Academic literature on the topic 'Pest repellant'

Hama yaitu seluruh hewan yang merugikan pertanian dan organisme pengganggu tanaman yang merusak secara fisik, contohnya seperti burung. Hama burung bisa memakan padi hingga rata-rata sejumlah 5 g perhari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memoifikasi dan mengetahui kinerja alat pengusir hama burung berbasis mikrokontroler menggunakan sensor pir (passive infra red). Pembuatan alat ini meliuti beberapa tahaan yaitu studi pustaka, identifikasi sistem, merancang alat dan sistem kontrol, pengujian fungsional, pengujian lapangan dan analisis data. Mikrokontroler arduino uno sebagai pengendali alat, akumulator sebagai sumber daya, sensor PIR sebagai sensor pendeteksi serta motor servo sebagai penggerak. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian jarak deteksi alat diketahui bahwa jarak rata-rata jangkauan sensor hanya 4 m. Ini dikarenakan sebab penggunaan sensor kadangkala kurang dapat mendeteksi keberadaan burung yang jumlahnya 1 ekor dan area lahan memiliki cakupan yang luas.

The aim of this study is to find out the effectiveness and concentration of Pulai stem extract (Alstoniascolaris) upon the pest of Plutellaxylostella. This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty of Flores University in Ende. A completely random design was employed with five treatments, namely J0 (aquades), J1 (75 ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J2 (100ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J3 (125ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J4 (150ml of Pulai stem extract concentration).The result of study reveals that extract of PulaiAlstoniascolaris stem was influential to the development of Plutellaxylostella pest in contact poison of J0 7,50%, J1 60,00%, J2 67,50%, J3 67,50% and J4 80,00%, while for repellant activity of J0 80,00%, J1 57,50%, J2 22,50%, J3 15,00%, and J4 15,00%, for belly poison of J0 00,00%, J1 57,50%, J2 72,50%, J3 75,00% and J4 80,00%. Extract of Pulai stem is the right plant which is effective to highest mortality of Plutellaxylostellapest, belly poison on80,00% of J4 treatment, repellant activity on 15% of J4 treatment, and contact poison on 70% of J4 treatment.

Dermestes maculatus is a very important pest of smoke-dried fish that destroys the flesh, eating away the muscles, and leaving the skeletons when cured fish are stored for long period. This necessitates the idea of establishing an alternative repellant from natural plant products. In this article, compounds of Capsicum annum will be studied against repellent protein NDS2 of D. maculatus. The compounds present in C. annum. were docked against The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NDS2) protein of D. maculatus. PyRx-Python prescription 0.8 was used to identify binding affinities of compounds against the proteins. The results we obtained from molecular docking show that among 48 molecules of natural origin from C. annuum was downloaded in SDF format from the NCBI PubChem database. Six molecules are the best compounds observed through molecular docking and some hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are proposed as the efficacy from C. annuum on a repellent protein of D. maculatus. The molecular docking was performed to establish efficacy and binding affinity of ligands from C. annum on the repellent protein of D. maculatus. ADMET analysis is performed to establish the possible toxicity of the ligands. Importantly, all six natural compounds present in C. annum. may be more potent in new insecticide against NSD2 in D. maculatus but needs further experimental research.

Natural extracts like pyroligneous acid (wood vinegar) is evaluated for pest repellant action of Abelmoschus esculentus and Solanum melongena. Wood species as Gliricidia sepium, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Acacia leucopholea, and Azadirachta indica used for preparation of pyroligneous acids from different concentrations such as 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0% for the experiment. Pyroligneous acid applied as foliar spray with one week intervals when the plant is having four to five leaves per each plant. Pyroligneous acids from different wood species were not significant but Azadirachta indica wood species showed lower mean values of pest attacks as 1st week 1.05 ± 0.11 , 2nd week 2.05 ± 0.16 , 3rd week 2.75 ± 0.18 and 4th week 3.25 ± 0.17 for the Abelmoschus esculentus plant. Pyroligneous acids from different concentrations were significant except the 1st week. Mean values for the pest attacks explain as 1st week 0.81 ± 0.03, 2nd week 1.50 ± 0.07, 3rd week 2.12 ± 0.09 and 4th week 2.31 ± 0.11 for the Abelmoschus esculentus plant. Interaction effect was not significant in all weeks. Also for the Solanum melongena, pyroligneous acids from different wood species were not significant but the pyroligneous acids from Azadirachta indica wood species were having lower mean value of pest attacks. It can described as 1st week 0.70 ± 0.10, 2nd week 1.50 ± 0.12, 3rd week 2.05 ± 0.16 and 4th week 2.40 ± 0.17. Solanum melongena plants also showed same actions for the different concentrations of pyroligneous acids were significant.  

