on pedagogical definitions from the perspective of transformative, excluding and conservative dimensions, in order to compare-interpret and reflect on educational inputs in relation to reading in a course of language and communication. As a result, it is observed the incongruity from the State in communicative curriculum design and its operational proposal, and in the regionalized construction the dialogic pedagogy “Enlazando Mundos” (Bridging Worlds) is carrying out.
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Sharpe, Allison E. "A Paget Memorial in Perspective: Aspects of A Seventeenth-Century Funerary Monument Erected to Richard Paget in St Mary's, Skirpenbeck, East Riding of Yorkshire." Antiquaries Journal 70, no. 1 (1990): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150007030x.
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The undocumented memorial (pl. XIIa) to Richard Paget (d. 1636) and his two children in St Mary's, Skirpenbeck, some 12 miles east-north-east of York, has hitherto received little or no attention from scholars, other than a brief mention by Nikolaus Pevsner and a flawed description and conjectural attribution by K. A. Esdaile. Yet its form and its remarkable inscriptions, combined with a puzzling incongruity ofexecution, present the art historian with a number of intriguing problems. Among these are questions relating to its design and construction, the date of its erection, and the style and possible authorship of its ingenious commemorative verses. Detailed consideration is given to such matters in another paper by the writer, however, a brief résumé of them may be helpful before discussion of the wider questions raised here: the iconography of the monument and its relationships both with others of the period and with contemporary opinions.
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MacDonald, Margaret Y. "God’s Gift in Ephesians: Dwelling in the Space of Divine Transcendence in the Face of Hopelessness and Dislocation." Horizons in Biblical Theology 41, no. 2 (2019): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341398.
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Abstract With a focus on Eph 4:7-16, the article highlights the significance of the concept of “gift” in Ephesians. John Barclay’s work helps to situate the Paul of Ephesians among Jewish theologians of grace, especially the perspective of the Qumran Hodayot with respect to the incongruity of divine mercy. Moreover, the results of recent analyses of Ephesians within the Roman Imperial context, including civic and familial concepts, are pushed to a new level of understanding. The study includes an examination of the link between ancient ideologies and practices related to gift giving and the delineation of social bonds and communal obligations where the depiction of the role of Christ as the giver of ministerial gifts plays a crucial role. Ultimately, the essay goes some way to close the perceived gap between the undisputed letters and Ephesians in term of a theology of grace.
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Tsakona, Villy. "Scrutinising intertextuality in humour: moving beyond cultural literacy and towards critical literacy." European Journal of Humour Research 8, no. 3 (2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2020.8.3.tsakona2.
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Humourists often resort to previous texts to create their jokes, thus establishing intertextual links between them. Consequently, the processing of such jokes presupposes specific cultural literacy skills which enable speakers to recognise the allusions and interpret them in the new humorous contexts. It has, however, been suggested that speakers’ emphasis on cultural literacy skills for processing allusions and humour may discourage or even impede them from adopting a critical perspective on humorous texts and the allusions included therein. The present study explores this interplay among intertextuality, cultural literacy, critical literacy, and humour in order to underscore the need for critical approaches to humorous texts and intertextuality. It critically analyses political jokes to demonstrate how the intertextual references contributing to their humorous effect create three sets of opposing groups: (a) those who create/tell the jokes vs. those who are targeted by them; (b) the ‘culturally literate’ who employ and understand the intertextual references vs. the ‘culturally illiterate’ who cannot and/or do not do that; and (c) those who agree vs. those who disagree with the ideological presuppositions of the humorous allusions and texts at hand. Based on incongruity and superiority theories of humour, the proposed analysis intends to argue, and pave the way, for more critical perspectives on humorous genres, whether outside or inside educational settings. Such perspectives could sensitise speakers to the fact that humour and intertextuality divide them into opposing groups such as the above-mentioned ones.
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Akçay, Süleyman. "The consistency among curriculum, textbooks and placement tests in terms of elementary biology education in Turkey." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 4, no. 2 (2016): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2014.007.
