Journal articles: 'Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)'

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Myhr, Gail. "Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Exploring the Dimensional View." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (August 1998): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300607.

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Objective: To examine empirical data on children with autistic disorder (AD), Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) for continuities or distinguishing features between disorders and to see to what extent the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria reflect observed data. Method: Studies were identified in 4 ways. 1) A Medline search from 1976 to the present of articles with the key words autism, pervasive developmental disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and Asperger; of these articles, those with mesh headings or textwords “cluster,” which identified cluster analyses deriving pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) subtypes, were retained. 2) The Journal of Autistic and Developmental Disorders from 1990 to the present was hand-searched to identify other empirically derived studies on diagnosis, prevalence, classification, and validity of PDD subtypes. 3) Key review articles were searched for their references. 4) The references of all identified articles were searched. Results: Eight cluster studies were retained for their relevance to diagnostic issues, as were 7 empirically derived studies delineating clinical characteristics of children with AD, Asperger's syndrome, or PDD-NOS. Data suggest that children with PDD may fit into 1 of 2 overlapping groups, including a lower-functioning group with greater developmental compromise, social aloofness, and a greater number of autistic symptoms and a higher-functioning group with higher IQ, fewer autistic symptoms, and more prosocial behaviour. The PDD subtypes resemble each other and can be seen as existing on a continuum, differing only by degree of impairment. Conclusion: Children exhibiting the triad of autistic impairments can be seen as suffering from disorders on a PDD continuum. While the DSM-IV does identify a lower-functioning autistic group (AD), the higher-functioning group is less well served. Asperger's disorder as defined in the DSM-IV is not clearly distinguishable from AD and PDD-NOS, and the PDD-NOS subcategory is not operationalized. Further research is required to elaborate criteria for the higher-functioning PDD group, and measures related to etiology, outcome, and treatment response may help determine which diagnostic criteria can meaningfully separate one disorder from another.

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Darmaputri, Sekarpramita, and Tjhin Wiguna. "Evidence based case report: Pyridoxine supplementation in children with pervasive developmental disorders." Paediatrica Indonesiana 54, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi54.3.2014.186-92.

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Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)is defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder,c haract erized by social withdrawal,communication deficits, and repetitivebehaviors. PDD include autistic disorder, Rett'ssyndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger' ssyndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder nototherwise specified or atypical autism.1 Update ofepidemiological studies published between 1966 and2006 show reports of estimated prevalence for autismhas varied between 3 .31 and 86 children per 10,000, 2and predominantly occurs in males than females(male:female ratio = 4: 1) .3There is a hypothesis that behavioral problemsin children with pervasive developmental disorderare highly associated with the neurotransmitterimbalances. Therefore, psychotropic medications (eg.atypical antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors, and psychostimulants), which work ondopamine and serotonin receptors, are the FDAapprovedmedications for PDD.4 On the other hands,the use of novel, unconventional, and/or off- labeltreatments associated with the n eurotransmitterspathway for children with POD is increasing andmore common.

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Chaudhari, Dhananjay, Vivek Agarwal, and Prabhat Sitholey. "A clinical study of phenomenology in subjects with pervasive developmental disorders." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184198.

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Background: Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) are group of developmental disorder with impairments in interaction, communication and behaviour. The study aims to explore the phenomenological aspects of subjects with PDD.Methods: Patients in Psychiatry outpatient department (OPD), presented with impairment in social- interaction, language, communication and mental retardation were assessed for features of PDD by applying Developmental Behaviour Check List (DBCL), ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research and Multi-Axial version of ICD-10. The subjects were assessed for severity of PDD on Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).Results: Total number of screened positive cases were 20, in which males were over-represented (90%). Majority belonged to urban locality (65%) and nuclear family (75%). Cases of childhood autism were found in all age groups, while childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett’s disorder and atypical autism were found in younger subjects. No family history of PDD was found in 1st degree relatives of PDD subjects. Five subjects (25%) had birth and perinatal complication.Conclusions: The mean age at presentation of the children with PDD was 8.12 years. Eighty percent (80%) of the subjects had severe autism on CARS. Hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity were present in 90%, 80% and 45% of subjects respectively.

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Oktarina, Molly D., Hardiono D. Pusponegoro, and Zakiudin Munasir. "Measuring language development in pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and non-PDD children." Paediatrica Indonesiana 49, no. 5 (October 31, 2009): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi49.5.2009.292-8.

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Background Impairments in language and related socialcommunication skills can be found in children with pervasivedevelopmental disorders (POD) and other developmentallanguage disorders (non-POD). These conditions lead to decisionof enrolling children with language disorders to speech therapydespite that it is not the therapy of choice for POD.Objectives To explore the differences in receptive language, verbal expressive language, and non-verbal expressive language between PDD and non-POD childrenMethods A cross sectional study was performed in October2008 to January 2009. Questionnaire using the MacArthurcommunicative development inventory (CDI) was filled byparents whose children were PDD and non-PDD patients aged 1to 3 years old. The diagnosis ofPDD was based on the diagnosticand statistical manual IV.Results A total of 42 PDD and 42 non-POD subjects wereevaluated. There was significant difference between PDD and nonPOD in receptive language [P= 0.01 (95% CI -170.63 to -24.33)in 12 to 24 month-old subjects and P< 0.01 (95% CI -158.28to -92.99) in > 24 to 36 month-old subjects] and non-verbalexpressive language [P= 0.01 (95% CI -20.96 to -1.96) in 12 to24 month-old subjects and P< 0.01 (95% CI -22.65 to -10.5) in> 24 to 36 month-old subjects]. Verbal expressive language wasnot significantly different between POD and non-POD childrenage 1 to 3 year-old.Conclusions PDD children are more likely to have a delay inreceptive language and non-verbal expressive language compare to non-POD children. Verbal expressive language can not be used to differentiate POD and non-POD children.

