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Journal articles on the topic 'Pest control equipment'
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1
Tenu, Ioan, Tibor Rittner, Radu Rosca, and Danuta Cozma. "Researches Regarding the Reliability of the Spraying Nozzles Used for Vineyard and Orchard Sprayers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.545.
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The spraying equipments used for pest and disease control have a significant effect over the maintenance technologies in vineyards and orchards. The phytosanitary treatments are efficient if they comply with the following conditions: application in due time; minimum consumption of active substances; uniform distribution of the solution on the surface of the leaves; reduced contamination effect over the environment etc. These requirements can only be achieved by technologically advanced and precise equipments, with high reliability; reliability is required because 12-16 treatments are performed during the vegetation period and because the chemical substances used for pest and disease control are highly corrosive towards the materials used for the hydraulic system of the equipment. The paper presents the results of the tests concerning the reliability of the spraying equipment nozzles; the tests were based on an adequate research method and were performed in a specially designed laboratory. The results showed that there was significant wear of the nozzles’ orifices, leading, in time, to major variations of the flowing rate. A statistical analysis of the experimental data resulted in the deduction of the equations for the flow rate variations as a function of time.
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Rice, Robert P. "IPM—A Problem-based Learning Approach." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 509e—509. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.509e.
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The Cal Poly philosophy of “Learn and Understand by Doing” has been integrated with problem-based learning and the use of the latest technology to produce a class that closely simulates real-life pest control situations. Goals of the class, Disease and Pest Control Systems for Ornamental Plants, are to teach students pest monitoring, control and problem solving techniques, the use of resources including the internet and journals, and the use of the latest pest control equipment and application techniques. Students are shown pest situations and then work in groups to diagnose the problem, investigate management strategies, apply control measures, and monitor results. Weekly class presentations inform the class of the various projects and help to teach the class organization and presentation skills. Student evaluations and test performance have demonstrated that students achieve class objectives substantially better with the problem-based learning approach than with the previous lecture-based approach to the class.
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Hagstrum, David William, and Paul Whitney Flinn. "Modern Stored-Product Insect Pest Management." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0031.
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Abstract Stored-product entomologists have a variety of new monitoring, decision-making, biological, chemical, and physical pest management tools available to them. Two types of stored-product insect populations are of interest: insects of immediate economic importance infesting commodities, and insects that live in food residues in equipment and facilities. The sampling and control methods change as grain and grain products move from field to consumer. There are also some changes in the major insect pest species to take into consideration. In this review, we list the primary insect pests at each point of the marketing system, and indicate which sampling methods and control strategies are most appropriate. Economic thresholds for insect infestation levels developed for raw commodity storage, processing plants, and retail business allow sampling-based pest management to be done before insect infestations cause economic injury. Taking enough samples to have a representative sample (20-30 samples) will generally provide enough information to classify a population as above or below an economic threshold.
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Hutchins, Scott H., and Henry N. Pitre. "DIFFERENCES IN PENETRATION AND EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE SPRAYS APPLIED BY AERIAL AND GROUND EQUIPMENT TO SOYBEAN1." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.34.
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Insecticide sprays were applied to conventionally spaced (76.2 cm) soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, by aerial and ground equipment. Drop penetration (no. drops/cm2 and mean percent coverage) and drop size (number median diameter) were measured within and between the two treatments. Larval mortality was determined at each of three vertical strata of the canopy for the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), in central Mississippi and for a pest complex of the soybean looper, green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), and velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, in south Mississippi. At both locations aerial equipment deposited a drop size in successively decreasing numbers/unit area from the top down within the upper two-thirds of the canopy. Conversely, ground equipment generally delivered successively smaller and fewer drops to each lower level within the canopy at both locations. Significantly more spray droplets were deposited at each sample location in the soybean canopy by ground equipment than by aerial equipment. Mortality data indicated that permethrin (0.11 kg AI/ha) provided better control of the soybean looper when applied with ground equipment than with aerial equipment in central Mississippi, while methyl parathion (0.28 kg Al/ha) was equally effective when applied by air or ground in south Mississippi for control of the pest complex. Largest mortality was observed within the upper one-third of the soybean canopy for both methods of application at the two locations.
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Tenu, Ioan, Andreea Diaconu, Radu Rosca, and Tibor Rittner. "Researches Regarding the Improvement of the Design for Vineyard Spraying Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.539.
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Pest and disease control in vineyards and orchards is a key feature for obtaining healthy and economically efficient crops, spraying equipments being widely used for plant protection. The technical performance of the spraying equipment has a significant effect over the efficiency indices of the plant protection methods: specific consumption of chemical solution, working capacity of the spraying units, fuel consumption, homogeneity of distribution over the entire foliage system etc. In this paper a new design of the vineyard spraying equipment was investigated, aiming for the partial recovery of the chemical solution, which otherwise would be lost; thus the consumption of chemical substance was decreased. The sprayer was equipped with recovery panels, mounted sideways, in order to retain the liquid droplets which would otherwise pass through the foliar system. The above-mentioned system can be mounted on different types of universal vineyard spraying machines. The laboratory tests confirmed that the consumption of liquid substance was significantly reduced, while the working parameters of the spraying equipment were not affected.
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Ratnawati, Dianna, Setuju, Zamroni, Sigit Purnomo, and Moh Ahsan. "Pemanfaatan Techno-Pest Control Berbasis IoT Untuk Membasmi Hama Padi di Area Persawahan Pondok Condongcatur." JPM (Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jpm.v5i2.4699.
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Planthopper and grasshopper pests that attack rice plants in the Padukuhan Pondok rice fields, Condongcatur have an impact on decreasing productivity of rice farmers. The objectives of this community service are: (1) to produce an IoT-based techno-pest control device by utilizing solar cells as power supply; (2) increasing the skills of farmers in using efficient technology that is economical, modern and environmentally friendly. The methods used include experimentation, socialization and training. This community service activity is the manufacture of IoT-based techno-pest control tools and tool dissemination. The dissemination activity was successfully held and attended by 50 participants from the farmer's group of culinary sources, the participants actively asked questions and were enthusiastic in practicing the operation of the tools. 85% of participants can operate the equipment in groups. Techno-pest control tools can eradicate planthoppers and grasshoppers at a radius of 6m within 4 hours via 40kHz ultrasonic waves. This tool is integrated on the internet to monitor the situation of rice fields by accessing the website http://pkm.ptm.ustjogja.ac.id.
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ABD RABOU, ABDEL FATTAH N., and EQBAL S. RADWAN. "Visual symptoms and control of the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the Gaza Strip, Palestine." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090314.
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Abd Rabou AN, Radwan ES. 2017. Visual symptoms and control of the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 322-329. The Red Palm Weevil – RPW (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has recently become one of the most destructive pests of Date Palms in the Gaza Strip and the Middle East. It is a serious pest threatening the Date Palm health and production, with the larva is the most destructive stage. The current study aims at introducing the visual symptoms and control techniques of the RPW in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Field surveys and institutional visits were applied to fulfill the purpose of the study. The current study documented that first local infestation of Date Palm trees with the RPW was discovered in late 2011. The introduction of infected offshoots from Egypt through earth tunnel trade and the ability of the adult RPW to fly long distance and cross borders seem to be main causes of the local infestations with the pest. Different control techniques have been adopted by the responsible parties to combat the RPW; with the integrated pest management (IPM) program was tracked and respected. Finally, the study recommends the cooperation of different parties and authorities to adopt appropriate policies to eliminate the RPW and to support farmers with the necessary pesticides and equipment to control this painful pest.
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Jagt, Katinka van der, Erik Tielemans, Ingrid Links, Dick Brouwer, and Joop van Hemmen. "Effectiveness of Personal Protective Equipment: Relevance of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Among Pest Control Operators." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1, no. 6 (June 2004): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459620490449710.
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Rajendran, Somiahnadar. "Insect Pest Management in Stored Products." Outlooks on Pest Management 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_feb_05.