Mortein, one of the top pest repellant brands in India, was facing a stagnant market share for the past three years. Although the brand in itself stood for “power”, consumers did not perceive the vaporizer to have the same power as competitors' products. Deepak Sinha, the brand manager for Mortein, had formulated a business strategy to capture share from competition through a brand relaunch with an improved and more effective product, Mortein PowerGard. Deepak had come up with the proposal for a 360-degree activation for Mortein. Deepak had to approve the advertising copy designed and developed by a management trainee. He wanted to be doubly-sure about the target audience for the communication campaign and the decision-making units for the purchase of a mosquito repellent. There was a debate on this at Reckitt-Benckiser (hereafter referred to as RB). He wanted to be scientific about decisions like target audience selection and the appropriateness of the message strategy which was also part of the copy strategy. Deepak and the trainee had to convince the top management at RB on certain decisions that were taken and some others that were being contemplated upon.

Background: The small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida is an invasive pest of the honey bee. Although no previous methods have led to its successful management, yeast inoculated pollen baited-traps have showed promise as quick monitoring tools. In this study, we evaluated the role of olfaction in SHB response to Apicure®, an essential oil-based biopesticide that has shown potential for the management of honey bee pests and diseases. Methods: Volatiles from Apicure® were collected using super Q adsorbent traps. Subsequent analysis was done using Gas chromatography- mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) to ascertain the components of Apicure®. The selectivity and sensitivity of antennal receptors of A. tumida adults to the volatile compounds were determined using behavioral assays and Gas Chromatography-Electroantennodetection (GC-EAD). Results: GC-MS analysis showed that Apicure® consists of 40 compounds. GC-EAD analysis isolated 11 compounds that elicited antennal response with the SHB. Of these, linalool, camphor, geraniol and α-terpineol were confirmed to be strongly repellant, while limonene was attractive to SHB in dual-choice olfactometer assays. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the major components in Apicure® are mainly repellants thus prospective in disrupting the host recognition by the SHB. The product therefore can be up-scaled for the management of SHB.

Activity Test Extract Mboa Leaf (Melastomata Malabatrikum) against warehouse pest Callosobruchus Sp (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) Green bean (Phaseolus Radiata L.). Green beans are an important crop in the tropics and have long cultivated in Indonesia. Green bean production in quantity and quality is strongly influenced by the presence of pest and diseases. The damage caused by insects ensued can reach 70% (Kartasapoetra, 1987). Given the magnitude percentage damage inflicted by insects CallosobbrushusSp is a necessary control measure. This study aims to determine the activity of leaf extract Mboa (M. Mallabatricum) against warehouse pest Callosobruchus Sp. This study uses a CDR with four treatments (M25, M50, M75, M100) and repeated 10 times. The result showed extra activity Mboa leaves (M. Mallabatricum) against Callosobruchus Sp to test a contact poison can cause Callosobruchus Sp morality above 80% seen in the treatment of M50, M75, and M100 of 9.987%. repellant test showed a decrease traffic to continue successive treatment – participated in treatments M25 (61%), M50 (46%), M75 (43%), M100(34%) and mortality due to neurological disorders for M25 (7.34%), M50 (7.99%), M75 (8.54%), and M100 (9.21%). An antibody test can suppress high levels of oviposition in each treatment. M25 (31.21%), M50 (71.01%), M75(79.5%), and M100 (87.22%).

Abstract: The deadliest pest that humans are aware of is the mosquito. One of the best ways to lower sickness is to avoid mosquito bites. In daily life, we utilize a variety of synthetic mosquito repellents; nevertheless, prolonged use of these repellents can pose health and environmental risks. Many plants have been utilized as fumigants, insecticidal agents, and repellents since ancient times. The majority of plants include phytochemicals that act as insect repellent, shielding them from numerous insect attacks. The study presented in this paper aims to create herbal insect repellent formulations that are both safe and effective. Insecticides used in the past included neem oil, camphor, orange peel powder, and orange seeds. There are numerous applications for the dehydrated peels of citrus fruits in pest management. An effective repellent is orange oil, which is derived from orange peels. Linalool, a widely used flavouring agent and ingredient in perfumes, exhibits insect repellent qualities in addition to its olfactory qualities. Furthermore, it has been included into flammable items and topical therapies. It can be used in place of synthetic repellent because it has little risk of negative effects and benefits human health. The purpose of our study is to look into the phytochemical extracts from herbal products' repelling properties.

Revised; Originally Published: 2014<br>4 pp.<br>Sonic pest devices are tools that emit sound in the attempt to repel, deter, or kill unwanted animals such as insects, rodents, birds and large mammals. There are many commercially available sonic pest devices that claim to be effective.Commercially available sonic pest devices for use in residential applications have not been shown to be effective in scientific studies. For this reason, use of these devices is not advised to treat common pest problems. Although some researchers are developing sonic techniques that illustrate promise for very specific pests, these technologies are yet to be commercially available.

