Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Perte insensible en eau'
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VAUTHIER, PIERRETTE. "Micro-relief cutane et occlusion : etude quantitative et qualitative in vivo." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA3308.
Full textMurgier, Laure. "Perte insensible d'eau et ses méthodes de mesure. Validation d'un nouvel appareil de mesure : le Tewamètre R." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P038.
Full textAtrux-Tallau, Nicolas. "Mise au point et étude de l’activité thérapeutique d’une préparation cicatrisante." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10047.
Full textSkin, the largest organ of the human body, confers protection from the environment through several barrier functions which provide physical, immune and chemical defenses. Skin provides protection to microorganisms, exogenous compounds, shocks, radiations, temperature and out flowing of solutes or water from the body. Without an efficient system to restore skin structures and functions, skin wounding may be deleterious. Over the course of this Ph.D. work, varied biophysical parameters have been experienced as tools to investigate the cutaneous wound healing quality. Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to quantify the barrier function quality of the skin has been successfully assessed. It has been proposed as an internal standard of skin integrity facilitating direct comparison of data issued from different skin samples. In an in vivo approach, skin micro-relief parameters have been set against TEWL and hydration values after a physical or chemical damage onto the skin. Interestingly micro-relief parameters and biophysical measurements were closely related after tape-stripping, suggesting topographical parameters as an original method to quantify skin reepithelialization. A more fundamental assay was performed suggesting oxygen flux as a new tool to investigate skin barrier quality. From our results a “transepidermal oxygen loss” development seems to be compromised but surprisingly, we pointed out a preferential oxygen delivery course through the skin from endogenous reservoir. Besides the improvement of these tools for wound healing assessment, an innovative formulation to promote skin wound healing has been developed. The challenge of this new preparation is to generate reactive oxygen species, namely hydrogen peroxide, at sub-cytotoxic levels. Indeed recent studies pointed out that down regulation of hydrogen peroxide production in vivo delayed wound healing; furthermore, in vitro stimulation of fibroblasts or keratinocytes with hydrogen peroxide induced expression of healing promoting factors. The developed formulation was therefore assayed on keratinocytes’ in vitro culture in order to evaluate their efficacy on réépithélialisation, ending wound closure. Interestingly one of the developed formulation stimulated significantly keratinocytes migration, through a mechanism which do not imply TGF-1 expression, suggesting a potential benefit in wound réépithélialisation
Fauvel, Emmanuel. "Développement d'un réacteur à paroi poreuse pour l'oxydation en eau supercritique. Modélisation hydrodynamique et application aux déchets salins." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30049.
Full textThis report deals with a transpiring wall reactor for supercritical water oxidation of organic effluents. The singularity of the reactor lies on the inner porous tube made of alumina to minimise both limiting problems, corrosion and salt precipitation. The presence of the inner tube implies a rather complex hydrodynamics. Thus, an hydrodynamic study was performed, in an original way, in a supercritical fluid using the method of the residence time distribution. It enabled to determine the hydrodynamic model of the reactor. Moreover, an inspecting device of the resistance of the inner tube to thermal gradients was developed. Lastly, the performances of the transpiring wall reactor were tested on model compounds such as sodium sulphate and the mixture of dodecane/tributylphosphate
Therrien, Karine. "Validation et optimisation d'une méthode d'indice de risque de perte de phosphore." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24468/24468.pdf.