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The educational reform movements in Turkey have been accelerating since the 1990s. In connection with this, 5-year compulsory education was changed to 8 years. Following this, primary education curriculum was renewed in 2000 and 2004. The important components of formal education are the curriculum, textbooks and the examinations for entering the next stage of education (such as Secondary Education Placement Examinations (SEPE) and Higher Education Placement Examinations (HEPE) exams). This study investigates the content congruity between primary education second stage (the 6th-8 grade) curriculum for the science and technology course and the SEPE exams and the textbooks from the perspective of biology. The research found, in consequence, no incongruity between the three elements in general. In SEPE exams (2008-2010), there were no questions on some issues in the textbooks and curriculum which, therefore, can be regarded as inconsistency among curriculum, textbooks and SEPE exams. In the last part of our study, several recommendations towards the innovations of the curriculum have been made for the future.
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Palmié, Stephan. "Perspectives by Incongruity." Nova Religio 16, no. 4 (2013): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2013.16.4.93.
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Aside from discussing the three articles in this special issue of Nova Religio on Religion and the Transnational Imagination, these brief comments aim to make a critical plea for conceptual clarification when it comes to what exactly the relatively novel, and arguably under-theorized term “transnational” might possibly mean when yoked to the historically old, but arguably equally problematic category, “religion.” My main argument is, if for different (though ultimately not altogether unrelated) reasons, both terms—at least as currently operationalized in much of the anthropology of religion, and religious studies more generally—not only fail to capture the social realities reported in the essays in this special issue, but also unhelpfully shore up a set of ideologies about the supposedly “novel” nature of our “globalized” human condition, that we might better rethink.
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Hajatpour, Reza. "Reflections and Legal Analysis of the Relationship between “Religious Government and Human Rights” from the Perspective of Grand Ayatullāh Muntazirī." Die Welt des Islams 51, no. 3-4 (2011): 382–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006011x603532.
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AbstractThis article discusses the book "Religious Government and Human Rights" (Hukūmat-i dīn-i wa huqūq-i insān) by the Shiite Grand Ayatullāh Husayn 'Alī Muntazirī (1922-2009). In this work, he explicitly tackles central issues of religious government and discusses its incongruity with human rights. He advocates the recognition of human rights along general lines, and positions himself firmly against absolutist Islamic rule, thereby undermining the concept of religious authority currently prevalent in the Islamic Republic. Muntazirī justifies these moves by applying the traditional method of jurisprudence (usūl al-fiqh), calls for re-arranging the system of how sections of the law are structured and even for the possibility of adding entirely new articles. Iğtihād for him is the renewal of jurisprudence in accordance with the Zeitgeist, with changing social conditions and with scientific discoveries. Jurisprudence, in contrast to revelation, is the work of man and can therefore be questioned and adapted in the light of the principles of reason ('aql). Muntazirī calls for a fresh review of jurisprudence based on the liberal human rights of our time. He also stresses the permanent and universal character of these natural and fundamental rights, which apply in all situations and under all conditions despite cultural and religious differences. For Muntazirī, these fundamental rights are deduced from the very essence of man's existence (insāniyat-i insān), which constitutes their only legitimate source. The roots for Muntazirī's oppositional and critical stance towards the Islamic Republic and its despotic system of rule lie first and foremost in his negative personal experiences with the system. Gradually, these gave way to a critical and more liberal concept of religion and political authority in his thought.
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Anukam, Berghel, Frodeson, Famewo, and Nyamukamba. "Characterization of Pure and Blended Pellets Made from Norway Spruce and Pea Starch: A Comparative Study of Bonding Mechanism Relevant to Quality." Energies 12, no. 23 (2019): 4415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234415.
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The mechanism of bonding in biomass pellets is such a complex event to comprehend, as the nature of the bonds formed between combining particles and their relevance to pellet quality are not completely understood. In this study, pure and blended biomass pellets made from Norway spruce and pea starch were characterized using advanced analytical instruments able to provide information beyond what is visible to the human eye, with intent to investigate differences in bonding mechanism relevant to quality. The results, which were comprehensively interpreted from a structural chemistry perspective, indicated that, at a molecular level, the major disparity in bonding mechanism between particles of the pellets and the quality of the pellets, defined in terms of strength and burning efficiency, were determined by variation in the concentration of polar functional groups emanating from the major organic and elemental components of the pellets, as well as the strength of the bonds between atoms of these groups. Microscopic-level analysis, which did not provide any clear morphological features that could be linked to incongruity in quality, showed fracture surfaces of the pellets and patterns of surface roughness, as well as the mode of interconnectivity of particles, which were evidence of the production of pellets with dissimilarities in particle bonding mechanism and visual appearance.