4 pp.<br>Commercially available sonic pest devices for use in residential applications have not been shown to be effective in scientific studies. For this reason, use of these devices is not advised to treat common pest problems. Although some researchers are developing sonic techniques that illustrate promise for very specific pests, these technologies are yet to be commercially available. As our understanding increases of how pest species receive and process sound, more relevant sonic devices may be developed. The allure of sound as a treatment for pests will remain into the future—motivated by the fact that if they are successful they will be more environmentally friendly and safer for humans.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Paraffin, also called kerosene is used by small-scale soya bean farmers in some parts of Africa as a pest repellent. The repellent action is claimed to be effective against parasites during seed germination and development of the seedlings. Seeds are immersed in commercial paraffin for a few seconds and sown in the soil immediately. This method raised some questions about possible negative effects on the seed after the imbibition process but also on humans and animals consuming the plants and seeds. Experiments were designed to investigate whether this practice would have negative effects on seed germination and vigour of the resulting seedlings of seven selected crop species. A trial was also carried out to test the effectiveness of paraffin as a pest repellent on canola in a field situation. The collected data were analyzed using STATISTICA, software version 11. Wherever the experiments showed significant interaction or differences within main factors, the means were separated making use of Fischer’s LSD post-hoc analysis at p = 0.05. The first series of experiments was done in the laboratory. It was carried out on seeds of seven crop species: canola (Brassica napus L.), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), ground nuts (Arachis hypogea L.), maize (Zea mays L.), soya bean (Glycine max L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the germination trial, seeds were subjected to a 7X5X4 factorial design treatment with factors Crop species (CS) (see above), Paraffin concentration (PC) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of commercial paraffin diluted with distilled water) and Time of immersion (TOI) (1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes). Treatments were repeated four times. After immersion seeds were dried with water absorbent paper and immediately germinated in 90 mm diameter petri dishes containing two filter papers and 5 ml of distilled water. Germination tests included 10 seeds per replicate and were incubated at a constant temperature of 20°C under dark conditions in an incubator. Findings showed that canola, sunflower and soya bean are paraffin tolerant (>70 % germination), wheat and groundnuts are less tolerant (30% – 70% germination) and beans and maize are intolerant (< 30 % germination). The paraffin had a negative influence on the rate of germination but there were no statistically significant differences between the 25% to 100% paraffin concentrations. Measurements of the quantity of water and of paraffin absorbed were done after seeds of the seven crop species were immersed in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% paraffin concentrations for 30 minutes. Beans absorbed more water at 100% water and more paraffin at 25% paraffin than the other crop species. The paraffin uptake decreased with the increase of paraffin concentration while water uptake increased with the increase in water percentage. In both cases canola had the lowest uptake. Differential uptake of water and paraffin did not explain the results of the germination test. Seeds of the seven crop species immersed in different paraffin concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) for thirty minutes were dried and then soaked in distilled water for 20 hours. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the liquid was determined by means of an EC meter after 20 hours of soaking. This was done to investigate whether paraffin treatment influenced leaking of electrolytes, which would indicate damage to the cell membranes in the seed. Results showed that sunflower leaked more electrolytes than any other seed, while wheat and maize had lower electrolyte leakage than the other species. This showed that the negative effect of paraffin on the germination of some crop species was unlikely to be due to membrane damage because sunflower seeds that leaked most electrolytes had a high germination percentage while the maize and wheat seeds that leaked little electrolytes, had poor germination after paraffin treatments. The second experiment was conducted in a glasshouse. Seeds of the seven crop species were subjected to the same PC and TOI treatments as described in the germination experiment above but instead of being placed in an incubator to germinate, they were planted in 8cm x 8 cm plastic pots (10 seeds in each) in coarse sand in a glasshouse that was running at approximately 20ºC. The establishment of the seedlings was monitored daily in the glasshouse. The final percentage of establishment was calculated. Three weeks after planting, the seedlings were thinned to one plant per pot. The mean root and stem lengths as well as dry mass of the seedlings was recorded when the seedlings were thinned. The one plant per pot that was retained was harvested six weeks after establishment. Root and stem length and dry mass were determined. Establishment percentage and tolerance indices were calculated. Maize and beans showed the lowest establishment percentages and sunflower scored the highest establishment percentage after treatment with paraffin. The root and stem lengths of the crops were generally unaffected by paraffin treatments. In terms of dry mass paraffin had a significant negative effect on groundnut at three weeks but at six weeks no effect of paraffin on any of the vegetative growth parameters could be observed. The third experiment was run in the microscope laboratory. A test using a confocal and fluorescence microscope was carried out to determine if residues of paraffin could be found in germinating soya bean seeds and seedlings. Specimens collected from the germinating soya bean seed and seedlings were mounted on the fluorescent microscope and stained with a solution of 100 μg.ml-1 Nile Red and observed with LD Plan-Neofluar 60X/0.6. Results showed that paraffin did penetrate the soya bean seed and was translocated within the plant system (endodermis) as the plant grows. The concentrations of paraffin in the tissue were however quite low. The fourth experiment was run on the Langgewens Experimental Farm near Moorreesburg in the Western Cape Province. Forty blocks were spatially grouped into two separate groups. Twenty blocks received the five paraffin treatments replicated four times and the other twenty blocks received the five water treatments also replicated four times. Within each group the treatments were allocated randomly to the plots. The experimental design was a 2X5 Factorial experiment with factors Treatment liquid (distilled water and paraffin) and Time of immersion (0, 1, 5, 10 and 30 minutes) replicated four times. No pesticides were applied to the canola crop. Stand density, leaf area and dry mass were recorded at the first harvest at 12 weeks, and then dry mass was determined at 21weeks. Final yield was determined after 27 weeks when the plots were harvested by means of a combine plot harvester. The stand density, leaf area and dry mass were significantly increased by paraffin treatments at the time of the first harvest. After 21 weeks paraffin treatment had no significant effect on the dry mass production of the canola and the same was true of the final seed yield. . Even though there was no serious attack by pests, the little feeding damage that occurred in the water treated plots and not in the paraffin treated plots, indicate that paraffin may have a repellent effect. Paraffin had no negative effects whatsoever on the growth and yield of canola in this experiment. This study indicates that different crops react differently to seed treatment with paraffin. The results of the fourth experiment indicate that paraffin might be used as pest repellent on certain selected crops but more research is needed on the subject.