Full textSurface water quality impairment is primarily caused by phosphorus (P) lost from surrounding agricultural fields. This knowledge triggered the development of P losses predicting tools taking into account transport and source factors. In the United States, a great number of P index (PI) approaches has been developed and adopted. Because these PIs are not necessarily applicable in the province of Québec, a P index specific to Québec has been developed : the Phosphorus Risk Index (PRI). The objective of this research was to validate and possibly improve the PRI method using P losses measured on nine experimental agricultural plots located on the IRDA farm in Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon. For each plot, P losses and the amounts of water from runoff and tile-drainage were continuously measured during a two-year period (2001-2002) using automated systems. The total P losses were on average 540 g ha-1 from which 95% was exported via the subsurface drainage system. For each plots, the selected P loss value of each of the PRI components were multiplied by the weight assigned to each components and summed to obtain the final PRI value which is associated to one of the five P loss ratings (i.e. very low, low, medium, high and very high). Results indicate that the measured total P losses and PRI values showed a correlation coefficient of 0.63. In order to improve the relationship between P losses and the IRP, the Trust-region algorithm of the SAS none-linear programming (proc. NLP) was used to optimize weights and P loss potential values of the components. Optimization resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Modifications to the method kept the additive structure of the PRI method. Results were only valid for the Saint-Lambert plots. Generalization across Québec would require experiments on a range of soil, climate, and agronomic conditions. Results from this research indicated possible improvement in the predictive accuracy of the PRI method. Keywords: Phosphorus index, phosphorus losses, optimization, risk assessment, source factors, transport factors.
Riou, Stéphane Alain. "Cycle de l'azote à l'interface eau-sédiment dans le bassin d'Arcachon : rôle des bactéries dans les processus de perte en azote (nitrification-dénitrification)." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10513.
Full textBernier, Jean. "Modélisation simultanée de l'enlèvement des nutriments et de l'évolution de la perte de charge en biofiltration des eaux usées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30528/30528.pdf.
Full textBiofiltration of wastewater is a fixed-film treatment process which is frequently used in some European countries (France, Germany) and can also be found in a few Canadian cities. It consists in pumping the wastewater through a bed of media on which the purifying bacteria grow and consume the nutrients contained in the water, and which captures and retains suspended solids. Both phenomena lead to a gradual accumulation of biomass and particles, requiring an increase of the water injection pressure in order to keep the water flowing. Once a certain maximum pressure is reached however, treatment must be paused while the biofilter is being backwashed to remove a fraction of the biofilm located on the media. The presence of several phenomena involved during treatment by biofiltration makes this process complex to model as a whole. Hence, most studies on the subject have focused on modeling only a fraction of these phenomena at the same time. In this context, a modeling study aiming to simulate both the pollutant removal and the evolution of headloss occurring during the biofiltration of wastewater is performed. A complete biofiltration model is first built in Matlab®. Several datasets describing the behaviour of a biofilter on both short and long time scales are then used to calibrate the model. Calibration is made individually for three different treatment types (secondary treatment, tertiary nitrification and post-denitrification), in each case performed on full-sized plants. Calibration results show that it is possible in most cases to obtain correct predictions on both pollutant concentrations at the biofilter effluent and on the headloss created during treatment. Some improvements to the filtration sub-model are worth considering, but predictions otherwise globally follow the observed trends. The obtained results allow envisioning the possibility of taking into account both the pollutant removal efficiency and the headloss evolution when using a model to support process optimization, to run different scenario analyses, or even to create control strategies on a biofiltration system.
Gerardin, Jonathan. "Évaluation du transfert radiatif dans le coeur d'un Réacteur à Eau Pressurisée (REP) lors de la phase de renoyage d'un Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire (APRP)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0145/document.
Full textWe developped a method of resolution of radiative transfer inside a medium of vapor-droplets surrounded by hot walls, in order to couple it with a simulation of the flow at the CFD scale. The scope is the study of the cooling of the core of nuclear reactor following a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The problem of radiative transfer can be cut into two sub problems, one concerning the evaluation of the radiative properties of the medium and a second concerning the solution of the radiative transfer equation. The radiative properties of the droplets have been computed with the use of the Mie Theory and those of the vapor have been computed with a Ck model. The medium made of vapor and droplets is an absorbing, anisotropically scattering, emissive, non grey, non homogeneous medium. Hence, owing to the possible variations of the flow properties (diameter and volumetric fraction of the droplets, temperature and pressure of the vapor), the medium can be optically thin or thick. Consequently, a method is required which solves the radiative transfer accurately, with a moderate calculation time for all of these prerequisites. The IDA has been chosen, derived from the well-known P1-approximation. Its accuracy has been checked on academical cases found in the literature and by comparison with experimental data. Simulations of LOCA flows have been conducted taking account of the radiative transfer, evaluating the radiative fluxes and showing that radiative transfer influence cannot be neglected
Terryn, Christine. "Mesure locale de la concentration en eau à l'échelle subcellulaire dans le matériel biologique par imagerie champ sombre et spectroscopie de pertes d'énergie des électrons dans la région des faibles pertes. Caractérisation d'effets cytotoxiques." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS022.