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Insects are a common problem in stored produce. The author describes the extent of the problem and approaches to countering it. Stored products of agricultural and animal origin, whether edible or non-edible, are favourite food for insect pests. Durable agricultural produce comprising dry raw and processed commodities and perishables (fresh produce) are vulnerable to insect pests at various stages from production till end-use. Similarly, different animal products and museum objects are infested mainly by dermestids. Insect pests proliferate due to favourable storage conditions, temperature and humidity and availability of food in abundance. In addition to their presence in food commodities, insects occur in storages (warehouses, silos) and processing facilities (flour mills, feed mills). Insect infestation is also a serious issue in processed products and packed commodities. The extent of loss in stored products due to insects varies between countries depending on favourable climatic conditions, and pest control measures adopted. In stored food commodities, insect infestation causes loss in quantity, changes in nutritional quality, altered chemical composition, off-odours, changes in end-use products, dissemination of toxigenic microorganisms and associated health implications. The insects contribute to contaminants such as silk threads, body fragments, hastisetae, excreta and chemical secretions. Insect activity in stored products increases the moisture content favouring the growth of moulds that produce mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxin in stored peanuts). Hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus infesting silkworm cocoons has been reported to act as a carrier of microsporidian parasite Nosema bombycis that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In dried fish, insect infestation leads to higher bacterial count and uric acid levels. Insects cause damage in hides and skins affecting their subsequent use for making leather products. The trend in stored product insect pest management is skewing in favour of pest prevention, monitoring, housekeeping and finally control. Hermetic storage system can be supplemented with CO2 or phosphine application to achieve quicker results. Pest detection and monitoring has gained significance as an important tool in insect pest management. Pheromone traps originally intended for detection of infestations have been advanced as a mating disruption device ensuing pest suppression in storage premises and processing facilities; pheromones also have to undergo registration protocols similar to conventional insecticides in some countries. Control measures involve reduced chemical pesticide use and more non-chemical inputs such as heat, cold/freezing and desiccants. Furthermore, there is an expanding organic market where physical and biological agents play a key role. The management options for insect control depend on the necessity or severity of pest incidence. Generally, nonchemical treatments, except heat, require more treatment time or investment in expensive equipment or fail to achieve 100% insect mortality. Despite insect resistance, environmental issues and residue problems, chemical control is inevitable and continues to be the most effective and rapid control method. There are limited options with respect to alternative fumigants and the alternatives have constraints as regards environmental and health concerns, cost, and other logistics. For fumigation of fresh agricultural produce, new formulations of ethyl formate and phosphine are commercially applied replacing methyl bromide. Resistance management is now another component of stored product pest management. In recent times, fumigation techniques have improved taking into consideration possible insect resistance. Insect control deploying nanoparticles, alone or as carriers for other control agents, is an emerging area with promising results. As there is no single compound with all the desired qualities, a necessity has arisen to adopt multiple approaches. Cocktail applications or combination treatments (IGRs plus organophosphorus insecticides, diatomaceous earth plus contact insecticides, nanoparticles plus insecticides/pathogens/phytocompounds and conventional fumigants plus CO2; vacuum plus fumigant) have been proved to be more effective. The future of store product insect pest management is deployment of multiple approaches and/or combination treatments to achieve the goal quickly and effectively.
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Vink, C. J. "A simple PCRRFLP method to distinguish between species and strains of Microctonus parasitoids found in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5392.
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Two strains of the hymenopteran parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides have been released in New Zealand for the biological control of Sitona weevil species One attacks Sitona discoideus a pest of lucerne and the other attacks Sitona lepidus a pest of clover Two other Microctonus species also attack weevils in pasture; M hyperodae was released for the biological control of Listronotus bonariensis and the native M zealandicus attacks Irenimus spp These Microctonus species can attack nontarget weevil hosts and the identification of the larvae of the different Microctonus species and the separation of adults of M aethiopoides strains can only be achieved by molecular methods This paper describes a simple polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method for distinguishing between the two M aethiopoides strains M hyperodae and M zealandicus This PCRRFLP method requires minimal molecular equipment and is cheaper and/or faster than other molecular methods
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Mia, Md Jebu, Francesca Massetani, Giorgio Murri, and Davide Neri. "Sustainable alternatives to chemicals for weed control in the orchard – a Review." Horticultural Science 47, No. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2019-hortsci.
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This review is designed to address various alternative weed-control practices and their possibilities in the fruit orchard in terms of sustainability. Correct weed management and maintenance of adequate orchard biodiversity are crucial for sustainable orchard soil management. The key is to practice an alternative weed-management approach (single or integrated) rather than to use possibly harmful chemicals only. Integration of modern equipment with a shallow tillage system can provide effective weed control in tree rows, including optimised tree performance and soil biodiversity. Living mulch suppresses weeds and enhances orchard biodiversity, while selection of less competitive and less pest-attracting species is crucial. Plastic covers offer long-term weed control, but additional nutrient amendments are required to maintain the balanced fertility of the soil. Wood chip mulch is suggested where the materials are available on or near the farm, and where there is lower incidence of perennial weeds. High pressure water and robotic systems are still in their infancy for fruit orchards, and required more research to confirm their efficiency.
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Tormos, José, Luis de Pedro, Francisco Beitia, Beatriz Sabater, Josep Daniel Asís, and Carlo Polidori. "Development, Preimaginal Phases and Adult Sensillar Equipment in Aganaspis Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) of Fruit Flies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 6 (August 28, 2013): 1475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013330.
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AbstractAganaspis daci and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are important parasitoids of fruit flies. Here we studied, with light and scanning electron microscopy, aspects of their morphology that could help with plans to mass rear and thus contribute to improved pest control (preimaginal phases) and to shed light on parasitoid-pest relationships (sensillar equipment). The two species present a stalked egg, eucoiliform first and second-instar larvae and hymenopteriform third instar and mature larvae. The first instar presents tegumental differentiations in the mesoma and first metasomal segment in A. daci, but not in A. pelleranoi, while unlike other figitids, neither species displays setae in the mesosomal processes. Second and third instar and mature larvae present tegumental differentiations in A. daci, but not in A. pelleranoi. The moniliform (female) and filiform (male) antennae of A. daci and A. pelleranoi harbor seven types of sensilla, four of them (sensilla campaniformia, sensilla coeloconica type II, and two types of sensilla trichoidea) described here for the first time in Cynipoidea. The largest sensilla were the multiporous placoid sensilla, which were smaller and more numerous in A. pelleranoi. Species also differed to some extent in morphology of sensilla coeloconica. Observations on the ovipositor revealed the presence of coeloconic sensilla on Valva I in both species.
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Jordan, Robert A., and Terry L. Schulze. "Availability and Nature of Commercial Tick Control Services in Three Lyme Disease Endemic States." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz215.
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Abstract In an update of earlier surveys conducted in Connecticut and New Jersey in the mid-1990s, an online survey of private commercial pest control firms engaged in residential tick control showed that the application of synthetic acaricides continues to be the primary method of control used. The carbamate and organophospate acaricides, previously the most commonly used against ticks, have given way to synthetic pyrethroids and, to a lesser extent, the use of natural product/organic acaricides. Typical costs for a single acaricide application today ($100–$200 for a 1 acre [0.4 ha] property) remain similar to those reported from the earlier surveys, although the frequency of applications and, therefore, also the overall annual cost has increased. The application habitats within residential properties, life stages targeted, and application equipment used have not changed appreciably since the mid-1990s. While most survey respondents expressed knowledge of natural product acaricides and Damminix Tick Tubes, many reported that they either did not employ or knew very little about other alternative tick control methods (including entomopathogenic fungus and topical application of acaricides to tick hosts via 4-Poster deer treatment stations or Select TCS rodent bait boxes). This suggests either a failure to adequately inform the pest management industry and their potential client base of the availability of alternate methods, and/or industry concerns about cost and effectiveness of the alternatives.
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Hoffmann, Clint, Brad Fritz, Dan Martin, Ryan Atwood, Tim Hurner, Mark Ledebuhr, Matt Tandy, John L. Jackson, and Gail Wisler. "Evaluation of Low-volume Sprayers Used in Asian Citrus Psyllid Control Applications." HortTechnology 20, no. 3 (June 2010): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.3.632.
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The asian citrus psyllid [Diaphorina citri (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae)] is a detrimental pest to citrus (Citrus spp.) crops when it serves as a vector of the pathogen that causes greening (huanglongbing). Transmission of this disease causes mottling, chlorosis, dieback, and reductions in fruit size and quality. Citrus producers have found that many pesticides, when applied properly, are very effective at suppressing or eliminating asian citrus psyllids in groves. Due to the threat of greening, several pesticides have been granted Special Local Needs registration for use in the state of Florida if the product is sprayed with a volume median diameter of 90 μm or greater. A number of studies involving numerous citrus sprayers and a.i. were conducted to determine the droplet sizes generated by different sprayers operating under user-established settings and the adjustments required to those settings for the sprayers to meet the 90-μm requirement. In the sprayer tests, it was found that reductions in engine speed or increases in flow rate were required to increase droplet sizes to meet the product label-required droplet size. As the equipment tested here represent the most typical application equipment used in Florida for asian citrus psyllid control, these results will provide applicators, growers, and extension agents with general guidelines to ensure that spray systems are operated in a manner that complies with label restrictions.
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DeGomez, Tom. "LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION IN THE NINETIES." HortScience 27, no. 12 (December 1992): 1263e—1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.12.1263e.
