Academic literature on the topic 'PERSUB (Computer program)'

Digital media or often referred to as new media (new digital media) is an electronic media stored in digital format (as opposed to analog format) which can be used as storage, transmit, and receive digitalized information. Digital media is the internet-based media using computers and sophisticated mobile phones. Digital media as internet-based media has the characteristics of (1) computer-based technology; (2) its characteristics are hybrid, not dedicated, flexible; (3) interactive potential; (4) public and private functions; (5) non-strict regulations; (6) interrelation; (7) ubiquitous / independent of location; (8) can be accessed by individuals as communicators. (4) public and private functions; (5) non-strict regulations; (6) interrelation; (7) ubiquitous / independent of location; (8) can be accessed by individuals as communicators. (4) public and private functions; (5) non-strict regulations; (6) interrelation; (7) ubiquitous / independent of location; (8) can be accessed by individuals as communicators. This development research will be carried out at the Medan Tourism Polytechnic which is located at Jalan Rumah Sakit Haji No. 12, Kenanga Baru, Percut Sei Tuan District, and Deliserdang Regency. This Polytechnic has seven Study Programs, namely one Diploma 4 (D-4) Study Program and six Diploma 3 (D-3) Study Programs. The seven study programs are (1) D-4 Hospitality Management, (2) D-3 Room Division Management, (3) D-3 Food Management Management, (4) D-3 Catering Management, (5) D-3 Patiseri Management, (6) Tourism Planning and Marketing Management, and (7) D-3 Travel Tour. This digital multimodal-based public speaking learning media is very effective to use to improve learning outcomes. The learning outcomes after applying this product were at an average of 89.68%, meanwhile the learning outcomes before the application of learning media were at an average (55.93%).

Computer-based cognitive training programs are increasing in popularity, not only due to trends in technological advances, but also due to the intense marketing campaigns of such programs toward late-middle-aged and older adults. This article's objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive training programs in maintaining or improving cognitive function in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twelve databases were searched using terms related to computerized cognitive training (CCT) and MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two raters independently extracted articles using agreed-upon criteria. Due to the heterogeneity of the samples, interventions, and outcomes, data of the studies was not statistically pooled for meta-analysis. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and the findings were summarized. All of the studies reviewed provided support that computerized cognitive interventions are feasible in people with MCI or early-stage AD. None of the studies yielded significant evidence to support the use of CCT alone for improvement or maintenance of cognitive function in people with MCI or AD. Further, no studies presented significant evidence of transfer of training to everyday skills and tasks. Recommendations for evaluating products and for areas of research need are provided.

Residents of “lockdown” dementia units, also referred to as “Special Care Units” of skilled nursing facilities, constitute a population of rapidly escalating needs. These entail rising demands for speech-language pathology services to treat and manage symptoms of dementia. This article recounts an exploratory investigation of rehabilitation sessions with an elderly resident of a Special Care Unit, using a new computer-based program targeting cognitive-communicative capacities. Preliminary results suggest that this resident with moderate dementia achieved a higher degree of functional recovery and superior quality of life than would have been possible with more traditional therapeutic approaches alone. An iPad-based software platform was used to administer tasks to train attention, working memory, and executive functions. The resident demonstrated significant gains in task performance that were coupled with increased independence and safety, enhanced participation in non-computerized therapeutic tasks, adaptation to surroundings, and reduction of negative behaviors. The resident's improved cognitive-communicative performance was sufficient to warrant a transfer to a long-term care wing within the same facility. This proof of concept demonstration invites formulation of testable hypotheses, which should be pursued in future research on optimizing interventions for institutionalized people with dementia using leading-edge computerized therapies.

Use of tablet computers has become ubiquitous in speech-language pathology assessment and intervention. With hundreds of applications of variable quality available, clinical training programs have the added responsibility of teaching students systematic, critical-thought-driven approaches to technology selection and evaluation. The purpose of this article is two-pronged: (1) we describe a systematic approach to tablet/app implementation piloted within the Norma S. and Ray R. Rees Speech, Language, and Hearing Clinic at California State University, East Bay and, (2) we present the results of a survey that identifies current practices in app selection in other university clinics.

The use of computer monitors to provide technology-based written feedback during clinical sessions, referred to as “bug-in-the-eye” (BITi) feedback, recently emerged in the literature with preliminary evidence to support its effectiveness (Carmel, Villatte, Rosenthal, Chalker & Comtois, 2015; Weck et al., 2016). This investigation employed a single-subject, sequential A-B design with two participants to observe the effects of implementing BITi feedback using a smartwatch on the clinical behavior of student clinicians (SCs). Baseline and treatment data on the stimulus-response-consequence (S-R-C) contingency completion rates of SCs were collected using 10 minute segments of recorded therapy sessions. All participants were students enrolled in a clinical practicum experience in a communication disorders and sciences (CDS) program. A celeration line, descriptive statistics, and stability band were used to analyze the data by slope, trend, and variability. Results demonstrated a significant correlative relationship between BITi feedback with a smartwatch and an increase in positive clinical behaviors. Based on qualitative interviews and exit rating scales, SCs reported BITi feedback was noninvasive and minimally distracting. Preliminary evidence suggests BITi feedback with a smartwatch may be an effective tool for providing real-time clinical feedback.