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Paraffien, ook genoem keroseen, word deur kleinskaalse boere in sekere dele van Afrika gebruik as ‘n pesafweermiddel. Dit word beweer dat die afweeraksie suksesvol is teen parasiete tydens saadontkieming en vroeë saailinggroei. Saad word in kommersiële paraffien gedoop vir ‘n paar sekondes en dan onmiddelik daarna geplant. Die metode skep vrae oor die moontlike negatiewe gevolge op die saad na die imbiberingsproses maar ook op mense en diere wat die plante en sade benut. Eksperimente is beplan om vas te stel of die praktyk negatiewe gevolge op die saadontkieming en groeikragtigheid van die daaropvolgende saailinge van sewe geselekteerde gewasspesies sal hê. ‘n Eksperiment is ook uitgevoer om die effektiwiteit van paraffien as pesafweermiddel op kanola in ‘n veldsituasie te toets. Die data wat ingesamel is is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van STATISTICA, sagteware, uitgawe 11. Waar betekenisvolle interaksies of verskille binne hooffaktore voorgekom het, is die gemiddeldes geskei deur middel van Fischer se LSD post-hoc ontleding by p = 0.05. Die eerste reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer in ‘n laboratorium. Dit is uitgevoer op sade van sewe gewasspesies naamlik . kanola (Brassica napus L.), gewone bone (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grondbone (Arachis hypogea L.), mielies (Zea mays L.), sojabone (Glycine max L.), sonneblom (Helianthus annuus L.) en koring (Triticum aestivum L.). In die ontkiemingsproef is die sade onderwerp aan ‘n 7X5X4 ewekansige blokontwerp wat faktoriaal gerangskik is met faktore Gewasspesies (CS) (sien hierbo), Paraffien konsentrasie (PC) (0, 25, 50, 75 en 100% van kommersiële paraffien verdun met gedistilleerde water) en Tyd van indompeling (TOI) (1, 5, 10, en 30 minute). Behandelings is vier keer herhaal. Na indompeling is die sade met waterabsorberende papier gedroog en onmiddelik daarna in 90 mm deursneë petribakkies wat twee filtreerpapiere en 5 ml gedistilleerde water bevat het, ontkiem. Tien sade per petribakkie is gebruik en die petribakkies is geïnkubeer by ‘n konstante temperatuur van 20ºC in die donker in ‘n inkubasiekas. Resultate het getoon dat kanola, sonneblom en sojaboon bestand is teen paraffienbehandelings (>70% ontkieming), koring en grondboon is minder bestand (30-70% ontkieming) en mielies en gewone bone is sensitief vir paraffienbehandeling (<30% ontkieming). Die paraffien het oor die algemeen ‘n negatiewe effek op ontkiemingstempo gehad maar daar was geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille tussen die 25% en 100% paraffienbehandelings nie. Die hoeveelheid water en paraffien wat opgeneem is deur sade van die sewe gewasspesies nadat dit in paraffienkonsentrasies van 0, 25, 50, 75 en 100% ingedompel is vir 30 minute, is bepaal. Gewone bone het meer water by die 100% water behandeling en meer paraffien by die 25% paraffien behandeling opgeneem as die ander spesies. Die paraffienopname het afgeneem met toename in paraffienkonsentrasie terwyl wateropname toegeneem het met toenemende waterkonsentrasies. Beide in geval van wateropname en paraffienopname het kanola die minste water opgeneem. Differensiële opname van water en paraffien het nie die resultate van die ontkiemingstoets verklaar nie. Sade van die sewe gewasspesies is in verskillende paraffienkonsentrasies (0, 25, 50, 75 en 100%) gedompel vir 30 minute, gedroog en daarna in gedistilleerde water geweek vir 20 uur. Aan die einde van die 20 uur wekingsperiode is die elektriese konduktiwiteit (EC) van die wekingsvloeistof bepaal deur middel van ‘n EC meter. Dit is gedoen om vas te stel of paraffienbehandeling die uitlek van elektroliete vanuit die saad, wat ‘n aanduiding van beskadigde selmembrane van die saad kan wees, beïnvloed. Resultate het aangedui dat sonneblom die meeste elektroliete vrygestel het en koring en mielies die minste. Dit dui aan dat die negatiewe invloed van paraffien op sommige gewasspesies waarskynlik nie deur membraanbeskadiging veroorsaak is nie omdat sonneblom, wat die meeste elektroliete vrygestel het, die hoogste ontkiemingspersentasie na behandeling met praffien gehad het terwyl mielies en koring, wat die minste elektroliete vrygestel het, baie swak ontkieming gehad het na paraffienbehandeling. Die tweede eksperiment is in ‘n glashuis uitgevoer. Sade van die sewe gewasspesies is onderwerp aan dieselfde paraffienkonsentrasies en tye van indompeling as in die ontkiemingseksperiment hierbo maar in plaas van om die sade in ‘n inkubasiekas te ontkiem, is dit in 8 cm x 8 cm plastiekpotte wat gevul is met growwe sand geplant (10 sade per pot) in ‘n glashuis wat by ‘n konstante temperatuur van ongeveer 20ºC geloop het. Die vestiging van die saailinge in die glashuis is daagliks gemonitor en die finale persentasie van vestiging is bereken. Drie weke na plant is die saailinge uitgedun sodat een per pot oorgebly het. Die uitgedunde saailinge se gemiddelde wortel- en stamlengtes is bepaal asook die gemiddelde droëmassas. Die een plant wat per pot oorgebly het is na ses weke ge-oes en weer is wortel- en stamlengtes bepaal asook die droëmassas. Vestigingspersentasies en toleransie indekse is bereken. Mielies en gewone bone het die laagste vestigingspersentasies getoon en sonneblom die hoogste nadat die gewasse met paraffien behandel is. Die wortel- en stamlengtes van die gewasse was oor die algemeen nie deur paraffienbehandelings beïnvloed nie. In terme van droëmassa het paraffien ‘n negatiewe effek op grondbone gehad drie weke na plant maar na ses weke kon geen invloed van paraffienbehandelings op enige van die vegetatiewe groeiparameters waargeneem word nie. Die derde eksperiment is in ‘n mikroskooplaboratorium uitgevoer. ‘n Konfokale en fluoreserende mikroskoop is gebruik om te bepaal of oorblyfsels van paraffien gevind kan word in ontkiemende sojaboonsade en saailinge. Monsters wat geneem is van die ontkiemende sojaboonsade saailinge is gemonteer op die fluoreserende mikroskoop en gekleur met ‘n oplossing van 100 μg.ml-1 Nile Red oplossing en ge-evalueer met LD Plan-Neofluar 60X/0.6. Resultate het getoon dat paraffien wel die sojaboonsaad kon infiltreer en dat dit ook in die saailinge se endodermis vervoer kon word en opspoorbaar was. Die konsentrasies van paraffien in die weefsel was egter laag. Die vierde eksperiment is uitgevoer op die Langgewens Proefplaas naby Moorreesburg in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie. Veertig blokke is ruimtelik in twee groepe van twintig elk grangskik. Twintig blokke het die vyf paraffienbehandelings ontvang en twintig die vyf gedistilleerde waterbehandelings. Die behandelings is vier keer herhaal. Binne elke blok is die behandelings ewekansig toegeken aan persele. Die proefontwerp was ‘n 2X5 ewekansige geneste blokontwerp (split plot) wat faktoriaal gerangskik is met faktore Behandelingsvloeistof (gedistilleerde water en paraffien) en indompelingstyd (0, 1, 5, 10 and 30 minute). Geen insekdoders is op die kanola toegedien nie. Plantdigtheid, blaaroppervlakte en droëmassa is bepaal tydens die eerste monsterneming 12 weke na plant en daarna is slegs droëmassa bepaal na 21 weke. Na 27 weke is finale oesopbrengs bepaal deur die persele met ‘n perseelstroper te stroop. Plantdigtheid, blaaroppervlakte en droëmassa is betekenisvol verhoog deur paraffienbehandelings na 12 weke. Na 21 weke het die paraffienbehandelings egter geen betekenisvolle invloed op die droëmassa van die plante gehad nie en daar was ook nie verskille ten opsigte van finale oesopbrengs nie. Alhoewel daar nie ernstige insekskade waargeneem is nie, was dit tog duidelik dat die bietjie vreetskade wat in die waterbehandelings voorgekom het, nie in die paraffienbehandelings voorgekom het nie. Dit dui aan dat die paraffien moontlik ‘n afwerende invloed gehad het. Paraffien het geen negatiewe invloed enigsins gehad op die groei en produksie van kanola in hierdie eksperiment nie. Hierdie studie dui aan dat verskillende gewasse verskillend reageer op saadbehandeling met paraffien. Die resultate van die vierde eksperiment dui aan dat paraffien moontlik as ‘n pesafweermiddel op sekere geselekteerde gewasse gebruik kan word maar meer navorsing word benodig op die onderwerp.