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Dynel, Marta, and Fabio I. M. Poppi. "Quid rides?: Targets and referents of RoastMe insults." HUMOR 33, no. 4 (2019): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2019-0070.
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AbstractThis article offers a qualitative and quantitative socio-cultural examination of RoastMe, a peculiar humorous practice deployed on Reddit and reposted on various social media. First, RoastMe is characterized from the emic (user) perspective and conceptualized in the light of humor theory (superiority and incongruity approaches). RoastMe consists in some users’ posting pictures of themselves with a view to being roasted, i. e. pelted with jocular insults, by other online community members. Albeit a type of disparagement humor, RoastMe is an innocuous humorous activity enclosed within a humorous frame; it is a form of affiliative humor based on users’ unbounded creativity. Second, this paper reports the findings of a quantitative study on the predominant types of targets/roastees depending on their (lack of) salient features, as well as the source and nature of the jocularly disparaged referents in roasting comments, i. e. the central features that roasters make harmless fun of most often, relative to the different categories of roastees.Roasting (v.) – To humorously mock or humiliate someone with a well-timed joke, diss or comeback. (…) Hone your roasting skills, meet other roasters, and get yourself roasted! Everybody needs to laugh at themselves! And other people, of course!(https://www.reddit.com/r/RoastMe/)
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Bear, Julia B., and Linda Babcock. "Negotiating Femininity." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 2 (2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684316679652.
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According to gender role congruity theory, women, compared to men, underperform in masculine negotiations because these negotiations are incongruent with women’s gender role. Based on this framework, we developed two gender-relevant primes—a masculine-supplement prime and a feminine-complement prime—that address role incongruity and should improve women’s economic performance by either supplementing masculinity or complementing femininity. In Study 1, physicians ( N = 78; 50% women) in an executive education program engaged in a masculine-supplement prime, which involved recalling agentic behavior; in Study 2, undergraduate students ( N = 112; 50% women) completed a feminine-complement prime, which involved imagining negotiating for a friend. In Study 3, a community sample ( N = 996; 46% women) completed an online experiment with the primes. Results from the three studies showed that these primes improved women’s economic performance and eliminated the gender gap in negotiation. Perception of fit partially explained the efficacy of the masculine-supplement prime for women, though not the feminine-complement prime. We build on past research concerning situational moderators by investigating gender role congruity from an intrapsychic perspective. We also make a practical contribution; these primes can be used by women to improve economic performance in gender role incongruent negotiations. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
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Sheffield, Margaret. "Leatrice Rose: Perspectives by Incongruity." Woman's Art Journal 15, no. 2 (1994): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358601.
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Rashidi, Naser, and Meisam Moghadam. "The Discrepancy between Teachers’ Belief and Practice, from the Sociocultural Perspective." Studies in English Language Teaching 3, no. 3 (2015): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v3n3p252.