Abstrak Pemerintah memberi perhatian yang besar terhadap perkembangan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). Masalah yang sering dihadapi oleh para pelaku UMKM antara lain mengenai pemasaran produk, teknologi, pengelolaan keuangan, kualitas sumber daya manusia dan permodalan. Salah satu masalah yang sering kali terabaikan oleh para pelaku bisnis UMKM yaitu mengenai pengelolaan keuangan. UMKM industri mebel di kota Medan perlu diberi pelatihan pembukuan dan akuntansi yang layak dan benar, maka akan memungkinkan mereka untuk memperoleh kredit UMKM bersubsidi dari pemerintah yang akan meningkatkan keberhasilan usaha baik dalam pengelolaan dana keuangan usaha atau pun kemampuan memproduksi produk dalam kuantitas yang lebih banyak dan kualitas yang lebih baik. Lokasi Mitra UMKM di Desa Bandar Khalifah Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan Dusun XIV Seroja dan Dusun XVI. Permasalah tersebut dapat dipecahkan secara bersamaan dengan memberikan pelatihan pembukuan dan akuntansi dasar bagi UMKM tukang mebel Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan. Pelatihan tersebut akan dimulai dengan pelatihan pembukuan, dilanjutkan dengan pelatihan pemahaman akuntansi secara mendasar, pelatihan penggunaan komputer dasar dan diakhiri dengan pelatihan pembukuan dan akuntansi terkomputerisasi. Dengan pelatihan yang dibuat selama 6 (enam) kali pertemuan mitra dapat membuat pembukuan yang baik dan mitra dapat membuat pengajuan Kredit Usaha Kecil (KUK) yang disediakan pemerintah. Kata kunci: Pembukuan, tukang mebel, UMKM Abstract The government gives a great attention to the development of Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises. The problem often faced by Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises, among others, regarding the marketing of products, technology, financial management, human resources and capital. One problem that is often overlooked by businesses, namely Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises on financial management. The Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises furniture industries in the city of Medan need to be trained in accounting proper and correct, it will enable them to acquire Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises loans subsidized from the government that will enhance the success of businesses both in fund management business finances or the ability to produce products in quantities of more and better quality. Location Partner Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises in Desa Bandar Khalifah District of Percut Sei Tuan Dusun XIV Seroja and Dusun XVI. These problems can be solved simultaneously by providing training in basic accounting for Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises of Percut Sei Tuan District. The training will begin with accounting training, followed by training in basic understanding of accounting, basic computer usage training and ends with computerized accounting training. With the training made for six meetings partners can make a good accounting and partners can make filing Micro Business Credit Program provided by the government. Keywords: Accounting, furniture’s craftmanship, Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises

The first Landsat was placed in orbit on 23 July 1972, followed by a series of missions that have provided nearly continuous, two-satellite 8-day repeat image coverage of the Earth's land areas for the last half-century. These observations have substantially enhanced our understanding of the Earth's terrestrial dynamics, both as a major element of the Earth's physical system, the primary home of humans, and the major source of resources that support them. The history of Landsat is complex, reflective of the human systems that sustain it. Despite the conflicted perspectives surrounding the continuation of the program, Landsat has survived based on worldwide recognition of its critical contributions to understanding land dynamics, management of natural resources and Earth system science. Launch of Landsat 9 is anticipated in Fall 2021, and current planning for the next generation, Landsat Next is well underway. The community of Landsat data users is looking forward to another 50 years of the Landsat program.

Forested wetlands (FWs) are economically and environmentally important, so monitoring of change is done using remote sensing by several U.S. federal programs. To better understand classification and delineation uncertainties in FW maps, we assessed agreement between National Wetlands Inventory maps based on aerial photography and field determinations at over 16 000 Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. Analyses included evaluation of temporal differences and spatial uncertainty in plot locations and wetland boundaries. User's accuracy for the wetlands map was 90% for FW and 68% for nonforested wetlands. High levels of false negatives were observed, with less than 40% of field-identified wetland plots mapped as such. Epsilon band analysis indicated that if delineation of FW boundaries in the southeastern U.S. met the data quality standards (5 meters), then the area within uncertainty bounds accounts for 15% to 30% of estimated FW area.