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Stigler, Kimberly A., David J. Posey, and Christopher J. McDougle. "Advances in the Pharmacotherapy of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)." Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News 8, no. 7 (November 2003): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/capn.8.7.6.24962.

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Nicolson, Rob, Shree Bhalerao, and Leon Sloman. "47,XYY Karyotypes and Pervasive Developmental Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (August 1998): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300611.

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Objective: The presence of a 47,XYY karyotype in boys with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) has rarely been described in the past. Herein, 2 boys with PDDs and a supernumerary Y chromosome are presented. Methods: The case histories of the 2 patients are described along with the results of associated testing. The literature on psychosocial development as well as brain morphology and physiology in males with 47,XYY karyotypes is reviewed. Results: Both boys had presentations typical of PDDs, one with autistic disorder and the other with PDD not otherwise specified. Conclusions: The finding that, in a clinic for children with developmental disorders, 2 of 40 male referrals had 47,XYY karyotypes suggests that the rate of this sex chromosome anomaly may be increased in PDDs. An extra Y chromosome may be related to abnormal brain development, which may, in turn, predispose vulnerable males to PDDs.

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LAURITSEN, M. B., C. B. PEDERSEN, and P. B. MORTENSEN. "The incidence and prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders: a Danish population-based study." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 7 (October 2004): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002387.

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Background. Based on prevalence studies and the few incidence studies of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) the prevalence and incidence of these disorders have been claimed to be increasing.Method. The annual and age-specific prevalence and incidence rates of childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) in Denmark during the period 1971–2000 in children younger than 10 years were estimated using data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register.Results. A total of 2·4 million children younger than 10 years were followed and 2061 cases with the PDDs studied were identified. Generally, the prevalence and incidence rates of the PDDs studied were stable until the early 1990s after which an increase in the occurrence of all disorders was seen, until 2000. The annual incidence rate per 10000 children younger than 10 years was 2·0 for childhood autism, 0·7 for atypical autism, 1·4 for Asperger's disorder, and 3·0 for PDD-NOS in 2000. We calculated a ‘corrected’ prevalence of childhood autism at 11·8, atypical autism at 3·3, Asperger's disorder at 4·7, and PDD-NOS at 14·6 per 10000 children younger than 10 years on 1 January 1 2001.Conclusions. We found that the estimated prevalences of the PDDs studied were probably underestimated. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence and incidence rates during the 1990s may well be explained by changes in the registration procedures and more awareness of the disorders, although a true increase in the incidence cannot be ruled out.

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Fukushima, Junko, Natsuko Shichinohe, and Kikuro Fukushima. "Eye movements in pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.575.

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Wetherby, Amy M., Barry M. Prizant, and Thomas A. Hutchinson. "Communicative, Social/Affective, and Symbolic Profiles of Young Children With Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 7, no. 2 (May 1998): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0702.79.

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Research on children with autism and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) has identified deficits and differences in social-communicative and related symbolic abilities. This includes a limited range of communicative functions, limited ability to use conventional preverbal and verbal means of communicating, lack of pretend play, and limited use of shared positive affect and eye gaze to regulate communicative interactions. However, most previous research has studied older preschool and school-age children and has measured one aspect of social skills. This study examined developmental profiles of two groups of young children with atypical language development using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS; Wetherby & Prizant, 1993). One group had been diagnosed with PDD (APA, 1994) and the second group had developmental language delays where the diagnosis of PDD had been ruled out. The results indicated that CSBS profiles of the group with PDD reflected a distinct pattern of relative strengths and weaknesses that was substantially different from the other group on 15 of the 22 CSBS scales. Significant differences were found in the clusters of communicative functions, gestural communicative means, reciprocity, social/affective signaling, and symbolic behavior. The younger children in the PDD group showed results similar to the older children, with more pronounced deficits in vocal and verbal means. Correlational findings indicate three clusters of impairments involving joint attention, symbolic play, and social/affective signaling. The implications of these findings are discussed in regard to earlier identification and intervention planning.

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Fitzgerald, Michael. "Differential diagnosis of adolescent and adult pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders (PDD/ASD): a not uncommon diagnostic dilemma." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1999): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s079096670000553x.

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The failure to recognise the pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders is probably not uncommon in adult psychiatry. Indeed some of the treatment-resistant chronic mental illnesses are due to the failure to make this diagnosis and apply more appropriate treatment.Patients with PDD/ASD cause considerable diagnostic difficulties in both inpatient and outpatient adolescent and adult psychiatry. Clinical experience suggests that patients with PDD/ASD in adulthood have been misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia resulting in inappropriate treatment. Mesibov and Handlan state that the diagnostic situation is complicated because the characteristics of autism are less pronounced in older clients. It is critical that an accurate diagnosis is given because of the specific treatment implications. In the past decade there have been considerable developments in our understanding of autism. The importance of bringing the developmental viewpoint into adult psychiatry is now highly relevant. Unfamiliar diagnostic categories now have to be considered by adolescent and adult psychiatrists. Grounds for the deletion of adult psychiatric disorders, eg. simple schizophrenia from ICD102 may exist. Instead PDD/ASD disorder may need to be considered.As the purpose of diagnosis is to ensure appropriate client management, it is essential that diagnostic criteria are continually reviewed in view of clinical observation and research developments. In this paper, diagnostic categories causing confusion are outlined, and that these are variants of the core deficit of autism is suggested. The major PDD/ASD diagnoses in adolescence and adulthood are listed below.Two of the following are required for the diagnosis of autism:

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Mercadante, Marcos T., Elizeu C. Macedo, Patrícia M. Baptista, Cristiane S. Paula, and José S. Schwartzman. "Saccadic movements using eye-tracking technology in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: pilot study." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 64, no. 3a (September 2006): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2006000400003.