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<p><em>Considering teachers’ belief as a construct and its relationship with teachers’ practice, a growing body of research has explored the effect of teachers’ belief on their practice while there is a bulk of research on the discrepancy between teachers’ belief and practice. However, most of the studies indicate that teachers’ beliefs should be studied within a framework that is aware of the influence of</em><em> </em><em>culture and context leading to the point that teachers’ belief is context dependent. The purpose of this paper is to present an argument about the relationship of</em><em> </em><em>teachers’ beliefs and practices and to find out sociocultural framework to explore the inconsistency of this relationship. Discussing the nature of teachers’</em><em> </em><em>beliefs, the relationship among beliefs, knowledge</em><em> </em><em>and practices, sociocultural perspectives is explored to explain the inconsistency between teachers’ beliefs and practices found in the sample of the study.</em><em> </em><em>To this end a two-phase, sequential explanatory mixed methods study was employed to obtain quantitative results and then select participants for follow-up interviews to further clarify the results. In the first phase, quantitative research questions addressed the relationship between teachers’ pedagogical and epistemological beliefs in relation to eight teaching methods the teachers might utilize in the classroom. 20 teachers teaching different levels of English proficiency from Kish Institute are randomly chosen for this phase. Epistemic </em><em>B</em><em>elief </em><em>I</em><em>nventory (EBI) is used to be scattered among the teachers addressing their pedagogical and epistemological belief about teaching. 5 teachers scored high and 5 teachers scored low are chosen based on their responses to the questionnaires. Determining the target participants through the previous stage, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore how teachers described their beliefs about those eight constituent of teaching. The interviews are transcribed and codified. Using theme analysis, the main themes of teachers’ belief are extracted and explained. In the second phase, the actual practices of these ten teachers are observed by the researchers and an observation checklist is filled out for each teacher to determine the congruity or incongruity between teachers’ belief and practice. Analyzing the main themes of teachers belief and comparing them with the observation checklist, a brief description of each class is reported in the next chapter and the antecedent of the mismatches are discussed under the rubric of sociocultural framework.</em><em></em></p>
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Tomkins, Leah, Jean Hartley, and Alexandra Bristow. "Asymmetries of leadership: Agency, response and reason." Leadership 16, no. 1 (2020): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715019885768.
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Drawing on empirical data from an action research project in policing, we propose that the power relations of leadership unfold in asymmetries of agency, response and reason: Leaders both expect and experience more responsibility than control; more blame than praise; and interpretations of failure – both their own and others’ – based more on personal fault than on situational or task complexity. We focus, therefore, on power asymmetry not in the sense of structural inequality between leaders and followers, but rather, as constellations of incongruity, imbalance and unevenness which circumscribe leaders’ actions, choices, relationships and feelings about their work. From this perspective, privilege and disadvantage are not polar opposites reflecting the powerful versus the powerless; instead, they are intimately interwoven within leadership experience. The asymmetries of police leadership involve an intermingling of the necessary and the impossible; a decoupling of failure from irresponsibility; resilience at the prospect of being blamed for success as readily as for failure; and containment of society’s unresolved crises of responsibility, anxiety and risk. We crystallise this as a paradox of transparency and occlusion – of openness and closedness – in which police leaders are scrutinised by, and answerable to, those whom they must also protect, including from having to bear the full burden of knowledge of the dangers of the world. We reflect on the implications of this not just within policing, but for critical understandings of the power of leadership more generally.
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Mullan, Kerry, and Christine Béal. "Conversational humor in French and Australian English: What makes an utterance (un)funny?" Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 4 (2018): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0016.
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AbstractIn this paper we focus primarily on the second dimension of the model designed for the comparative cross-cultural analysis of conversational humor outlined in (Béal, Christine & Kerry Mullan. 2013. Issues in conversational humour from a cross-cultural perspective: Comparing French and Australian corpora. In Bert Peeters, Kerry Mullan & Christine Béal (eds.),Cross-culturally Speaking, Speaking Cross-culturally. 107–139. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.), namely the linguistic devices and discursive strategies used by speakers to create humor in social interaction. Using a range of illustrative examples we will show that although a number of similar strategies occur in both the French and Australian English data (play on words, personification, implicit references, borrowing words from other languages), there are also marked differences in terms of preferential choices between French and Australian speakers when it comes to the mechanisms that make a particular utterance or exchange a humorous one. In particular, the French speakers in our data displayed a greater tendency to play with the language itself, while the Australians showed a preference for incongruity and absurdity, and collaborative scenarios with escalation.A number of comparative examples of failed humor are also examined. It will be seen that the responsibility for the failure in all cases lies less with the speaker and more with the hearer; i.e. the problem is not actually with the linguistic device employed, but with the hearer’s non-appreciation of the humor or lack of humor support.
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Rus, Violeta Ioana. "A multimodal analysis of conventional humorous structures on sensitive topics within rural communities in Romania." European Journal of Humour Research 5, no. 1 (2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2017.5.1.rus.