03—285 Ahmed, Mehreen (U. of Queensland, Australia). A note on phrase structure analysis and design implication for ICALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 423—33.03—286 Argaman, Osnat and Abu-Rabia, Salim (U. of Haifa, Israel). The influence of language anxiety on English reading and writing tasks among native Hebrew speakers. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 143—60.03—287 Bielinska, Monika (Schlesische Universität, Katowice, Poland). Zu Semantischen Aspekten der Wortkombinatorik. [On semantic aspects of word combination.] Glottodidactica (Poznań, Poland), 28 (2002), 19—27.03—288 Bonci, Angelica (Royal Holloway, U. of London, UK). Collocational restrictions in Italian as a second language: A case control study. Tuttitalia (Rugby, UK), 26 (2002), 3—14.03—289 Brown, Charles Grant (U. of Northern British Columbia, Canada; Email: brownc@unbc.ca). Inferring and maintaining the learner model. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 343—55.03—290 Butler, Yuko Goto (U. of Pennsylvania, USA; Email: ybutler@gse.upenn.edu). Second language learners' theories on the use of English articles: An analysis of the metalinguistic knowledge used by Japanese students in acquiring the English article system. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (New York, USA), 24, 3 (2002), 451—80.03—291 Carroll, Susanne E. (Universität Potsdam, Germany; Email: carroll@rz.uni-potsdam.de). Induction in a modular learner. Second Language Research (London, UK), 18, 3 (2002), 224—49.03—292 Chen, Liang, Tokuda, Naoyuki and Xiao, Dahai (Sunflare Company, Tokyo, Japan; Email: chen_1@sunflare.co.jp). A POST parser-based learner model for template-based ICALL for Japanese-English writing skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 357—72.03—293 Di Biase, Bruno and Kawaguchi, Satomi (U. of Western Sydney, Australia; Email: B.DiBiase@uws.edu.au). Exploring the typological plausibility of Processability Theory: Language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language. Second Language Research (London, UK), 18, 3 (2002), 274—302.03—294 Dimroth, Christine (Max Planck Inst. for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Email: christine.dimroth@mpi.nl). Topics, assertions, and additive words: How L2 learners get from information structure to target-language syntax. Linguistics (Berlin, Germany), 40, 4 (2002), 891—923.03—295 Duffield, Nigel (McGill U., Canada), White, Lydia, Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce, Montrul, Silvina and Prévost, Philippe. Clitic placement in L2 French: Evidence from sentence matching. Journal of Linguistics (Cambridge, UK), 38, 3 (2002), 487—525.03—296 Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona U., USA; Email: norbert.francis@nau.edu). Literacy, second language learning, and the development of metalinguistic awareness: A study of bilingual children's perceptions of focus on form. Linguistics and Education (New York, USA), 13, 3 (2002), 373—404.03—297 Gamper, Johann (Free U. of Bozen, Italy; Email: judith.knapp@eurac.edu) and Knapp, Judith. A review of intelligent CALL systems. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 329—42.03—298 Gavruseva, Elena (U. of Iowa, USA; Email: elena-gavruseva@uiowa.edu). Is there primacy of aspect in child L2 English? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge, UK), 5, 2 (2002), 109—30.03—299 Geeslin, Kimberly L. (Indiana U., USA; Email: kgeeslin@indiana.edu). The acquisition of Spanish copula choice and its relationship to language change. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (New York, USA), 24, 3 (2002), 419—50.03—300 Ghaith, G. M. (American U. of Beirut, Lebanon; Email: gghaith@aub.edu.lb). The relationship between cooperative learning, perception of social support, and academic achievement. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 263—73.03—301 Golato, Peter (U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA; Email: pgolato@uiuc.edu). Word parsing by late-learning French-English bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 417—46.03—302 Gorostiaga, Arantxa and Balluerka, Nekane (U. of the Basque Country; Email: pspgomaa@ss.ehu.es). The influence of the social use and the history of acquisition of Euskera on comprehension and recall of scientific texts in Euskera and Castilian. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA), 52, 3 (2002), 491—512.03—303 Hada, Yoshiaki, Ogata, Hiroaki and Yano, Yoneo (Tokushima U., Japan; Email: hada@is.tokushima-u.ac.jp). Video-based language learning environment using an online video-editing system. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 387—408.03—304 Håkansson, Gisela (U. of Lund, Sweden; Email: Gisela.Hakansson@ling.lu.se), Pienemann, Manfred and Sayehli, Susan. Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing. Second Language Research (London, UK), 18, 3 (2002), 250—73.03—305 Hatasa, Yukiko Abe (U. of Iowa, USA; Email: yukiko-hatasa@uiowa.edu). The effects of differential timing in the introduction of Japanese syllabaries on early second language development in Japanese. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 349—67.03—306 Hsiao, Tsung-Yuan (Nat. Taiwan Ocean U., Republic of China; Email: tyhsiao@mail.ntou.edu.tw) and Oxford, Rebecca L.. Comparing theories of language learning strategies: A confirmatory factor analysis. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 368—83.03—307 Hu, Guangwei (Nat. Inst. of Ed., Nanyang Technological U., Singapore; Email: gwhu@nie.edu.sg). Psychological constraints on the utility of metalinguistic knowledge in second language production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (New York, USA), 24, 3 (2002), 347—86.03—308 Hulstijn, Jan (U. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Email: hulstijn@hum.uva.nl). Towards a unified account of the representation, processing and acquisition of second language knowledge. Second Language Research (London, UK), 18, 3 (2002), 193—223.03—309 Itakura, Hiroko (The Hong Kong Polytechnic U.; Email: eghiroko@polyu.edu.hk). Gender and pragmatic transfer in topic development. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 161—83.03—310 Jarvis, Scott (Ohio U., USA; Email: jarvis@ohio.edu). Topic continuity in L2 English article use. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (New York, USA), 24, 3 (2002), 387—418.03—311 Jung, Udo O. H. (U. of Bayreuth, Germany; Email: hmejung@gmx.de). An international bibliography of computer-assisted language learning: Fifth instalment. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 349—98.03—312 Kim, Daejin (Hansei U., Republic of Korea; Email: daejkim@chollian.net) and Hall, Joan Kelly. The role of an interactive book reading program in the development of second language pragmatic competence. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 332—48.03—313 Lee, Eun-Joo (Stanford U., USA; Email: eunlee@stanford.edu). Comparing personal references in English by a native-speaking and a Korean pre-adolescent. English Teaching (Korea), 57, 3 (2002), 125—43.03—314 Lee, Lina (U. of New Hampshire, USA; Email: llee@hopper.unh.edu). Synchronous online exchanges: A study of modification devices on non-native discourse. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 275—88.03—315 Lee, Siok H. (Burnaby Sch. District & Simon Fraser U., Canada; Email: slee@alpha.sd41.bc.ca) and Carey, Stephen. Explaining Chinese learners' errors in the phonological representations of Latinate derivatives in English: A psycholinguistic perspective. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Ottawa, Canada), 5, 1/2 (2002), 65—91.03—316 Liontas, John I. (U. of Notre Dame, IN, USA; Email: jliontas@nd.edu). Exploring second language learners' notions of idiomaticity. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 289—313.03—317 Macintyre, Peter D. (U. Coll. of Cape Breton, Canada; Email: peter_macintyre@uccb.ca), Baker, Susan C., Clément, Richard and Donovan, Leslie A.. Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA), 52, 3 (2002), 537—64.03—318 Martínez, Ana Cristina Lahuerta (U. of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Email: lahuerta@correo.uniovi.es). Empirical examination of EFL readers' use of rhetorical information. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 1 (2002), 81—98.03—319 Mori, Yoshiko (Georgetown U., USA; Email: moriy@georgetown.edu). Individual differences in the integration of information from context and word parts in interpreting unknown kanji words. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 375—97.03—320 Morris, Frank A. (U. of Miami, USA). Negotiation moves and recasts in relation to error types and learner repair in the foreign language classroom. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 395—404.03—321 O'Grady, William (U. of Hawai'i, USA; Email: ogrady@hawaii.edu) and Yamashita, Yoshie. Partial agreement in second-language acquisition. Linguistics (Berlin, Germany), 40, 5 (2002), 1011—19.03—322 Perdue, Clive (Université Paris VIII, France; Email: clive@univ-paris8.fr), Benazzo, Sandra and Giuliano, Patrizia. When finiteness gets marked: The relations between morphosyntactic development and use of scopal items in adult language. Linguistics (Berlin, Germany), 40, 4 (2002), 849—90.03—323 Pichette, François (U. of South Florida, USA; Email: pichette@chuma1.cas.usf.edu). Second-language vocabulary learning and the additivity hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Ottawa, Canada), 5, 1/2 (2002), 117—30.03—324 Raymond, Patricia M. (U. of Ottawa, Canada) and Parks, Susan. Transitions: Orienting to reading and writing assignments in EAP and MBA contexts. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes (Toronto, Ont.), 59, 1 (2002), 152—80.03—325 Schulz, Renate A. (U. of Arizona, USA). Hilft es die Regel zu wissen um sie anzuwenden? Das Verhältnis von metalinguistischem Bewusstsein und grammatischer Kompetenz in DaF. [Does it help to know the rule to apply it? The relationship between metalinguistic consciousness and grammatical competence in German as a foreign language.] Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2002), 15—24.03—326 Segler, Thomas M., Pain, Helen and Sorace, Antonella (U. of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Email: thomasse@dai.ed.ac.uk). Second language vocabulary acquisition and learning strategies in ICALL environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 409—22.03—327 Shehadeh, Ali (U. of Aleppo/King Saud U., Ryadh, Saudi Arabia; Email: ashhada@ksu.edu.sa). Comprehensible output, from occurrence to acquisition: An agenda for acquisitional research. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA), 52, 3 (2002), 597—647.03—328 Tokuda, Naoyuki (SunFlare Research and Development Center, Tokyo, Japan; Email: tokuda_n@sunflare.co.jp). New developments in intelligent CALL systems in a rapidly internationalised information age. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 319—27.03—329 Tracy, Rosemarie (U. of Mannheim, Germany). Growing (clausal) roots: All children start out (and may remain) multilingual. Linguistics (Berlin, Germany), 40, 4 (2002), 653—86.03—330 van de Craats, Ineke (U. of Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Email: I.v.d.Craats@let.kun.nl), van Hout, Roeland and Corver, Norbert. The acquisition of possessive HAVE-clauses by Turkish and Moroccan learners of Dutch. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge, UK), 5, 2 (2002), 147—74.03—331 Verhoeven, Ludo (U. of Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Email: L.Verhoeven@ped.kun.nl) and Vermeer, Anne. Communicative competence and personality dimensions in first and second language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 361—74.03—332 Wendt, Michael (U. Bremen, Germany). Kontext und Konstruktion: Fremdsprachendidaktische Theoriebildung und ihre Implikationen für die Fremdsprachenforschung. [Context and construction: Foreign language didactic theory formation and its implications for foreign language learning.] Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Germany), 13, 1 (2002), 1–62.03—333 Williams, Marion, Burden, Robert and Lanvers, Ursula (U. of Exeter, UK). ‘French is the Language of Love and Stuff’: Student perceptions of issues related to motivation in learning a foreign language. British Educational Research Journal (Abingdon, UK), 28, 4 (2002), 503—28.03—334 Wray, Alison (Cardiff U., UK; Email: wraya@cf.ac.uk). Formulaic language in computer-supported communication: Theory meets reality. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 11, 2 (2002), 114—31.

