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1
Kirsch, Philipp. "Pheromones: Their potential role in control of agricultural insect pests." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002241.
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Serious side effects from the conventional use of traditional chemical pesticides for routine arthropod pest management have prompted the investigation and development of alternate strategies for the minimization of pest damage. Insect sex pheromones have been proposed as a potential group of alternative control agents for over twenty years. The possible uses of these substances for insect control are discussed and factors influencing their development for pest management are presented. The scientific research and commercial development of oriental fruit moth mating disruption is presented as a case study for the commercialization of this approach. Advantages and limitations of pheromone-based control tactics are presented. Mating disruption technology is starting to find its place in a number of diverse cropping situations. The use of pheromones for pest control promises to be an important component of the ongoing challenge to develop alternatives that may help to solve major environmental and human health problems associated with chemical pesticide use in agriculture.
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Kumar, Joni. "Infochemicals: An effective and environment friendly management of insect pests for sustainable agriculture." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 1, no. 02 (2016): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2016.1.2.17.
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Chemical signals and cues have been collectively called semiochemicals or infochemicals referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to other that results certain behavioral and physiological changes in response in one or both. Infochemicals that mediate interactions between members of the same species are collectively referred to as pheromones, and can be classified as sex pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm pheromone, trail marking pheromone on the basis of their functions etc. Allelochemicals are also infochemicals which cause an insect to respond interspecifically. They include a more number of chemicals than pheromones, and can be grouped into: allomones, kairomones, apneumones and synomones. The idea of infochemicals using for management of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, forestry and storage has been a driving ambition through few decades of pheromone research. Several chemicals have been identified from insects that can be used in monitoring of native and invasive pest and also to protect the plants against herbivores. They can also be used as mass trapping, annihilation, and behavior manipulation of insect in host finding. Since these compounds are species specific, highly biodegradable and require in minute quantity, they could be exploited as green alternative to insecticides for ecofriendly management of insect pest for sustaining agriculture growth.
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Rizvi, Syed Arif Hussain, Justin George, Gadi V. P. Reddy, Xinnian Zeng, and Angel Guerrero. "Latest Developments in Insect Sex Pheromone Research and Its Application in Agricultural Pest Management." Insects 12, no. 6 (2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060484.
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Since the first identification of the silkworm moth sex pheromone in 1959, significant research has been reported on identifying and unravelling the sex pheromone mechanisms of hundreds of insect species. In the past two decades, the number of research studies on new insect pheromones, pheromone biosynthesis, mode of action, peripheral olfactory and neural mechanisms, and their practical applications in Integrated Pest Management has increased dramatically. An interdisciplinary approach that uses the advances and new techniques in analytical chemistry, chemical ecology, neurophysiology, genetics, and evolutionary and molecular biology has helped us to better understand the pheromone perception mechanisms and its practical application in agricultural pest management. In this review, we present the most recent developments in pheromone research and its application in the past two decades.
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Kirk, William D. J. "The aggregation pheromones of thrips (Thysanoptera) and their potential for pest management." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 37, no. 02 (2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758416000205.
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AbstractAggregation pheromones have been identified and tested in the field forFrankliniella occidentalisandThrips palmi. These pheromones are produced by adult males and attract both males and females. They are likely to be widespread across the Thripidae and identification is in progress for several other pest species. Aggregation pheromones are used commercially for monitoring and activation. Field trials have shown they can be cost effective for mass trapping when used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Use for other approaches, such as lure and kill and mating disruption have not yet been tested. A better understanding of the role of these pheromones in the mating behaviour of thrips is needed and this may suggest further ways of developing their potential for pest management.
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Suckling, D. M., J. T. S. Walker, G. K. Clare, et al. "Development and commercialisation of pheromone products in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5421.
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The sale of pheromone traps lures and mating disruption products for horticultural insect pest species has grown steadily since the late 1980s with expanding sales to New Zealand growers from Plant Food Research (PFR) and its predecessors New biosecurity incursions led to pheromone identifications for delimitation and pest management of other species Mating disruption products were developed to target leafrollers currant clearwing codling moth and oriental fruit moth In 201011 the activity involved with production of > 30 pheromone products was sold as a business unit by PFR to a New Zealand company In addition the first legislative group standard for plant protection products was drawn up to enable future development of straightchained lepidopteran sex pheromones under New Zealands Environmental Protection Authority The availability of pheromone products to assist with decision support and pest management is now subject to market forces
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Shani, Arnon. "Chemical communication agents (pheromones) in integrated pest management." Drug Development Research 50, no. 3-4 (2000): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2299(200007/08)50:3/4<400::aid-ddr22>3.0.co;2-v.
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David, H., B. F. Nesbitt, S. Easwaramoorthy, and V. Nandagopal. "Application of sex pheromones in sugarcane pest management." Proceedings: Animal Sciences 94, no. 3 (1985): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03186274.
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Witzgall, Peter, Philipp Kirsch, and Alan Cork. "Sex Pheromones and Their Impact on Pest Management." Journal of Chemical Ecology 36, no. 1 (2010): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9737-y.
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Kirk, William D. J., Willem Jan de Kogel, Elisabeth H. Koschier, and David A. J. Teulon. "Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022020-081531.
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Thrips (Thysanoptera) are small insects that can cause huge problems in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry through feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. They produce a rich chemical diversity of pheromones and allomones and also respond to a broad range of semiochemicals from plants. These semiochemicals offer many opportunities to develop new approaches to pest management. Aggregation pheromones and plant-derived semiochemicals are already available in commercial products. We review these semiochemicals and consider how we can move away from using them mainly for monitoring to using them for control. We still know very little about the behavioral responses of thrips to semiochemicals, and we show that research in this area is needed to improve the use of semiochemicals in pest management. We also propose that thrips should be used as a model system for semiochemically mediated behaviors of small insects that have limited ability to fly upwind.
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Kirk, William D. J., Willem Jan de Kogel, Elisabeth H. Koschier, and David A. J. Teulon. "Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022020-081531.
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Thrips (Thysanoptera) are small insects that can cause huge problems in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry through feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. They produce a rich chemical diversity of pheromones and allomones and also respond to a broad range of semiochemicals from plants. These semiochemicals offer many opportunities to develop new approaches to pest management. Aggregation pheromones and plant-derived semiochemicals are already available in commercial products. We review these semiochemicals and consider how we can move away from using them mainly for monitoring to using them for control. We still know very little about the behavioral responses of thrips to semiochemicals, and we show that research in this area is needed to improve the use of semiochemicals in pest management. We also propose that thrips should be used as a model system for semiochemically mediated behaviors of small insects that have limited ability to fly upwind.
