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Journal articles on the topic 'Pest resurgence'
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1
Hardin, Mark R., Betty Benrey, Moshe Coll, William O. Lamp, George K. Roderick, and Pedro Barbosa. "Arthropod pest resurgence: an overview of potential mechanisms." Crop Protection 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)91106-p.
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Morse, Joseph G. "Agricultural implications of pesticide-induced hormesis of insects and mites." Human & Experimental Toxicology 17, no. 5 (May 1998): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719801700510.
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Resurgence of pest insects and mites and secondary pest outbreaks are commonly observed following pesticide applications on agricultural commodities. Reduction of natural enemy populations is the major factor blamed for these phenomena but insect or mite hormesis is a second, often overlooked factor which may be partially responsible. A major impact of hormesis is that it often leads to the need for additional pesticide treatments and can result in a spiralling increase in the use of pesticides, a term labelled in entomological literature as the `pesticide syndrome'.
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Trumper, E. V., and J. Holt. "Modelling pest population resurgence due to recolonization of fields following an insecticide application." Journal of Applied Ecology 35, no. 2 (April 1998): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00306.x.
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Uddin, A. B. M. A., K. S. Islam, M. Jahan, A. Ara, and S. Afrin. "Farmer`s Perception about Resurgence of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens (Stål) in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Rice Journal 23, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v23i1.46078.
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Studies were conducted on resurgence of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and its possible management through a survey in six different regions (viz Tanore, Rajshahi; Niamatpur, Naogaon; Nachole, Chapai Nawabganj; Sadar, Dinajpur; Tarash, Sirajganj and Trishal, Mymensingh). Farmer’s perception of BPH resurgence and its management was more or less similar in different regions with some exception. About 60% farmers were able to identify BPH and 40% farmer could identify the pest problem at the later stage of the infestation when burning symptom was visible in patches. All the respondent farmers (100%) relied on use of insecticide where the selection of insecticide as well as its application was not appropriate.
Bangladesh Rice j. 2019, 23(1): 21-33
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Fadhillah, Muhammad Arif, Nur Ariyani Agustani, and Jurlaili Irni. "PENGARUH VARIASI KERAPATAN SPORA Beauveria bassiana DAN KONSENTRASI LCPKS TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA Oryctes rhinoceros." Jurnal Agro Estate 3, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jae.v3i2.95.
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Oryctes rhinoceros beetle is one of the pests that attacksimmature oil palm plants.This pest attacks oil palm plants in larvae or imago phase. This pest is usually damaging the respiratory roots, trunk bark, dry petiole,or periphery crown of oil palm leaves which can interferes the leaf growth and finally reduce the production even collapse the tree. Chemically pest control have the positive impact with faster pest death beside the negative impacts such as resistance, resurgence, disturbing human health and also environmental and ecosystem pollution. Biological control is one alternative pest control that is safe for the environment and can reduce chemical residues in agricultural products and environment. This study was conducted in Medan Denai district on July – Agustus 2019. This study aimed to determine the effect of the use of Beauveria bassiana and palm oil mill effluent to control Oryctes rhinoceros larvae. The method used in this study is a two factorial randomized block design (RBD), with 2 replications. The results of this study showed that the best density of Beauveria bassiana spores in controlling Oryctes rhinoceros larvae was 109 spores / ml and 50ml LCPKS (I2Q2) with death time of 40 hours, daily mortality 60%, total mortality 100%.
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Gowda G, Basana, Aishwarya Ray, Totan Adak, Madhusmita Sahu, Nandini Sahu, Guru Pirasanna Pandi, Naveenkumar B. Patil, M. Annamalai, and Prakash Chandra Rath. "Non-target effect of pesticides in rice environment." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, Special (April 22, 2021): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.spl.8.
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Agriculture has always been affected by intractable pests. Conventional agriculture still relies on the use of several pesticides to control various pests to ensure the yield of the crop and to feed a constantly growing population. To reduce the pest menace, the fatuous behavior of people as well as a natural proclivity towards the use of pesticides in a non-judicious manner, has caused several ecological backlashes such as secondary pest outbreak, pest resurgence and non-target organism's exploitation. Effects of pesticides on non-target organisms area worldwide concern and contention are the basis for most legislation regarding usage of specific pesticides. Pesticides, besides their effect on pests, would also affect several beneficial non-targets. The effect of pesticides could be lethal and may prove catastrophic or sublethal and stimulate the growth and development of non targeted biota's. Hence, this review approaches well-analyzed hindsight regarding the effect of pesticides on the natural enemies as well as other non-target organisms present in the rice agroecosystem.
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Cruces, Luis, Eduardo de la Peña, and Patrick De Clercq. "Seasonal Phenology of the Major Insect Pests of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Their Natural Enemies in a Traditional Zone and Two New Production Zones of Peru." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120644.
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Over the last decade, the sown area of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been increasingly expanding in Peru, and new production fields have emerged, stretching from the Andes to coastal areas. The fields at low altitudes have the potential to produce higher yields than those in the highlands. This study investigated the occurrence of insect pests and the natural enemies of quinoa in a traditional production zone, San Lorenzo (in the Andes), and in two new zones at lower altitudes, La Molina (on the coast) and Majes (in the “Maritime Yunga” ecoregion), by plant sampling and pitfall trapping. Our data indicated that the pest pressure in quinoa was higher at lower elevations than in the highlands. The major insect pest infesting quinoa at high densities in San Lorenzo was Eurysacca melanocampta; in La Molina, the major pests were E. melanocampta, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Liriomyza huidobrensis; and in Majes, Frankliniella occidentalis was the most abundant pest. The natural enemy complex played an important role in controlling M. euphorbiae and L. huidobrensis by preventing pest resurgence. The findings of this study may assist quinoa producers (from the Andes and from regions at lower altitudes) in establishing better farming practices in the framework of integrated pest management.