The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy. Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations of peacetime and wartime are shown. The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). The methods of forecasting and assessing the medical situation in emergency zones and lesions are presented. The means and methods of medical and biological protection and first aid to the affected are shown. The main tasks and organizational structure of formations and institutions of the medical rescue service of the GO, the All-Russian Service of Disaster Medicine and medical formations of the EMERCOM of Russia are considered. Organizational issues of medical and biological protection in emergency situations are highlighted. The features of the organization of medical support for those affected by terrorist attacks are considered. It is intended for students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education studying under the bachelor's degree program in the following areas of training: "Technosphere security", "Infocommunication technologies and communication systems", "Information systems and technologies", "State and municipal management", "Economics", "Mechatronics and robotics", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Informatics and computer engineering", "Air Navigation", "System analysis and management". It can also be useful for researchers and a wide range of specialists engaged in practical work on planning and organizing medical and biological protection of the population.

Fifty years ago there were no stored-program binary electronic computers. Indeed, in the mid 1940s computer was a job description; the computer was a person. Much has happened in the ensuing half-century. whereas the motto of the 1950s was “do not bend, spindle, or mutilate,” we now have become comfortable with GUI wIMP (i.e., Graphic User Interface; windows, Icons, Mouse, and Pointers). whereas computers once were maintained in isolation and viewed through large picture windows, they now are visible office accessories and invisible utilities. whereas the single computer once was a highly prized resource, modern networks now hide even the machines’ geographic locations. Naturally, some of our perceptions have adapted to reflect these changes; however, much of our understanding remains bound to the concepts that flourished during computing’s formative years. For example, we have moved beyond thinking of computers as a giant brain (Martin 1993), but we still hold firmly to our faith in computing’s scientific foundations. The purpose of this book is to look forward and speculate about the place of computing in the next fifty years. There are many aspects of computing that make it very different from all other technologies. The development of the microchip has made digital computing ubiquitous; we are largely unaware of the computers in our wrist watches, automobiles, cameras, and household appliances. The field of artificial intelligence (AI) sees the brain as an organ with some functions that can be modeled in a computer, thereby enabling computers to exhibit “intelligent” behavior. Thus, their research seeks to extend the role of computers through applications in which they perform autonomously or act as active assistants. (For some recent overviews of AI see waldrop 1987; Crevier 1993.) In the domain of information systems, Zuboff (1988) finds that computers can both automate (routinize) and informate, that is, produce new information that serves as “a voice that symbolically renders events, objects, and processes so that they become visible, knowable, and sharable in a new way” (p. 9).

Mentoring, the tutelage of one person by a more experienced one, is well documented to have a multitude of benefits. Mentoring, which can be traced back to Greek mythology and beyond, has seen its format evolve, especially with the advancement of technology. Traditional models of mentoring include in-person mentoring or more recently, online mentoring. For some underrepresented groups, mentors provide models for success. In 2014, capitalizing on technological advancements and the need for in-person dialogue with a larger constituency, Weill Cornell Medicine launched a science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) blended learning curriculum during its summer program that prepares undergraduates for careers as physician-scientists. This initiative fuses the positive aspects of in-person mentoring along with the opportunities provided by virtual mentoring by a larger group of peer mentors. Blended learning, together with in-person and virtual mentoring, offers a newly charted multi-dimensional approach to fulfilling academic and career goals during a STEM summer program.