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The wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) in Maine and the Maritime Provinces of Canada has been managed for hundreds of years, first by native Americans and more recently by European settlers. Early production practices consisted of periodic free burns over large tracts of land for pruning and weed control. New practices have centered on intensifying production and include flail mow pruning, mechanical harvesting, herbicides for weed control, and monitoring pest populations. Most recently, land smoothing for improved mechanization and leaf sampling for nutrient analysis have been adopted. Land smoothing allows producers with rough land to use labor-saving equipment and apply pesticides more precisely. Leaf analysis predicts nutrient availability much more accurately than soil testing.
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Khan, I., J. Khan, S. Miskeen, C. N. Tango, Y. S. Park, and D. H. Oh. "Prevalence and control of Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 6 (December 21, 2016): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2016-cjfs.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular organism and causative agent of the severe foodborne infection listeriosis. L. monocytogenes is more likely to cause death rather than other pathogenic bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses. It is an ubiquitous organism that can be found in food industry equipment and premises. L. monocytogenes mainly occurs in the food production chain by cross-contamination, making this pathogen a major threat to the food industry. The pathogen may be found at low or moderate levels in the foodstuffs, but the levels involved in listeriosis outbreaks are relatively very high. The majority of isolates from food products belong to serotype 4b and 1/2a. The control of L. monocytogenes can be applied throughout the food chain. Pre- and post-harvest factors such as contact of pigs with pets and pest animals, large group size, hygiene practices, and treatment of manure affected the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the food chain. Good farm-level practices could be utilised to reduce the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in the farm environment and possibly further in the food chain. Safety and low level of this pathogen in the food chain can be possible with good agricultural practices, good manufacturing practices, and high-quality raw materials. Therefore, food processing plants must be designed carefully with an emphasis on effective cleaning and disinfecting operations in the production line.
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KOKKINIS (M. Ι. ΚΟΚΚΙΝΗΣ), M. I. "Small hive beetle [SHB], Aethina tumida." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15083.
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Small hive beetle [SHB], Aethina tumida, is a honeybee parasite native to Africa, where it is only a minor pest of the African subspecies damaging weak or stressed colonies, abandoned honeybee nests and stored bee products. In contrast, it can be a harmful parasite of European honeybee A. meìlifera. In this paper, the literature concerning morphology, biology, longevity and reproductive success of SHB, as well as host-parasite relationships, are reviewed. Distribution, potential damages to colonies, stored honey and equipment, as well as the economic importance of beede infestations, are presented. Moreover, diagnosis methods, control methods and strategies are also reviewed.
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Wang, Dujin, Yizhong Wang, Ming Li, Xinting Yang, Jianwei Wu, and Wenyong Li. "Using an Improved YOLOv4 Deep Learning Network for Accurate Detection of Whitefly and Thrips on Sticky Trap Images." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 3 (2021): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14394.
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HighlightsThe proposed method detected thrips and whitefly more accurately than previous methods.The proposed method demonstrated good robustness to illumination reflections and different pest densities.Small pest detection was improved by adding large-scale feature maps and more residual units to a shallow network.Machine vision and deep learning created an end-to-end model to detect small pests on sticky traps in field conditions.Abstract. Pest detection is the basis of precise control in vegetable greenhouses. To improve the detection accuracy and robustness for two common small pests (whitefly and thrips) in greenhouses, this study proposes a novel small object detection approach based on the YOLOv4 model. Yellow sticky trap (YST) images at the original resolution (2560 × 1920 pixels) were collected using pest monitoring equipment in a greenhouse. The images were then cropped and labeled to create sub-images (416 × 416 pixels) to construct an experimental dataset. The labeled images used in this study (900 training, 100 validation, and 200 test) are available for comparative studies. To enhance the model’s ability to detect small pests, the feature map at the 8-fold downsampling layer in the backbone network was merged with the feature map at the 4-fold downsampling layer to generate a new layer and output a feature map with a size of 104 × 104 pixels. Furthermore, the residual units in the first two residual blocks were enlarged by four times to extract more shallow image features and the location information of target pests to withstand image degradation in the field. The experimental results showed that the mean average precision (mAP) for detection of whitefly and thrips using the proposed approach was improved by 8.2% and 3.4% compared with the YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 models, respectively. The detection performance slightly decreased as the pest densities increased in the YST image, but the mAP value was still 92.7% in the high-density dataset, which indicates that the proposed model has good robustness over a range of pest densities. Compared with previous similar studies, the proposed method has better potential to monitor whitefly and thrips using YSTs in field conditions. Keywords: Deep learning, Greenhouse pest management, Image processing, Pest detection, Small object, YOLOv4.
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Sucipto, Sucipto, Petri Wani Sumbayak, and Claudia Gadizza Perdani. "Evaluation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) Implementation for Supporting Sustainable Production in Bakery SMEs." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.7-12.1960.
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Resources efficiency in production is essential to support sustainable production. “X” Bakery is one of the bread small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Batu, East Java Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) in bread processing of SMEs production. This research used observation methods, interviews, and questionnaires. Respondents in this research are supervisors and employees of “X” Bakery. The results of this study indicated that the GMP implementation achieved 58.3% and SSOP of 52.3%, implying this industry had been standing under a minimum of 60%. This industry had poor qualified of GMP and SSOP. Five aspects of GMP have be fulfilled, namely the location and environment, production equipment, process control, food labelling, and product recall. Although, nine elements that have not met, namely buildings and facilities, water supply, sanitation facilities and activities, pest control, employee health, storage, supervision by the responsible person, employee documentation, and training. Furthermore, three aspects of SSOP have met, namely the prevention of cross-contamination, food protection, and labelling. There are five elements have not fulfilled SSOP criterias, namely the security of water, surface hygiene, sanitation facilities, and employee health control and pest prevention. The weakest indicator for each GMP and SSOP implementation are supervision and employee's health control respectively. Therefore, it was necessary to increase the employee's knowledge, the addition of supporting facilities, and production supervision to improve the implementation of GMP, SSOP, and sustainable production.
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Pansewidi, Aloysius, Ronald P. C. Fanggidae, and Reyner F. Makatita. "ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK DI CV. BILO DATANG." Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jom.v12i2.2691.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the level and the type of damage in the production process CV.Bilo Datang and the solutions of quality control are carried out. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis method using Pareto diagram analysis tools and Cause-effect diagrams. The results of the study showed that the quality control conducted by the company was less than optimal, especially in controlling for half defective products. This is due to several things such as lack of employee skills and maintenance of machinery and equipment that is less than the maximum resulting in the product being half defective. Although in the amount of damage is greater than half defective products but there are also products damaged due to pest attack on wood. The solution provided by the researcher is also appropriate to the stage of the damage that occurred.
Keywords: Product Quality Control, Level of damage and Type of damage
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Cai, Liangmei, and Linping Wang. "Analysis on outsourcing service behavior of rice pest and disease control based on Heckman selection model—A case study of ten counties in Fujian Province." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): e0254819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254819.
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Under the background of relatively slow agricultural labor transfer and land circulation, agricultural production outsourcing has become the main means of agricultural modernization. In order to provide a beneficial perspective for appropriately expanding the scale of rice control outsourcing services, we investigated the situation of rice control outsourcing in ten counties of Fujian Province, and analyzed the factors influencing rice farmers’ decision-making and control degree by using Heckman model. First of all, the main factors affecting farmers’ participation in outsourcing are agricultural labor force, whether family members are cooperative members, planting area, proportion of grain income, degree of organization of outsourcing team, region and so on. Secondly, agricultural labor force, cooperative members, planting area, part-time behavior, mechanical efficiency of prevention and control organization, and region are the main factors affecting the scale of control outsourcing. Thirdly, from a regional perspective, the rice farmers in northern and Western Fujian are more dependent on outsourcing services consumption compared with the rice farmers in Southern Fujian. These results have a clear impact on policymakers, indicating that policy and measures should encourage the prevention and control of the nature of cooperation, and improve the advanced nature of outsourcing facilities of plant protection equipment, thereby effectively improving the professional level of rice pest and disease control.
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Faucheux, Michel J., Tamás Németh, and Robin Kundrata. "Comparative Antennal Morphology of Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with Special Reference to the Typology and Possible Functions of Sensilla." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020137.
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Species of the click-beetle genus Agriotes Eschscholtz are economically important crop pests distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. They can inflict considerable damage on various field crops. Therefore, the detection, monitoring, and control of Agriotes include the adult trapping using species-specific sex pheromones, which is a critical component of pest research. To obtain a better understanding of the detailed antennal morphology as background information for subsequent chemical ecology research, we conducted a scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla of both sexes in 10 European Agriotes species. We identified 16 different sensilla in Agriotes, belonging to six main types: sensilla chaetica (subtypes C1 and C2), sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica (subtypes B1–B9), dome-shaped sensilla (subtypes D1 and D2), sensilla campaniformia, and Böhm sensilla. We discuss their possible functions and compare the sensilla of Agriotes with those of other Elateridae in order to consolidate the sensillum nomenclature in this family. Additionally, our study reveals the remarkable interspecific variability in sensillar equipment of Agriotes and identifies several characters of potential importance for future use in systematic studies. The present study provides a strong preliminary framework for subsequent research on the antennal morphology of this crop pest on a wider scale.