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When it comes to humour, performing humorous structures means not only producing amusement, but also implies the ability of perceiving the comical, ludicrous or absurd in human life. In this paper, I consider humour as a way in which people in the rural community express themselves freely, without boundaries or constraints. Therefore, the interest of the present article is to identify and analyse sensitive humorous topics in Romanian rural communities. In conducting the study, the following steps were taken: I videotaped people from the Upper Valley of the river Mureș (selected with sociolinguistic criteria such as gender, age, occupation), I transcribed the audio-video records and I divided the data into thematic categories: jokes, traditional shouts and funeral songs or dirges with humorous structures. Starting from these methodological steps, I attempt to perform a multimodal analysis, which consists of analysing both the text and the audio-video record. In the first part of my research, the analysis of the text focuses on specific structures of conventional humour performed in jokes, traditional shouts and dirges by the main theories of humour: superiority, release and incongruity theories of humour. In analysing the audio-video stimuli, I dwell upon identifying the degree of influence of the psycho-sociolinguistic parameters (gender, occupation and context) on the performance of humour, concentrating on markers of humour such as intonation and visual cues. After analysing the humorous sensitive topics in Romanian rural communities through a multimodal perspective, my conclusion is that speakers combine linguistic and non-linguistic elements in order to make a text humorous.
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Plant, Bob. "Absurdity, Incongruity and Laughter." Philosophy 84, no. 1 (2009): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819109000060.
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AbstractIn The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus recommends scornful defiance in the face of our absurd, meaningless existence. Although Nagel agrees that human life possesses an absurd dimension, he objects to Camus’ existentialist ‘dramatics’. For Nagel, absurdity arises from the irreducible tension between our subjective and objective perspectives on life. In this paper I do two things: (i) critically reconstruct Camus’ and Nagel's positions, and (ii) develop Nagel's critique of Camus in order to argue that humour is an appropriate response to absurdity.
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Plant, Bob, and Katarzyna Kręglewska. "Absurdity, Incongruity and Laughter. Philosophy." Tekstualia 4, no. 59 (2019): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6437.
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In The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus advocates scornful defi ance in the face of our absurd, meaningless existence. Although Nagel agrees that human life possesses an absurd dimension, he objects to Camus’ existentialist „dramatics”. For Nagel, absurdity arises from the irreducible tension between our subjective and objective perspectives on life. The article offers a critical reconstruction of Camus’ and Nagel’s positions, and elaborates Nagel’s critique of Camus in order to argue that humour is an appropriate response to absurdity.
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Souza-Coutinho, Maria, Renato Brasil, Clarisse Souza, Paulo Sousa, and Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira. "Consumers Associate High-Quality (Fine) Wines with Complexity, Persistence, and Unpleasant Emotional Responses." Foods 9, no. 4 (2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040452.
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The conventional method for the sensory evaluation of wine is based on visual, olfactory and gustatory perceptions described by a domain-specific language. This is a complex task, requiring extensive training, which is not feasible from a consumer perspective. The objective of this study was to apply a wine tasting sheet, including sensory and emotional responses, to simplify the recognition of fine white wines by consumers. First, a panel of 15 semi-trained judges evaluated eight sensory attributes through Optimized Descriptive Profile (ODP) methodology. Then, a group of 104 consumers evaluated five white wines with different sensory characteristics using an improved emotional wine tasting sheet. The emotions and sensations most frequently associated with white wines were obtained through the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) approach. The eight sensory attributes were significant (p-value < 0.05) in the distinction of wines by the ODP. Likewise, the distinction of the wines also provided significant differences in all the emotional and sensory attributes (p-value < 0.05). The different wine styles could be distinguished by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using the semi-trained judges or the consumer responses. The highest score in the “global evaluation” was given to two young, fruity wines characterized by high aromatic “initial impression”. The two fine wines, including a 2004 Burgundy Pouilly-Fuissé, were the lowest rated in “initial impression” and “global evaluation”, although they were considered by the consumers among the most complex and persistent. These wines were also most frequently associated with unpleasant emotions by the CATA test. The recognition of these fine wine attributes and their incongruity with emotional responses can be used in a rapid way by professionals to explain the different wine styles to consumers.
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Ponton, Douglas M. "“Never in my life have I heard such a load of absolute nonsense. Wtf.” Political satire on the handling of the COVID-19 crisis." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 3 (2021): 767–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-767-788.