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Puu, Yustina Maria Silvia Wonga. "PEMANFAATAN CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN Beauveria bassiana (BALSAMO) VUILEMIN DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA TANAMAN." AGRICA 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v2i1.545.
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The using of synthetic pesticide in control of crop pest cause various of negative impacts like resistance, resurgence, the incidence of secondary pets, killing of the natural enemy and is impure of environmental even death to human being and animal. One of the correct operation alternative to decrease the using of synthetic pesticide is biological control with exploiting of entomopathogen caiied Beauveria bassiana. This Entomopatogen has an ability for infection of insect either through direct contact, and also inoculation of woof was given to target insect by producing the toxin so that insect body closed conidia and become hard like a mummy. The ability is also influenced by the condition of environment especially temperature and dampness. B. bassiana has high patogenistas ability almost in all of the insect. B.bassiana can depress the population of coffee powder H. hampei of Helopeltis spp equal to 76% and the other insect type. Application of B. bassiana don't generate death at another pest which good for (natural enemy) in nature. Infection mushroom mechanism of entomopathogenic B. bassiana in control of pest in the field happened by direct contact, inoculation and also contamination with target pest insect and effective in controlling of various pest insect type. Its effectiveness is influenced by a variety of isolate types, the closeness of spore, quality of media grow, controlled pest type, age of stadia pest, application time, application frequency and environmental factor.
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Handayani, Inrianti Sari, Dadang Hermana, and Ali Nurmansyah. "Perbedaan pola tanam dan kriteria aplikasi insektisida memengaruhi keanekaragaman arthropoda tanah pada pertanaman kubis (Brassica oleracea)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.16.3.163.
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<p>The use of intensive and excessive insecticides on cabbage cultivations causes pest resistance, pest resurgence, environmental pollution, chemical residues, as well as decreasing the population of natural enemies and soil arthropods. Various pest control techniques have been developed to reduce the pest population, two of them are intercropping systems as part of cultural technique strategy and insecticide application. The aim of this research was to study the effect of three cabbage (<em>Brassica oleracea</em>) cultivation patterns and different criteria in insecticide application against soil arthropod diversity including the natural enemy population. The research was designed using split-plot experimental design. The three cultivation patterns consisted of intercropping cabbage with tomato, cabbage, and <em>Ageratum</em> sp. as refugia plant, and monoculture cabbage. Three criteria in insecticide application were economic threshold-based application, calendar system, and without insecticide application. In general, the results showed that cabbage monoculture cultivation and insecticide applications resulted in the lowest soil arthropod population among other treatments. Treatments of cabbage and <em>Ageratum</em> sp. and without insecticide application could increase the diversity of soil arthropods.</p>
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Alomenu, H. S. "Current trends in African Migratory Locust plague prevention." Outlook on Agriculture 14, no. 4 (December 1985): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708501400402.
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From the dawn of civilisation, locusts have been one of the great agricultural plagues, stripping vast areas bare of vegetation as they relentlessly advance. Experience shows that the most effective control measure is to attack the pest at its breeding grounds in the Niger Delta area as soon as it shows signs of swarming. Unfortunately, the prolonged sahelian drought – which for some years has put a natural brake on breeding – has encouraged complacency about the risks of another resurgence when this comes to an end.
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Borden, Matthew A., Mark Wilhelm, and Adam G. Dale. "Yaupon Holly Culture and Pest Management for Tea Production and Ornamental Use." EDIS 2020, no. 6 (December 14, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1299-2020.
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Yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria Aiton, is an evergreen woody plant native to the southeastern United States. The species is widely used as a landscape ornamental plant because it tolerates a wide range of soil and environmental conditions, is available in various forms, and attracts wildlife, especially native birds. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in cultivating the plant for the caffeinated beverages that can be made from its leaves. This 8-page fact sheet written by Matthew A. Borden, Mark A. Wilhelm, and Adam G. Dale and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department provides a guide to managing yaupon holly and protecting it from pests. It will be useful to both commercial growers and homeowners interested in growing this beautiful and useful plant.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in2199
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Ginting, Sempurna, Nadrawati Nadrawati, Agustin Zarkani, and Teten Sumarni. "NATURAL INCIDENCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS Nomuraea rileyi ON Spodoptera frugiperda INFESTING CORN IN BENGKULU." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 20, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.22085-91.
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Natural incidence of entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi on Spodoptera frugiperda infesting corn in Bengkulu. Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new invasive pest in corn. The intensive use of synthetic insecticides for pest control causing various problems such as resistance, pest resurgence, and environmental damage. To solve these problems, entomopathogenic fungi could be used as an alternative in pest management. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the natural incidence of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) entomopathogenic fungus on S. frugiperda in Bengkulu. The research was carried out by exploring the corn producing areas in Bengkulu for N. rileyi incidence. The results showed that the N. rileyi was occurred naturally infected S. frugiperda larvae reached 79.0%. Meanwhile, the percentage of crops damage due to S. frugiperda was ranged from 40.0 to 96.0%. The highest natural incidence of N. rileyi were found in the Village of Bukit Barisan and Tugu Rejo (79.0%), followed by Pulo Geto Baru (25.0%), and Taba Mulan (5.3%) while the lowest incidence was in Sidomulyo (1.0%). The infected larvae were not found in the Napal, Beringin Raya 1, and Beringin Raya 2, despite the percentage of S. frugiperda attacks was reached 50.0; 50.0 and 74.0%, respectively.