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Saparbayev, Abdizhapar, Aiymzhan Makulova, Azamat Eleusov, Ulzhan Meirmanova, and Zaure Klyshbayeva. "Models of the optimal distribution of fertilizers and vehicles in grain production." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006002.
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The paper considers models of optimal distribution of fertilizers and vehicles in grain production. To ensure the delivery of fertilizer to the destination for the chemical treatment agriculture, the optimal distribution of fertilizers in grain production was solved. On the basis of optimal models, the needs of vehicles for servicing these works are determined. As calculations show, the cost of acquiring machines and operating costs can be reduced by 20-30% due to the correct selection and use of equipment. This made it possible to distribute mineral fertilizers between farms in accordance with the characteristics of their soils. With the help of ground equipment, mineral fertilizers are applied, chemical pest and plant disease control is carried out, weed vegetation is destroyed in grain crops. The optimal plan for the use of machine and tractor fleet can only be determined using optimization methods, since the composition of machines and tractors and their possible use have such a large number of options that it is almost impossible to simply sort them out and select the best. Further, the algorithm and the solution to the problem of optimal distribution of vehicles in grain production are considered.
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Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. "A Spatial Analysis of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho." Phytopathology® 108, no. 8 (August 2018): 988–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-17-0388-r.
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The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a globally regulated and quarantine potato pest. It was detected for the first time in the United States in the state of Idaho in 2006. A spatial analysis was performed to (i) understand the spatial arrangement of fields infested with G. pallida in southern Idaho using spatial point pattern analysis, and (ii) evaluate the potential threat of G. pallida for entry to new areas using spatial interpolation techniques. Data point locations, cyst numbers and egg viability values for each infested field were collected by USDA-APHIS during 2006 to 2014. Results showed the presence of spatially clustered fields infested with G. pallida (P = 0.003). We determined that the spread of G. pallida grew in diameter from the original center of infestation toward the southwest as an ellipsoidal-shaped cluster. Based on the aggregated spatial pattern of distribution, we determined that G. pallida spread followed a contagion effect scenario, where nearby infested fields contributed to the infestation of new fields, probably through soil contaminated agricultural equipment or tubers. We determined that the presence of G. pallida in southern Idaho is unlikely to be associated with new introductions from outside the state of Idaho. The aggregation pattern of fields infested with G. pallida, with an average of 4,263 cysts/ha and egg viability of 25%, facilitates quarantine activities and confines the propagation of this pest to a small area, which in 2017 was estimated to be 1,233 ha. The tools and methods provided in this study facilitate comprehensive approaches to improve G. pallida control and eradication programs as well as to raise public awareness of the problems surrounding this economically important potato pest.
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Mishra, Mamatha, and Jamuna Prakash. "Assessment of Risk Determinants of Sustainable Food Safety Status in Food Court." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 54, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2017.54.2.11020.
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The status of food safety at a food court in Bangalore city was studied through risk determinants which defined the relationship between prerequisites (PRP), operational prerequisites (OPRP) and critical control point (CCP). Six Food Business Operators (FBO) were identified and data collected through visual observation and verification of the flow of operations. The tools used were questionnaires which were developed based on FSSAI guidelines. These questionnaires assessed kitchen location and design, status of equipment and facilities, critical control points, sanitation and personal hygiene using an ordinal scale of four for rating. The results indicated that the PRP and OPRP of the FBOs had 50% compliance in location and <50% compliance in design, layout, equipment, facilities, control of operations, sanitation and personnel hygiene. Lack of facilities in all 6 FBOs like drain, hand wash and space constraint with a score of 43% affected the CCPs of kitchen and personnel hygiene. The facilities like potable water, drainage, sewage disposal, ventilation and lighting had 51% compliance. Personnel hygiene, cross contamination of food, the operational area and food handling methods had least score of 38.75%. The storage had a low score (47.5%) due to space constraint leading to overload of food in operations, freezers and refrigerator without proper segregation. The low scores of 40% compliance in traceability of incoming raw material increased the risk. Pest control and waste management was very poor. Health status of the personnel was not assessed and they were not trained in food safety. A sustainable system of food safety requires PRP, OPRP and CCP design in accordance with the business. The FBOs were unaware of the importance of food safety and the potential risk of serving unsafe food to customers emphasizing the need for training.
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Wang, Chunxin, Bo Cui, Liang Guo, Anqi Wang, Xiang Zhao, Yan Wang, Changjiao Sun, et al. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Nanosuspension by One-Step Melt Emulsification Technique." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020145.
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Recent years have witnessed significant progress in nanotechnology and pesticide research in pest control and crop protection. There are more motivations to develop nanoformulations that are less harmful to environment than conventional formulations. The use of nanosuspension has been proposed as a novel formulation to process poorly soluble pesticides. In this study, the lambda-cyhalothrin nanosuspension (LCNS) was prepared in a melt emulsification method. The prepared nanosuspension had a mean particle size of 12.0 ± 0.1 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.279 ± 0.135. The smaller particle size and polydispersity confer better wettability, stability and bioavailability than conventional suspension concentrates. The excellent properties of the nanosuspension were attributed to the reduced particle size and the emulsification and dispersion of the surfactants. The LCNS eliminates the need for organic solvents and significantly reduces the amount of surfactant required. The simple production process of LCNS saves production and equipment costs. The results indicate that lambda-cyhalothrin nanosuspensions would have a broad application prospect in agricultural production systems.
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Mahmoud, M. F. "Biology and Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Insect Pests Biocontrol, A Generic View." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0039.
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AbstractThe development of resistance to synthetic insecticides is one of the driving forces for changes in insect pest management. Governments regulatory bodies are in favour of environmentally safe chemicals with low toxicity, short-term persistence, and limited effects on non-target organisms as predominantly requirements for pesticides registration. Biological control can be considered as a powerful tool and one of the most important alternative control measure providing environmentally safe and sustainable plant protection. The success of biological control will depend on understanding the adaptation and establishment of applied biological control agents in agricultural ecosystems. Microbial pathogens and arthropod biocontrol agents, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been successfully used in agricultural systems. They are highly virulent, killing their hosts quickly and can be cultured easilyin vivoorin vitro.They are safe for non-target vertebrates and for the environment, and production costs have been significantly reduced in recent times as they are mass produced in liquid media. Moreover, no difficulties to apply EPNs as they are easily sprayed using standard equipment and can be combined with almost all chemical control compounds. EPNs are widely used to control economically important insect pests in different farming systems: from fruit orchards, cranberry bogs and turf grass to nurseries and greenhouses. The use of EPNs for biocontrol began only in early 1980s and involved a step-by-step scientific and technical development. Mass production of the nematodes played a key role in the commercially development of insect pests control with nematodes.
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Gerts, Eduard F., Andrey V. Mekhrentsev, Vladimir V. Pobedinsky, Nikolay N. Terinov, and Alina F. Urazova. "Improving the Efficiency of Multifunctional Machines for Intensive Forestry." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-1-138-149.
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The method of intensification of forestry by means of integrated mechanization of forestry and logging operations is considered. It is proposed to use manipulator-type machines, such as harvesters, forwarders and excavators, as a technical basis. Improving the efficiency of manipulator-type machines can be achieved through using a set of optional interchangeable equipment. This will allow to create crops by planting seedlings with open and closed root systems, to carry out soil cultivation, seed sowing, thinning of young plants and to carry out pest control, mulching of skidding tracks after major work in the logging site, as well as earthworks during the construction of forest roads. The use of optional interchangeable equipment transforms a manipulator-type machine into a multifunctional machine. It has been shown that the purchase of optional equipment for forestry and logging is a cost-effective investment even for a small amount of works. Intensive forestry is primarily based on the measures of mature and overmature stands cutting, forest tending, and reforestation. Several technological schemes with the use of the multifunctional machine for felling both in the harvester and feller buncher modes are offered. In the latter option, tree length bucking and branch pruning ensure the concentration of all logging residues at the upper depot and create favorable conditions for their processing into raw material for biofuel production and reduce woodwaste in cutting areas. An option of using small size equipment for hauling trees into the area of operation of a multifunctional machine with an installed harvester head is offered when performing selective felling using wide-strip technology of harvesting. Preliminary preparation of the cutting area with small sized equipment (harvesting of small-sized, dead and fallen trees) is proposed. This will significantly reduce the damage to plantation components and provide a greater degree of preservation of the natural environment during the main work of the multifunctional machine. Its use in the most favorable terms due to the work execution on a quarter-block scheme, reducing the number of downtime due to naturalproduction conditions and the number of relocations and, accordingly, increasing the number of machine hours, will minimize total costs of the range of forestry and harvesting works.