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This paper problematises political satire in a time when the COVID-19 virus has provoked numerous deaths worldwide, and had dramatic effects on social behaviour, on a scale unknown in western nations since World War II. Most populations have endured lockdown, periods of enforced domestic imprisonment, which led to images of the empty streets of big cities appearing in media, symbols of the drastic changes that the health emergency was making necessary. Yet, from the outset, comic memes began to circulate across (social) media, while in mainstream print media political satirists continued to lampoon official responses to the ongoing crisis. The paper thus aims to explore the connection of political satire and humour, asking two principle research questions: firstly, how to explain the humorous effects of these multimodal artefacts in such depressing circumstances; secondly, from a pragmatic perspective, to account for their overall socio-political function.The study uses memes taken from various online sources (Facebook, Twitter, Google) during the crisis, analysed according to a mixed approach that blends notions from Humour studies, especially incongruity (Morreall 2016), with insights from linguistic pragmatics (e.g. Kecskes 2014). The findings emphasise the emotional dimension of this form of satire, as the memes work against the backdrop of a range of feelings (anger, bitterness, disappointment, frustration, despair, etc.), many of which have been widely generated by the COVID-19 crisis and political responses to it. In short, to paraphrase Walter Benjamin (2008: 378), man may run out of tears but not of laughter. The findings contribute to our understanding of online satire as an emergent genre, one that uses the affordances of new media to extend the social potentialities of a traditional subversive discourse form.
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Buckle, Jennifer L., Sonya Corbin Dwyer, and Marlene Jackson. "Qualitative bereavement research: incongruity between the perspectives of participants and research ethics boards." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 13, no. 2 (2010): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570902767918.
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Kernick, D. "Migraine — New Perspectives from Chaos Theory." Cephalalgia 25, no. 8 (2005): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00934.x.
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Converging from a number of disciplines, non-linear systems theory and in particular chaos theory offer new descriptive and prescriptive insights into physiological systems. This paper briefly reviews an approach to physiological systems from these perspectives and outlines how these concepts can be applied to the study of migraine. It suggests a wide range of potential applications including new approaches to classification, treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms. A hypothesis is developed that suggests that dysfunctional consequences can result from a mismatch between the complexity of the environment and the system that is seeking to regulate it and that the migraine phenomenon is caused by an incongruity between the complexity of mid brain sensory integration and cortical control networks. Chaos theory offers a new approach to the study of migraine that complements existing frameworks but may more accurately reflect underlying physiological mechanisms.
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Sims, Cynthia Mignonne, Tao Gong, and Claretha Hughes. "Linking leader and gender identities to authentic leadership in small businesses." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 5 (2017): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-06-2016-0121.
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PurposeWomen are starting businesses at unprecedented rates, yet little is known about the leadership of small business owners. Establishing new ventures may allow women to use their full abilities and benefit from a more level playing field. Business owners have the unique opportunity to lead and define their businesses based on their authentic selves, values and goals; therefore, they are more likely to be authentic leaders. Women in nontraditional industries may be challenged because the owner’s characteristics do not match those of the industry. When the enactment of one identity interferes with another identity, identity interference (II) occurs. Relational authenticity and role incongruity suggests that women founders must uniquely resolve II and find synergy among their gender and leader identities if they are to extend the boundaries of what it means to be a woman and an industry’s business leader. This research aims to determine whether gender and leader II was an antecedent or link to authentic leadership (AL). Design/methodology/approachStudy participants were from 63 businesses in the USA states of California, Ohio and Maryland. Three leader models were established to determine whether owner gender functioned as a moderator: all genders (n = 155), women only (n = 75) and men only (n = 65). The individual owners and their employees were the units of analysis and structural equation modeling was used. FindingsThe findings revealed that II was an antecedent to AL, owners were AL and owner gender moderated AL and II. Research limitations/implicationsThis study supports (Kernis, 2003; Gardner et al., 2005) the proposition that identity congruence is necessary for AL; the less interference found between gender and leader identities, the more authentic the leader. II functioned as an antecedent to AL. Moreover when the AL self’s subscales were examined relative to II, the components that were active varied dramatically based on leader gender. This suggests that addressing II and resolving the incongruence between what it mean to be a woman (or a man) and a