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Serrana, Joeselle M., Naoto Ishitani, Thaddeus M. Carvajal, Billy Joel M. Almarinez, Alberto T. Barrion, Divina M. Amalin, and Kozo Watanabe. "Unraveling the Genetic Structure of the Coconut Scale Insect Pest (Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) Outbreak Populations in the Philippines." Insects 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110374.
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Despite the fact that massive outbreaks of the coconut scale insect pest, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are inflicting significant economic losses to the Philippines’ coconut industry, little is known about the population and dispersal history of this invasive pest in the country. Here, we examined the genetic diversity, structure and demographic history of A. rigidus sampled from localities with reported outbreaks from 2014 to 2017. We analyzed the genetic structure of the outbreak populations using mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α markers. Both markers and all methods of population genetic structure analyses indicate clear differentiation among the A. rigidus populations separating the north from the southern regions of the Philippines. Very low or no genetic differentiation was observed within and amongst the populations per geographic region indicating two unrelated outbreak events of the pest originating from two genetically uniform populations isolated in each respective region. Historical data supports the resurgence of an established A. rigidus population in the south which could have been driven by sudden climatic changes or human-induced habitat imbalance. Our study provides valuable information on the genetic differentiation of the two A. rigidus groups that would be useful for developing and implementing biological control strategies against this pest in the Philippines.
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SAEIDI, Karim, Hossein PEZHMAN, and Hadi KARIMIPOUR-FARD. "Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) as a Biological Control Agent of Lentil Weevil, Bruchus lentis, Under Laboratory Conditions." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10410320.
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Stored-product pests in the family Bruchidae of Coleoptera represent important pests affecting legume seeds. The lentil weevil, Bruchus lentis Froelich (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is one of the major lentil pests in Iran and in the world. The economic losses caused by this pest on lentil grow up to 40%. Synthetic pesticides are currently the chosen method to protect stored grain from insect damage. However, their widespread use has led to the development of pest strains resistant to insecticides and pest resurgence. In recent years, nonchemical methods, including biological agents are considered safe methods to control the stored grain pests. Positive characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control factors of arthropod pests, introduce them as an appropriate option for controlling the integrated pest management of lentil weevil. In the present study, an isolate of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, isolated from soils around Yasouj and based on morphological traits and morphometric data were identified. Adult insects of lentil weevil were exposed to concentrations of 0; 500; 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 infective juvenile/ml of distilled water at different temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C). Insects were placed on filter paper impregnated with 1 ml of nematode suspension in Petri dishes for three days. Mortality of the insects was recorded every 24 hours. The highest mortality was recorded after 72 hours, which represented 79.40%, at the concentration of 3,000 infective juvenile at 26 °C.
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Munyuli, Théodore, Kana Cihire, Dodo Rubabura, Kajivunira Mitima, Yajuamungu Kalimba, Nabintu Tchombe, Emmanuel Kizungu Mulangane, et al. "Farmers′ perceptions, believes, knowledge and management practices of potato pests in South-Kivu Province, eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo." Open Agriculture 2, no. 1 (August 28, 2017): 362–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2017-0040.
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AbstractBased on previous complaints and reports from farmers to researchers about potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) problems in South-Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (RDCongo), there was a need to understand farmers′ knowledge of existing insect pest problems and current management practice challenges. Such information is important for designing a suitable intervention and successful integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for the Province. Hence, using a semi-structured questionnaire, a farm household survey was conducted among 300 potato farmers in six sites belonging to 2 territories (Kabare, Kalehe) of South- Kivu Province from June to August 2015. Insect pests, diseases and price fluctuations were among the highest ranked constraints in potato production by farmers. Cutworms (Agrotis spp.), aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer), and potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) were the most severe insect pests in medium altitude zones (1600-1950m). Ants (Dorylis orantalis Westwood), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), and leafminer flies (Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard) were the pests of high importance reported from sites of very high altitude (2000-2600m). Major yield losses were mostly attributed to late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary) and or insect pests and reached 65-90% without chemical control in most study sites. On average, farmers had little knowledge about pest characteristics (bio-ecology, behavior,…). Most (71.5%) farmers were not able to correctly identify insect pest species names. Sometimes, two or more species had the same local name. There was a great confusion between damages (attacks) due to pests, diseases and environmental stresses (rains, soil nutrient deficiency) among farmers. Very few (18.5%) farmers interviewed knew with precision some insect pests. Most (80%) farmers did not know what natural enemies of insect pests and IPM were. Seasonal pest outbreak and emerging new pests were phenomenon related to previous long lasting and repetitive civil wars (1995-2016). Farmers (62.8%) perceived that invasion and emergence of new potato pests could be linked to the smoke of bullets, to climate variability and to uncontrolled introduction of new planting materials. There was a confusion between emergency and resurgence of classical pests. In some cases, there was resurgence of classical pests due to resistance to some pesticides. Resistance to pesticide was mainly because farmers were heavily applying pesticides prior to receiving advice from extension workers about wise and safer application of pesticides. The level of severity of potato pest incidence was perceived by farmers as extremely high (68.2%) as compared to the situation 20 years (1995-2016) ago. Current farmers′ main response to controlling pests in potato is to apply hazardous, high toxic insecticides that pollute the environment. The predominant control methods were use of fungicides combined (35.7%) or not (64.4%) to insecticides. Potato production in eastern DRCongo is a pesticide dependent crop, according to farmers. This lack of knowledge about environmentally friendly control methods of pests, called for training of both farmers and extension workers in insect pest identification, collection, biology, behavior, ecology, monitoring and control approaches. Empowering farmers with knowledge about insect pests is essential for the reduction of pesticide misuse and uptake of more environmentally friendly approaches like IPM and related strategies (climate smart and Bt-varieties). Field surveys would need follow-up in order to assess the actual field infestation rates and intensities of each insect pest (determine economic injury threshold per species) and develop warning/alerting methods when there are outbreaks in the potato growing zones of eastern DRCongo. There was a call for breeders to develop new varieties that are biotic- abiotic tolerant and which respond to socioeconomic desire of producers and consumers.