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Zecha, C. W., J. Link, and W. Claupein. "Mobile sensor platforms: categorisation and research applications in precision farming." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 2, no. 1 (May 14, 2013): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-51-2013.
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Abstract. The usage of mobile sensor platforms arose in research a few decades ago. Since the beginning of satellite sensing, measurement principles and analysing methods have become widely implemented for aerial and ground vehicles. Mainly in Europe, the United States and Australia, sensor platforms in precision farming are used for surveying, monitoring and scouting tasks. This review gives an overview of available sensor platforms used in recent agricultural and related research projects. A general categorisation tree for platforms is outlined in this work. Working in manual, automatic or autonomous ways, these ground platforms and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) with an agricultural scope are presented with their sensor equipment and the possible architectural models. Thanks to advances in highly powerful electronics, smaller devices mounted on platforms have become economically feasible for many applications. Designed to work automatically or autonomously, they will be able to interact in intelligent swarms. Sensor platforms can fulfil the need for developing, testing and optimising new applications in precision farming like weed control or pest management. Furthermore, commercial suppliers of platform hardware used in sensing tasks are listed.
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Marcelino, Ana, Catia Wachtel, and Nédia Ghisi. "Are Our Farm Workers in Danger? Genetic Damage in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030358.
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Modern agriculture, practiced after the “green revolution” worldwide, aims to maximize production in order to provide food for the growing world population. Thus, farmers are required to modernize their practices through the mechanization of land use and, above all, the use of chemical pesticides to control agricultural pests. However, in addition to combating the target pest, chemical pesticides indirectly affect a wide range of species, including humans, leading to health damage. Among the main problems caused by the use of pesticides is the genotoxicity caused by chronic exposure. The present study aims to verify the occurrence of genetic damage in farmers who are occupationally exposed to agrochemicals compared to people of other professions that do not use toxic substances (control group). The research was conducted with 36 male participants (18 farmers and 18 control group, ages 24–71 for the farmer group and 22–61 for the control group). The comet assay and micronucleus test results revealed a higher rate of genetic damage in the group of farmers than in the control group. A questionnaire answered by the farmers showed that the Personal Protect Equipment (PPE) is used incorrectly or not used. In summary, our results indicate that farmers are exposed to occupational hazards. To mitigate this risk, we conducted awareness campaigns to notify the farmers of the risks and highlight the importance of using PPE correctly. Intensive efforts and training are thus required to build an awareness of safety practices and change the attitudes of farm workers in the hope of preventing harmful environmental and anthropogenic effects.
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Sciarretta, Andrea, and Pasquale Calabrese. "Development of Automated Devices for the Monitoring of Insect Pests." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.1.03.
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The monitoring of insect pests based on adult trapping systems is part of integrated pest management (IPM) in many crops and of early warning detection programs used to set up appropriate management decisions or eradication responses. Using data obtained from traps to make management decisions is not an easy task and involves significant costs in equipment, transport and labour. Thanks to the spread and the low prices of information and communication technologies, innovative automated capture devices including electronic sensors and connecting components are increasingly being developed, allow facing some of the current monitoring constraints in a context of IPM. In this paper, we illustrated the state of the art of this field and provide insights on automated devices, consisting of traps equipped with sensors and other components for the collection of data in the field and their transmission to a remote server accessible online, with information stored in geo-referenced databases. Optical sensors are mainly used for detecting photo-interruptions, images or optoacoustic spectrum of wingbeats. The monitoring systems can be equipped with software for image interpretation and identification of the caught target insect pest (fully automated system) or a remote operator can count the trapped insects by watching the images coming from the e-trap (semi-automated system). The software can integrate a decision support system (DSS) module, which provides information on the risk of infestation and the actions to be taken (when, where, how to make a control application). The development and future prospects of automated devices are discussed in relation to the technical reliability of the system, ease of use and costs compared to traditional monitoring methods.
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Polanco Lopez de Mesa, Ysabel. "The decision-making process of synthetic pesticide use in agricultural communities in Colombia: a grounded theory approach." Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública 38, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e331277.
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Objective: to explore the decision-making process of agricultural workers associated with pesticide use and exposure; and to discover if these processes differ between pesticide users and non users. and the characteristics of these differences
Methods: his study used a grounded theory approach to understand the decision-making process for pesticide use/non-use among agricultural workers in San Cristobal, Colombia. This study involved participantobservation, individual interviews, and focus groups.
Results: the theory developed to explain the decision making process of pesticide use showed several categories including: the prospect of having a good harvest, efficient pest control, habituation to use pesticides, feeling obligated to do use them, poor knowledge about pesticides, believing that pesticide increased the quality of the products, positive attitudes towards pesticide use, family support towards pesticide use, community pressure and acceptance, economic fear, and market pressure. In the non pesticide users group categories included: having better health, pesticides considered harmful for human health, pesticides being deleterious for the environment, being used to work without pesticides, family and economic support, and negative attitude towards pesticide use . The decision making process for personal protective equipment (PPE) use encompassed categories such as: powerless feelings, economic difficulties, and belief that equipment is not necessary.
Discussion: The decision-making process for pesticide use in agricultural communities is complex and varies between pesticide users and non-users.
Conclusions: It is important to consider the intricate process of pesticide use in order to orient interventions in the agricultural sector.
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Handal, K. A. "Service Organizations in Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 3 (1985): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0006581x.
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Our belief that there is a superagency that goes to work when a disaster occurs is unfounded. What does exist is a network of integrating expertise and resources that are escalated from different routine activities to cooperatively respond to one event. This paper concerns the governmental approach in one area, New York City.In the United States, federal and state laws exist to minimize the effects of disasters, by identifying measures to prevent or mitigate them, developing mechanisms to coordinate the use of resource and manpower during disasters, and by providing recovery and redevelopment following a disaster. These functions and services are coordinated to the maximum extent with comparable activities of local state and federal governments, and many voluntary private agencies. Organizational responsibility follows a bi-directional flow from federal to state to county-, city-, town- and village level, and in the reverse (Fig. 1). The roles and responsibilities depend on the type of disaster (Fig. 2) and hence the response and activity needed. Response activities include need for clothing, crisis counseling, debris removal and disposal, disease and pest control, equipment and supplies, evacuation, food provisions, fuel provisions, housing and shelter, identification and disposition of the dead, labor pools, law and order, medical care and treatment, power provision, protective measures, search and rescue, sewage control, transportation, the need to waiver codes, water provisions, and weather forecasting.
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Sunnucks, Paul. "Avoidance of novel objects by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)." Wildlife Research 25, no. 3 (1998): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97038.
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Neophobia (fear of new stimuli) is an important component of mammalian behavioural ecology. In addition, information on neophobia in pest species could be of great significance in targetting control measures and predicting changes in responses to them. Novel objects and an auditory stimulus were presented to individually marked wild rabbits living socially in clumped warrens in southern British farmland. Avoidance of stimuli was measured by scan sampling of rabbits’ locations, in replicated experiments. Rabbits avoided a variety of novel objects by staying below ground, and by changing their activity ranges. Responses to different stimuli were correlated within individuals. There were non-significant differences in the degree of avoidance elicited by novel visual stimuli. The most important factors in avoidance were distance from the stimulus, number of previous presentations, and rabbit identity. Individual characteristics, including sex, social rank, and trappability, were less important determinants of neophobia, although dominant females were significantly more neophobic than were non-dominant ones. Only one or two presentations were required for attenuation of avoidance, so novel objects would be of limited application to crop protection. However, equipment used for delivering control measures should also quickly become accepted by rabbits. The measured avoidance and its attenuation indicate that rabbits assessed and responded to their surroundings with high precision, with significant individual variation consistent over stimuli.
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Liu, Yang, Longlong Li, Yajia Liu, Xiongkui He, Jianli Song, Aijun Zeng, and Zhichong Wang. "Assessment of Spray Deposition and Losses in an Apple Orchard with an Unmanned Agricultural Aircraft System in China." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 3 (2020): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13233.