Full textAmami, Ezzedinne. "Amélioration de la déshydratation osmotique des produits végétaux par champ électrique pulsé." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1624.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis deals with the development of the osmotic dehydration (OD) process of vegetable products coupled to a pulsed electric field (PEF). It aims at increasing the water loss by minimizing the solid gain. The effect of PEF parameters (intensity and number of pulses), osmotic solution concentration, type of solute or mixtures, osmotic solution temperature and centrifugal field on the kinetics of OD, rehydration and convective drying, has been studied. The main experimental work was carried out with samples of apple and carrot, in form of disk, treated by PEF of different intensities (0. 10-1. 1 0 kV/cm) and different numbers of pulses (100-1000) of 100 μs. OD was carried out at various temperatures (20-40°C), under agitation (250 rpm) or various centrifugal accelerations (0-5430 x g). After the development of an experimental methodology, we observed that the application of PEF enhances both water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG) during OD (under stirring or centrifugation). The combination of PEF with salt enhances additionally the both WL, SG and the rehydration capacity of carrot tissue, but somewhat decreases the firmness of rehydrated product. The application of centrifugal force in combination with PEF and salt addition enhances significantly the WL during OD of carrots, but decreases SG, rehydration capacity and firmness of rehydrated tissue. If the goal of OD is also the gain of solids, the static OD may be better appropriated than the centrifugal OD, which is especially interesting in the case of desirable limitation of solid uptake. By an increase in mild temperatures of the osmotic solution (20 to 40°C), the centrifugal OD duration was reduced in two times (from 120 to 60 minutes). Thus a WL of 70% reached under an electrical energy consumption of 19 kJ/kg for carrots. The combination of the PEF with centrifugal force, salt and moderate heating is desirable when the maximal dehydration of product should be attained. The OD kinetics was described by a two-exponential model involving Iwo simultaneous processes : rapid convection, which cannot be taken into account by Fick's law, and diffusion. Centrifugal osmotic dehydration before the air drying of carrot tissue resulted in a spectacular reduction of drying time and an increase of effective water diffusivity
Wagner, Muriel. "Suivi local et dynamique par IRM lors de la cuisson du pain et étude des mécanismes contrôlant la mise en place de la structure alvéolaire." Massy, ENSIA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EIAA0152.
Full textThe objective of this PhD was to improve understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the bread transformation during baking. Continuous methods based on MR image analysis were developped to measure during baking the local porosity and water content. In parallel a theoretical study of these mechanisms and a monodimensional model were developed, taking into account of the crust formation, the passage pf a closed porous structure to a continuous, the mechanism of evaporation condensation diffusion and the dough viscosity variation. The confrontation of both approaches confirmed the idea that baking plays an important part in bread porous structure formation. This study highlighted that the expansion is not uniform and that the crust plays a major role as a constraint for the total and local expansion. The results of this study also confirmed that the evaporation-condensation-diffusion mechanim takes place during baking
Conteau, Delphine. "Développement d’outils pour l’étude des écoulements diphasiques dans les canaux d’une pile à combustible de type PEM." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL036N/document.
Full textWater management is a critical issue in the operation of proton exchange fuel cells (PEMFC). On one hand, the membrane must be sufficiently hydrated to allow the transport of protons from the anode side to the cathode side. But on the other hand, supersaturation of water vapour in the gas phase results in liquid water formation, which can be detrimental to the fuel cell operation. Liquid water can clog up the porous structure of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and hinder the transport of gases in the catalyst layer. Liquid accumulation can also lead to the formation of water columns inside the gas flow channels, thus preventing the fuel gas from flowing into the reaction area.Micro-sensors have been designed to detect the presence of liquid water. Three of them were inserted inside the gas distribution channels of a 25 cm2 cell. The tests run with this equipped cell highlighted the link between the presence of liquid water and the variations of the cell voltage. Besides, existing correlations were used to calculate the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the cathode channel due to two-phase flow during the cell operation. The results of this calculation were compared with experimental results. This part of the study highlighted the influence of the GDL and of the operating conditions on the flows inside the channels
Peña, Carrillo Juan David. "Étude expérimentale du transfert paroi/fluide dans le cas d’un écoulement vertical vapeur/gouttes dans une géométrie tubulaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0193/document.