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Reil, Jonathan Bradley, Camiel Doorenweerd, Michael San Jose, Sheina B. Sim, Scott M. Geib, and Daniel Rubinoff. "Transpacific coalescent pathways of coconut rhinoceros beetle biotypes: Resistance to biological control catalyses resurgence of an old pest." Molecular Ecology 27, no. 22 (October 28, 2018): 4459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14879.
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Jayanti, Hadis, and Dewa Ngurah Suprapta. "UPAYA MEMINIMALISIR DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DARI PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA DALAM PERTANIAN (DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DAN PENANGGULANGANNYA)." AGRICA 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v2i1.541.
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Utilization of synthetic pesticide seems up to now remains to be one of the methods in controlling pest and plant disease because it plays a role in determining the quality and quantity of the crops. Improver of synthetic pesticide in agriculture can adversely affect the ecosystem such as water and soil pollution. The occurrence of pest resistance, the outbreak of secondary pest, the resurgence of pest, the death of predators, the residue of pesticide in food, and the pesticide residue that affects man's health. Although it has been widely known that pesticide has a bad impact on the environment, the use of pesticide is still needed in agricultural practice. Its use needs to pay attention to the concept of Integrated Pest Management in which the use of pesticide is only made when it is absolutely necessary, that is, when the population of pest increases and lies above one level of the pest population, the Economic Threshold (Untung, 1993). To know the safety level of pesticide, evaluation of toxicity of a pesticide is needed and it is commonly tested in the animal of high level. This is done in such a way that the toxicity and safety level of the pesticide can be known by farmers, users of pesticide, and the environment. Based on the information on the toxicity level, it is expected that the steps of environmental management can be taken to minimize the negative impact of pesticide. The effort of minimizing the negative impact of pesticide can be done in a variety of ways. For example, the direction was given to the users in terms of giving the dosage, application time, safe working procedure, choosing pesticide with the precise target, choosing a pesticide that can decompose easily, application target, a time before harvest, tool and exact application technique, keeping as small pollution as possible. In the future, it is hoped that the use of pesticide will decrease and will be more selective, and supported by new inventions in the technology of processing pesticide disposal and the technology of utilizing botanical pesticide which is all expected to be effective in overcoming the disturbance of pest and plant disease at the same time minimizing environmental degradation.
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Benoit, Joshua B., and Geoffrey M. Attardo. "Mechanisms that contribute to the establishment and persistence of bed bug infestations." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 6, no. 3 (2013): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06001067.
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Bed bugs have reestablished as pests over the last two decades after a period of near eradication throughout large portions of the world. The increasing frequency of bed bug infestations has prompted research into every facet of bed bug biology. Of particular interest is identification of the specific factors that allow bed bugs to be transported, to thrive within human dwellings and to survive pest control strategies. This review provides a synopsis of the biochemical, physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the resurgence of bed bugs, with a focus upon the aspects that allow bed bugs to overcome the roadblocks preventing establishment and persistence in close proximity to humans. Topics discussed include dispersal, host avoidance, mating, chemical signaling, symbiosis, blood feeding, thermal tolerance, starvation resistance, dehydration resistance and pesticide resistance. These aspects of Cimex biology are explored within the context of the effect that these traits have upon transportation, establishment and eradication of bed bugs with an emphasis on the issues of pesticide resistance and population resurgence. In general, bed bugs are exceptional in their ability to proliferate in close-proximity to humans. The emergence of recent adaptations such as pesticide resistance has exacerbated the already difficult task of eliminating bed bug infestations.
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Talukder, Farid. "Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management: A Brief Review." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (January 1, 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.
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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.
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Cáceres, Mariano, Pablo L. Santo-Orihuela, and Claudia V. Vassena. "Evaluation of Resistance to Different Insecticides and Metabolic Detoxification Mechanism by Use of Synergist in the Common Bed Bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 1324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz068.