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Highlights Field tests were performed in an orchard to evaluate spray performance of an unmanned agricultural aircraft system. A conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer was applied as a reference for comparing the feasibility of UAAS. The canopy deposition, airborne drift, loss to ground, and sprayer external contamination were tested. Field test results can provide a reference for the application of UAAS for pest control in orchards. Abstract. Unmanned agricultural aircraft system (UAAS) technology has developed rapidly in China in recent years. Due to their high application efficiency, all-terrain operation, and low-volume spraying, UAASs have been widely used for pest management in field crops, achieving good pest control and reduced pressure on farmers. In this study, the applicability of UAAS for orchard protection was tested in an apple orchard by spraying with a four-rotor UAAS and a conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer. The spray characteristics of both sprayers, including canopy deposition, drift in the air, loss to the ground, and external contamination on the sprayer, were measured and compared. The field results showed that the effective spray swath width of the UAAS was 2.23 m, and the maximum droplet density was 132 droplets cm -2 in the center of the flight line. The actual deposition in the tree canopy was lower with the UAAS than with the air-assisted sprayer, but the normalized deposition of the UAAS was equivalent to that of the air-assisted sprayer, and the coefficient of variation for deposition in all parts of the canopy was obviously higher for the UAAS than for the air-assisted sprayer. Due to the airflow produced by the high-speed rotors, the spray drift in the air was much higher with the UAAS than with the air-assisted sprayer, whereas the ground loss of the UAAS was 1/5 that of the air-assisted sprayer. Moreover, the rotor airflow of the UAAS caused a large amount of droplets to attach to the sprayer fuselage, causing the external contamination on the UAAS to be five times that of the air-assisted sprayer. Results showed that the use of a multirotor UAAS for plant protection in an orchard had considerable influence on the spray drift and external contamination of the spray equipment. Based on the results, the following recommendations can be made: (1) plant protection with a UAAS should be attained by spraying at a reasonable height to reduce the drift in the air, and (2) UAAS manufacturers should develop adequate spraying systems as well as appropriate UAAS designs for plant protection. Keywords: Air-assisted orchard sprayer, Apple orchard, Spray deposition, Spray loss, UAAS.
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Hamel, Darka, Vlatka Rozman, and Anita Liška. "Storage of Cereals in Warehouses with or without Pesticides." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120846.
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At a time when there is much talk of reducing pesticide use and the implementation of integrated pest management, mainly in fields and glass-houses, it is appropriate to consider how cereals in storage are handled and what measures are taken to protect them against insects and other pests. For decades, the use of various synthetic pesticides has been the basis for the proper and long-term storage of cereals, primarily free of insects and mites, but also fungi and their mycotoxins and rodents. However, due to the registered negative effects of synthetic pesticides, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trihloroethane (DDT) or methyl bromide, on human health and the environment, and the appearance of resistance to, e.g., malathion, researchers have been looking for new acceptable control measures. Due to the proven and published non-acceptable data regarding synthetic pesticide effects, a combination of physical, mechanical, and biological measures with the minimal use of synthetic pesticides, under the name of integrated pest management, have been promoted. These combinations include high and low temperatures; the removal of dockages; and the application of pheromones, diatomaceous earth, and natural compounds from various plants, as well as inert gases, predators, and parasites. A ban of any synthetic pesticide usage is currently being considered, which emphasizes the fact that protection should only be performed by measures that do not leave harmful residues. However, the facts show that the application of physical, mechanical, and/or biological measures, besides the fact that they are not necessarily efficient, is very demanding because more knowledge and experience is required, as well as better equipment, greater financial investment, and awareness raising not only for agricultural producers and storage keepers, but also for consumers. In order to use these measures, which are less hazardous to humans and the environment, it is necessary to adapt regulations not only to speed up the registration protocols of low-risk pesticides, but also to prescribe criteria for placing agricultural products on the market, as well as quality standards, i.e., the permitted number of present insects, in addition to their parts in certain types of food. Additionally, we should be aware of control measures for protecting novel food and other non-traditional foods. It is important to continue to combine different protection measures, namely integrated pest management, until all of the other new procedures that must be carried out during the period of storing cereals and other products are clear, in order to ensure the best quality of final products for consumers.
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Darma Bakti, Ridwansyah, and Isman Nuriadi. "PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH KELAPA SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK DAN NATA DE COCO." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v3i1.2356.
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Community service activities is one of the obligations that must be implemented by lecturer at the university sabagai one aspect of Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi. The activity was carried out by a Team of Community Service entitled "The Application of Coconut Waste Processing Technology as Organic Fertilizer and Nata de Coco" is a devotion activity involving two partners, namely Bakti Karya Farmer Group and Mekar Jaya Farmer Group are two groups of farmers who are active in cultivation and coconut cultivation in Desa Asahan Mati, Tanjung Balai Sub-district of Asahan Regency. Problems faced is the low quantity and quality of coconut production caused by the limited information about the culture culture of coconut cultivation, especially aspects of pest control and fertilization. In addition, the presence of coconut straw waste in the form of midrib and leaves and coconut water that is very large to be a problem because it has the potential to cause environmental pollution and become a pest of nests. . In order to solve the problems of both partners, this activity will be conducted in the form of lectures, discussions, practices and introduction of coconut chopping machine in the form of leaf and stem to be used as raw material of organic fertilizer, hybrid coconut seeds and coconut waste water treatment equipment as nata de coco . After the implementation of the dedication activity to the partner community has been able to make organic fertilizer bokashi by utilizing the waste of coconut plants by digging the compost cutting machine that introduced, the practice of hybrid coconut cultivation, and waste water treatment of coconut to nata de coco. The results of these activities can increase hybrid coconut production while maintaining environmental sustainability,
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Martin, Daniel E., Wayne E. Woldt, and Mohamed A. Latheef. "Effect of Application Height and Ground Speed on Spray Pattern and Droplet Spectra from Remotely Piloted Aerial Application Systems." Drones 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3040083.
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The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of operational factors on spray application parameters for remotely piloted aerial application systems (RPAAS). The effects of application height and ground speed on spray pattern uniformity and droplet spectra characteristics were investigated for two RPAAS (DJI model MG-1 and HSE V6A) delivery vehicles equipped with original equipment manufacturer (OEM) nozzles. A spray mixture of tap water and fluorescent dye was applied at three different application heights in conjunction with four different ground speeds over the center line of a cotton string, suspended 1 m above ground. Fluorometric assessment of spray deposits on cotton strings and spray droplets captured on water-sensitive paper samplers described spray pattern and droplet spectra, respectively. Effective swath was determined based on the widest spray swath with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 25%. Regardless of ground speed, application heights of 2 and 3 m yielded the largest effective swath for the MG-1. Neither application height nor ground speed significantly influenced effective swath for the V6A. These test results may provide guidance to remote aerial applicators as to the best application height and ground speed to use for their RPAAS for efficacious application of pest control products.
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VAZ, MARIA LUIZA SANTOMAURO, NEIL FERREIRA NOVO, DIRCE MARIA SIGULEM, and TANIA BENINGA MORAIS. "A Training Course on Food Hygiene for Butchers: Measuring Its Effectiveness through Microbiological Analysis and the Use of an Inspection Checklist." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2439.
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The effectiveness of food hygiene training for a group of retail butchers was evaluated with the aim of verifying whether the butchers modified their behavior in the light of knowledge gained and whether their acquired knowledge or behavior change was sustained over a period of time. Microbiological analysis (enumeration of mesophilic and coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli) of a raw semiprocessed product (stuffed rolled beef) was conducted, and an inspection checklist was issued before the training course (T0). Initial results were later compared with results obtained 1 month (T1) and 6 months (T6) after the training. The checklist comprised 89 items classified into five categories: A, approved suppliers and product reception; B, storage conditions and temperature control; C, flow process, food handling procedures, and conditions of the window display unit; D, facility design and proper cleaning and sanitizing of equipment, utensils, and work surfaces; and E, pest control system, water supply control, and garbage disposal. The inspection results were recorded as “yes” or “no” for each item. Compliance with food safety procedures was recorded as the percentage of “yes” answers. The bacterial counts were significantly higher at T0. At T6, there was no significant increase in bacterial counts. There was a significant improvement in food safety practices at T1 and T6 compared with T0 for all categories. When comparing T0 and T1, the largest increases in the compliance scores were seen within categories C and D. No significant decrease in scores for compliance with food safety practices was observed at T6. Supervision and refresher activities may be necessary to maintain behavioral changes for a longer period of time.
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Smalley, Timothy J., and Frank B. Flanders. "INDUSTRY'S PERCEPTION OF UNIVERSITY HORTICULTURAL CURRICULUM." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 672g—672. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.672g.
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The Industry Liaison Committee of the American Society for Horticultural Science conducted a survey of the horticulture industry to systematically determine: 1) industry's perception of university training of recent graduates and 2) industry's perception of educational needs for future graduates. A Delphi survey was sent to experts in the fruit, ornamental, greenhouse, turf, and vegetable industry. The respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the level of competence of recent university graduates in personnel management and marketing. The lack of hands-on training in university courses was viewed as a major problem, but the respondents agreed that internships should provide university students with the necessary practical experience and universities should concentrate on the science of horticulture. The respondents indicated that business management and marketing expertise will be more important in the future than knowledge of production techniques; however, they would not be more likely to hire a business major instead of a horticulture major. The following areas of study were ranked for relative importance to be included in the university curriculum (from most important to least): communication skills, horticultural technology, business management, personnel management, plant nutrition and soil fertility, pest control, plant physiology, environmental awareness, plant physiology, plant pathology, accounting, and equipment use and maintenance. A second round of questioning for this Delphi survey is being conducted and results will be presented to verify preliminary results.