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OBJECTIVE: To verify differences in the visual scanning strategies between pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and controls when they are observing social and non-social pictures. METHOD: PDD group (PDDG) comprised by 10 non-retarded subjects (age from 4 to 41) and age-matched control group (CG). Nine social pictures with human beings (including two pictures of cat mask), and 3 nonsocial pictures of objects were presented for 5 seconds. Saccadic movements and fixation were recorded with equipment EyeGaze® (LC Technologies Inc.). RESULTS: PDDG (mean=292.73, SE=67.62) presented longer duration of saccadic movements for social pictures compared to CG (mean=136.06, SE=14.01) (p=0.04). The CG showed a higher number of fixations in the picture 7 (a women using a cat mask, with the eyes erased) (CG: mean=3.40; PDDG: mean=1.80; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: The results suggest differences in strategies that PDD explore human picture. Moreover, these strategies seem not to be affected by the lack of expected part of the face (the eyes).

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Berney, Tom. "Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale (PDD-MRS)." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 51, no. 3 (March 2007): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00887.x.

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Fombonne, Eric. "Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders." Pediatric Research 65, no. 6 (June 2009): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819e7203.

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KITA, Yosuke, Mari TANAKA, and Takekatsu KIKUCHI. "Juvenile Delinquency and Developmental Disabilities : Youth With Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Japanese Journal of Special Education 46, no. 3 (2008): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.46.163.

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Lahuis, B. E., S. Durston, H. Nederveen, M. Zeegers, S. J. M. C. Palmen, and H. Van Engeland. "MRI-based morphometry in children with multiple complex developmental disorder, a phenotypically defined subtype of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 9 (September 10, 2007): 1361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001481.

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BackgroundThe DSM-IV-R classification Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) is based on the symptoms for autism and includes a wide variety of phenotypes that do not meet full criteria for autism. As such, PDD-NOS is a broad and poorly defined residual category of the autism spectrum disorders. In order to address the heterogeneity in this residual category it may be helpful to define clinical and neurobiological subtypes. Multiple complex developmental disorder (MCDD) may constitute such a subtype. In order to study the neurobiological specificity of MCDD in comparison with other autism spectrum disorders, we investigated brain morphology in children (age 7–15 years) with MCDD compared to children with autism and typically developing controls.MethodStructural MRI measures were compared between 22 high-functioning subjects with MCDD and 21 high-functioning subjects with autism, and 21 matched controls.ResultsSubjects with MCDD showed an enlarged cerebellum and a trend towards larger grey-matter volume compared to control subjects. Compared to subjects with autism, subjects with MCDD had smaller intracranial volume.ConclusionsWe report a pattern of volumetric changes in the brains of subjects with MCDD, similar to that seen in autism. However, no enlargement in head size was found. This suggests that although some of the neurobiological changes associated with MCDD overlap with those in autism, others do not. These neurobiological changes may reflect differences in the developmental trajectories associated with these two subtypes of autism spectrum disorders.

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Patel, Shreya V., Shraddha Diwan, and Nehal Shah. "Global functional performance and caregiver assistance in children with pervasive development disorders." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175586.

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Background: Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) affects motor, social and communication function of a child which may lead to affection of global function. Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) is used to assess performances, degree of functional limitations as well as the extent of caregiver assistance. Hence, the need of the study was to quantify the functionality and dependence level in children with PDD. The aim of the study was to quantify the overall functional performance and need for caregiver assistance in PDD.Methods: An observational study was carried out on 12 children (age 6 months - 7.5 years) diagnosed as PDD, taking rehabilitation at pediatric rehab department of SBB college of physiotherapy. After taking consent of primary caregiver PEDI questionnaire was administered by interview method. Demographic details were noted by physiotherapist.Results: The score of functional skills in three domains were self-care (mean 8.58±5.265), mobility (mean 15.58±15.300) and social function (mean 5.42±4.641). The score of caregiver assistance in three domains were self-care (mean 2.75±3.441), mobility (mean 8.83±11.907) and social function (mean 1.50±2.316). Among six domains 12 children had the lowest score in terms of social function for both caregiver assistance and functional skills.Conclusions: Present study concludes that social function is majorly affected in terms of caregiver assistance in children with PDD.

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Cipta, Dyah Ayu Sulistyaning, Era Dewi Kartika, and Anik Kurniawati. "ANALISIS BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA PENYINTAS PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER - NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DALAM MATEMATIKA MONTESSORI." JIPMat 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/jipmat.v5i2.6854.