leader contributes to the development of AL. Additionally, the AL boundary condition of relational authenticity was supported by this study; leader gender was related to the different amounts of AL (Eagly, 2005; Kernis, 2003). Support was found that AL was a dynamic process between leaders and employees. When authentic leadership questionnaire (ALQ) self (leader) and rater (employee) were compared, there was a significant amount of consistency between these ratings. For the all genders leader model, when ALQ self’s subscale was analyzed relative to the employees’ ratings, the leaders’ relational transparency was found to be active. The women only leader model revealed that AL was activated through internalized moral perspective suggesting they were able to tap into the hearts and minds of their employees. For the men only leaders, no relationship was revealed between ALQ self’s subcomponents and employee AL ratings. Relational authenticity suggests that this may be due to employees rating men owners more based on the experience and perceptions of men leaders in general and not these business owners in particular. Practical implicationsLeadership development professionals should address how II may help women examine who they are, how they work with others, and their values; decrease leader II by providing insight on how to manage potentially conflicting roles through examples of synergistic behaviors and benefits; and, build upon women owners’ ability to connect with their followers by sharing their goals and aspirations. Men owners may benefit by ensuring their employees know their business’ unique value proposition. Originality/valueThis research sought to link the identities of leader and gender to AL in the context of small businesses. It builds upon the AL theory of Avolio et al., (2004) and Jensen and Luthans (2006) who advocated using AL to study small businesses. This study determined whether business owners experienced interference between their gender and leader identities; II hindered the formation of AL and was an antecedent to AL; and the owner’s gender led to more or less AL and thus determined if leader gender moderated AL. The support for studying leader gender comes from role incongruity (Eagly and Diekman, 2005) and relational authenticity (Eagly, 2005; Kernis, 2003) which suggests that differences in how employees perceive AL may be a function of the owner’s gender. Added support comes from Jensen and Luthans (2006); they asked future studies to examine AL to determine the mechanisms behind gender differences in small businesses. Such research provides insight on the development of AL in theory and practice.
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Sekyi-Baidoo, Yaw. "Post-climax analysis in ‘toli’ – the Ghanaian humorous tale." European Journal of Humour Research 8, no. 2 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2020.8.2.sekyi-baidoo.
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Aspects of contextual jokes include the relationship with the goal of the interaction, and the involvement of the audience in the overall manifestation of the joke and its response. Sacks' identification of the ‘response’ or the ‘reaction’ – the final of the three-phased organisation of joke narratives (Sacks, 1974: 337; Attardo, 1994: 307-311) points to an aspect of the manifestation of contextual jokes beyond the fabula or the narration of the tale ‘proper’ to include a part relating to the reaction of the audience. Such reactions may be the joke itself or to its telling. A study of the performance of humorous tales, called toli in Ghana, reveals that the final phase, which we refer to as ‘post-climax’, involves the attention of all players, not to the telling of the tale, but to the incongruity and humour which underlie the very identity of the humorous tale. The post-climax discussion is, thus, an analytical reaction to various points of the tale, which has become an integral part of the performance of the tale as a conversational act, and which contributes extensively to the total manifestation of humour and laughter. Based on incongruity and comic-climax perspectives, the paper discusses the nature and strategies of post-climax, including the association of tale audience and setting, hypothetical extension of tale, incongruity and forced congruity discussions, dramatization and evaluations of realness, through which laughter, the main tenet of the genre, extensively manifests.
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Jaimes-Valdez, Miguel Angel, and Carlos Armando Jacobo-Hernandez. "Sustainability and Corporate Governance: Theoretical Development and Perspectives." Journal of Management and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v6n3p44.
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<p>Sustainability in the management field has several benefits including improvements in food quality competitiveness, responsibility and trust. Additionally, has been related not only to improving the image of organizations but also to increasing their value. However, this concept is multifaceted and diverse, and sometimes an incongruity appears when business leaders just want to increase their sales. Consequently, corporate governance has emerged as a topic connected to the establishment of agreements and the implementation of improvements in three dimensions: environmental, social and economic. This essay intends to explore the benefits, challenges and opportunities of sustainability and corporate governance to demonstrate the desirability of incorporating these topics into organizational management. Additionally, different models of sustainable governance are described to identify their elements and the similarities among them. We conclude that collaboration is key in all models and that it is necessary to broaden theoretical development to enable the implementation of best practices of corporate governance and to ensure sustainability.</p>