In January 1975, the magazine Popular Electronics trumpeted the beginnings of a revolution. “Project Breakthrough,” the cover said: “World’s First Minicomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models.” Inside, a six-page article described the Altair, an unassembled computer that could be ordered from MITS, a company in Albuquerque originally founded to sell radio transmitters for controlling model airplanes. To the uninitiated, it didn’t look like much of a revolution. For $397 plus shipping, a hobbyist or computer buff could get a power supply, a metal case with lights and switches on the front panel, and a set of integrated circuit chips and other components that had to be soldered into place. When everything was assembled, a user gave the computer instructions by flipping the panel’s seventeen switches one at a time in a carefully calculated order; loading a relatively simple program might involve thousands of flips. MITS had promised that the Altair could be hooked up to a Teletype machine for its input, but the circuit boards needed for the hookup wouldn’t be available for a number of months. To read the computer’s output, a user had to interpret the on/off pattern of flashing lights; it would be more than a year before MITS would offer an interface board to transform the output into text or figures on a television screen. And the computer had no software. A user had to write the programs himself in arcane computer code or else borrow the efforts of other enthusiasts. One observer of the early computer industry summed up the experience like this: “You buy the Altair, you have to build it, then you have to build other things to plug into it to make it work. You are a weird-type person. Because only weird-type people sit in kitchens and basements and places all hours of the night, soldering things to boards to make machines go flickety-flock.” But despite its shortcomings, several thousand weird-type people bought the Altair within a few months of its appearance. What inspired and intrigued them was the semiconductor chip at the heart of the computer.

There is a recognized need to spread computer literacy across every level of society to generate an inclusive global information society, in which every citizen has an opportunity to participate (WRC, 1998; Dolan, 1997; European Commission, 1996; Green Paper, 1996). The visionary comments and actions of Commissioner Bangemann of the European Commission sparked off the recognition of the need for a computer literate population. He suggested that launching initiatives in areas of education, training and work organization was a basic requirement for supporting inclusion for the citizen in the information society. Establishing the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) as a basic standard of computing competence for every citizen underpins this objective. Computer literacy programs based on encouraging and motivating people to obtain an ECDL support the objective of including all citizens in the development of our information society. ECDL deployment programs have been launched to address the recognized need to increase computer literacy. Some of the issues raised in the European Commission reports were the following: • Greater efforts must be made in our schools, to prepare the next generation to participate and benefit fully; • Greater efforts must be made to stimulate European citizens to create content for new services whether education, entertainment or business; • Continued efforts must be made to keep Europe at the forefront of technology and infrastructure development and deployment for everyone; • Sustained efforts must be made to increase the public awareness of the benefits of active participation in the information society; • New collective efforts are needed to realize broader social benefits, particularly at local and community level. The European Computer Driving Licence addresses most of the above issues. The overall objectives of the ECDL dissemination program are: • To raise the level of computing competence for all European citizens, for those in the work force, seeking to join the work force, for those at home and for students. • To increase the productivity of all employees who need to use the computer in their work. • To enable better returns from investments in information and communications technology. • To ensure all computer users understand the “Best Practices” and advantages of using a computer. The European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) is a certified standard of basic competence for the users of a personal computer (any brand of personal desktop or portable computer). The ECDL, discussed subsequently in detail in this Chapter, is a certificate awarded to a person who has achieved a basic standard of knowledge of the concepts of information and communications technology and has acquired a basic standard of competence using a personal computer. The objective of this chapter is to describe the ECDL standard. It gives the background to what has been done in Europe, with the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) initiative. It describes the ECDL standard in terms of content, procedures for certification and the organization around the deployment of the ECDL. It concludes by outlining the development plans for the ECDL and the aspiration to establish a ‘de facto’ standard through the general acceptance and worldwide take up of the ECDL concept.

Information technology (IT), computer science, and other related disciplines have become significant both in society and within the field of education. Resulting from the last decades’ considerable developments towards a global information society, the demand for a qualified IT workforce has increased. The integration of information technology into the different sectors of every day life is increasing the need for large numbers of IT professionals. Additionally, the need for nearly all workers to have general computing skills suggests possibilities for an individual to face inequality or suffer from displacement in modern society if they lack these skills, further contributing to the digital divide. Thus, the importance of IT education has a greater importance than ever for the whole of society. Despite the advances and mass adoption of new technologies, IT and computing education continually suffers from low participant numbers, and high dropout and transfer rates. This problem has been somewhat addressed by introducing mentoring programs (von Hellens, Nielsen, Doyle, & Greenhill, 1999) where a student is given a support person, a mentor, who has a similar education background but has graduated and is employed in industry. Although the majority of these programs have been considered successful, it is important to note that it is difficult to easily measure success in this context. In this article, we introduce a novel approach to mentoring which was adopted as part of an ongoing, traditional-type mentoring program in a large Australian university. The approach involved introducing modern communications technology, specifically mobile phones having an integrated camera and the capability to make use of multimedia messaging services (MMS). As mobile phones have become an integrated part of our everyday life (with high adoption rates) and are an especially common media of communication among young people, it was expected that the use of the phones could be easily employed to the mentoring program (phones were provided for the participants). Short message service (SMS), for example text messaging, has become a frequently used communication channel (Grinter & Eldridge 2003). In addition to text, photo sharing has also quickly taken off with MMS capable mobile phones becoming more widespread. The ability to exchange photos increases the feeling of presence (Counts & Fellheimer, 2004), and the possibility to send multimedia messages with mobile phones has created a new form of interactive storytelling (Kurvinen, 2003). Cole and Stanton (2003) found the pictorial information exchange as a potential tool for children’s collaboration during their activities in story telling, adventure gaming and for field trip tasks. Encouraged by these experiences, we introduced mobile mentoring as part of a traditional mentoring program, and present the experiences. It is hoped that these experiences can affirm the legitimacy of phone mentoring as a credible approach to mentoring. The positive and negative experiences presented in this article can help to shape the development of future phone mentoring programs.