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Goulart, Henrique F., Maria Raquel F. Lima, Renara K. S. de Morais, and Vanderson B. Bernardo. "Pheromones: A Green Alternative for the Integrated Pest Management." Revista Virtual de Química 7, no. 4 (2015): 1205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20150068.
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Briand, Françoise, Patrick M. Guerin, Pierre-Joseph Charmillot, and Patrik Kehrli. "Small Cages with Insect Couples Provide a Simple Method for a Preliminary Assessment of Mating Disruption." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/960468.
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Mating disruption by sex pheromones is a sustainable, effective and widely used pest management scheme. A drawback of this technique is its challenging assessment of effectiveness in the field (e.g., spatial scale, pest density). The aim of this work was to facilitate the evaluation of field-deployed pheromone dispensers. We tested the suitability of small insect field cages for a pre-evaluation of the impact of sex pheromones on mating using the grape mothsEupoecilia ambiguellaandLobesia botrana, two major pests in vineyards. Cages consisted of a cubic metal frame of 35 cm sides, which was covered with a mosquito net of 1500 μm mesh size. Cages were installed in the centre of pheromone-treated and untreated vineyards. In several trials, 1 to 20 couples of grape moths per cage were released for one to three nights. The proportion of mated females was between 15 to 70% lower in pheromone-treated compared to untreated vineyards. Overall, the exposure of eight couples for one night was adequate for comparing different control schemes. Small cages may therefore provide a fast and cheap method to compare the effectiveness of pheromone dispensers under standardised semi-field conditions and may help predict the value of setting-up large-scale field trials.
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Mbata, G. N., S. Shu, and S. B. Ramaswamy. "Sex pheromones of Callosobruchus subinnotatus and C. maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): congeneric responses and role of air movement." Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, no. 2 (2000): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000250.
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Females of Callosobruchus spp. are known to produce sex pheromones that attract males. These sex pheromones cannot be adopted for use in pest management without first investigating the responses of the males in the windless conditions of storage environments. Consequently, behavioural bioassays of Callosobruchus subinnotatus Pic males were conducted in an olfactometer in the absence of air-flow. Under these conditions males were found to be able to follow odour trails to the source. However, the latency period was longer in diffusional bioassays than for insects in a Y-tube olfactometer that provided directional wind cues. The highest percentage of males reached the pheromone source when components of the pheromones, (E)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid (E32A) and (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid (Z32A), were formulated in a 50:50 or 25:75 ratio. Males of C. maculatus (Fabricius) responded to sex pheromone of C. subinnotatus, but males of C. subinnotatus did not respond to that of C. maculatus. The two sex pheromone components of C. subinnotatus are also constituents of C. maculatus sex pheromone. These two components may be potentially useful in monitoring the populations of both species in stored beans. It is postulated that (Z)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid (Z33A), the major component of the sex pheromone of C. maculatus, must have acted as an antagonist inhibiting response of C. subinnotatus to the sex pheromone of C. maculatus.
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Tupec, Michal, Aleš Buček, Irena Valterová, and Iva Pichová. "Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 9-10 (2017): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0031.
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AbstractThere are more than one million described insect species. This species richness is reflected in the diversity of insect metabolic processes. In particular, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as defensive compounds and chemical signals, encompasses an extraordinarily wide range of chemicals that are generally unparalleled among natural products from other organisms. Insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes thus offer a valuable resource for discovery of novel enzymes with potential for biotechnological applications. Here, we focus on fatty acid (FA) metabolism-related enzymes, notably the fatty acyl desaturases and fatty acyl reductases involved in the biosynthesis of FA-derived pheromones. Research on insect pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes, which exhibit diverse enzymatic properties, has the potential to broaden the understanding of enzyme specificity determinants and contribute to engineering of enzymes with desired properties for biotechnological production of FA derivatives. Additionally, the application of such pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes represents an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to the chemical synthesis of pheromones that are used in insect pest management strategies.
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K. R. M. Bhanu. "Integrated Management of Major Coconut Pests Using Pheromone Lures." CORD 28, no. 2 (2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v28i2.98.
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Red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabidae) and Black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) are the three among major insect pests of coconut in India. Grubs of Red palm weevil (RPW) enter and complete their life cycle within the stem, killing the tree, adults of Rhinoceros beetle (RB) feed on the growing point of the tree and cause yield loss and the larvae of black headed caterpillar scrape and feed on the green part of the coconut leaflets leading to burnt symptoms of the fronds, death of young trees and yield loss. Aggregation pheromones of RPW and RB are used for monitoring and mass trapping of RPW and RB to manage the pest under economic threshold level. During 2006-07 large scale field trials for RPW and RB were carried out in four different states in India by PCI under a partially funded Coconut Development Board (CDB) project using indigenously synthesized pheromone lures. It was demonstrated that the pheromone lures predominantly attracted virgin and gravid females of RPW and RB. Female sex pheromone of black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella was also identified and developed in India by PCI, under a project partially funded by CDB; dispensers, dosage and traps were standardized under field conditions and further trials were also conducted in India. It was also established that pheromone lures can be used as a monitoring and a surveillance tool for understanding the pest status before the release parasitoids and natural enemies.
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Reddy, Gadi V. P., and Khanobporn Tangtrakulwanich. "Potential Application of Pheromones in Monitoring, Mating Disruption, and Control of Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae)." ISRN Entomology 2014 (January 12, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531061.
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Wireworms, the larvae stage of click beetles (family, Elateridae), are serious soil dwelling pests of small grain, corn, sugar beet, and potato crops globally. Since the 1950s, conventional insecticides such as lindane provided effective and inexpensive protection from wireworms, and little integrated pest management research (IPM) was conducted. The removal of these products from the agricultural market, particularly Lindane, has resulted in increasing levels of wireworm damage to small grain, corn, and potato crops. The wireworm damage has become an increasing problem for growers, so the demand for a meaningful risk assessment and useful methods to restrict damage is increasing. However, due to the cryptic habitat of the wireworms, pest control is very difficult and leads to unsatisfying results. The prospective appropriateness of sex pheromone traps for employing management strategies against wireworm’s populations was first suggested with experimentation in Hungary and Italy. Simultaneously, considerable work has been done on the identification and use of pheromone traps to monitor population of click beetles. The work has been mostly done in European and former Soviet Union countries. For this paper, we reviewed what work has been done in monitoring the click beetle which was considered as pests and how the pheromones can be used in IPM to monitor and control wireworms/click beetles. Also, the possibilities of using the pheromone-baited traps for mating disruption and control tested in the fields were summarized.