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Kemampuan berpikir kritis perlu dimiliki oleh seluruh siswa, tidak terkecuali siswa penyintas Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwisa Specified (PDD-NOS). Terlepas dari kondisi disabilitas mental yang ia sandang, ia tetap perlu belajar Matematika dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa PDD-NOS dalam pembelajaran Matematika dengan metode Montessori pada materi Pecahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Pembelajaran Montessori diterapkan pada seluruh siswa dalam kelas, namun fokus peneliti adalah pada siswa PDD-NOS. Pembelajaran dilakukan secara daring, guru dan peneliti berada di sekolah, sementara siswa PDD-NOS di rumah bersama guru pendamping khusus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa PDD-NOS telah dapat berpikir kompeten, efektif, akurat dan jelas, tetapi masih kurang dalam memberikan ketepatan, kedalaman, dan wawasan terhadap masalah yang didapat. Metode Montessori dapat menguatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan mengkomunikasikan Matematika secara tepat kepada siswa penyintas PDD-NOS.

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Stuhec, Victoria, and Erika G. Gisel. "Compliance with Administration Procedures of Tests for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Does it Exist?" Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 70, no. 1 (February 2003): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740307000105.

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Background. There are no specific tools to evaluate functional performance that accommodate the special needs of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Method. Pediatric occupational therapists in Quebec were surveyed to identify assessments that are currently being used, the modifications made, and the use of results for treatment planning and service recommendations. Results. Results from 59 therapists treating children with PDD indicated that 52 different assessments, both standardized and non-standardized, were used. Standardized tests were used infrequently and were rarely administered without modifications. Equal weight is attributed to the results from standardized and non-standardized tests and clinical observations for the purpose of treatment planning and services. Practice Implications. This study highlights the need for practice parameters that would guide the assessment process and create a consensus among therapists and practice centres.

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Berument, Sibel Kazak, Michael Rutter, Catherine Lord, Andrew Pickles, and Anthony Bailey. "Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 5 (November 1999): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.5.444.

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BackgroundGood interview and diagnostic measures for autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are available but there is a lack of a good screening questionnaire.AimsTo develop and test a screening questionnaire based on items in the best available diagnostic interview – the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI–R)MethodA 40 -item scale, the Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), was developed and tested on a sample of 160 individuals with PDD and 40 with non-PDD diagnoses.ResultsThe ASQ has good discriminative validity with respect to the separation of PDD from non-PDD diagnoses at all IQ levels, with a cut-off of 15 proving most effective. The differentiation between autism and other varieties of PDD was weaker.ConclusionsThe ASQ is an effective screening questionnaire for PDD.

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Awad, George A. "The Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Young Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Some Clinical Observations." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (August 1996): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100606.

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Objective: To study the effects of a new group of psychotropic medications, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), on some symptoms of young children (under 7 years old) with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Method: Open clinical trial. Results: Medications produced positive results in half the children, particularly those with obsessional, repetitive, and anxiety symptoms. The medication was discontinued in half the children: one-quarter for worsening of symptoms and the other quarter for doubtful side effects. Conclusions: SSRIs may have a role to play in ameliorating some symptoms of PDD. Further studies with standardized measurements, however, are needed to elucidate which children and what symptoms could benefit from which medication.

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Ponde, Milena Pereira, Cecile Rousseau, and Marco Antonio Costa Carlos. "Pervasive developmental disorder in the children of immigrant parents: comparison of different assessment instruments." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 11 (November 2013): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130091.

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The objective of this study was to describe how the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) behaves in relation to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and to clinical diagnosis based on the criteria defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th Edition (DSM-IV) for children of immigrant parents. Forty-nine children of parents who had immigrated to Canada were evaluated. In this sample, the ADOS and the DSM-IV showed complete agreement. Using the standard cut-off point of 30, the CARS showed high specificity and poor sensitivity. The study proposes a cut-off point for the CARS that would include pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Reducing the cut-off point to 20/21 increased the specificity of the instrument for this group of children without significantly reducing its sensitivity.

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Szatmari, P., and D. L. Streiner. "The effect of selection criteria on outcome studies of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (December 1996): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00538844.

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Russo, A. J., and Robert deVito. "Analysis of Copper and Zinc Plasma Concentration and the Efficacy of Zinc Therapy in Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and Autism." Biomarker Insights 6 (January 2011): BMI.S7286. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s7286.

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Aim To assess plasma zinc and copper concentration in individuals with Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and autistic disorder, and to analyze the efficacy of zinc therapy on the normalization of zinc and copper levels and symptom severity in these disorders. Subjects and methods Plasma from 79 autistic individuals, 52 individuals with PDD-NOS, 21 individuals with Asperger's Syndrome (all meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria), and 18 age and gender similar neurotypical controls, were tested for plasma zinc and copper using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results Autistic and PDD-NOS individuals had significantly elevated plasma levels of copper. None of the groups (autism, Asperger's or PDD-NOS) had significantly lower plasma zinc concentrations. Post zinc and B-6 therapy, individuals with autism and PDD-NOS had significantly lower levels of copper, but individuals with Asperger's did not have significantly lower copper. Individuals with autism, PDD-NOS and Asperger's all had significantly higher zinc levels. Severity of symptoms decreased in autistic individuals following zinc and B-6 therapy with respect to awareness, receptive language, focus and attention, hyperactivity, tip toeing, eye contact, sound sensitivity, tactile sensitivity and seizures. None of the measured symptoms worsened after therapy. None of the symptoms in the Asperger's patients improved after therapy. Discussion These results suggest an association between copper and zinc plasma levels and individuals with autism, PDD-NOS and Asperger's Syndrome. The data also indicates that copper levels normalize (decrease to levels of controls) in individuals with autism and PDD-NOS, but not in individuals with Asperger's. These same Asperger's patients do not improve with respect to symptoms after therapy, whereas many symptoms improved in the autism group. This may indicate an association between copper levels and symptom severity.

