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Journal articles on the topic 'Pervious surface layer'
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1
Meng, Xiaoyu, Qinghui Jiang, and Ruyan Liu. "Flexural Performance and Toughness Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Pervious Concrete with Different Aggregate Sizes." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092295.
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Pervious concrete is an environmentally friendly paving material to reduce surface runoff in urban construction. However, due to low flexural strength and cracking susceptibility caused by the high porosity, pervious concrete is only used in low-volume traffic roadways and parking lots for current service. This study investigated the permeability, strength, and flexural performance of pervious concrete with different coarse aggregate size, geogrid position, and geogrid layer number. Test results indicate that the geogrid placed at an appropriate position in pervious concrete improved the permeability and compressive strength. Four-point bending tests were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the flexural performance and toughness characteristics of pervious concrete beam. Meanwhile, this study also proposed a new evaluation method to distinguish the contribution of geogrids and concrete mixture to the flexural toughness of pervious concrete beam at the pre-peak and post-peak stages by two toughness indices. Test results indicate that geogrids improved the flexural strength, deformability, and energy absorption capability of pervious concrete beam. The geogrids placed at both one-third and two-thirds of the heights of pervious concrete beam resulted in the optimum flexural performance. Besides, the small size (5–10 mm) aggregates were conducive to providing high flexural strength for the geogrid-reinforced pervious concrete beam, while the large size (10–15 mm) aggregates played a significant role in obtaining noteworthy post-cracking performance.
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Juradin, S., I. Netinger-Grubeša, S. Mrakovčić, and D. Jozić. "Impact of fibre incorporation and compaction method on properties of pervious concrete." Materiales de Construcción 71, no. 342 (June 4, 2021): e245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.08020.
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This paper deals with the possibility of the improvement of pervious concrete properties by incorporation of different types of fibres and studies the effect of short duration vibration of pervious concrete properties in comparison with compaction with wooden lath and hammer. Ten mixtures of pervious concrete were prepared, five of which were compacted with wooden lath and hammer and five by short duration vibration. Density, porosity, permeability and mechanical properties were tested for in hardened pervious concrete specimens. It was concluded that mixtures compacted by short duration vibration had better mechanical properties due to the formation of a viscous layer at the contact surface between the aggregate grain and the cement matrix during the compaction, as well as pore-related properties. The addition of fibres negatively affected porosity and permeability but generally improved mechanical properties of concrete. The positive effect of fibre addition was more emphasised in cases of vibrated mixtures.
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Yue, Z. Q., A. P. S. Selvadurai, and K. T. Law. "Excess pore pressure in a poroelastic seabed saturated with a compressible fluid." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 989–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-113.
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This paper presents an analytical investigation on the excess pore-fluid pressure in a finite seabed layer by taking into account the influence of a compressible pore fluid. The seabed layer is modeled as a poroelastic layer saturated with a compressible pore fluid and resting on a rough, rigid impermeable base. The surface of the poroelastic seabed layer is either completely pervious or completely impervious, and subjected to a normal surface traction induced by offshore structures. The paper presents analytical and numerical results to illustrate the time-dependent behaviour of excess pore pressure in the poroelastic seabed. The results demonstrate that the presence of a compressible pore fluid reduces the generation of excess pore pressure in the poroelastic seabed layer. Key words : excess pore pressure, poroelastic seabed layer, soil consolidation, compressible pore fluid, integral transforms.
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Starke, P., P. Göbel, and W. G. Coldewey. "Effects on evaporation rates from different water-permeable pavement designs." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.168.
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The urban water balance can be attenuated to the natural by water-permeable pavements (WPPs). Furthermore, WPPs have a 16% higher evaporation rate than impermeable pavements, which can lead to a better urban climate. Evaporation rates from pavements are influenced by the pavement surface and by the deeper layers. By a compared evaporation measurement between different WPP designs, the grain size distribution of the sub-base shows no influence on the evaporation rates in a significant way. On the contrary, a sub-base made of a twin-layer decreases the evaporation by 16% compared to a homogeneous sub-base. By a change in the colour of the paving stone, 19% higher evaporation rates could be achieved. A further comparison shows that the transpiration-effect of the grass in grass pavers increases the evaporation rates more than threefold to pervious concrete pavements. These high evapotranspiration rates can not be achieved with a pervious concrete paving stone. In spite of this, the broad field of application of the pervious concrete paving stone increases the importance in regard to the urban climate.