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Trematerra, P. "Integrated Pest Management of stored-product insects: practical utilization of pheromones." Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 70, no. 3 (1997): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01996919.
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Wagner, C. Michael, Michael L. Jones, Michael B. Twohey, and Peter W. Sorensen. "A field test verifies that pheromones can be useful for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 3 (2006): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-008.
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Pheromone-baited traps have proven highly effective for managing insect pests by selectively removing reproductively active adults prior to mating. Here, we report a field test of two pheromones produced by the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, which may be useful for controlling pest populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In the Trout River, Michigan, we demonstrated that (i) 90% of actively migrating sea lampreys could be drawn into streams treated with a migratory pheromone and (ii) lampreys were three times more likely to enter a barrier-integrated trap in a treated stream when pheromone was discharged directly through that trap (vs. an adjacent, unbaited trap). In a second experiment, we baited three traps with spermiating males (that are known to release a sex pheromone) to investigate how the quantity and spatial distribution of multiple pheromone signals would affect our ability to trap ovulating females. We found that mature females showed a strong tendency to select traps with multiple males over a trap with a single male when the signals were encountered simultaneously, but not when encountered sequentially. Our results strongly suggest pheromones may prove highly effective as attractants in trap-based management tactics for sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.
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Rabhi, Kaouther K., Nina Deisig, Elodie Demondion, et al. "Low doses of a neonicotinoid insecticide modify pheromone response thresholds of central but not peripheral olfactory neurons in a pest insect." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1824 (2016): 20152987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2987.
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Insect pest management relies mainly on neurotoxic insecticides, including neonicotinoids, leaving residues in the environment. There is now evidence that low doses of insecticides can have positive effects on pest insects by enhancing various life traits. Because pest insects often rely on sex pheromones for reproduction, and olfactory synaptic transmission is cholinergic, neonicotinoid residues could modify chemical communication. We recently showed that treatments with different sublethal doses of clothianidin could either enhance or decrease behavioural sex pheromone responses in the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon . We investigated now effects of the behaviourally active clothianidin doses on the sensitivity of the peripheral and central olfactory system. We show with extracellular recordings that both tested clothianidin doses do not influence pheromone responses in olfactory receptor neurons. Similarly, in vivo optical imaging does not reveal any changes in glomerular response intensities to the sex pheromone after clothianidin treatments. The sensitivity of intracellularly recorded antennal lobe output neurons, however, is upregulated by a lethal dose 20 times and downregulated by a dose 10 times lower than the lethal dose 0. This correlates with the changes of behavioural responses after clothianidin treatment and suggests the antennal lobe as neural substrate involved in clothianidin-induced behavioural changes.
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Le, Thanh C., and Kamlesh R. Chauhan. "Simple and Short Synthesis of Trans-(R)-Nerolidol, a Pheromone Component of Fruit Spotting Bug." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 3 (2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900302.
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A three-step synthesis of enantiomerically pure ( R) and ( S)- trans nerolidol from commercially available E, E-fanesol is described. Trans nerolidol is an abundant sesquiterpene in many plant species, almost enantiomerically pure; however, the configuration of chirality is S. There is no natural resource for R-trans nerolidol, which has recently been identified as a pheromone component of the fruit spotting bug Amblypelta lutescens. The simple syntheses reported here will make enantiomerically pure R- and S-trans nerolidol and homologues available for further research and ultimately for use in integrated pest management strategies comprising pheromones.
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Islam, Md Azharul. "Pheromone Use for Insect Control: Present Status and Prospect in Bangladesh." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 2, no. 1 (2013): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.14005.
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The insects world is filled with many odors. Insects use these odors to cue them in a variety of complex social behaviors, including courtship, mating, and egg laying. Scientists and pest control specialists have known about these complex communication systems for decades. The main aim of this study was to visualize the availability, trends and differences in the sources of pheromone control in agricultural growth of Bangladesh. It also concerned on constrains and present use of pheromone and their possible recommendation on behalf of Bangladesh agriculture. It concentrated on the data during last three decades (1980-2010), comprising status of pheromone use in Bangladesh agriculture and its future. Review revealed that Bangladesh has been enormously successful in increasing pheromone use in agricultural production (especially for vegetables). Understanding of the nature of pheromones and their potential for pest control along with the future prospective of pheromone technique in agriculture were stated. Since the pheromone, technologies for control of major crop pests in Bangladesh are still limited. So that this review emphasized on more attention to the authority to increase the research works and project facilities related to develop and promote pheromone techniques. It is highly recommended to increase availability of pheromone in market, more investment in research and development, introduction of newly identified pheromone for specific pest, to assist government and nongovernment organizations to work with farmers to reduce harmful insecticide use and promote pheromone tactics as one part of integrated crop management (ICM). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.14005 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 2 (1): 47-55, June, 2012
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Cork, A., and D. R. Hall. "Application of Pheromones for Crop Pest Management in the Indian Sub-Continent." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 1, no. 1 (1998): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1226-8615(08)60005-9.
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Bento, Jose Mauricio S., Jose Roberto P. Parra, Silvia H. G. de Miranda, Andrea C. O. Adami, Evaldo F. Vilela, and Walter S. Leal. "How much is a pheromone worth?" F1000Research 5 (July 20, 2016): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9195.1.
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Pheromone-baited traps have been widely used in integrated pest management programs, but their economic value for growers has never been reported. We analyzed the economic benefits of long-term use of traps baited with the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum sex pheromone in Central-Southern Brazil. Our analysis show that from 2001 to 2013 citrus growers avoided accumulated pest losses of 132.7 million to 1.32 billion USD in gross revenues, considering potential crop losses in the range of 5 to 50%. The area analyzed, 56,600 to 79,100 hectares of citrus (20.4 to 29.4 million trees), corresponds to 9.7 to 13.5% of the total area planted with citrus in the state of São Paulo. The data show a benefit-to-cost ratio of US$ 2,655 to US$ 26,548 per dollar spent on research with estimated yield loss prevented in the range of 5-50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the priceless benefits for the environment, sex pheromones are invaluable tools for growers as their use for monitoring populations allows rational and reduced use of insecticides, a win-win situation.
