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1

Davis, Angela Kay. Beyond the numbers: An analysis of optimistic and pessimistic language in earnings press releases. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2006.

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2

Hasselaar, Jan Jorrit. Climate Change, Radical Uncertainty and Hope. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789048558476.

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Views on climate change are often either pessimistic or optimistic. In this book Jan Jorrit Hasselaar discovers and explores a third way, one of hope. A debate within economics on risk and uncertainty brings him to theological questions and the concept of hope in the work of the late Jonathan Sacks—and to a renewed way of doing theology as an account of the good life. What follows is an equal conversation between theology and economics as has hardly been undertaken in recent times. It emerges that hope is not contrary to economic insights, but remarkably compatible with them. Communication between these fields of expertise can open the way for a courageous and creative embrace of radical uncertainty in climate change. A key notion here is that of a public Sabbath, or a ‘workplace of hope’—times and places set aside to cultivate inspiration and mutual trust among all parties involved, enabling them to take concrete steps forward.
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3

Wilkinson, Angela, and Betty Sue Flowers, eds. Realistic Hope. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987241.

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We are running out of water, robots will take our jobs, we are eating ourselves to an early death, old age pension and health systems are bankrupting governments, and an immigration crisis is unravelling the European integration project. A growing number of nightmares, perfect storms, and global catastrophes create fear of the future. One response is technocratic optimism — we’ll invent our way out of these impending crises. Or we’ll simply ignore them as politically too hot to handle, too uncomfortable for experts — denied until crisis hits. History is littered with late lessons from early warnings. Cynicism is an excuse for inaction. Populism flourishes in the depths of despair. Despite the gloom, there is another way to look at the future. We don’t have to be pessimistic or optimistic — we can find realistic hope. This book is written by an international and influential collection of future shapers. It is aimed at anyone who is interested in learning to refresh the present, forge new common ground, and redesign the future.
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4

Rozenberg, Julie, and Stéphane Hallegatte. Poor People on the Front Line: The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in 2030. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0002.

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The impacts of climate change on poverty depend on the magnitude of climate change, but also on socio-economic trends. An analysis of hundreds of baseline scenarios for future economic development shows that the drivers of poverty eradication differ across countries. In this chapter, two representative scenarios are selected from these hundreds, one optimistic and one pessimistic regarding poverty. Results from sector analyses of climate change impacts—in agriculture, health, and natural disasters—are introduced in the two scenarios. By 2030, climate change is found to have a significant impact on poverty. But the magnitude of these impacts depends on development choices. In the optimistic scenario with rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development, climate change increases poverty by between 3 million and 16 million in 2030. The increase in poverty reaches between 35 million and 122 million if development is delayed and less inclusive in the pessimistic scenario.
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5

Davis, Justin Christopher. A Pessimistic View of an Optimistic Love Story. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

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6

Harlov, Alicia, Allyssa Stratton, and Alexandra Warden. Navigating Navicular Disease: An Optimistic Guide for a Pessimistic Diagnosis. Humble Hoof, The, 2024.

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7

Analysis of Optimistic and Pessimistic Language in Earnings Press Releases. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2013.

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8

Amit, Raut. Academic Aspiration Confidence and Optimistic Pessimistic Attitudes among Vocational and Non-Professional Students. Phoebus Publishing Company, 2022.

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9

Tesón, Fernando R. Appendix The Iraq War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0007.

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RECENT EMPIRICAL RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED what most of us suspected: some humanitarian interventions succeed, others fail.1 Neither optimistic liberal interventionism nor pessimistic realist noninterventionism have carried the day. Taylor Seybolt lists as reasonably successful interventions the protection of Kurds in northern Iraq in 1992,...
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10

Rosenberg, Alex. Lessons for Cognitive Science from Neurogenomics. Edited by John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0007.

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This article discusses the lessons from neurogenomics that are applicable to cognitive science. It argues that the work of some leading cognitive scientists who employed the resources of neurogenomics has already provided strong grounds to be pessimistic about the representations to which a computational theory of mind is committed, and to be optimistic about the syntactic character of processes of thinking and reasoning in the brain. It also discusses research findings concerning how the brain recalls memories and the storage of explicit memories.
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11

Richardson, Seth. Messaging and the Gods in Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386844.003.0010.

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This chapter addresses worshippers’ messages to Mesopotamian gods and explores the duality of this kind of communication. Richardson classifies “genres” of communication according to the roles assigned to worshippers and gods and according to the places of these genres in an elaborate communications infrastructure of formulae, personnel, and locales. Richardson also discusses the problem of failure of communication, and describes the protocols with which to account for failures. He identifies a characteristic Mesopotamian style for religious communications: it is at once elaborate and pessimistic, and so it contrasts with Mesopotamian commercial letters, which are straightforward, if not optimistic.
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12

Desai, Anjali, and Andrew S. Epstein. Doctors’ Prognostic Accuracy in Terminally Ill Patients (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0031.

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“Doctors’ Prognostic Accuracy in Terminally Ill Patients” reviews one of Christakis and Lamont’s landmark articles, which investigated the factors associated with prognostic accuracy (and prognostic error) in doctors’ prognoses for terminally ill patients. The article explored the extent and determinants of optimistic errors, pessimistic errors, and correct predictions among doctors who were estimating prognoses for their terminally ill patients. This chapter offers a concise breakdown of the study’s design and salient study results while also pointing out study limitations. The chapter summarizes other relevant studies exploring prognostic estimates and prognostic disclosure by physicians to terminally ill cancer patients. Finally, the chapter provides a clinical case to illustrate some of the study’s practical implications for patient care.
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13

Olson, James S., ed. Historical Dictionary of the 1960s. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400663970.