Type theory regards individuals as belonging to a specific type. In computer science type-checking measures ensure that a program will compute properly. We see typing in everyday speech too, when a ‘Who?’ question expects a person. To define a type, it is necessary to specify when two elements are equal. Such concerns with sorts and identity are at stake in metaphysics. A dependent type occurs where one type is parametrized by elements of another. The two related constructions of dependent sum and dependent product appear in natural language and modern mathematics. In logic, these constructions amount to the quantifiers central to Russell’s logic. Dependent types are formulated in terms of contexts constructed in an order, showing how some concepts presuppose others. There are strong resonances with the ideas of Collingwood. With the notion of dependency, we can now analyse event types properly, demonstrating their difference from object types.

Jeopardy! is a popular game show that, in various incarnations, has been on television for more than 50 years. The show is a test of general knowledge with the twist that the clues are answers and the contestants respond with questions that fit the answers. For example, the clue, “16th President of the United States,” would be answered correctly with “Who is Abraham Lincoln?” There are three contestants, and the first person to push his or her button is given the first chance to answer the question orally (with the exception of the Final Jeopardy clue, when all three contestants are given 30 seconds to write down their answers). In many ways, the show is ideally suited for computers because computers can store and retrieve vast amounts of information without error. (At a teen Jeopardy tournament, a boy lost the championship because he wrote “Who Is Annie Frank?” instead of “Who is Anne Frank.”A computer would not make such an error.) On the other hand, the clues are not always straightforward, and sometimes obscure. One clue was “Sink it and you’ve scratched.” It is difficult for a computer that is nothing more than an encyclopedia of facts to come up with the correct answer: “What is the cue ball?” Another challenging clue was, “When translated, the full name of this major league baseball team gets you a double redundancy.” (Answer: “What is the Los Angeles Angels?”) In 2005 a team of 15 IBM engineers set out to design a computer that could compete with the best Jeopardy players. They named it Watson, after IBM’s first CEO, Thomas J. Watson, who expanded IBM from 1,300 employees and less than $5 million in revenue in 1914 to 72,500 employees and $900 million in revenue when he died in 1956. The Watson program stored the equivalent of 200 million pages of information and could process the equivalent of a million books per second. Beyond its massive memory and processing speed, Watson can understand natural spoken language and use synthesized speech to communicate. Unlike search engines that provide a list of relevant documents or web sites, Watson was programmed to find specific answers to clues. Watson used hundreds of software programs to identify the keywords and phrases in a clue, match these to keywords and phrases in its massive data base, and then formulate possible responses.

In this case, the author discusses using game design and community-building as methods for increasing interest and knowledge of computer science for students from underrepresented populations. Students in a six-week Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS) summer program learned game design alongside programming basics, while they spoke to programming industry experts. For four weeks, students focused on the design concepts in different games they had played and with which they were familiar. They recreated these games by programming them using MIT’s Scratch software. In the remaining two weeks, students created their own game using the concepts and skills they had learned. Some students chose to program their games to use the Xbox 360® KinectTM controller as a way for the player to interact with their game using their whole body. Programmers spoke to the students weekly, both online and in person, answering questions about the field and the work that they do. Students shared their work with one another and the instructors in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE).

This chapter, ‘A practical approach to neuroimaging in stroke’, provides an overview on the different imaging modalities used in stroke medicine, including a brief outline of more advanced research tools. There is a recap of imaging used in acute infarction, the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS), computed tomography (CT) perfusion, magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion, arterial spin labelling, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; subacute imaging as in haemorrhagic transformation of infarcts, fogging effect, contrast enhancement; direct plaque imaging, and ultrasonography. Finally, it explores the dedicated vascular imaging techniques used for assessing the aetiology of stroke and guiding management. Due to the time-critical nature of treatment in stroke, it is important that imaging is readily accessible. With the multitude of imaging modalities and studies available, it is important that clinicians have sufficient knowledge to be able to select the most appropriate test for the patient, and to be aware of potential limitations and diagnostic pitfalls.

Abstract This research develops a computer-aided system for health professionals which helps them to prevent injury related to manual lifting by workers in a manufacturing operation. The heart of the system is a computer program which prescribes the motion that a given person should follow while lifting an object according to different conditions. The system compares the prescribed path to the true motion data taken from a motion tracking system so the health professional can make suggestions on how the person should modify his/her movement. The prescribed motion is generated with a new technique called spacetime optimization. The health professional describes the simplified characteristics of the human subject such as sex, height, weight, and harmful conditions that the subject should avoid, such as maximum low back stress or shoulder stress. He/she also describes the task involved, such as the starting and ending positions of the load, its shape and weight, and the positions of any intermediate obstacles in the path. The spacetime optimization engine generates the path that the person should follow in order to minimize the harmful conditions according to an objective function and constraints. In this research, two dimensional dynamic human models are used and a graphical user interface is added to this system to display and compare the motion between real motion and simulation models.