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Meslin, Camille, Françoise Bozzolan, Virginie Braman, et al. "Sublethal Exposure Effects of the Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Strongly Modify the Brain Transcriptome and Proteome in the Male Moth Agrotis ipsilon." Insects 12, no. 2 (2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020152.
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Insect pest management relies mainly on neurotoxic insecticides, including neonicotinoids such as clothianidin. The residual accumulation of low concentrations of these insecticides can have positive effects on target pest insects by enhancing various life traits. Because pest insects often rely on sex pheromones for reproduction and olfactory synaptic transmission is cholinergic, neonicotinoid residues could indeed modify chemical communication. We recently showed that treatments with low doses of clothianidin could induce hormetic effects on behavioral and neuronal sex pheromone responses in the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon. In this study, we used high-throughput RNAseq and proteomic analyses from brains of A. ipsilon males that were intoxicated with a low dose of clothianidin to investigate the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed hormetic effect. Our results showed that clothianidin induced significant changes in transcript levels and protein quantity in the brain of treated moths: 1229 genes and 49 proteins were differentially expressed upon clothianidin exposure. In particular, our analyses highlighted a regulation in numerous enzymes as a possible detoxification response to the insecticide and also numerous changes in neuronal processes, which could act as a form of acclimatization to the insecticide-contaminated environment, both leading to enhanced neuronal and behavioral responses to sex pheromone.
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Sammani, Abeysinghe M. P., Dissanayaka M. S. K. Dissanayaka, Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne, Thushara C. Bamunuarachchige, and William R. Morrison. "Effect of Pheromones, Plant Volatiles and Spinosad on Mating, Male Attraction and Burrowing of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Insects 11, no. 12 (2020): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120845.
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Mating disruption of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using its sex pheromone components, (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA), is successful in its population management. In addition, botanical oils have extensively been investigated in stored product pest management, but the effect of synthetic sex pheromones on the mating of C. cautella in the presence of plant volatiles is still unknown. Spinosad is used in food facilities as a contact insecticide but, if C. cautella larvae burrow into food, they may escape from spinosad. Importantly, the impact of spinosad on burrowing ability of C. cautella remains unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sex pheromone components ZETA and ZTA in the presence of botanical oils on the mating of C. cautella and the burrowing ability of C. cautella larvae in different types of flour treated with spinosad. In the first study, male and female moths were introduced into the cubicle having botanical oils and pheromone components. The mating status of female moths and male moth attraction to the trap was determined. The control experiments had only the botanical oils or pheromones. In the second study, burrowing ability of C. cautella larvae through different flour types was evaluated over 10 d. The flour was sprayed with spinosad (treatments) or water (controls). The mating success was higher with botanical oils alone but declined with exposure to pheromone either alone or combined with botanical oils. No differences in male attraction to traps were observed in botanical only, pheromone only or pheromone + botanical oil treatments. The burrowing of C. cautella larvae differed with flour type and spinosad altered burrowing ability. Thus, we conclude that the mating and burrowing of C. cautella is influenced by its pheromone and by exposure to botanicals and spinosad.
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Rajendran, Somiahnadar. "Insect Pest Management in Stored Products." Outlooks on Pest Management 31, no. 1 (2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_feb_05.
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Insects are a common problem in stored produce. The author describes the extent of the problem and approaches to countering it. Stored products of agricultural and animal origin, whether edible or non-edible, are favourite food for insect pests. Durable agricultural produce comprising dry raw and processed commodities and perishables (fresh produce) are vulnerable to insect pests at various stages from production till end-use. Similarly, different animal products and museum objects are infested mainly by dermestids. Insect pests proliferate due to favourable storage conditions, temperature and humidity and availability of food in abundance. In addition to their presence in food commodities, insects occur in storages (warehouses, silos) and processing facilities (flour mills, feed mills). Insect infestation is also a serious issue in processed products and packed commodities. The extent of loss in stored products due to insects varies between countries depending on favourable climatic conditions, and pest control measures adopted. In stored food commodities, insect infestation causes loss in quantity, changes in nutritional quality, altered chemical composition, off-odours, changes in end-use products, dissemination of toxigenic microorganisms and associated health implications. The insects contribute to contaminants such as silk threads, body fragments, hastisetae, excreta and chemical secretions. Insect activity in stored products increases the moisture content favouring the growth of moulds that produce mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxin in stored peanuts). Hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus infesting silkworm cocoons has been reported to act as a carrier of microsporidian parasite Nosema bombycis that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In dried fish, insect infestation leads to higher bacterial count and uric acid levels. Insects cause damage in hides and skins affecting their subsequent use for making leather products. The trend in stored product insect pest management is skewing in favour of pest prevention, monitoring, housekeeping and finally control. Hermetic storage system can be supplemented with CO2 or phosphine application to achieve quicker results. Pest detection and monitoring has gained significance as an important tool in insect pest management. Pheromone traps originally intended for detection of infestations have been advanced as a mating disruption device ensuing pest suppression in storage premises and processing facilities; pheromones also have to undergo registration protocols similar to conventional insecticides in some countries. Control measures involve reduced chemical pesticide use and more non-chemical inputs such as heat, cold/freezing and desiccants. Furthermore, there is an expanding organic market where physical and biological agents play a key role. The management options for insect control depend on the necessity or severity of pest incidence. Generally, nonchemical treatments, except heat, require more treatment time or investment in expensive equipment or fail to achieve 100% insect mortality. Despite insect resistance, environmental issues and residue problems, chemical control is inevitable and continues to be the most effective and rapid control method. There are limited options with respect to alternative fumigants and the alternatives have constraints as regards environmental and health concerns, cost, and other logistics. For fumigation of fresh agricultural produce, new formulations of ethyl formate and phosphine are commercially applied replacing methyl bromide. Resistance management is now another component of stored product pest management. In recent times, fumigation techniques have improved taking into consideration possible insect resistance. Insect control deploying nanoparticles, alone or as carriers for other control agents, is an emerging area with promising results. As there is no single compound with all the desired qualities, a necessity has arisen to adopt multiple approaches. Cocktail applications or combination treatments (IGRs plus organophosphorus insecticides, diatomaceous earth plus contact insecticides, nanoparticles plus insecticides/pathogens/phytocompounds and conventional fumigants plus CO2; vacuum plus fumigant) have been proved to be more effective. The future of store product insect pest management is deployment of multiple approaches and/or combination treatments to achieve the goal quickly and effectively.