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Mulrine, Christopher F., and Betty Kollia. "Diagnosing and Teaching Students with Social Communication Disorder in Included Classrooms." Journal of Education and Learning 9, no. 4 (June 25, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n4p94.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) was for many years considered to be one of five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000). These disorders included Autism, Rett Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, PDD-NOS (not otherwise specified), and Asperger’s syndrome. The 2013, fifth revision of the manual (DSM-5) presented a modification in the diagnosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is now being diagnosed as an inclusive disorder of a range of symptoms or autism related symptoms from mild to severe (APA, 2013). It has dropped four of the previous diagnoses and is now only one encompassing disability called Autism Spectrum Disorder. Using the new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria some students who were previously diagnosed as having Asperger’s Syndrome do not fit the new Autism Spectrum Disorder criteria. These students might now be diagnosed with Social Communication Disorder (SCD). This diagnosis meets the symptoms presented by these individuals more appropriately. SCD describes the social difficulties and pragmatic language differences that impact comprehension, production, and awareness in conversation that are not caused by delayed cognition or other language delays.

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Constantino, John N., Anna M. Abbacchi, Patricia D. Lavesser, Hannah Reed, Leah Givens, Lily Chiang, Teddi Gray, Maggie Gross, Yi Zhang, and Richard D. Todd. "Developmental course of autistic social impairment in males." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940900008x.

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AbstractRecent research has suggested that autistic social impairment (ASI) is continuously distributed in nature and that subtle autistic-like social impairments aggregate in the family members of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). This study examined the longitudinal course of quantitatively characterized ASI in 3- to 18-year-old boys with and without PDD. We obtained assessments of 95 epidemiologically ascertained male–male twin pairs and a clinical sample of 95 affected children using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), at two time points, spaced 1–5 years apart. Longitudinal course was examined as a function of age, familial loading for PDD, and autistic severity at baseline. Interindividual variation in SRS scores was highly preserved over time, with test–retest correlation of 0.90 for the entire sample. SRS scores exhibited modest general improvement over the study period; individual trajectories varied as a function of severity at baseline and were highly familial. Quantitative measurements of ASI reflect heritable traitlike characteristics. Such measurements can serve as reliable indices of phenotypic severity for genetic and neurobiologic studies, and have potential utility for ascertaining incremental response to intervention.

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Boeschoten, M. A., J. L. Kenemans, H. van Engeland, and C. Kemner. "Abnormal spatial frequency processing in high-functioning children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 9 (September 2007): 2076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.004.

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Ferrara, R., and M. Esposito. "Underestimation of autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-5 criteria: A pilot study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S459—S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.504.

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IntroductionRecent studies on autism concern the number of individuals diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) according to DSM-IV-TR who may no longer qualify for diagnoses under the new DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD is diagnosed using the impairments in two dimensions:– the social and communication dimension;– the restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors (RRIB) dimension whereas PDD is diagnosed using impairments in three dimensions.All the studies indicate between 50 and 75% of individuals will maintain diagnoses.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to quantify how many individuals with previous PDD diagnoses under DSM-IV-TR criteria would maintain a diagnosis of ASD under DSM-5 criteria.MethodsOur sample consists of 23 cases (21 males, 2 female) related to the treatment Centre “Una breccia nel muro” of Rome and Salerno. All the cases previous received a PDD diagnose according to DSM-IV TR criteria. The mean age of cases was 7.7 years. All the cases were diagnosed by our team according to DSM-5 criteria, clinicians also used to make diagnoses: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.ResultsEighty-seven percent of cases with PDD were classified as ASD using DSM-5 criteria. Thirteen percent of cases, that previous received an Asperger diagnose, did not meet the ASD criteria (Fig. 1).ConclusionsDSM-5 criteria may easily exclude cases with high functioning from ASD because they tend to be atypical for ASD according to this study.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Matson, Johnny L., Julie A. Hess, and Jessica A. Boisjoli. "Comorbid psychopathology in infants and toddlers with autism and pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 4, no. 2 (April 2010): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.001.

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Siracusano, R., E. Germanò, T. Calarese, A. Magazù, V. Cigala, M. Lamberti, E. Spina, and A. Gagliano. "Aripiprazole in children with multiple-complex developmental disorder (McDD): a case series." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72989-3.

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IntroductionMultiple-complex Developmental Disorder (McDD) is a developmental disorder characterized by peculiar clinical features: affective dysregulation (anxiety, panic and aggressivity), impairment of social behaviour and hypersensitivity, impaired cognitive processing. McDD is usually included within the Pervasive Developmental Disorders not otherwise specified (PDD NOS) (Cohen et al. 1986; Towbin et al. 1993). Aripiprazole is a new atypical antipsychotic drug. Efficacy of aripiprazole in children and adolescents is supported by some studies (Findling et al. 2007, Wink at al 2010; Kim et al 2010).AimsThe aim of our study is to describe the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in 4 children with Multiple-complex Developmental Disorder.MethodsMean dosage of aripiprazole was 5 mg/day. Response was evaluated by clinical assessment and by Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Severity, Clinical Global Impressions Scale- Improvement, Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) and by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. This assessment was administered at baseline, and at weeks 4, 12 and 24.ResultsA significant reduction of social impairments, thought disorders and affective dysregulation was observed. Drug therapy was well tolerated, even though children complained of mild and transient nausea and somnolence.ConclusionTo date there are only a few reports on the use of aripiprazole in McDD patients. The present case series suggest that aripiprazole may be effective and well tolerated in McDD patients.