Full textDuring a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), caused by a break or a leakage on the primary circuit, partial or even complete drying of the fuel assemblies may occur. In these conditions, the fuel temperature increases, leading to a significant deformation and rupture of the fuel rod cladding. The cooling flow might be impaired, according to the size and distribution of the deformed zones within the fuel assemblies during the emergency cooling phase (Reflooding phase). To contribute to the thermalhydraulic study of the reflooding phase, this study aims to characterize experimentally the coolability of a representative deformed sub-channel by a steam-droplets flow under LOCA conditions. In order to reproduce such a scenario, the experimental thermal-hydraulic set-up COLIBRI was designed. Several geometrical blockage configurations are analyzed (Blockage ratios and axial lengths). Three measurement techniques are set up to follow the cooling transient phase of each experience: Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in order to obtain both velocity and diameter of droplets, Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) to measure the mean droplet temperature and Infrared thermography to estimate the heat flux removed by the two-phase flow. Additionally, a one-dimensional mechanistic model, taking into account of the heat transfers mechanisms in the post-dry out region, is developed in order to analyze the experimental data and identify each one of the wall-to-fluid heat transfers (radiation with vapor and droplets, convection with vapor, evaporation, and droplet impact)
Esnoul, Coralie. "Etude du comportement à rupture de la zone HBS du combustible UO2 dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée, par une approche micromécanique en condition accidentelle d’APRP." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0682.
Full textUnder Loss Of Coolant Accident(LOCA) transients conditions, the high irradiated fuel is fragmented in small sizes fragments who can be relocated in the balloon, or being ejected out of the fuel rod if the latter burst. This work focuses on the pellet rim, where bubbles density increases owing to a higher irradiation level. Usually the hypothesis used to explain fuel fragmentation during transient is grain cleavage induced by over pressurized fission gas bubbles, located at the grain boundary. The aim of this study is to define a macroscopic fragmentation model based on a micro mechanical approach to have a better understanding of the fuel mechanical behaviour at lower scale : size and volume fraction of fragments. This PhD introduces a stepwise micromechanical method based on three steps : i) firstly, we detail how to model the HBS microstructure including pressurized porosities, based on experimental or numerical data and define a representative volume element (RVE)
Lelong, Franck. "Expérimentation, modélisation et simulation de l'impact de gouttes d'eau sur le gainage gonflé des assemblages d'un coeur de REP en situation d'ARP." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10102/document.
Full textIn a pressurized water reactor (PWR), during a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA), liquid water evaporates and the fuel assemblies are not cooled anymore; as a consequence, the temperature rises to such an extent that some parts of the fuel assemblies can be deformed resulting in ’ballooned regions’. When reflooding occurs, the cooling of these partially blocked parts of the fuel assemblies will depend on the coolant flow that is a mixture of overheated vapour and undersaturated droplets. The aim of this thesis is to study the heat transfer between droplets and hot walls of the fuel rods. In this purpose, an experimental device has been designed in accordance with droplets and wall features (droplet velocity and diameter, wall temperature) representative of LOCA conditions. The cooling of a hot Nickel disk, previously heated by induction, is cooled down by a stream of monodispersed droplet. The rear face temperature profiles are measured by infrared thermography. Then, the estimation of wall heat flux is performed by an inverse conduction technique from these infrared images. The effect of droplet dynamical properties (diameter, velocity …) on the heat flux is studied. These experimental datas allow us to validate an analytical model of heat exchange between droplet and hot slab. This model is based on combined dynamical and thermal considerations. On the one hand, the droplet dynamics is considered through a spring analogy in order to evaluate the evolution of droplet features such as the spreading diameter when the droplet is squeezed over the hot surface. On the other hand, thermal parameters, such as the thickness of the vapour cushion beneath the droplet, are determined from an energy balance. In the short term, this model will be integrated in a CFD code (named NEPTUNE_CFD) to simulate the cooling of a reactor core during a LOCA, taking into account the droplet/wall heat exchange
Lambert, Julien. "Transfert Radiatif hors équilibre thermodynamique local dans les atmosphères d'étoiles supergéantes rouges." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795445.