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Esechie, Jovita O. "Farm Workers’ Knowledge, Habits and Health Issues Associated with Pesticide Use." Journal of Environment and Ecology 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v9i1.11094.
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Although pesticides are used to mitigate crop losses by pests, farm workers’ poor knowledge and bad habits during application may cause serious health consequences. This study investigates the knowledge and habits of farm workers in the Sultanate of Oman and how these are related to the self-reported acute symptoms caused by pesticide exposure. A total of 153 pesticide workers in Al Batinah Region of Oman were interviewed face to face about their pesticide knowledge, habits and self-reported acute symptoms. About 57% of the farm workers either had no formal education or had only some primary school education, and 80% had no knowledge of warning labels and the names of banned pesticides. There was a significant difference (p <0.001) in self-reported symptoms among those 20 years or less and those 50 years or older. Among those that did not attend school, 85% reported pesticide related symptoms compared to 55% among those who completed secondary education. Self-medication was the commonly used treatment option (42%), followed by local pharmacy (35%), private clinic (14%) and government hospital (9%). Reduction in pesticide related health symptoms could be achieved by mandatory training of farm workers on the use of personal protection equipment, as well as the enforcement of legislation to restrict the availability of the most hazardous pesticides, and the promotion of non-chemical methods of pest control.
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Lewis, Margaret T., and Kelly A. Hamby. "Optimizing Caneberry Spray Coverage for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Management on Diversified Fruit Farms." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 31, 2020): 2820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa237.
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Abstract Spray coverage may influence the efficacy of insecticides targeting the invasive vinegar fly Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a primary pest of raspberries and blackberries. In commercially managed caneberries, spray coverage is typically lowest in the inner and lower plant canopy, regions that overlap with higher levels of adult D. suzukii activity. To understand how spray coverage of fruit impacts efficacy against D. suzukii, laboratory bioassays were conducted using raspberries. In laboratory bioassays, higher spray coverage did not impact larval infestation rates but did increase adult mortality, indicating that flies can avoid a lethal dose of insecticide when applications do not achieve adequate coverage. We also evaluated how carrier water volume impacts spray coverage patterns throughout the canopy of raspberry and blackberry plants using both airblast and CO2 backpack sprayers. Increasing carrier water volume generally improved spray coverage in the lower plant canopy. However, effects in the upper plant canopy were inconsistent and varied between sprayer types. In addition to carrier water volume, other approaches, including adjusting the pesticide sprayer equipment used and/or sprayer calibration, should also be explored to improve coverage. Growers should evaluate spray coverage in their caneberries to identify and troubleshoot coverage issues. Results from this study indicate that taking the time to optimize this aspect of pesticide application may improve chemical management of D. suzukii and will likely also improve control of other important caneberry pests.
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Romani, Roberto, Stefano Bedini, Gianandrea Salerno, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Maria Cristina Echeverria, Priscilla Farina, and Barbara Conti. "Andean Flora as a Source of New Repellents against Insect Pests: Behavioral, Morphological and Electrophysiological Studies on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060171.
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Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) is considered as one of the most destructive foodstuff pests. Due to their efficiency, low toxicity for mammalians and low environmental impact, plant-derived essential oils (EOs) are promising tools for pest control. In particular, the OEs extracted from Lamiaceae are considered among the most bioactive in terms of repellent and/or insecticidal effect. Here, we investigated the repellence of the EOs extracted from two aromatic plant species typical of the flora of the Ecuadorian Andes, Clinopodium tomentosum and C. nubigeum, against adults of S. zeamais. The behavioral assays carried out at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 23.9 μL L−1 air in a two-way static olfactometer showed a significant repellent effect starting from the concentration of 8.4 mL L−1 air both for the EO of C. nubigenum and C. tomentosum. We also carried out a complete structural analysis of the antenna of S. zeamais using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in order to characterize the olfactory sensilla equipment. In this species, there is no sexual dimorphism also as regards to the antennal morphology and the sensilla type and distribution. We identified six type of sensilla, among which at least three types (Sensillum Trichoideum 1, Sensillum Trichoideum 2 and Grooved Peg Sensillum) can be considered as olfactory. Electroantennography (EAG) recordings carried out on S. zeamais revealed a positive dose-response to both EOs, without differences between the two sexes.
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Suckling, David Maxwell. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2017." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.223.
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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plant protection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research, education, implementation or leadership.
In 2017, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded Prof David Maxwell (Max) Suckling. In his 35+ years of research, Max has been pivotal in bringing odour-based technologies to New Zealand. In particular, his research on insect pheromones has enabled integrated pest management to be realised in this country. As a result, New Zealand plant-based industries can access premium overseas markets due to the low pest prevalence and low pesticide residue on primary produce. It has also reduced grower exposure to pesticides.
The acknowledgement of his broad knowledge of risks and benefits that new organisms and substances can pose to New Zealand has been exemplified by his position of Chair of the Environmental Risk Management Authority Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Committee where he presided over decisions from determining which organisms are new to New Zealand through to whether the benefits of the release of new organisms outweighed the risks. His unique knowledge and ability to make sound judgements based on the evidence presented also led to two invitations back to the Environmental Protection Authority after he had finished as a special member on the Committee so that New Zealand could safely continue to assess the use of biological control agents.
Since 2004, in his role as Science Group Leader of the Biosecurity group at The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Max has been instrumental in developing tools to improve detection sensitivity and socially acceptable eradication options for new pests that threaten New Zealand, such as the Queensland fruit fly and the painted apple moth.
Max has been a member of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society for many years and served as President from 1999 to 2001. He was nominated for the Medal because of the passion he has displayed towards developing and making available socially acceptable pest eradication and management tools in New Zealand. The work that he and the chemical ecology team he has built and led, has had a large impact in many sectors from horticulture to biosecurity.
This use of socially acceptable tools for the productive sectors naturally led to Max’s involvement in the pest surveillance and eradication space. He led the Eradication and Response Theme in the Better Border Biosecurity collaboration for over ten years, co-ordinating research among Crown Research Institutes to achieve their goals and the goals of New Zealand’s biosecurity practitioners. He has gone beyond odour-based technologies and branched into sound, vision and sterile-insect technologies for managing pests, sticking with the social acceptance theme.
Max is an innovative thinker, testing novel approaches for pest management, and can bring quite separate groups together to achieve a goal. For example, he combined an irradiator used to sterilise medical equipment and insect rearing to achieve a boutique insect-sterilisation programme against the painted apple moth. By pushing the envelope, he is seen as a world leader in his field of using socially acceptable tools, with numerous invitations as a keynote speaker at international meetings, which has allowed him to return to New Zealand with some of the latest scientific ideas.
He has served on working groups of the sterile-insect technique for the joint division of the Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency. He was recently made a professor when he was made a joint appointment at PFR and the University of Auckland, and has supervised and co-supervised a number of PhD and MSc students.
His outstanding collaboration and mentoring skills enable him to work across different fields, secure new knowledge and tools for novel pest-management approaches, bring together people from different organisations, and mentor ‘thinking-out-of-the-square’ scientists for the future.
His desire to protect New Zealand’s flora, fauna and people, make him a worthy recipient of the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal.
NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:
2016: Rob Beresford
2015: Gary Barker
2014: -
2013: Andrew Hodson
2012: Margaret Dick
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Fabio, P., G. T. Aronica, and H. Apel. "Towards automatic calibration of 2-D flood propagation models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2010): 911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-911-2010.
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Abstract. Hydraulic models for flood propagation description are an essential tool in many fields and are used, for example, for flood hazard and risk assessments, evaluation of flood control measures, etc. Nowadays there are many models of different complexity regarding the mathematical foundation and spatial dimensions available, and most of them are comparatively easy to operate due to sophisticated tools for model setup and control. However, the calibration of these models is still underdeveloped in contrast to other models like e.g. hydrological models or models used in ecosystem analysis. This has two primary reasons: first, lack of relevant data against which the models can be calibrated, because flood events are very rarely monitored due to the disturbances inflicted by them and the lack of appropriate measuring equipment in place. Second, 2-D models are computationally very demanding and therefore the use of available sophisticated automatic calibration procedures is restricted in many cases. This study takes a well documented flood event in August 2002 at the Mulde River in Germany as an example and investigates the most appropriate calibration strategy for a simplified 2-D hyperbolic finite element model. The model independent optimiser PEST, that enables automatic calibrations without changing model code, is used and the model is calibrated against over 380 surveyed maximum water levels. The application of the parallel version of the optimiser showed that (a) it is possible to use automatic calibration in combination of 2-D hydraulic model, and (b) equifinality of model parameterisation can also be caused by a too large number of degrees of freedom in the calibration data in contrast to a too simple model setup. In order to improve model calibration and reduce equifinality, a method was developed to identify calibration data, resp. model setup with likely errors that obstruct model calibration.