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AbstractBed bugs have become a common urban pest with consequences on human health and economic costs to the hotel and tourism sectors. Insecticide resistance is considered an important factor in the current bed bug resurgence, and multiple resistance mechanisms could be working in the resistant bed bug populations. In the present study, we determined the resistance profile to four insecticides with a different mode of action in Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) field-collected colonies from Argentina. Furthermore, the synergism effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) with deltamethrin was investigated to explore the contribution of detoxification metabolism to resistance. Our results showed that most of the field-collected colonies are extremely resistant to deltamethrin and propoxur, much more than to azametiphos and imidacloprid. The differences in resistance ratios among field-collected colonies could be associated with different modes of action of insecticides used in control pest and the mechanisms involved in the resistance. PBO pretreatment led to a significantly decreased RR in pyrethroid-resistant colonies, suggesting an upturn of monooxygenase activity for deltamethrin detoxification. However, the high RR detected could involve other mechanisms as part of the whole resistant phenotype in colonies of C. lectularius resistant to pyrethroids.
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Tripathi, Subina, Kabita Kumari Shah, Injila Tiwari, and Jiban Shrestha. "Farmers’ Perception about Major Insect Pests of Cucurbits and Their Management." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3, no. 3 (November 17, 2020): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i3.4414.
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A survey was undertaken in five Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Lamjung District, Nepal from June to August 2018 to investigate major insect pests and their management practices in cucurbits. A total of ninety-five cucurbit growers were selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that the major insect pests attacking cucurbits were fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle, aphid, whitefly, epilachna beetle, cucurbit sting bug, cutworm, and blister beetle. The majority of farmers responded that fruit fly was the most prevalent insect pest, followed by aphid and red pumpkin beetle. Most of the farmers used chemical methods, that includes biological, mechanical, and cultural techniques to control the insects. For the mechanical method, they used sex-pheromone traps i.e. cue-lure. Among botanical pesticides, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda), Chinaberry (Melia azedarch), Mugwort (Artemisia spp.) were used. Commonly used insecticides by farmers were Cypermethrin, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Endosulfan. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides resulted in pest resistance, resurgence, and sometimes outbreak of insect pests. Majority of farmers were using chemical methods to control pests. Apart from this, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was also adopted for good agricultural practices (GAP) to prevent chemical hazards on human health and the environment. To control insect pests, trained farmers should be encouraged to follow the sanitation of fields and protection of natural enemies by avoiding the use of pesticides a long as possible.
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Vono, Gregorio, Carmelo Peter Bonsignore, Gregorio Gullo, and Rita Marullo. "Olive Production Threatened by a Resurgent Pest Liothrips oleae (Costa, 1857) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Southern Italy." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120887.
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This study investigated a resurgence of Liothrips oleae Costa (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), an insect pest of olive crops, in a focal Southern Italian olive-producing area (Calabria Region). The young and adult olive thrips feed on the leaves and fruits of wild and cultivated olive trees, producing distortions, necrosis, and premature dropping of fruit. In our study, organic and integrated olive groves were compared for two years in order to establish the relationship between leaf and fruit damage among olive groves managed under different phytosanitary conditions. Sampling techniques were used in order to collect and count leaves and fruits (on plants and dropped premature drupes) presenting symptoms of thrips’ feeding activity. The impact of the thrips was significant in all orchards, and the estimated damage level on drupes and leaves was higher in organic olive management in each year. A morphological description of the adult females of the species is provided, and the first molecular characterization of the Calabrian olive thrips population was performed by using three different genetic regions (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 28S ribosomal subunit (28S), and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)).
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Dagar, Vinay Singh, and Sarita Kumar. "Emamectin benzoate: Potential larvicide and antifeedant agent against cotton Boll worm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1738.
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Helicoverpa armigera, a global polyphagous pest, attacks a wide variety of crops causing huge agricultural loss. Overuse of conventional insecticides for Helicoverpa control has made Helicoverpa resistant to insecticides leading to more severe attacks on crops diverting interest of researchers to explore alternate control agents. Present study investigates the cidal and antifeedant potential of Emamectin benzoate; a semi-synthetic avermectin derived from the soil actinomycetes, Streptomyces avermitilis; against early IV instars of H. armigera. Larvae were fed on the castor leaf discs (3.5 cm diameter) dipped in different concentrations of Emamectin benzoate; ranging from 0.05 µg/mL-1.5 µg/mL. The leaf disc areas were measured pre-and post-larval feeding to estimate the antifeedant potential of compound. The effect of feeding was also assessed on the survival of larvae by scoring the larval mortality till 96 h. Our investigations showed significant larvicidal potential of Emamectin benzoate against H. armigera revealing respective LC50 values of 0.26 µg/mL, 0.095 µg/mL, 0.043 µg/mL and 0.027 µg/mL after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h feeding. Furthermore, a remarkable decrease of 93.59% was observed in larval feeding potential indicating significant antifeedant efficacy of Emamectin benzoate. A strong correlation between antifeedant index and the Emamectin benzoate concentration resulted in 1.48-fold index reduction with a decrease in concentration. Our results demonstrated efficacy of Emamectin benzoate as an effectual larvicidal and antifeedant agent against H. armigera. Employing selective insecticide can tackle issues of pest resistance and pest resurgence after ascertaining in the fields as Helicoverpa control agent and negating impact on non-target organisms.
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Chellemi, Dan O., Erin N. Rosskopf, and Nancy Kokalis-Burelle. "The Effect of Transitional Organic Production Practices on Soilborne Pests of Tomato in a Simulated Microplot Study." Phytopathology® 103, no. 8 (August 2013): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-12-0243-r.