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Alsaad, Aymen J., Tareq S. Al-Attar, and Basil S. Al-Shathr. "Utilization of Mineral Sequestration for CO2 Capturing in Car Parks and Tunnels." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 5A (May 25, 2020): 728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i5a.594.
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Decreasing the emissions of CO2 that come from vehicle exhaust, especially in car parking and tunnels, is so vital. CO2 emissions cause corrosion to a reinforcement of concrete. Thus, there is a need to provide a layer that protects the reinforcement from the reach of this harmful gas. This work goals to investigate the efficiency of using board units from Pozzolime concrete and pervious concrete to sequestrate CO2 from the environment and then to convert it into calcium carbonate inside the concrete. The units have dimensions of (200×400×40±5). All specimens were cured in a water tank after about 48 hours after casting. Then paint the sample from all surfaces (three layers) excluding the top surface. The pervious concrete and Pozzolime specimens, at age of 28 days, were put in the chamber, then the gas was supplied to the chamber with concentrations of 15%, 25%, and 50 %, for 24 hours. The efficiency was evaluated through carbonation depth, CO2-uptake, and weight change. The results showed that the maximum CO2 uptake was recorded at the age of 28 days for Pozzolime concrete when exposed to 50% of CO2 concentration.
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Marchioni, Mariana, Gianfranco Becciu, and Claudio Oliveira. "Infiltration-Exfiltration System for Stormwater Control: A Full Scale Test." Proceedings 48, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-4-06452.
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The current approach to stormwater management should focus on dealing with water on its source. The Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) promotes runoff peak flow and volume attenuation, load removal while providing amenites and biodiversities but can be difficult to apply in developed urban centers. An infiltration-exfiltration system (IES) placed on road gutters can function on receiving runoff from roads and directing them to the sewers system reducing peak flow and volume. This research follows up a full-scale test of an IES installed in São Paulo, Brazil. The IES has 49 × 1880 m dimension and a cross-section of 49 × 30 cm with a pervious concrete surface layer. The pervious concrete showed mechanical results acceptable for a low vehicular traffic and infiltration rate that allows water infiltration. Rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the proposed IES had a low effect on runoff peak flow and volume attenuation. A deeper gravel layers depth and outlet flow restrictor would improve performance. The proposed IES function on avoid ponding, promoting water treatment, and reducing inlet maintenance.
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Colandini, Valérie, Michel Legret, Yves Brosseaud, and Jean-Daniel Baladès. "Metallic pollution in clogging materials of urban porous pavements." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0014.
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Porous pavements infiltrated with stormwater are faced with clogging problems: runoff particles seep and clog the pervious surface layer of these structures. Clogging material samples (in the form of sludge) have been collected in cleaning operations on the pervious asphalt. This study aims at characterizing these materials, particle size distribution, heavy metal contents by particle size, and studying interactions between metals and particles. A sequential extraction procedure proposed by the experts of the Community Bureau of Reference (B.C.R.) was applied to provide information about heavy metal distribution on particles and to evaluate interaction strength, and consequently potential metal mobility when chemical variations occurred in the environment. Mainly made up of sand, the materials are polluted with lead, copper, zinc and cadmium. The concentrations appeared to be linked with road traffic intensity. The heavy metal contents by particle size showed that the finer are the particles, the higher are the heavy metal concentrations. Heavy metals were found potentially labile; metals contents in the residual fraction (mineral fraction) represented less than 20 % of the total concentration. Cadmium and zinc were apparently more labile than lead and copper.
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Bouzouidja, Ryad, François Leconte, Márton Kiss, Margaux Pierret, Christelle Pruvot, Sébastien Détriché, Brice Louvel, et al. "Experimental Comparative Study between Conventional and Green Parking Lots: Analysis of Subsurface Thermal Behavior under Warm and Dry Summer Conditions." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080994.