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Maccaro, Jessica J., Brian A. Whyte, and Neil D. Tsutsui. "The Ant Who Cried Wolf? Short-Term Repeated Exposure to Alarm Pheromone Reduces Behavioral Response in Argentine Ants." Insects 11, no. 12 (2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120871.
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In this study we test whether Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) progressively reduce their response to a salient stimulus (alarm pheromone) with increased exposure over time. First, we used a two-chamber olfactometer to demonstrate three focal behaviors of Argentine ants that indicate an alarmed state in response to conspecific alarm pheromone and pure synthetic iridomyrmecin (a dominant component of L. humile alarm pheromone). We then measured how these behaviors changed after repeated exposure to conspecific alarm pheromone from live ants. In addition, we investigate whether there is a difference in the ants’ behavioral response after “short” (3 min) versus “long” (6 min) intervals between treatments. Our results show that Argentine ants do exhibit reduced responses to their own alarm pheromone, temporarily ceasing their response to it after four or five exposures, and this pattern holds whether exposure is repeated after “short” or “long” intervals. We suggest alarm pheromones may be perceived as false alarms unless threatening stimuli warrant a continued state of alarm. These results should be kept in mind while developing pheromone-based integrated pest management strategies.
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Suckling, D. M. "Sex pheromones and semiochemicals offer an elegant future for pest management and biosecurity." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1105 (December 2015): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1105.39.
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Campion, D. G., D. R. Hall, and P. F. Prevett. "Use of pheromones in crop and stored products pest management: control and monitoring." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 4-5-6 (1987): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400022852.
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Hue, Seow-Mun, and Min-Yang Low. "An Insight into Sweet Potato Weevils Management: A Review." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/849560.
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Sweet potato is an important food crop that is grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sweet potato weevil is the most disastrous pest affecting sweet potato plantations, causing millions of dollars losses annually. An effective integrated pest management (IPM) method will help to prevent economic losses, and it is crucial to understand the factors that contribute to weevil infestation and strategies that are available to overcome them. This review summarizes the (1) mechanisms of action of weevil on sweet potato and (2) contributing factors in weevil infestation, followed by (3) discussion on current IPM practices used in the different regions, including intercropping, entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria, sex pheromones, and pesticides. Lastly, it also focuses on (4) applications of advanced biotechnology and genomics strategies towards reducing weevil’s infestation in sweet potato plantation.
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Sulistyowati, Endang. "Effectiveness of Sex Pheromone in Controlling Cocoa Pod Borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snell.)." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 30, no. 2 (2014): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i2.8.
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Cocoa pod borer (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella nell.) is a dangerous pest of cocoa which seriously reduce cocoa production mainly in Southeast Asia and Pasific. Prevention of CPB attack can be done by pod sleeving to prevent CPBs lay eggs on pod, or reduction of source of CPB infestation by using pheromone or kairomone as attractant in an insect trap. A preliminary research using sex pheromone has been conducted at endemic cocoa area infested by CPB in East Java. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sex pheromonesin controlling CPB. Trial was arranged by randomized completely block design in four treatments and four blocks as replication. Four densities trap/ha (0, 4, 8, and 12 traps/ha) were used as a treatments. Sex pheromone trap consisted of synthetic pheromone (lure) and sticky liner was hanged on 0.5 m above the cocoa canopy. The results showed that the number of CPB captured during four months was significantly decreased. The number of CPB captured per trap during the first two months in the treatment of 0, 4, 8 and 12 traps/ha were 0, 6.5, 4.72, and 5.58 CPBs, respectively. Four months after treatment, the number of CPB captured in the respective treatments was reduced to 0, 0.25, 0.6, and 0.96 CPBs. Estimate calculation on yield loss due to CPB attack showed that before treatment the yield loss ranged 37.4—45.6%, however six months after treatment, the yield loss in treatment plots decreased to 9.4—21%, whereas on control 38.47%. Use of sex pheromones to attract CPB at a density of 4 traps/ha reduced yield losses due to CPB damage by 67.7%. The significant correlation betweenthe number of CPB captured with the damage intensity followed regression equation of Y = - 0,00044X + 0,32059. Use of sex pheromone for monitoring or masstrapping of CPB, as a component in IPM of CPB is promising, due to its nature for specific target, environmentally friendly, effectiveness, and economic values.Key words: cocoa, cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, integrated pest management, biological control, sex pheromone
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Smith, M. A. H., I. L. Wise, and R. J. Lamb. "Sex ratios of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): implications for pest management in wheat (Poaceae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, no. 6 (2004): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004333.
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AbstractSex ratios of populations of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, developing on wheat Triticum aestivum L., were determined at reproduction, adult emergence, and dispersal. The patterns of sex ratio through the life cycle of S. mosellana result from: (i) a genetic mechanism that causes all or nearly all of the progeny of individual females to be a single sex, with an overall sex ratio that is slightly biased at 54–57% females; (ii) a differential mortality during diapause that increases the sex ratio to 60–65% females; (iii) mating which occurs near the emergence site followed by female dispersal which causes the post-dispersal sex ratio to rise to nearly 100% females; and (iv) oviposition which spreads eggs among different plants and assures that the next generation has a local sex ratio close to the population average. These changes in sex ratio through the life cycle have implications for using crop resistance or pheromones to manage S. mosellana, because mating takes place quickly near emergence sites, and because mated females but not males disperse from emergence sites to oviposition sites. Crop refuges used to protect resistance genes against the evolution of virulence by S. mosellana must be interspersed to prevent assortative mating that would occur in separate blocks of resistant and susceptible plants. Monitoring or mating disruption using a pheromone would be ineffective when wheat is grown in rotation with a non-host crop.
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Gaffke, Alexander M., Hans T. Alborn, Tom L. Dudley, and Dan W. Bean. "Using Chemical Ecology to Enhance Weed Biological Control." Insects 12, no. 8 (2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080695.