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Few eras in U.S. history have begun with more optimistic promise and ended in more pessimistic despair than the 1960s. When JFK became president in 1960, the U.S. was the hope of the world. Ten years later American power abroad seemed wasted in the jungles of Indochina, and critics at home cast doubt on whether the U.S. was really the land of the free and the home of the brave. This book takes an encyclopedic look at the decade—at the individuals who shaped the era, the civil rights movement, the antiwar movement, the women's movement, and the youth rebellion. It covers the political, military, social, cultural, religious, economic, and diplomatic topics that made the 1960s a unique decade in U.S. history.
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14

Back, Kerry E. Heterogeneous Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0021.

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There is a representative investor in a complete single‐period market if all investors have log utility or if all investors have CARA utility, even if investors have different beliefs. This extends to dynamic markets for log utility but not for CARA utility. With CARA and other LRT utility, the concept of a representative investor can be extended to include a random discounting factor that is either a supermartingale or a submartingale. If there are short sales constraints, then assets may be overpriced relative to average beliefs, because pessimistic investors are constrained from trading on their beliefs. The overpricing is an increasing function of the dispersion of beliefs. In a dynamic market with short sales constraints, prices can exceed even the values of optimistic investors (a speculative bubble).
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15

Almeida, Joseph A. Solon’s Reception of Hesiod’s Works and Days. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.41.

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This chapter presents observations about the relationship between the poetry of Hesiod and of Solon (Works and Days 213–326 and Solon frr. 4 and 13). In the first half of fr. 4 Solon, through a series of allusions, incorporates into his poem Hesiod’s authority on dikē to validate condemnation of injustice in his own city, and in the second half of the poem he turns the Hesiodic pessimism of this injustice into an optimistic hope for his city’s just future. In fr. 13 Solon expands Hesiod’s notion of Zeus as the punisher of injustice to create a pessimistic view of human life darker than Hesiod’s own. A final discussion of the scholarly division on the question of whether dikē in Solon is essentially Hesiodic or something new in Greek thought rounds out the observations on the relation between the poets and confirms Solon’s dependence on Hesiod.
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16

Segev, Mor. The Value of the World and of Oneself. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197634073.001.0001.

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This book examines the long-standing debate between philosophical optimism and pessimism in the history of philosophy, focusing on Aristotle, Maimonides, Spinoza, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Camus. Philosophical optimists maintain that the world is optimally arranged and is accordingly valuable, and that the existence of human beings is preferable over their nonexistence. Philosophical pessimists, by contrast, hold that the world is in a woeful condition and ultimately valueless, and that human nonexistence would have been preferable over human existence. Schopenhauer criticizes the optimism he locates in the Hebrew Bible and in Spinoza for being unable to square the presumed perfection of the world and its parts, including human life, with the suffering and misfortunes observable in them, and for leading to egoism and thereby to cruelty. Nietzsche, in turn, criticizes Schopenhauer’s overtly pessimistic view, inter alia, for furtively positing a perfect state for one to aspire to, thus being latently optimistic. Similarly, Camus charges Nietzsche, who announces his rejection of both optimism and pessimism, with deifying the world and oneself, thereby reverting to optimism. Interestingly, Aristotle countenances an optimistic theory, later adopted and developed by Maimonides, that is arguably capable of facing Schopenhauer’s challenge. Aristotelian optimism accounts for the perfection of the world in terms of a hierarchy of value between its parts, with human beings ranked relatively low, and recommends an attitude congruent with that ranking.
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17

Annas, Julia. Citizen Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755746.003.0006.

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In the Laws citizens’ virtue will prominently feature sōphrosunē, which is typically associated with self-control and discipline, but here linked more with moderation in a variety of contexts. Citizens’ virtues will be more focussed on cooperation and less on self-assertion than typical Greek virtues. It is now apparent that life in Magnesia, the city of the Laws, will be much less exciting and adventurous than life in Athens, and tamer than life in the military societies of Sparta and Crete—another way in which a life focussed on virtue as a whole differs from life centred only on military virtue or on individual ambition. All citizens will be virtuous, to a lesser degree than the rulers of the Republic, but to a greater degree than the Republic’s other members. The Laws is not a pessimistic fall-back from the Republic because the level of virtue required in lower, but an optimistic attempt to sketch a society where all citizens can become virtuous.
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18

Hill, Alice C., and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz. Building a Resilient Tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909345.001.0001.

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Even under the most optimistic scenarios, significant global climate change is now inevitable. Although we cannot tell with certainty how much average global temperatures will rise, we do know that the warming we have experienced to date has already caused significant losses, and that the failure to prepare for the consequences of further warming may prove to be staggering. This book does not dwell on overhyped descriptions of apocalyptic climate scenarios, nor does it travel down well-trodden paths surrounding the politics of reducing carbon emissions. Instead, it starts with two central facts: there will be future climate impacts, and we can make changes now to buffer their effects. While squarely confronting the scale of the risks we face, this pragmatic guide focuses on solutions—some gradual and some more revolutionary—currently being deployed around the globe. Each chapter presents a thematic lesson for decision-makers and engaged citizens to consider, outlining replicable successes and identifying provocative recommendations to strengthen climate resilience. Between discussions of ideas as wide-ranging as managed retreat from coastal hot zones to biological solutions for resurgent climate-related disease threats, the authors draw on their personal experiences to tell behind-the-scenes stories of what it really takes to advance progress on these issues. The narrative is dotted with stories of on-the-ground citizenry, from small-town mayors and bankers to generals and engineers, who are chipping away at financial disincentives and bureaucratic hurdles to prepare for life on a warmer planet.
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