Full textAbstract:
The perceived risk of pest resurgence upon transition from conventional to organic-based farming systems remains a critical obstacle to expanding organic vegetable production, particularly where chemical fumigants have provided soilborne pest and disease control. Microplots were used to study the effects of soil amendments and cropping sequences applied over a 2-year transitional period from conventional to organic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation on the incidence of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) reproduction, root galling by Meloidogyne incognita, and soil nematode populations. A continuation of tomato monoculture during the transitional period resulted in a disease incidence of 33%, as compared with 9% in microplots that were rotated with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and Japanese millet (Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea). The benefits of disease control from a crop rotation extended into to a second season of organic tomato cultivation season, where bacterial wilt declined from 40% in microplots with a tomato monoculture to 17% in plots with a crop rotation sequence. Combining applications of urban plant debris with a continued tomato monoculture increased the incidence of bacterial wilt to 60%. During the transition period, tomato plants following a cover crop regime also had significantly lower levels of root galling from root-knot nematode infection compared with plants in the continuous tomato monoculture. Nutsedge tuber production was significantly increased in plots amended with broiler litter but not urban plant debris. Compared with a continuous monoculture, the results illustrate the importance of a systems-based approach to implementing transitional organic practices that is cognizant of their interactive effects on resident soilborne disease, weed, and pest complexes.
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Chellemi, D. O., A. Gamliel, J. Katan, and K. V. Subbarao. "Development and Deployment of Systems-Based Approaches for the Management of Soilborne Plant Pathogens." Phytopathology® 106, no. 3 (March 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-15-0204-rvw.
Full textAbstract:
Biological suppression of soilborne diseases with minimal use of outside interventive actions has been difficult to achieve in high input conventional crop production systems due to the inherent risk of pest resurgence. This review examines previous approaches to the management of soilborne disease as precursors to the evolution of a systems-based approach, in which plant disease suppression through natural biological feedback mechanisms in soil is incorporated into the design and operation of cropping systems. Two case studies are provided as examples in which a systems-based approach is being developed and deployed in the production of high value crops: lettuce/strawberry production in the coastal valleys of central California (United States) and sweet basil and other herb crop production in Israel. Considerations for developing and deploying system-based approaches are discussed and operational frameworks and metrics to guide their development are presented with the goal of offering a credible alternative to conventional approaches to soilborne disease management.
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Hapsoh, Desita Salbiah, Isna Rahma Dini, and Widia Sari. "Application of Riau local entomophatogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana toward brown planthopper pest and production of rice." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.3.1.0092.
Full textAbstract:
The decrease in rice production can be caused by pests that can damage the quality and quantity. Pests that always attack rice plants are Brown planthopper. The BPH causes several effects, namely hopperburn, as a virus vector and can cause crop failure. The control of BPHs by farmers to date is by using synthetic pesticides. The use of synthetic pesticides can cause residues, resistance, resurgence, and the destruction of natural enemies. The use of synthetic insecticides can be minimized by using environmentally friendly and sustainable control alternatives, namely by using the local entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of local Riau B. bassiana on BPH and rice production.The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Experimental Gardens, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from April to July 2020. The research was designed a completely randomized design with five treatments local entomopathogenic fungi concentrations B. bassiana 0 g.l-1 water, 10 g.l-1 water, 20 g.l-1 water, 30 g.l-1 water, 40 g.l-1 water and four replications, in order to obtain 20 experimental units. The results showed that application of Riau local B. bassiana with a concentration of 40 g.l-1 for six days was able to cause the highest mortality of 92.5%. The higher the concentration of Riau local B. bassiana, the lower the attack intensity. The attack of brown planthopper nymphs affects the quality of rice production, but did not affect the quantity of rice production.
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Gu, Sanjun, and Kirk W. Pomper. "(360) Development of a Viticulture Website at Kentucky State University for Growers." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1028D—1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1028d.
Full textAbstract:
Kentucky has a rich history in viticulture. The Kentucky Vineyard Society was founded in 1798 and Kentucky was the third largest grape and wine producer by 1860. During Prohibition, however, vines were either uprooted or left unattended, and the grape industry essentially disappeared in Kentucky. Since 1990, the grape and wine industry has shown a resurgence; however, there are limited educational opportunities in viticulture in Kentucky. Kentucky State University (KSU) emphasizes the development of alternative high-value crops for sustainable agriculture production. In 2000, a viticulture program was initiated at KSU to develop cultivar, vine management, and pest and disease control recommendations. Aware of the fact that grape growers in Kentucky are mostly new to grape culture, KSU has developed a viticulture website (http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/viticulture/index.htm) to disseminate viticulture information. The website provides information that includes setting up a new vineyard, managing a “mature” vineyard (Vitis, Kentucky weather and climate, site selection, cultivars, rootstocks, trellising, care of young vines, canopy management, irrigation and nutrition, pest, and disease management), grape growers' corner (questions and answers, buy and sale, resources), and selected links. A monthly viticulture calendar is also available. In the future, the site will be updated with research results in viticulture from KSU and other southeastern institutions, growers' feedback, and information on wine making. The viticulture website will aid in the promotion of the grape and wine industry in Kentucky and states with a similar climate, and benefit grape growers from this profitable and expanding market.
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Asikin, Syaiful, and Yuli Lestari. "Aplikasi Insektisida Nabati Berbahan Utama Tumbuhan Rawa Dalam Mengendalikan Hama Utama Padi Di Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2020.16.1.102.