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BUITELAAR, JAN K., MARLEEN VAN DER WEES, HANNA SWAAB–BARNEVELD, and RUTGER JAN VAN DER GAAG. "Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499001947.

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The hypothesis was tested that weak theory of mind (ToM) and/or emotion recognition (ER) abilities are specific to subjects with autism. Differences in ToM and ER performance were examined between autistic (n = 20), pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (n = 20), psychiatric control (n = 20), and normal children (n = 20). The clinical groups were matched person-to-person on age and verbal IQ. We used tasks for the matching and the context recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. Autistic and PDD-NOS children could not be significantly differentiated from each other, nor could they be differentiated from the psychiatric controls with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 9). The psychiatric controls with conduct disorder or dysthymia performed about as well as normal children. The variance in second-order ToM performance contributed most to differences between diagnostic groups.

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Thurm, Audrey, Stacy S. Manwaring, David A. Luckenbaugh, Catherine Lord, and Susan E. Swedo. "Patterns of skill attainment and loss in young children with autism." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 1 (November 25, 2013): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000874.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to extend the literature on the ontogeny of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by examining early attainment and loss of specific sociocommunicative skills in children with autism (AUT; n = 125), pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS; n = 42), nonspectrum developmental delays (n = 46), and typical development (n = 31). The ages of skill attainment and loss were obtained from a caregiver interview. The findings indicated that children with AUT, PDD-NOS, and developmental delays diverged from typically developing children in attainment of sociocommunicative skills early in the first year of life. Loss of at least one skill was reported in a majority of children with AUT and PDD-NOS. Significant delays in attainment of skills were also reported in children who lost skills. The wide variation in skill attainment and loss reported across children indicates that symptom onset and regression may be best represented continuously, with at least some early delay and loss present for a great majority of children with ASD.

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Boeschoten, M. A., J. L. Kenemans, H. van Engeland, and C. Kemner. "Face processing in Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD): the roles of expertise and spatial frequency." Journal of Neural Transmission 114, no. 12 (July 18, 2007): 1619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0780-y.

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Frid, P. J. "DSM-IV criteria were reliable and accurate in differentiating pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) from non-PDD and autism from Asperger's disorder." Evidence-Based Mental Health 1, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.1.4.121.

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Fisman, Sandra, Lucille Wolf, Deborah Ellison, and Tom Freeman. "A Longitudinal Study of Siblings of Children with Chronic Disabilities." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45, no. 4 (May 2000): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500406.

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Objective: To examine the unaffected siblings of 2 different groups with chronic disabilities, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and Down syndrome (DS), over 3 years, comparing their adjustment with each other and with the siblings of a nondisabled group. Method: This study examines 137 siblings of children with PDD, children with DS, and developmentally normal children (control group) initially and 127 siblings at follow-up 3 years later. Their adjustment is measured by the Survey Diagnostic Instrument (SDI), completed by caregivers and teachers. Predictor variables include sibling self-perception, social support, and relationship with sibling, as indicated by siblings; caregiver psychosocial factors such as parental stress, caregiver depression, and marital relationship; family systems characteristics as viewed by both caregiver and sibling; and difficulty that disabled child causes as perceived by the primary caregiver. Results: Significantly more adjustment problems are found in the siblings of PDD children at both times when compared with siblings of DS and control children. Caregivers of PDD children report the highest levels of distress and depression, and this persists over time. Parent distress was found, at both times, to be related to sibling adjustment problems, regardless of study group. Conclusion: These results have implications for preventive intervention for the unaffected siblings of PDD children.

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Happé, Francesca, and Uta Frith. "Is Autism a Pervasive Developmental Disorder? Debate and Argument: How useful is the "PDD" label?" Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32, no. 7 (November 1991): 1167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00356.x.

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Et. al., Karthik K,. "Evaluating the Behavioral and Developmental Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 2616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2233.

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It is currently impossible to estimate the number of users who are experiencing Mental Depression symptoms. Today's recognition is highly reliant on observation of users' behaviours. This paper suggests a framework for considering behaviour factor relationships and categorising them using association-based classification (CBA).Patient profiles from two Thai emergency clinics were utilized in our trials. Experts requested this data into two groupings: Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Our discoveries uncover an assortment of charming conduct patterns in individuals with mental imbalance.These findings provide doctors with invaluable knowledge for future research into early autism symptom intervention. Our project aims to develop a data processing method that will aid doctors in diagnosing patients later on.

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IMADA, Rika, and Shin-ichi KOMATSU. "Patterns of Performance on a Group-Administered Attention Test Battery by Children and Youth With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders or Pervasive Developmental Disorders." Japanese Journal of Special Education 47, no. 2 (2009): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.47.91.

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Papini, Anna Maria, Francesca Nuti, Feliciana Real-Fernandez, Giada Rossi, Caterina Tiberi, Giuseppina Sabatino, Shashank Pandey, et al. "Immune Dysfunction in Rett Syndrome Patients Revealed by High Levels of Serum Anti-N(Glc) IgM Antibody Fraction." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/260973.