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In agricultural systems, chemical ecology and the use of semiochemicals have become critical components of integrated pest management. The categories of semiochemicals that have been used include sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, and plant volatile compounds used as attractants as well as repellents. In contrast, semiochemicals are rarely utilized for management of insects used in weed biological control. Here, we advocate for the benefit of chemical ecology principles in the implementation of weed biocontrol by describing successful utilization of semiochemicals for release, monitoring and manipulation of weed biocontrol agent populations. The potential for more widespread adoption and successful implementation of semiochemicals justifies multidisciplinary collaborations and increased research on how semiochemicals and chemical ecology can enhance weed biocontrol programs.
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Cork, Alan, Malcolm J. Iles, Nazira Q. Kamal, J. C. Saha Choudhury, M. Mahbub Rahman, and Moinul Islam. "An Old Pest, a New Solution." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2005): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774378793.
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Bangladesh is essentially self-sufficient in rice as a result of the successful adoption of new high-yielding varieties and irrigated summer production over traditional deep-water cultivation practices. The sustainability of the cropping system depends on farmers adopting integrated pest management (IPM) practices in preference to relying solely on insecticides for pest and disease control. Yet insecticide consumption in rice is increasing, in common with other crop-production systems in Bangladesh. It is probably only the poor economic returns from rice cultivation that prevent more widespread use of pesticides. Enlightened agrochemical companies such as Syngenta Bangladesh Limited have recognized that insecticide use in rice should be discouraged, and promote IPM options through their farmer field school (FFS) programme. This paper describes the results of a collaborative project to assist Syngenta to develop and incorporate mass trapping with sex pheromones into their FFS programme as an environmentally benign method of controlling the predominant insect pests of rice, stem borers.
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Igwe, O., and P. Eze. "Chemistry of Trail Pheromones from Cubitermes Termites (Amitermes dentatus): An Innovation in Pest Management." American Chemical Science Journal 6, no. 1 (2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acsj/2015/14256.
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Trematerra, Pasquale, and Marco Colacci. "Recent Advances in Management by Pheromones of Thaumetopoea Moths in Urban Parks and Woodland Recreational Areas." Insects 10, no. 11 (2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110395.
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Caterpillars of the pine processionary moths, Thaumetopoea complex, cause serious defoliation to Cedrus, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga trees. Thaumetopoea caterpillars also have fine hairs on their abdominal tergites that contain a protein that can severely irritate and cause dermatitis in humans and domestic animals. The control of the T. pityocampa pine processionary moth has become necessary in many European countries because of the sanitary risks that are related to larval urtication and the defoliation threat to pine forests and plantations. New research activities have been aimed at the development of eco-friendly, innovative technologies for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of these moths, particularly in urban parks and woodland recreational areas. This paper describes the recent advances in the use of pheromones in monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption related to management of processionary moths T. hellenica and T. pityocampa. According to the results, the use of pheromones may provide a practical alternative to insecticide sprays, as they can be safe and simple as compared to other control methods.
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Alkema, Jeroen T., Marcel Dicke, and Bregje Wertheim. "Context-Dependence and the Development of Push-Pull Approaches for Integrated Management of Drosophila suzukii." Insects 10, no. 12 (2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120454.
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Sustainable pest control requires a systems approach, based on a thorough ecological understanding of an agro-ecosystem. Such fundamental understanding provides a basis for developing strategies to manipulate the pest’s behaviour, distribution, and population dynamics, to be employed for crop protection. This review focuses on the fundamental knowledge required for the development of an effective push-pull approach. Push-pull is a strategy to repel a pest from a crop, while attracting it toward an external location. It often relies on infochemicals (e.g., pheromones or allelochemicals) that are relevant in the ecology of the pest insect and can be exploited as lure or repellent. Importantly, responsiveness of insects to infochemicals is dependent on both the insect’s internal physiological state and external environmental conditions. This context-dependency reflects the integration of cues from different sensory modalities, the effect of mating and/or feeding status, as well as diurnal or seasonal rhythms. Furthermore, when the costs of responding to an infochemical outweigh the benefits, resistance can rapidly evolve. Here, we argue that profound knowledge on context-dependence is important for the development and implementation of push-pull approaches. We illustrate this by discussing the relevant fundamental knowledge on the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii as an example.
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Preti, Michele, Alan L. Knight, and Sergio Angeli. "Improved Monitoring of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Stone Fruit Orchards with a Pheromone-Kairomone Combination Lure." Insects 11, no. 7 (2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070412.
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Monitoring oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), populations based on counts in sex pheromone-baited traps within sex pheromone-treated orchards for mating disruption (MD) is challenging since male orientation to traps is disrupted. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial pheromone–kairomone combination lure for G. molesta (Pherocon® OFM Combo™ Dual™), which combines the G. molesta and Cydia pomonella L. sex pheromones with a blend of acetic acid and terpinyl acetate. Trap comparisons were performed in 33 trials in peach and nectarine orchards under MD (24) or non-MD (9) during the 2018–2019 period in Italy. Male and total moth captures in traps baited with the combination lure were significantly greater than in traps with G. molesta pheromone in both years and across both pheromone treatments. The proportion of females in the total moth captures using the combination lure averaged ca. 7% across all trials. The by-catch of non-targets, i.e., Apis mellifera L., was low in traps baited either with the combination and the sex pheromone lure, while trap color (white) affected the capture of beneficials but not of the target pest. Our study proves that this combination lure can improve the monitoring and management for G. molesta in stone fruits. New studies are needed to define action thresholds to trigger supplemental control methods to MD. Secondly, female-based monitoring lures should be further developed to improve management strategies.
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Boyer, Francois-Didier, Josiane Beauhaire, Giang Vo Thanh, et al. "ChemInform Abstract: Use of Natural Products in Pest Management: Synthetic Studies on Pheromones and Antifeedants." ChemInform 31, no. 49 (2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200049285.
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Mfuti, David K., Amanuel Tamiru, William D. J. Kirk, et al. "Exploiting Thrips Aggregation Pheromones to Develop a Lure-and-Kill Strategy for the Management of the Bean Flower Thrips." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (2021): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071269.