Full textAbstract:
Based on integrated pest control, the use of toxic chemicals or chemical pesticides/insecticides is the last alternative if other components are no longer able to control, then pesticides/insecticides can be used. Currently, plant-based insecticides are being developed in controlling plant pests. Unwise and continuous use of chemical pesticides/insecticides will cause environmental pollution problems that result in pest outbreaks, pest resistance, and resurgence, ridding of non-targeted pests and natural enemies of plant pests and bad effects on consumers and pets. About 350-500 species of plants have the potentials to become sources of plant-based insecticides, from that number around 90-100 species of swamp plants have the potentials to be used as biological insecticides in controlling rice and vegetable/horticulture pests. Some of the plant species that extracts were used in this study were ‘jingah’, ‘tapak liman’, ‘simpur’ and ‘kamandrah’. This study was arranged in an experiment using a randomized block design (RBD) with 5 replications. The treatments given included extracts of 4 types of swamp plants plus 3 control treatments, namely control 1 (without pest control), control 2 (BGA plant-based insecticide treatment), and control 3 ('Dimehipo' chemical insecticide). From the results of the study it could be concluded that extracts for ‘jingah’, ‘tapak liman’, ‘simpur’ and ‘kamandrah’ were effective in controlling the main rice pests in the tidal swamp land. As for the yield of dried grain harvest in the swamp, plant extracts 4.54-4.62 and control of chemical insecticides 4.63 t/ha, BGA biological insecticide. For convenience for use, Jingahextracts need to be considered because this jingah plant extract can cause allergies and itching when exposed to the skin and is very disturbing for the user.
Keywords: application, rice pest, tidal swamp, vegetable insecticide
ABSTRAK
Berdasarkan pengendalian hama terpadu, penggunaan bahan kimia beracun atau pestisida/insektisida kimiawi merupakan alternatif terakhir apabila komponen lainnya tidak mampu lagi, baru pestisida/insektisida dapat digunakan. Bahkan sekarang ini mulai dikembangkan pestisida/insektisida nabati dalam mengendalikan hama tanaman. Penggunaan pestisida/insektisida kimiawi yang kurang bijak dan terus-menerus akan menyebabkan masalah pencemaran lingkungan yang berakibat terjadinya ledakan hama, terjadinya resistensi dan resurgensi hama, terbunuhnya hama bukan sasaran dan musuh alami hama tanaman, serta pengaruh buruk bagi konsumen dan hewan peliharaan. Di lahan rawa ditemukan sekitar 350-500 jenis tumbuhan/tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai insektisida nabati, dari jumlah tersebut sekitar 90-100 jenis tumbuhan rawa berpotensi sebagai bahan pembuatan insektisida nabati dalam mengendalikan hama padi, hama sayuran/hortikultura. Beberapa jenis tumbuhan tersebut yang ekstraknya digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah jingah, tapak liman, kamandrah dan pulai. Penelitian dilakukan dengan percobaan yang menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi ekstrak empat macam tumbuhan rawa dan ditambah dengan 3 perlakuan kontrol, yaitu kontrol 1 (tanpa pengendalian), kontrol 2 (perlakuan insektisida nabati BGA) dan kontrol 3 (insektisida kimiawi Dimehipo). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tumbuhan-tumbuhan jingah, tapak liman, simpur dan tumbuhan kamandrah efektif dalam mengendalikan hama utama padi di lahan rawa pasang surut. Hasil gabah kering panen dengan aplikasi ekstrak tumbuhan rawa adalah sebesar 4,54-4,62 t/ha dan kontrol insektisida kimia 4,63 t/ha, insektisida nabati BGA. Untuk kenyamanan bagi penggunakan maka ekstrak tumbuhan jingah perlu dipertimbangkan karena ekstrak tumbuhan jingah ini dapat menimbulkan alergi dan gatal-gatal kalau terkena kulit dan sangat mengganggu bagi pengguna.
Kata kunci: hama padi, insektisida nabati, rawa pasang surut
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Beres, B. L., H. A. Cárcamo, J. R. Byers, F. R. Clarke, C. J. Pozniak, S. K. Basu, and R. M. DePauw. "Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 4 (July 2013): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-088.
Full textAbstract:
Beres, B. L., Cárcamo, H. A., Byers, J. R., Clarke, F. R., Pozniak, C. J., Basu, S. K. and DePauw, R. M. 2013. Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 607–617. The wheat stem sawfly (WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is an economically destructive insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains. A significant resurgence of the insect pest in the southern prairies of Canada caused substantial economic losses from 1999 through 2007. Solid-stem cultivar selection is critical to the management of WSS but adoption of the use of these cultivars was low, which compounded losses at harvest. A study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada (1) to establish the range of susceptibility of hollow- and solid-stem varieties representing the major spring wheat classes and (2) to determine the impact of host plant on WSS population dynamics. The solid-stem varieties were generally superior at reducing damage and fitness response of WSS. However, in addition to the durum cultivars AC Navigator and AC Avonlea, the variety McKenzie, which was considered hollow, provided improved efficacy over other hollow-stem cultivars. Our study suggests solid-stem cultivars are highly effective but prone to inconsistent performance and should therefore be integrated into a holistic strategy for WSS that includes agronomics and biocontrol. A companion paper will report on the response of cultivars with novel sources of germplasm.
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Firmansyah, Efrin, Dadang ., and Ruli Anwar. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217185-193.
Full textAbstract:
Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.