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Rett syndrome (RTT), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting exclusively (99%) female infants, is associated with loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) and, more rarely, cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the function of the immune system by measuring serum immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) in RTT patients (n=53) and, by comparison, in age-matched children affected by non-RTT pervasive developmental disorders (non-RTT PDD) (n=82) and healthy age-matched controls (n=29). To determine immunoglobulins we used both a conventional agglutination assay and a novel ELISA based on antibody recognition by a surrogate antigen probe, CSF114(Glc), a syntheticN-glucosylated peptide. Both assays provided evidence for an increase in IgM titer, but not in IgG, in RTT patients relative to both healthy controls and non-RTT PDD patients. The significant difference in IgM titers between RTT patients and healthy subjects in the CSF114(Glc) assay (P=0.001) suggests that this procedure specifically detects a fraction of IgM antibodies likely to be relevant for the RTT disease. These findings offer a new insight into the mechanism underlying the Rett disease as they unveil the possible involvement of the immune system in this pathology.

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Murugaiyan, Sivaji, Akshaya Rathin Sivaji, A. Marian Jude Vijay, Indumathi Sundaramurthi, and Jawahar Marimuthu. "A study on prevalence of various mood disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis in South Indian population Chennai, Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20211439.

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Background: The prevalence of depressive disorders are more common in demyelination diseases like multiple sclerosis. Patients with multiple sclerosis have higher rates of depressive episodes than the general population. It is found that 40-50% incidence reported in many number of previous research studies .The aim is to study the prevalence of various depressive disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS) patient population.Methods: 176 MS patients were randomly selected from neurology outpatient department (OPD) of Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Specialty Hospital and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, from September 2018 to December 2019. 128 patients were analyzed with the following methods of examinations such as the structured psychiatric clinical interview with diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5 and international classification of diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) scale.Results: Various subtypes of mood disorders were found as follows major depressive disorder (MDD)-4%, MDD with anxiety-6%, pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) mixed-4%, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)-8%, MIDD-2% and depressive disorders due to general medical conditions (secondary depression)-22%. In this present study 46% of the MS population were diagnosed with various depressive illness.Conclusions: Early identification and treatment of depressive disorders definitely favour the outcome of MS patients. The coping skills and good social support system play a vital role in the outcome of depressive disorders in MS population in addition to psychopharmacological management.

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Yaakub, Zuraini Binti, and Zuliza Binti Mohd Kusrin. "Common Symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Adolescent ] Sintom Lazim Remaja Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD)." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 12 (January 1, 2016): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2016.12.0.145.

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Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a mental disorders development that resulted towards its sufferers’ syntoms differences from other normal adolacents. The increasement numbers of ASD in Malaysia has resulting to the need to identify the ordinary syntoms of the ASD in order to educate society with the existence of this special groups that needs due attention. The objective of this article is to analyse on the common syntoms of the ASD’s adolescent that is claimed to be different from the normal adolescents. The research methodology used is content analysis that refers to books, journals and previous researches related to the common syntoms of the autism’s adolescents. The data gathered was analysed descriptively. The analysis done discovered that there are four types of development of syndrome of disorder that causes a person to be considered as ASD adolescents such as Sindrom of Asperger, Sindrom of Rett, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) dan Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). The previous research had proven that that syndrome has created common syntoms that is considered as synonym with the autism. They are incapability to have an interpersonal and social interaction, delays in speaking and suffering from impulsive phenomenon such as repeatation of sterotype activities and difficulties in adapting any changes. This has shown that there are several consistent bases that can be considered as a set of signs to diagnose the ASD’s disorders. Keywords: common behavior, Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), syndrom, social relation and communication.

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Horovitz, Max, and Johnny L. Matson. "Communication deficits in babies and infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)." Developmental Neurorehabilitation 13, no. 6 (October 2010): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2010.501431.

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Thomas, Karuna Sandra, Chitra Venkateswaran, and Ashwin Varghese Alexander. "Quality of life, perceived stress and caregiver burden in mothers of children with childhood psychiatric disorders in Kerala, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20203043.

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Background: Common childhood psychiatric problems like attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD), Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and learning disability (LD) often co-exists with each other and form a constellation of behavioural manifestations that require extra attention from the caregivers. Having a differentially-abled child is challenging and most parents have to learn to restructure their lives around that of the child. There is a difference in the attitudes of both the parents as far as parenting a disabled child is concerned. Mothers often shoulder the primary caregiving role however the psychological costs borne by women go unrecognized. The study aims to assess the care giver burden (BOC) and perceived stress (PS) and quality of life (QOL) in mothers of children with ADHD, PDD and LD.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with 336 child mother pairs. The mothers were asked to rate their burden and stress symptoms on the perceived stress scale and Burden of care scale. The mothers were also asked to rate their quality of life on the quality of life scale.Results: The mean PS score was highest in the PDD group. The mean BOC was lowest in the LD group. The QOL score was highest in the LD group. There is statistically significant difference in the PS, BOC and QOL scores among the three groups.Conclusions: There is a hidden lacuna of psychological stress in mothers of children with common psychiatric problems. The study also establishes that these mothers have poorer quality of life. It is necessary to address these psychological issues of the mother at every visit and equip them with coping strategies so that they can look after both themselves and their special needs child.

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Suzumura, Shunsuke. "Quality of life in mothers of preschoolers with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders." Pediatrics International 57, no. 1 (February 2015): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.12560.