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Green infrastructure has a role to play in climate change adaptation strategies in cities. Alternative urban spaces should be designed considering new requirements in terms of urban microclimate and thermal comfort. Pervious pavements such as green parking lots can contribute to this goal through solar evaporative cooling. However, the cooling benefits of such systems remain under debate during dry and warm periods. The aim of this study was to compare experimentally the thermal behavior of different parking lot types (PLTs) with vegetated urban soil. Four parking lots were instrumented, with temperature probes buried at different depths. Underground temperatures were measured during summer 2019, and the hottest days of the period were analyzed. Results show that the less mineral used in the surface coating, the less it warms up. The temperature difference at the upper layer can reach 10 °C between mineral and non-mineral PLTs. PLTs can be grouped into three types: (i) high surface temperature during daytime and nighttime, important heat transfer toward the sublayers, and low time shift (asphalt system); (ii) high (resp. low) surface temperature during daytime (resp. nighttime), weak heat transfer toward the sublayers, and important time shift (paved stone system); and (iii) low surface temperature during daytime and nighttime, weak heat transfer toward the sublayers, and important time shift (vegetation and substrate system, wood chips system, vegetated urban soil). The results of this study underline that pervious pavements demonstrate thermal benefits under warm and dry summer conditions compared to conventional parking lot solutions. The results also indicate that the hygrothermal properties of urban materials are crucial for urban heat island mitigation.
9
Zhou, Jinjun, Jiahong Liu, Qi Chu, Hao Wang, Weiwei Shao, Zhuoran Luo, and Yongxiang Zhang. "Mechanisms and Empirical Modeling of Evaporation from Hardened Surfaces in Urban Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041790.
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Urban evaporation, as an essential part of local water vapor resources in urban areas, has often been underestimated. One possible reason is that the evaporation of urban hardened surfaces is seldom considered and poorly understood in urban evaporation estimation. This study focused on the mechanisms and calculation of evaporation on hardened surfaces in urban areas. Experimental monitoring was used to monitor the processes and characteristics of evaporation on hardened surfaces. Mathematical models based on water quantity constraints were built to calculate evaporation of hardened surfaces. The results showed that: The interception abilities for rainwater and rainfall days of impervious hardened surfaces determine their evaporated water amount, which means no water, no evaporation for the impervious surfaces. The greater evaporation of artificial sprinkling on roads happened in fewer days of rainfall and frost. The evaporation of pervious hardened ground is continuous compared to the impervious surface. Its soil moisture in the sub-layer of permeable concrete decreases periodically with a period of one day. The evaporation of hardened surfaces occupies 16–29% of the total amount of evaporation in the built-up areas in cities. Therefore, the hardened surface evaporation has great significance on the urban hydrological cycle and urban water balance.
10
Suryani, Erna, and Wahyu Naris Wari. "PREDIKSI KUAT TEKAN PERVIOUS PAVING DENGAN CAMPURAN ABU SEKAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PEMODELAN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)." Construction and Material Journal 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/cmj.v1i1.1329.
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Pervious Paving (Paving Berpori) adalah material konstruksi yang terbuat dari semen, air, agregat dan bahan campuran lainnya. Paving berpori dapat diapilkasikan pada trotoar, area bermain dan jalan perumahan. Dengan menggunakan paving berpori air akan langsung meresap, sehingga akan mencegah adanya genangan air pada lapis permukaan paving. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah menggunakan AAPA (Australian Asphalt Pavement Association) dimana dilakukan sistem Trial Eror. Campuran yang digunakan adalah 1:4, dengan menggunakan gradasi terbuka. Kuat tekan yang di rencanakan yaitu 18,00 MPa, masuk dalam kategori mutu B untuk tempat parkir mobil, pejalan kaki dan taman kota. Campuran paving menggunakan abu sekam padi sebagai reduksi semen dengan persentase 0%, 10%, 20% dan 30%. Pelaksanaan pekerjaan dimulai dari pengambilan bahan baku, pengujian material, perencanaan komposisi dan pembuatan benda uji dengan ukuran P = 21 cm, L = 11,5 cm dan T = 6 cm. Uji kuat tekan dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh abu sekam sebagai bahan reduksi semen pada Paving Berpori. Nilai kuat tekan yang didapatkan akan menjadi input pada program Matlab untuk mendapatkan pemodelan Persamaan Empiris dengan ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) sehingga didapatkan nilai kuat tekan dari berbagai komposisi penambahan bahan abu sekam. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan persentase tertinggi dicapai pada tambahan abu sekam 30%.Kata kunci : Abu sekam, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Pervious Paving, Kuat tekan, Persamaan EmpirisPervious Paving is a construction material made from cement, water, aggregate and other materials. Pervious paving can be applied to right on sidewalks, play ground and residential roads. By using Pervious Paving, the water will absorb quickly, so it will prevent the puddles on the surface layer. AAPA (Australian Asphalt Pavement Association) is the reserach methode which we used with Trial and Eror. The mixture of ingredients is 1: 4 with the open gradation. The compressive strength designed is 18 MPa, which is in category B for parking car, pedestrian and city park. Paving mixture consisted of rice husk ash as cement reduction with a percentage of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The work starting from the taking of raw materials, material testing, composition planning and the making of specimens with sizes P = 21 cm, L = 11.5 cm and T = 6 cm. The compressive strength test was conducted to determine the effect of husk ash addition. The compressive strength will be input to the Matlab program to obtain the Empirical Equation modelling with ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN). Based on the results of the study, the highest percentage was achieved in the mixture with an addition of 30% rice husk ash.Keywords: Rice husk ash, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Pervious Paving, Compressive strength, Empirical Equation
11
Oleson, K. W., G. B. Bonan, J. Feddema, M. Vertenstein, and C. S. B. Grimmond. "An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1038–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1597.1.
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Abstract Urbanization, the expansion of built-up areas, is an important yet less-studied aspect of land use/land cover change in climate science. To date, most global climate models used to evaluate effects of land use/land cover change on climate do not include an urban parameterization. Here, the authors describe the formulation and evaluation of a parameterization of urban areas that is incorporated into the Community Land Model, the land surface component of the Community Climate System Model. The model is designed to be simple enough to be compatible with structural and computational constraints of a land surface model coupled to a global climate model yet complex enough to explore physically based processes known to be important in determining urban climatology. The city representation is based upon the “urban canyon” concept, which consists of roofs, sunlit and shaded walls, and canyon floor. The canyon floor is divided into pervious (e.g., residential lawns, parks) and impervious (e.g., roads, parking lots, sidewalks) fractions. Trapping of longwave radiation by canyon surfaces and solar radiation absorption and reflection is determined by accounting for multiple reflections. Separate energy balances and surface temperatures are determined for each canyon facet. A one-dimensional heat conduction equation is solved numerically for a 10-layer column to determine conduction fluxes into and out of canyon surfaces. Model performance is evaluated against measured fluxes and temperatures from two urban sites. Results indicate the model does a reasonable job of simulating the energy balance of cities.
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Nimish, G., M. C. Chandan, and H. A. Bharath. "UNDERSTANDING CURRENT AND FUTURE LANDUSE DYNAMICS WITH LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE ALTERATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-79-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Conversion of pervious layer to impervious layer through unplanned urbanization has been a major cause of natural disturbances across the world. However, urbanization is considered a metric that defines the socio-economic value of the city planning and management, if unplanned leads to many serious implications on the environment such as ecological imbalance, increased concentration of pollutants, loss of bio-diversity, etc. A steep increase in population growth, migration to cities and conversion of vegetated lands into other land use classes have been prime factors in expanding urban regions at faster urban growth rates causing sprawl in the periphery and the regions adjacent to the city resulting in increased temperatures. This paper addresses two major facades of urban growth: modelling urban growth pattern with business as usual scenario and understanding the land surface temperature (LST) dynamics with changing patterns of land use. Chandigarh administrative boundary with 10 km buffer has been considered for this analysis to understand the dynamics and sprawl. The outcome indicates that built-up has increased from 3.7% in 1991 to 16.16% in 2017 and the mean LST of the study area has increased by almost 12<span class="thinspace"></span>&deg;C (months of March–May). Future prediction performed shows that there would be an extensive outgrowth due to saturated infilling in the core of the city. This analysis would be helpful to planners to understand region specific growth and transitions.</p>
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Sun, Ming, Meng-fan Zong, Shao-jun Ma, Wen-bing Wu, and Rong-zhu Liang. "Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Consolidation of Soil with Exponentially Time-Growing Drainage Boundary under a Ramp Load." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9385615.