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Fabio, P., G. T. Aronica, and H. Apel. "Towards automatic calibration of 2-dimensional flood propagation models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 6, 2009): 6833–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6833-2009.
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Abstract. Hydraulic models for flood propagation description are an essential tool in many fields, e.g. civil engineering, flood hazard and risk assessments, evaluation of flood control measures, etc. Nowadays there are many models of different complexity regarding the mathematical foundation and spatial dimensions available, and most of them are comparatively easy to operate due to sophisticated tools for model setup and control. However, the calibration of these models is still underdeveloped in contrast to other models like e.g. hydrological models or models used in ecosystem analysis. This has basically two reasons: first, the lack of relevant data against the models can be calibrated, because flood events are very rarely monitored due to the disturbances inflicted by them and the lack of appropriate measuring equipment in place. Secondly, especially the two-dimensional models are computationally very demanding and therefore the use of available sophisticated automatic calibration procedures is restricted in many cases. This study takes a well documented flood event in August 2002 at the Mulde River in Germany as an example and investigates the most appropriate calibration strategy for a full 2-D hyperbolic finite element model. The model independent optimiser PEST, that gives the possibility of automatic calibrations, is used. The application of the parallel version of the optimiser to the model and calibration data showed that a) it is possible to use automatic calibration in combination of 2-D hydraulic model, and b) equifinality of model parameterisation can also be caused by a too large number of degrees of freedom in the calibration data in contrast to a too simple model setup. In order to improve model calibration and reduce equifinality a method was developed to identify calibration data with likely errors that obstruct model calibration.
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Burke, R. L. "(A328) Food and Water Risk Assessments during Disaster Operations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003128.
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Although the exact burden of foodborne disease is unknown, diarrheal diseases kill approximately 2.2 million people annually. Even in developed countries foodborne illness is estimated to affect over 20% of the population annually. During natural disasters existing food safety and security measures may be damaged and mission priorities during emergencies may prevent inspection agencies from conducting normal inspections and enforcing government regulations. This breakdown in the food safety infrastructure may lead to increases in foodborne diseases within the local population and relief workers. The risk in this latter group is possibly magnified by their immunologic naïveness to local pathogens and an outbreak among relief workers can severely impact support operations, interfere with the aid delivery, and may result in the loss of life. In addition to natural disease transmission, there is the potential for terrorist organizations to target relief workers through deliberate contamination of the food and water supplies. Consequently, relief agencies should consider both food safety and security during disaster operations. A Food and Water Risk Assessment (FWRA) is a tool for identifying potential high risk food items and practices in local food sources and facilities and examines the overall food operation, the food facilities and equipment, water potability, cleaning and sanitation, pest control, employee health and sanitation, food security, and the source of the food items. The FWRA identifies risk items and provides mitigative control measures designed to reduce the residual risk to acceptable levels and minimize potential disruption of mission operations. Although the ultimate goal is protecting the health of the relief workers, the FWRA can also be used as a tool to improve the food safety practices of local food facilities and suppliers which will in turn help to reduce the incidence of foodborne disease among the local population during the disaster relief operations and beyond.
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Madan, A. "(A225) Lessons Learned at the Commonwealth Games: A Mass-Gathering Sporting Event in New Delhi, India." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002111.
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Mass gatherings can be religious, political, socio-cultural, or sporting events, and vary in the form of processions, car races, conferences, fairs, etc. New Delhi hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games, a mass gathering spread over a duration of 10 days with different venues and a high density of participants, spectators, security personnel, volunteers, and high-profile guests. Various organizations were involved in the planning and implementation of the games which called for a collaborative and coordinated effort to make the event a success. Security coverage was required for 23 sporting, 32 training, and seven non-sporting venues. Security arrangements were of utmost importance and required training, mobilization, and deployment of army, police, and other emergency workers, as well as establishing Standard Operating Procedures for responses to chemical, biological, radioactive, and nuclear events and availing specialized equipment. Areas of public health interventions in mass gathering include mass-casualty preparedness, disease surveillance and outbreak response, safety of water, food, and venues, health promotion, public health preparedness and response, pest and vector control, coordination and communication, healthcare facility capacity, and medical supplies. Methods adopted for the study included interviews with the stakeholders of the Commonwealth Games and use of secondary data to cite examples and support arguments. Existing knowledge must be documented and made available for use in planning for future mass gatherings. The size, duration, and interest of such events demands special attention toward preparedness and mitigation strategies to prevent or minimize the risk of ill health and maximizing the safety of people involved.
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Li, Qun, Bing Cao, Xing Wang, Jiu Jiang Wu, and You Ke Wang. "Systematic Water-Saving Management for Strawberry in Basic Greenhouses Based on the Internet of Things." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 1 (2021): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14095.
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A new application of the internet of things in a low-cost greenhouse with no networked intelligent control equipment.The systematic water-saving management focused over the whole growth stage of crops, and it can effectively increase yield and quality.Replace some chemical fertilizer with fully-decomposed organic fertilizer and new types of fertilizer to reduce negative impact on soil and the environment.Regarding pesticide usage, we advocate prevention first and treatment second.Improve systematic water-saving management with regard decreases in crop yield and quality.Abstract. A basic greenhouse is an inexpensive type of greenhouse, which lacks networked intelligent control equipment; it is currently the most common type of greenhouse used in China. To manage planting activities intelligently and improve water use efficiency in these greenhouses, an intelligent planting management platform for strawberry based on the internet of things (IoT) is developed. On the platform, human-computer interaction occurs through the WeChat app on a mobile phone so that manual control of the strawberry environment in the greenhouse can be conducted. In this study, we add a user module in the perception layer of the IoT to obtain the information and manually control the environment in a basic greenhouse. The network layer uses narrowband IoT wireless transmission technology based on 4G. The application layer is designed with a systematic water-saving management knowledge base for strawberry. The systematic water-saving management feature includes seven parts: strawberry variety selection, planting seedlings, flower and fruit thinning, environmental control, disease and pest prevention and treatment, fertilizer management, and water-saving irrigation. Through the human–computer interaction platform, growers can receive decision-making options, planting management evaluation, query information retrieval, and regular relevant planting information. The application results of the platform showed the following: compared with management experience of growers, the water use efficiency of yield (WUEy) increased by 128.55%, the water use efficiency of production value (WUEpy) increased by 226.31%; the amount of chemical fertilizer decreased by 40%, the amount of pesticide decreased by 61.67%, and the cost of pesticide decreased by 32.48%; thus a decrease in the use of both fertilizer and pesticide was achieved. This study can directly provide technical support for strawberry intelligent management in basic greenhouses, and can also be used as a basic platform intelligent management systems for other crops grown in basic greenhouses. Keywords: Basic greenhouse, Intelligent agriculture, Internet of things, Sensor network , Systematic water-saving management, Water-use efficiency.
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Aleri, J. W., and M. Laurence. "A description of biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia." Animal Production Science 60, no. 14 (2020): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19340.
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Aims The study investigated critical biosecurity control points and dairy farmers’ motivations towards biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia. Methods A questionnaire template was administered via an online survey. A three-stage process was used to develop the questionnaire by pooling of potential questions, selection and reduction of the questions to fit an 8–10 min survey. Key results A total of 55 responses were obtained. Mixed species rearing was practiced on 69% of the farms, with a majority keeping either sheep or beef cattle within the same property as dairy cattle. Approximately half of the farms (49%) did not provide formal training to new staff on aspects of animal health, as well as not conducting bull breeding soundness. Most of the farms (98%) required staff to use personal protective equipment, such as overalls and gumboots, but only a few of the farms (34%) had designated areas to clean footwear and a system for recording visitors (17%). Record keeping pertaining to animal health, maintenance of good fences and use of vendor declaration forms was practiced in a majority of the farms. The practice of quarantining new stock before mixing with other stock was practiced in only 45% of the farms. Monthly herd health visits by a veterinarian were utilised by 55% of the farms. Multivariable analysis showed positive significant associations between mixed species rearing with the practice of regular pest control (P = 0.004) and use of footbaths (P = 0.024) and no biosecurity plan (P = 0.025). Furthermore, a positive significant association was also recorded on the presence of a biosecurity plan and the presence of a designated area to clean footwear (P = 0.002) and no regular deworming (P = 0.024). Animal and human health reasons were the main motivators for implementing and maintaining ‘best practice’ biosecurity practices, whereas government regulation was the lowest motivator. Conclusions It is concluded that the biosecurity practices were variable, and animal and human health reasons were the primary motivators for instituting biosecurity practices. Implications There is a need to continue educating farmers on the importance of biosecurity practices.