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Zenko, Catherine B. "Successfully Serving Students With ASD in the Schools: Let the Evidence Be Your Guide." Perspectives on School-Based Issues 12, no. 3 (October 2011): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/sbi12.3.84.

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The caseload of a speech-language pathologist in the school setting consists of students with an array of abilities. The number of students with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is on the rise according to the most recent statistics: 1/110 children have an ASD (Centers for Disease Control, 2009). The diagnoses that fall under the ASD umbrella include autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Given these statistics, school clinicians will see an increase of students with ASD on their caseloads. Ways to effectively address the needs of children who fall under the ASD diagnostic umbrella will be discussed.

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Althaus, Monika, Lambertus J. M. Mulder, Gijsbertus Mulder, Cecilia C. Aarnoudse, and Ruud B. Minderaa. "Cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding tasks in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)." Biological Psychiatry 46, no. 6 (September 1999): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00374-6.

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Maffre, T., C. Bregeon, C. Garrigou, I. Barry, J. P. Raynaud, and K. Duvignau. "The comprehension of verb-based metaphors by children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD): A marker of lexical rigidity?" Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.04.382.

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Coo, H., H. Ouellette-Kuntz, M. Lam, C. T. Yu, D. Dewey, F. P. Bernier, A. E. Chudley, et al. "Correlates of age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in six Canadian regions." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 32, no. 2 (March 2012): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.32.2.05.

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Introduction Early identification of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is important, since earlier exposure to behavioural intervention programs may result in better outcomes for the child. Moreover, it allows families timely access to other treatments and supports. Methods Using generalized linear modeling, we examined the association between child and family characteristics and the age at which 2180 children were diagnosed with ASD between 1997 and 2005 in six Canadian regions. Results A diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) or Asperger syndrome, rural residence, diagnosis in more recent years, and foreign birthplace were associated with a later age at diagnosis. Children who are visible minorities or who have siblings with ASD were more likely to be diagnosed earlier. Collectively, these factors explained little of the variation in age at diagnosis, however. Conclusion While it is encouraging that ethnocultural identity, neighbourhood income, urban or rural residence, and sex of the child were not major contributors to disparities in the age when children were identified with ASD, more work is needed to determine what does account for the differences observed. Regional variations in the impact of several factors suggest that aggregating data may not be an optimal strategy if the findings are meant to inform policy and clinical practice at the local level.

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Luteijn, E. F., M. Serra, S. Jackson, M. P. Steenhuis, M. Althaus, F. Volkmar, and R. Minderaa. "How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2000): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007870070040.

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Anckarsäter, H., B. Hofvander, E. Billstedt, I. C. Gillberg, C. Gillberg, E. Wentz, and M. Råstam. "The sociocommunicative deficit subgroup in anorexia nervosa: autism spectrum disorders and neurocognition in a community-based, longitudinal study." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 9 (December 20, 2011): 1957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002881.

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BackgroundA subgroup of persons with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been proposed to have sociocommunicative problems corresponding to autism spectrum disorders [ASDs, i.e. DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs): autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (NOS)]. Here, clinical problems, personality traits, cognitive test results and outcome are compared across 16 subjects (32%) with teenage-onset AN who meet or have met ASD criteria (AN+ASD), 34 ASD-negative AN subjects and matched controls from a longitudinal Swedish study including four waves of independent assessments from the teens to the early thirties.MethodThe fourth wave included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-I and the SCID-II (cluster C, i.e. ‘anxious’ PDs) interviews, the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview, self-assessments by the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Temperament and Character Inventory, neurocognitive tests by subscales from the Wechsler scales, continuous performance tests, Tower of London, and Happé's cartoons.ResultsThe ASD assessments had substantial inter-rater reliability over time (Cohen's κ between 0.70 and 0.80 with previous assessments), even if only six subjects had been assigned a diagnosis of an ASD in all four waves of the study, including retrospective assessments of pre-AN neurodevelopmental problems. The AN+ASD group had the highest prevalence of personality disorders and the lowest Morgan–Russell scores. The non-ASD AN group also differed significantly from controls on personality traits related to poor interpersonal functioning and on neurocognitive tests.ConclusionsA subgroup of subjects with AN meet criteria for ASDs. They may represent the extreme of neurocognitive and personality problems to be found more generally in AN.

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Hallahan, B., E. M. Daly, G. McAlonan, E. Loth, F. Toal, F. O'Brien, D. Robertson, et al. "Brain morphometry volume in autistic spectrum disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study of adults." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 2 (September 8, 2008): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003383.

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BackgroundSeveral prior reports have found that some young children with autism spectrum disorder [ASD; including autism and Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)] have a significant increase in head size and brain weight. However, the findings from older children and adults with ASD are inconsistent. This may reflect the relatively small sample sizes that were studied, clinical heterogeneity, or age-related brain differences.MethodHence, we measured head size (intracranial volume), and the bulk volume of ventricular and peripheral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lobar brain, and cerebellum in 114 people with ASD and 60 controls aged between 18 and 58 years. The ASD sample included 80 people with Asperger's syndrome, 28 with autism and six with PDD-NOS.ResultsThere was no significant between-group difference in head and/or lobar brain matter volume. However, compared with controls, each ASD subgroup had a significantly smaller cerebellar volume, and a significantly larger volume of peripheral CSF.ConclusionsWithin ASD adults, the bulk volume of cerebellum is reduced irrespective of diagnostic subcategory. Also the significant increase in peripheral CSF may reflect differences in cortical maturation and/or ageing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)'

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