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By introducing the exponentially time-growing drainage boundary, this paper investigated the one-dimensional consolidation problem of soil under a ramp load. Firstly, the one-dimensional consolidation equations of soil are established when there is a ramp load acting on the soil surface. Then, the analytical solution of excess pore water pressure and consolidation degree is derived by means of the method of separation of variables and the integral transform technique. The rationality of this solution is also verified by comparing it with other existing analytical solutions. Finally, the consolidation behavior of soil is studied in detail for different interface parameters or loading scheme. The results show that the exponentially time-growing drainage boundary can reflect the phenomenon that the excess pore water pressure at the drainage boundaries dissipates smoothly rather than abruptly from its initial value to the value of zero. By adjusting the values of interface parameters b and c, the presented solution can be degraded to Schiffman’s solution, which can compensate for the shortcoming that Terzaghi’s drainage boundary can only consider the two extreme cases of fully pervious and impervious boundaries. The significant advantage of the exponentially time-growing drainage boundary is that it can be applied to describe the asymmetric drainage characteristics of the top and bottom drainage surfaces of the actual soil layer by choosing the appropriate interface parameters b and c.
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Hisham, Hisham. "Delay Time Reduction in VCSELs by Optimizing Laser Parameters." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.12.2.4.
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An extensive analysis on reducing the turn-on time delay (ton) in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) has conducted successfully by considering all the recombination rate coefficients R(N) Besides the R(N) coefficients, the impact of other laser parameters such as, injection current (Iinj), laser cavity volume (V),mirror reflectivity (R), and operating temperature (T) also have investigated. Unlike pervious studies, the temperature dependence (TD) of ton is calculated according to TD of laser parameters instead of well-known Pankove relationship. Results showed that, ton can be reduced by increasing the Iinj and/or the Ni. Meanwhile, the ton increases by increasing the R(N) coefficients. Also, results showed that the ton can be reduced by increasing the R-level or by optimizing laser cavity volume.
15
ARRANG, ABDIAS TANDY. "APLIKASI MODIFIED PROCTOR PADA ROLLER COMPACTED NO-FINES CONCRETE DENGAN AGREGAT 5-10 mm." Journal Dynamic Saint 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.47178/dynamicsaint.v2i1.309.
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The usage of no-fines concrete as pavement currently was being utilized. It was constituted by diversity effort of concrete cement pavement construction material, besides no-fines concrete pavement having benefit that reduce water pond on pavement surface rapidly because of its pervious. Permeability character of no-fines concrete will recharge groundwater deposit therefore more environmental friendly. Problem faced is low strength of no-fines concrete as compared to conventional concrete. Therefore it is required the effort of increasing the strength of no-fines concrete by increase concrete density that is done by roller machine. No-fines concrete that is compacted by roller machine is called Roller Compacted No-fines Concrete (RCNC).
This research analyzed the increase of concrete properties especially compression strength and split tensile strength effected by external compaction using modified proctor in creating the laboratory specimen. Materials of no-fines concrete utilized Clereng coarse aggregate with size 5-10 mm, Gresik Portland cement and the aggregate cement ratio is 4 and 6. To accelerating the hardening concrete utilized admixture type C which is sikaset accelerator with 20% of total water volume. The blow variation of modified Proctor per layer is 28, 42 and 56. Compression test and split tensile test been done at the age of 1 and 28 days.
Result of research showed the increase of concrete specific gravity and compression strength in line with the increase of blow variation. RCNC specific gravity acquired ranging between 1,544 and 1,788. Compression strength at the age of 28 days acquired were (1) aggregate cement ratio 4 with 28, 42, 56 blows per layer were 21,47 MPa, 22,92 MPa, 26,55 MPa (2) aggregate cement ratio 6 each were 8,48 MPa, 10,51 MPa, 14,82 MPa. Split tensile strength at the age of 28 days were (1) aggregate cement ratio 4 with 28, 42, 56 blows per layer each were 2,27 MPa, 2,92 MPa, 3,13 MPa (2) aggregate cement ratio 6 each were 1,63 MPa, 1,83 MPa, 2,08 MPa.