The synthesis of p-menthane-3,8-diol via the acid-catalyzed cyclization of citronellal in a dilute aqueous sulphuric acid medium was investigated using conventional batch and continuous systems in order to develop a commercial production process for said p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). The batch studies conducted during the first part of this study showed that the formation of PMD from citronellal occurs via an intra-molecular Prins reaction that results in the formation of both the desired PMD product, as well as the partially hydrated isopulegol. It was shown that the formationof the by- product, PMD-acetal, results from the reaction between an intermediate, 5-methyl-2- isopropylcyclohexanol, and the citronellal starting material, and not from the reaction between PMD and citronellal as previously reported. Kinetic studies confirmed the existence of a complicated kinetic model. The formation of PMD from citronellal displayed typical pseudo first order kinetics up to conversions of 70 after which the kinetic model becomes complicated as the result of the establishment of quasi equilibrium reactions between PMD and isopulegol (dehydration of PMD and hydration of isopulegol) and between PMD the PMD-acetal, both systems being acid catalysed. The PMD-acetal formation reaction appears to be second order with respect to PMD. Scale-up studies of the batch process to 30L and 50L scales showed that it would be extremely difficult to limit the level of PMD-acetal formation below the desired level of 1 percent, even if citronellal conversions are restricted to about 50 percent. During studies conducted on a commercially availablemicro-structured organic synthesis plant (OSP) it was shown that it is possible to perform the PMD reaction as a continuous process. The results obtained showed that the use of a micro-mixer such as the caterpillar micro-mixer did not provide enough residence time in order for desirable conversions (- 40 percent) to be obtained. By combining themicro-mixer with delay-loops of different thicknesses and lengths, and using increasing reaction temperatures, it was shown that the conversion of citronellal could be improved to some extent, but compared poorly to the expected conversions for a well-stirred batch reactor. By packing selected delay loops with inert SiC particles, improved mass transfer was observed between the organic and aqueous phases as reflected in the increased conversion of citronellal. Using the observations that were made during the use of the OSP, a continuous-flow, tubular reactor system was designed and constructed. Advanced statistical techniques were used to investigate the effect of variables such as temperature, acid concentration, reactor length, flow rate and the organic to aqueous ratio on the rate and selectivity of the reaction. Mathematical models were derived for citronellal conversion, yield of PMD and yield of PMD- acetals, and used to predict the concentrations of citronellal, PMD and PMD-acetals at set experimental conditions. The results obtained showed that it was possible to obtain a product which approached desired specifications.Downstream processing of the PMD reaction mixture as it exits the reactor requires phase separation and neutralization of the acid catalyst solution, followed by further work-up to recover unreacted starting material and intermediates for recycle back to the synthesis reactor, followed by purification of crude PMD to the desired specification. The study showed that neutralization, prior or after phase separation, does not affect the selectivity of the PMD to such a great extent, but does influence the relative conversion due to extended contact of the catalyst with the organic phase after the reaction is terminated. Recovery of unreacted citronellal and isopulegol could be achieved by a simple vacuum evaporation step, which may either be carried out in a batch manner using traditional distillation equipment, or in a continuous process using wiped-film (short path) techniques. It was also shown that selective crystallization of PMD from the crude product mixture by addition of a solvent, such as heptanes or hexane proved to be the best way of achieving the desired product specification.

Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an invasive pest causing marketable losses on Brassica crops in the Northeastern United States and throughout southern Canada. Heading brassicas, like cauliflower and broccoli, are particularly susceptible because larvae feed concealed inside meristematic tissues of the plant, where head formation occurs. Our work details the development of a sustainable, affordable pest management tactic for swede midge – plant derived repellents. First, it was necessary to establish both a damage and marketability threshold for swede midge, so we developed a technique to manipulate larval density of swede midge on cauliflower, We asked: (1) What is the swede midge damage threshold? (2) How many swede midge larvae can render cauliflower crowns unmarketable? and (3) Does the age of cauliflower at infestation influence the severity of damage? We found that even a single larva causes mild twisting and scarring rendering cauliflower unmarketable 52% of the time, with more larvae causing more severe damage and additional losses, regardless of cauliflower age at infestation. Repellency is an important management approach to consider for swede midge. Since the host range of specialist insects appears constrained by plant phylogeny, we hypothesized that odors from less phylogenetically related plants would be more repellent to swede midge. To test our hypothesis, we performed no-choice and choice biological assays, asking: (1) How do essential oils from different plant species influence midge densities on broccoli? (2) What is the relationship between phylogenetic distance of non-host odors and larval densities on broccoli? Biological assays identified multiple essential oils that reduced larval densities, and phylogenetic analyses showed that less related plants were more effective. In addition to the biological assays, we tested 15 essential oils for their ability to repel gravid females from broccoli tissue in y-tube olfactometer assays. While most of the essential oils reduced the frequency at which females chose host plant meristems, wintergreen, thyme, lemongrass, eucalyptus lemon, garlic, cinnamon, and star anise were most effective. Additionally, we used chemical fingerprints (physical/chemical properties) from PubChem to compare the essential oil volatile compounds and develop an index for their similarity. We found that physicochemical similarity was predictive of repellency. Finally, for repellency to be an effective, long-term strategy, it was important to consider how and whether the repellent response of midges changes over time or previous experience. In our final chapter, we performed electroantennography trials testing how previous experience with garlic or eucalyptus lemon odor for one or 10 s influences the neurophysiological response of swede midge to host (broccoli) or non-host (garlic or eucalyptus lemon) odors. We asked: (1) Does previous experience with garlic or eucalyptus lemon influence the physiological response of swede midge to host or non-host odors? (2) Does the time of previous exposure to non-host odors influence their physiological response to host or non-host odors? Our findings show that swede midge, after 10 s of exposure to either repellent, was more responsive to repellents than host compounds, suggesting that the effectiveness of repellents will not diminish over time.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>In most cases the discipline plant protection is restricted to the protection of propagules, the plants and their produce in storage, while excluding the protection of processed (cooked) food from contaminants. Generally, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) is a serious contaminant of processed food and had recently been viewed as a pest worthy of control in plant protection when viewing the entire value chain of agricultural commodities. Due to the nature of the pest, it is quite difficult to control using registered agrochemicals on the market. An entrepreneur in the rural areas of Limpopo Province developed bait for cockroach control, which was code named Mohlolo during efficacy trials. The use of baiting in cockroach management is currently the sought after approach in the world where cockroaches are problematic. Bait has the advantage over liquid or dust formulations because baiting requires shorter service, has shown increased efficacy, and has reduced environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the effect of MIB would be age related in the suppression of populations of B. germanica under laboratory conditions, and also to investigate whether MIB would reduce populations of B. germanica in residential areas. Five concurrent B. germanica age-related experiments were run in a complete randomized design. 1-d, 2-d, 3-d, 4-d, 5-d old nymphs and adult German cockroach experiments were conducted at Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station (LATS) laboratory, (53’21,41” S/29 23o 44’19,95”E) hosted at the University of Limpopo. Each age group consisted of 10 nymphs and was put in 250 cm3 container that contained xv Mohlolo insecticide bait (MIB). One gram (1 g) of Mohlolo insecticide bait and moistened cotton wick were put at the bottom centre of the 250 cm3 containers containing nymphs based according to their respective ages. Residential experiments were conducted at UL student apartments. Two Bait containers were then placed in the kitchen, lodge, bathroom and bedroom. In the kitchen MIB containers were put behind the cooking stove and refrigerator, in the lodge the bait was placed next to the study table (because most study tables are also used during the eating time). In the bathroom the baits were put next to toilet seat and lastly in the bedroom, the bait was placed next to study table. According to the results, 100% mortality of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-days nymphs and adult B. germanica was obtained after 7th, 2nd 3rd 3rd and 4th day, whereas LT50 values ranged from half a day to one and half (1.5) day. The study also demonstrated that B. germanica populations had high LT50 and LT100 values in residential areas compared to LT50 and LT100 values obtained in the laboratory experiments. This is probably due to the fact that residential areas that have low levels of sanitation availed the cockroaches with an opportunity to choose from many foods hence, it reduced the probability for cockroaches to feed on Mohlolo insecticide bait in the respective apartments. Results of this study showed that, Mohlolo bait toxicity and effectiveness as a control agent can reduce infestation of cockroaches in all developmental stages when applied at small quantity. Providing results of this study would provide information on resistance and tolerance of B. germanica nymphs and adult population against MIB in the xvi laboratory and residential areas. It would also provide biological information on the efficacy of MIB against the German cockroaches.