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The potential of semiochemicals to lure insect pests to a trap where they can be killed with biopesticides has been demonstrated as an eco-friendly pest management alternative. In this study, we tested two recently characterized male-produced aggregation pheromones of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), namely (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate (major) and (R)-lavandulol (minor), for their field efficacy. Moreover, compatibility of these pheromones and two other thrips attractants, Lurem-TR and neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, with the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 has been determined. Our study revealed that the M. sjostedti aggregation pheromones have dose-dependent antifungal effects on the EPF viability, but showed no fungistatic effect at a field-realistic dose for attraction of thrips. (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate had similar antifungal effects as neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate 8 days after exposure; whereas, Lurem-TR had a stronger antifungal effect than other thrips attractants. In the semi-field experiments, all autoinoculation devices maintained at least 86% viability of M. anisopliae conidia after 12 days of exposure. Field trials demonstrated for the first time that (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate increases trap catches. Our findings pave a way for designing a lure-and-kill thrips management strategy to control bean flower thrips using autoinoculation devices or spot spray application.
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Mainali, Ram Prasad. "Biology and Management of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (2014): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.10001.
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Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) is one of the most economically important vegetable of tropics having hot-wet climate. The key pest, eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee found to be most destructive and first ranked threat especially in South Asia, hence become hot issue for research in this region. It inflicts sizeable damage up to 80 percent in terms of fruit and content of vitamin-C. This situation refrained the farmers growing eggplant, hence relevant literature were gleaned and overviews regarding biology and management of borer with supportive facts and figure for safe and healthy eggplant production. As integrated approaches of pest management have been gaining popularity nowadays, this article outlines all the components of IPM including use of resistant varieties, sex pheromones, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents, botanical and chemical means of management including basic biological parameters associated with management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.10001Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 18-28
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C.P. Ramachandran. "Management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in the Gulf and Mediterranean region." CORD 21, no. 02 (2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v21i02.409.
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The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is the most deadly and dangerous pest of coconut, date, oil, sago and other palms. R. ferrugineus is distributed in over 33 countries over a wide range of area under different agro-climatic conditions and attacks more than two dozen palm species. In the Middle East the weevil is the most destructive pest of the date palms. The hidden nature of the pest attack makes timely detection of the infestation and control measures difficult. The earlier reviews provide details of biology and control methods viz. phyto-sanitary and preventive, curative, biological, baiting and trapping etc. Different combinations of above mentioned control methods have also been tried with varying degrees of success. Results of two major IPM programmes carried out in the gulf countries, the first during 1993-1998 mainly based on chemical and pheromone trapping and the second from 1998-2002 using bio-agents and pheromone trapping are discussed. In Jordan valley intensive pheromone trapping and incorporation of systemic insecticide in irrigation water could not control the pest even after three years. Development of ecofriendly pest control strategies like hybrid sterility, incompatibility and disruption of tolerance to high temperatures in Gulf and Mediterranean regions is suggested to combat the pest.
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George, Justin, James P. Glover, Jeffrey Gore, Whitney D. Crow, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "Biology, Ecology, and Pest Management of the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) in Southern Row Crops." Insects 12, no. 9 (2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090807.
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The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), (Hemiptera: Miridae) is considered the most damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States, although it is established throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. The introduction of transgenic crops for the control of moths in the Heliothine complex and eradication of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from much of the United States led to greatly reduced pesticide use in cotton fields, which allowed L. lineolaris to emerge as a new primary pest of cotton in the mid-southern United States. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new studies have been published on the changes in host range, population dynamics, sampling methods and thresholds, cultural practices, sex pheromones and attractant blends, novel pesticides and insecticide resistance mechanisms, olfactory and feeding behaviors, introduction of biological control agents, host-plant resistance mechanisms, and new molecular and genetic tools for integrated pest management of Lygus species in cotton and other important crops. Here, we review and discuss the latest developments in L. lineolaris research in the last two decades.
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Abraham, V. A., M. A. AI Shuaibi, J. R. Faleiro, R. A. Abozuhairah, and P. S. P. V. Vidyasagar. "An Integrated Management Approach for Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus Oliv. a Key Pest of Date Palm in the Middle East." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 3, no. 1 (1998): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss1pp77-83.
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The date palm, Phoenix doctylifera L., is the most important fruit crop in the Middle East, cultivated since prehistoric times. Since mid-eighties the dreaded pest of palms viz. the red palm weevil. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. has been reported to cause serious damage to date palm in certain pockets of the Gulf region. The pest subsequently spread to most of the date growing centers in the region and attained a key pest status. The unique agroclimatic conditions prevailing in the Middle East and the nature of the crop, coupled with transportation of planting material have helped in the rapid development and spread of the pest in a short period of about a decade Feeding of the soft tissues by this concealed borer often leads to the death of the palm. if timely curative measures are not adopted. However, taking up curative measures in the early stage of attack is often not possible as detection in infestation in the early stage is difficult. Moreover, the presence of neglected date gardens, beheaded palms, retention of unwanted off shoots etc. make the problem intricate. To tackle this problem from various angles and successfully combat the pest, the following Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme is suggested. The major components of the IPM strategy are surveillance, trapping the weevil using pheromones lures, detection of infestation by examining palms. Eliminating hidden breeding sites, clearing abandoned gardens, maintaining crop and field sanitation, preventive chemical treatments, curative chemical control implementing quarantine measures and training and education.
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Sharma, Anamika, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals." Insects 10, no. 12 (2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120439.
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Biological control agents and semiochemicals have become essential parts of the integrated pest management of insect pests over recent years, as the incorporation of semiochemicals with natural enemies and entomopathogenic microbials has gained significance. The potential of insect pheromones to attract natural enemies has mainly been established under laboratory conditions, while semiochemicals from plants have been used to attract and retain natural enemies in field conditions using strategies such as trap crops and the push–pull mechanism. The best-known semiochemicals are those used for parasitoids–insect pest–plant host systems. Semiochemicals can also aid in the successful dispersal of entomopathogenic microbials. The use of semiochemicals to disseminate microbial pathogens is still at the initial stage, especially for bacterial and viral entomopathogens. Future studies should focus on the integration of semiochemicals into management strategies for insects, for which several semiochemical compounds have already been studied. More effective formulations of microbial agents, such as granular formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), along with bio-degradable trap materials, could improve this strategy. Furthermore, more studies to evaluate species-specific tactics may be needed, especially where more than one key pest is present.
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Pineda-Ríos, José Manuel, Juan Cibrián-Tovar, Luis Martín Hernández-Fuentes та ін. "α-Terpineol: An Aggregation Pheromone in Optatus palmaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Pascoe, 1889) Enhanced by Its Host-Plant Volatiles". Molecules 26, № 10 (2021): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102861.