Abstract Pipelines often cross challenging terrains where natural hazards are the main risk for their integrity. Environmental conditions can also worsen over the infrastructure lifetime. To reduce the risk of disasters, integrity programs are developed and require tools for early detection of threats that can lead to a failure with dramatic social, environmental and economic consequences. Fiber optic based Geotechnical Monitoring System (GMS) have been used and implemented as an efficient prevention tools of these programs. As a good example, GMS is successfully in operation to detect landslides using Distributed Strain Sensing along the Sierra section of the Peru LNG pipeline since 2010. The continuous operation of the GMS also revealed that infiltration, erosion and sand dune migration can be detected using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). First, hydraulic erosion was evidenced in the Sierra region. More recently, events whose origin is eolian erosion and sand dune migration have been identified. A thermal analysis was then conducted to analyze the measured thermal signatures of the detected event. It revealed that the DoC (Depth-of-Cover) can be computed from the temporal response of the fiber optic cable. The time lag between ambient temperature and temperature of the cable directly relates to its burial depth. The obtained data are compared with site inspection observation which confirm the validity of the DTS approach. The method, combining DTS measurements on existing communication cable with thermal analysis, offers the ability to monitor erosion related geohazards in both Sierra and desert sections of the pipeline. The results of the presented work illustrate the potential value of fiber optic sensing to mitigate geohazard risks. It not only enhances the efficiency of the integrity program detecting and localizing threats, it also improves and rationalizes the maintenance activities as focused surveys can be conducted.

An ATV (All-terrain vehicle) is a gasoline powered, fast moving off road vehicle often used for farming and industrial activities as well as recreational activities. The popularity of this type of vehicle has increased over the last decade with more than 10 million in use today. Most ATVs are designed for only single rider even though the seat of the ATV may appear big enough to carry a passenger. The presence of an additional person on a single person ATV greatly affects its dynamic handling characteristics. This change increases the risk of a crash and subsequent injuries to both riders. ATV crashes involving climbing and descending on steep hills are common. Lateral rollover crashes are often the result of riding an ATV at a high speed on uneven terrain. The presence of passenger on a single person ATV during these conditions changes the rider impact kinematics and resulting injury outcome, as the ATV behaves differently in the presence of an additional person. The computational model of a single person, adult-sized ATV, as developed previously for the study of child injury prevention, was used for this study. The multi-body computational model of this ATV was developed using biodynamic code MADYMO. This computational model was validated against the laboratory test for its dynamic and suspension characteristics. The tilt table test and the drop test were employed to compare the computational model result. This computer model was used to simulate the crash mechanism involving climbing and descending steep hills with two people on the ATV. This model was also used to simulate the lateral rollover of ATV with two people. The rider and the additional passenger on this single rider ATV were modeled using a 50th percentile male and a 5th percentile female. The two rider simulation was compared with single rider simulation for similar terrain and ATV speed to gain insight about the influence of this additional passenger weight on the crash kinematics of the ATV and the rider. These simulations will also be used in the future to generate more visually dramatic videos for educational intervention for ATV safety programs and other injury prevention activities.

In typical towing situations, all of the power needed to move the towing vehicle and the towed vehicle (trailer) is supplied by the towing vehicle. This dictates that a person who wishes to tow a trailer must have a vehicle capable of providing enough power to move both the vehicle and the trailer; if they only occasionally tow a trailer, then they either need to rent an appropriately sized vehicle or buy a larger vehicle than is dictated by their everyday needs, which has both financial and environmental consequences. However, if the trailer can provide sufficient power itself to move, then the demands on the towing vehicle are reduced. Such a trailer would be guided by the towing vehicle, but the vehicle would provide very little power to the trailer, and therefore a small car could be used for the towing task, removing the requirement to buy or rent a larger vehicle for occasional towing. This concept has been previously explored theoretically, and was found to be feasible based on dynamic models of the trailer, with the trailer powered by a DC motor; in this paper, it is investigated experimentally, on a small scale. The experiment was conducted on a 1:18 scale remote controlled (RC) car and similarly scaled powered trailer that was constructed for it. The project included the design of an appropriate trailer, integration of a load cell into the trailer hitch, and the design of an appropriate controller. The controller was implemented using National Instruments’ LabVIEW software, running on the NI myRIO controller. The LabVIEW program also saved data from the force sensor and two accelerometers, as well as the controller output to the system, for later analysis. The car was driven around with the assistance of the trailer while data was collected by the affixed sensors. The tests were conducted with different drivers, with the car driven on varying paths that included both straight driving and turns, all on a standard hard indoor floor surface. The goal of this project was to prove out the concept on a small scale, after its feasibility had been shown through modeling and theoretical calculations. The results showed that the concept is feasible and will work in practice on this small scale, although some challenges were seen. Some of these challenges were caused by the limitations of the test setup, such as limited battery capacity and limited space to mount sensors. The success of this test setup, despite these limitations, suggests that a larger-scale model should be constructed and tested, and that in practice the concept will be feasible.