Abstract This book chapter discusses mosquitoes as deadly disease vectors. Biological control is usually implemented for control of larval populations using predators (e.g. top feeding minnows and copepods) or pathogens and pathogen products (i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis and B. sphericus). Genetic control is being implemented by releasing sterilized male mosquitoes (genetically modified, radiation sterilised, or transgenic mosquitoes). It starts with minimizing bites through the use of window screens on houses and animal shelters, and the use of treated bed nets and personal repellents. Habitat modification is a reliable method that eliminates adult resting sites and source reduction of larval development areas.

Food production is challenged by different factors: climate changes, market competitiveness, food safety, public demands, environmental challenges, new and invasive pests, etc. Intensive food production must be protected against pests, which is nowadays impossible with traditional techniques. The use of eco-friendly biopesticides based on essential oils (EOs), plant extracts (PE), and inert dusts appears to be a complementary or alternative methodology to the conventional chemically synthesized insecticides. The use of such biopesticides reduces the adverse pesticide effects on human health and environment. Biopesticides can exhibit toxic, repellent, and antifeeding effects. Development of bio-insecticides tackles the problem of food safety and residues in fresh food. Innovation within this approach is the combination of several types of active ingredients with complementary effects. Essential oils are well-known compounds with insecticide or repellent activities. New approaches, tools, and products for ecological pest management may substantially decrease pesticide use, especially in fruit and vegetable production. A win-win strategy is to find an appropriate nature-based compound having impact on pests, together with pesticide use, when unavoidable. Toxic or repellent activity could be used for pest control in the field conditions, as well as attractiveness of some compounds for mass trapping, before pests cause significant economic damage.

One of the constraints to crop production across the world is vertebrate pests. They have been implicated as the most destructive pests which inflict both pre-harvest and post-harvest damages on agricultural production. Legumes are one of the crops usually attacked by vertebrate pest species, though the degree of depredation varies from one crop type to another. Meanwhile, there has been a misconception among farmers, especially in some of the developing countries, that vertebrate pest species belonging to the order Rodentia are very difficult to control. This is evident in their crop cultivations whereby two rows are planted in addition to every eight rows of crop, for rodent pest species that may come and inflict damage on the cultivated crop. Some of the rodent pest species that cause economic damage to legumes on the field include Arvicanthis niloticus, Xerus erythropus, Cricetomys gambianus, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, and Mus sp., while avian pest species include Francolinus bicalcaratus, and Ploceus cucullatus. There is a need to effectively manage these vertebrate pest species. Some of the rodent pest management approaches include the use of sanitation measures, exclusion of the vertebrate pest species, and modification of their habitat, and Trap Barrier System, while some of the avian pest management approaches include cage, nets or synthetic fibres, bird scarers, chemical repellents, sound-making devices, chemical poisoning, and trapping.