Full textFernandes, Hipolito Ana Isabel. "Étude des phénomènes de transport dans un réacteur catalytique pilote de type filaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10285/document.
Full textSmall size fixed-bed reactors are a common choice for testing industrial supported catalyst under industrial operating conditions. The most common criterion for reactor’s scale-down is based on the conservation of the liquid hourly space velocity which leads to a very low fluid flow velocity at the laboratory scale. Under these conditions, the external mass transfer flux can become the limiting step of the process. In this context, a new reactor geometry was proposed to intensify mass and heat transfers and to increase fluid flow velocities: the single pellet string reactor. This reactor is composed of a tube with an internal diameter close to that of the catalyst particles and with a high length over diameter ratio. The main goal of this thesis is to characterise the hydrodynamic and external mass transfer performances of this new reactor in order to define its application domain. In two-phase gas-liquid flow, the reactor flow is plug flow and the liquid hold-up values are high, which insures a complete wetting of the catalyst particles. The mass transfer coefficients were quantified and the measured rates are much higher than those observed in conventional pilot fixed-bed reactors, which can be explained by the increased local liquid velocities and by the modified Taylor flow regime. Catalytic tests with a very fast model reaction revealed that the external mass transfer performances of the single pellet string reactor are close to those measured in a stirred tank reactor equipped with a catalytic basket. In conclusion, the single pellet string reactor represents a new and efficient alternative to fixed-bed pilot reactors to study shaped catalysts
Turque, Isabelle. "Effet de fortes teneurs en hydrogène sur les propriétés métallurgiques et mécaniques des gaines en alliage de zirconium après incursion à haute température." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM066/document.
Full textUnder hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident conditions, fuel cladding tubes made of zirconium alloys can be exposed to steam at high temperature (up 1 200°C) before being cooled and then quenched in water. In some conditions, after burst occurrence the cladding can rapidly absorb a significant amount of hydrogen (secondary hydriding), up to 3 000wt.ppm locally, during steam exposition at HT.The study deals with the effect, poorly studied up to date, of high contents of hydrogen on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of two zirconium alloys, Zircaloy-4 and M5®, during and after cooling from high temperatures, at which zirconium is in its β phase. A specific facility was developed to homogeneously charge in hydrogen up to ~3 000wt.mass. cladding tube samples of several centimeters in length. Phase transformations, chemical element partitioning and hydrogen precipitation during cooling from the β temperature domain of zirconium were studied by using several techniques, for the materials containing up to ~3 000wt.ppm of hydrogen in average: in-situ neutron diffraction upon cooling from 700°C, X-ray diffraction, µ-ERDA, EPMA and electron microscopy in particular. The results were compared to thermodynamic predictions. In order to study the effect of high hydrogen contents on the mechanical behavior of the (prior-)β phase of zirconium, axial tensile tests were performed à various temperatures between 20 and 700°C upon cooling from the β temperature domain, on samples with mean hydrogen contents up to ~3 000ppm-mass.The results show that metallurgical and mechanical properties of the (prior-)β phase of zirconium alloys strongly depend on temperature and hydrogen content
Touré, Ibrahima. "Calculs d'épaisseurs optiques : Évaluation des flux de diverses composantes au sol du rayonnement solaire, application capteur plan classique et capteur à renforcement de flux incident." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10320.
Full textSt-Onge, Maxime. "Impact de l'entraînement en musculation et d'un régime hypocalorique sur la composition corporelle et la dépense énergétique de femmes post ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6476.
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