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The Annonaceae fruits weevil (Optatus palmaris) causes high losses to the soursop production in Mexico. Damage occurs when larvae and adults feed on the fruits; however, there is limited research about control strategies against this pest. However, pheromones provide a high potential management scheme for this curculio. Thus, this research characterized the behavior and volatile production of O. palmaris in response to their feeding habits. Olfactometry assays established preference by weevils to volatiles produced by feeding males and soursop. The behavior observed suggests the presence of an aggregation pheromone and a kairomone. Subsequently, insect volatiles sampled by solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace detected a unique compound on feeding males increased especially when feeding. Feeding-starvation experiments showed an averaged fifteen-fold increase in the concentration of a monoterpenoid on males feeding on soursop, and a decrease of the release of this compound males stop feeding. GC-MS analysis of volatiles identified this compound as α-terpineol. Further olfactometry assays using α-terpineol and soursop, demonstrated that this combination is double attractive to Annonaceae weevils than only soursop volatiles. The results showed a complementation effect between α-terpineol and soursop volatiles. Thus, α-terpineol is the aggregation pheromone of O. palmaris, and its concentration is enhanced by host-plant volatiles.
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Panthi, Bhanu Bhakta. "Small scale Coffee Farmer’s Response towards Management of Coffee Pest through Field Level Techniques." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (2015): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v19i2.13850.
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Coffee among the Nepalese farmers is one of the breaks-through from the traditional subsistence food crops to agrobased industrial crop. It was planted under multi cropping pattern with fruits species; Musa paradiciaca L (banana), Citrus lemon (Lemon), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jack fruit), Pyrus pyrifolia (pear), and Psidium guajava L (guava), fodders species, cereals and vegetables. Coffee farmers of Gulmi and Lalitpur tried to manage the orchards through shade management, intercropping, optimum manuring, and protection from pests. For this, farmers adopted various management techniques; handpicking and destroying, use of local pesticides, use of pheromones trap. More than 90 % of the coffee farmers were used local pesticides but with random composition and amount. Most preferred botanicals at farmer’s level are; Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Azadirachta indica, Eupatorium adenophorum, Utrica dioca L. Artemesia indica, Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum. Though, these techniques were applied, farmers still were not successful fully to overcome the problem of White Stem Borer (Xylotrechus quadripes). This might be due to untimely application and not proper composition to prepare in large quantity. This prepared pesticide was only effective to control small and soft bodied insects. The using of botanicals was observed to reduce the chances of pest attack and found a significant step toward green pesticides.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(2): 37-44
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Morrison, William, Alexander Bruce, Rachel Wilkins, Chloe Albin, and Frank Arthur. "Sanitation Improves Stored Product Insect Pest Management." Insects 10, no. 3 (2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10030077.
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There is a large suite of insects that attack anthropogenic agricultural goods after harvest. Proper sanitation programs for food facilities are now recognized as the foundation of good integrated pest management (IPM) programs for stored products throughout the post-harvest supply chain. While good sanitation programs are generally thought to reduce the abundance and diversity of insects, there has been less appreciation of the manifold ways that sanitation interacts with a range of other IPM tactics to modulate their efficacy. Here, we review the literature on how the effectiveness of chemical, physical/cultural, biological, and behaviorally-based control tactics varies with changes in sanitation. In addition, we discuss how sanitation may affect ongoing pheromone- and kairomone-based monitoring programs. Where possible, we quantitatively compile and analyze the impact of sanitation on the fold-change in the efficacy of IPM tactics. We found that decreased sanitation negatively affected the efficacy of most tactics examined, with a mean 1.3–17-fold decrease in efficacy under poorer sanitation compared to better sanitation. Sanitation had neutral or mixed impacts on a few tactics as well. Overall, the literature suggests that sanitation should be of the utmost importance for food facility managers concerned about the efficacy of a wide range of management tactics.
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Karapanci, Nikolin, and Besnik Skënderasi. "Monitoring and Determination of Proper Intervention Time, Against Coodling Moth Through the Use of Sexual Feromons." Annals ”Valahia” University of Targoviste - Agriculture 12, no. 1 (2018): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agr-2018-0003.
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Abstract In the district of Korça, apple is one of the main fruit tree crops. It represents 70% of the total number of fruit trees. In recent years, this culture has taken a very wide range, with a large number of cultivars of tradition but also young people who are quite liked by the internal and external market. The new technologies that have begun to apply for apples are the most contemporary and consequently i’ts production has been growing year by year. In addition to that, in apple cultivation technology are been added also problems related to the management of pests and diseases, one of the most important and pest is the coodling moth which has caused and continues to cause considerable damage in the apple culture,causing damage to all seasonal production. Based on this fact, farmers take measures to protect against this pest, but in most cases the treatments are carried out empirically and without the proper effect against the pests. Therefore, by this experiment, some aspects of coodling moth will be studied both with the traditional (direct) method and with the contemporary method of using sexual pheromones for monitorin this pest with the aim of it’s integrated management, to increase the quantity and quality of apple production.
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Rahman, AKM Z., MA Haque, SN Alam, K. Begum, and D. Sarker. "Development of integrated pest management approaches against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in tomato." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (2016): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i2.28231.
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Five IPM packages viz. T1=Pheromone trap @ 70 traps ha-1 + Neem seed kernel extract @ 50 g L-1 of water; T2=Pheromone trap + HaNPV @ 0.4 ml L-1 of water and Bt @ 2.0 g L-1 of water; T3=Pheromone trap + Neem seed kernel extract + HaNPV and Bt; T4=Pheromone trap + Trichogramma chillnis @ 50,000 ha-1 and Bracon hebetor @ 1200 ha-1; T5=Pheromone trap + Neem seed kernel extract + T. chilonis and B. hebetor were evaluated against H. armigera in tomato. The lowest fruit infestation by number (12.55%) was attained from T5 followed by T2 (15.49%). Significantly the lowest fruit infestation by weight was found in treatment T2 (10.60%) followed by T5 (11.73%). The highest yield was obtained from T5 (29.74 t ha-1) followed by T2 (26.77 t ha-1). The highest marginal benefit cost ratio was achieved from T2 (3.41) followed by T5 (3.35). Hence, considering benefit cost ratio, T2 and T5 packages may be the effective tools for managing H. armigera in tomato.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(2): 287-296, June 2016