Abstract The FAO (1986) defines a pesticide as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products, or animal feedstuffs, or which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies. The Council of Europe (1984) has stated that pesticides should include, amongst other items, insecticides and acaricides, insect and mite repellents, nematicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, bird and wildlife repellents, fungicides, bactericides, herbicides, defoliants, haulm killers (desiccants), and growth-regulators.

Ecosystem approaches are highly important for pest control in forest reserved areas. Their background is conservation of biodiversity, application of microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses and fungi) and preparations. Selective and prophylactic natural remedies (attractants, repellents and deterrents) are preferable also. This complex can provide biological security of forest reservations.

Bird nesting and droppings create substantial barriers to the operations and maintenance of high-rise buildings in urban areas, consequently creating numerous issues for buildings and their stakeholders. Therefore, it is crucial to properly investigate this significant problem and provide robust solutions. As an initial step, a comprehensive literature review on the research domain was conducted to explore the concerns of bird nesting and droppings in high-rise buildings, employing content analysis as the analysis method. Findings revealed that numerous factors affect bird nesting and droppings, which can cause impacts on building elements, health and safety of building stakeholders, aesthetic aspects of the building, and financial status of the business carried out in the building. According to the findings, the strategies that are currently practised to manage these issues include integrated pest management, habitat modification, physical and bio-acoustic deterrents, chemical repellents and technological solutions. The findings of this comprehensive literature review establish a strong foundation to enhance the field of facilities management in urban high-rise structures by providing essential knowledge on this long-standing issue. In addition, this study creates a basis for future research to identify more effective prevention methods and improved facility planning, design, and management practices.

The textile and clothing industries especially in developed countries are facing now-a-days some big challenges largely because of the globalization process. Therefore, the market of a high-functional, added value and technical textiles is deemed to be essential for their sustainable growth. The growing environmental and energy-saving concerns will also lead to the gradual replacement of many traditional wet chemical-based textile processing by various forms of low liquor and dry-finishing processes. The main reason for the increasing interest is that industrially well-established surface finishing processes suffer considerably from environmental demands such as large amount of water, energy and effluents. Plasma technology, when developed at a commercially viable level, has strong potential to offer in an attractive way to obtain new functionalities in textiles. The synthetic fibres such as polypropylene (PP), polyester (PES), Aramid (AR) etc. are widely used in apparel and home furnishings due to their good physical and chemical properties. The demand of these fibres increases greatly for high performance applications such as smart textiles, technical textiles, operation clothing etc. and more recently, for their potential applications in electronic textiles. But these fibres often reveal hydrophobic nature due to the lack of polar functional groups. The hydrophobic nature of such fabrics limits their application to the above mentioned areas. In addition, adhesion is fundamentally a surface property, often governed by a layer of molecular dimensions, which necessarily required for coating, bonding and printing of synthetic textiles. The low surface energy of hydrophobic polymeric materials results in intrinsically poor adhesion. On the other hand, some natural fibres (e.g. cotton, wool, linen) and synthetic fibres (e.g. rayon, viscose, acetate, spun nylon) exhibit to be hydrophilic in nature due to their polar functionalities. Hydrophilicity of such fibres may act as a barrier for their applications in many areas where liquids repellent is necessary. It is a wide-reaching technical effect that is sought after in several industry sectors, from biosciences, healthcare and electronics to industrial filtration, sports and active wear. In addition to water repellency, other liquids such as oils, inks and alcohols repellency often required. Liquids are constantly in use around us, in the majority of cases in the form of rain water and food and beverages. Arguably, the most noticeable, unfavorable interactions of these liquids are with textile products such as clothing, carpets and upholstery, so added value can be provided by protecting these items from interacting with the liquids, enabling the liquids to roll off or be dabbed away, leaving the underlying material unchanged. Furthermore, hydrophobicity of textiles is frequently associated with self-cleaning properties. When a water droplet rolls off the surface, the surface impurities such as dust get carried away by the droplet resulting in a self-cleaning effect. Using plasma technology to modify textile surfaces with precision cleaning, etching, chemical priming for lowering or raising surface energy can be used to obtain a desirable property of an end product. The plasma technology, a dry and eco-friendly technique, avoids waste water production which is a unique advantage over the wet-chemical processes. This benefit extends into all market areas, where the end product can undergo the plasma enhancement process to provide properties such as adhesion, hydrophilic, liquid-repellent etc. However, to transfer this technology from laboratory into industry, both the scale-up and economic aspects have to be regarded. Main objective of this work is to study the possibility of substituting plasma processes for the traditional wet chemical methods using an industrial plasma reactor aiming to produce wash permanent super-hydrophilic, super hydrophobic textile surfaces.

The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.