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Le Bouquin, Sophie, Laetitia Bonifait, Amandine Thépault, Thomas Ledein, François Guillon, Sandra Rouxel, Rozenn Souillard, and Marianne Chemaly. "Epidemiological and Bacteriological Investigations Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Recurrent Outbreak of Pullorum Disease on a Quail Farm in France." Animals 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010029.
Full textAbstract:
An outbreak of pullorum disease causing septicemia and high mortality was diagnosed in 2019 on a quail farm in western France. An initial episode had been detected in another building at the same site eight months earlier. Given the exceptional nature and the extent of the potential economic consequences of pullorum disease, epidemiological and bacteriological investigations using molecular sequencing tools were carried out. Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Infantis were isolated (using the NF U 47-101 reference method) from samples taken from birds at the infected site. A resurgence of the initial episode by horizontal transmission of S. Gallinarum is the most likely hypothesis, supported by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the strains isolated during the two episodes. Risk health practices have been identified, including the rearing of animals of different ages and species on the same site. Recurrence is explained by the probable persistence of reservoirs of the pathogen on the site (manure, lesser mealworm beetles). The article also highlights the importance of decontamination measures, including pest control, as a key element in the success of the disease control protocol.
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Peng, Lu-Yao, Zhen-Wei Dai, Rui-Rui Yang, Zhen Zhu, Wei Wang, Xiang Zhou, and Yan-Yuan Bao. "NADPH Oxidase 5 Is Essential for Molting and Oviposition in a Rice Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090642.
Full textAbstract:
The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens is a typical monophagous insect herbivore that feeds exclusively on rice sap. This insect pest causes serious damage to rice crops throughout East Asian countries. Chemical control remains the first choice for managing N. lugens populations; however, the use of insecticides has given rise to planthopper resurgence and additional environmental risks. Nilaparvata lugens is a model insect of Hemiptera because its whole genome sequence has been elucidated and is susceptible to RNA interference. In this study, our findings revealed that a superoxide-generating gene, NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5), is essential for molting and oviposition in a Hemipteran insect Nilaparvata lugens. Knockdown of Nox5 transcript levels by RNA interference in 2nd–5th-instar nymphs results in significantly lethal deficits in the molting transitions from nymph–nymph and nymph–adult. Nox5 knockdown leads to a reduction of hydrogen peroxide in female ovaries and failure of oviposition from the insect ovipositor into the rice leaf sheath. Here, we provide in vivo evidence demonstrating that Nox5 is a key enzyme for regulating molting and oviposition in this insect species.
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Cambronero-Heinrichs, Juan Carlos, Laura Sofía Sánchez-Portilla, Ólger Calderón-Arguedas, and Adriana Troyo. "Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Costa Rica: First Case Report Confirmed by Molecular Methods in Central America." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (January 12, 2020): 969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz247.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus are the most common species of bedbugs that infest homes. Although case reports decreased substantially by the end of the 20th century, bed bugs, and especially C. lectularius, are currently suffering a resurgence mostly attributed to insecticide resistance, inadequate pest control, and increased travel. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first molecular confirmation of C. lectularius in Central America. Specimens were obtained from an apartment located in Heredia, Costa Rica. These specimens were identified morphologically as C. lectularius. The species identification was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the 16S rRNA (16S) genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences obtained were more closely related to a C. lectularius mitochondrial complete genome sequence from China, with similarities of 98.84% (686/694) for COI and 98.97% (387/391) for 16S. The finding of C. lectularius in Costa Rica will require further investigation in order to determine the extent of current infestations and the susceptibility to insecticides, especially due to the impact that this species can have in human health, as well as the tourism industry in the region.
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Mishra, Monika, Kamal Kumar Gupta, and Sarita Kumar. "Impact of the Stem Extract of Thevetia neriifolia on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of Helicoverpa armigera HÜbner." International Journal of Insect Science 7 (January 2015): IJIS.S29127. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s29127.
Full textAbstract:
Helicoverpa armigera HÜbner is one of the most important agricultural crop pests in the world causing heavy crop yield losses. The continued and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides in agriculture for their control has received wide public apprehension because of multifarious problems, including insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, environmental pollution, and toxic hazards to humans and nontarget organisms. These problems have necessitated the need to explore and develop alternative strategies using eco-friendly and biodegradable plant products. In view of this, the efficacy of Thevetia neriifolia methanol stem extract was evaluated against the early fourth instars of H. armigera as an antifeedant and stomach poison agent. Feeding of larvae with the diet containing 0.005%–5.0% extract resulted in 2.06%–37.35% antifeedant index; the diet with 5.0% extract caused 54.3% reduced consumption. The negative impact of extract on larval feeding resulted in 37.5%–77.7% starvation, causing adverse effects on the larval weight. Choice between control and experimental diet resulted in feeding preference of larvae for the control diet, leading to 7.3%–42.9% reduced consumption of extract-containing diet. The only exception was the diet with 0.005% extract, which could not cause any deterrence. The midgut histological architecture of H. armigera larvae fed with 0.005%–0.05% extract-containing diet with negligible antifeedant potential showed significant damage, shrinkage, and distortion and vacuolization of gut tissues and peritrophic membrane, causing the disintegration of epithelial, goblet, and regenerative cells; the damage increased with the increase in concentration. These changes in the gut caused negative impact on the digestion and absorption of food and thus nutritional deficiency in the larvae, which could probably affect their growth and development. This study reveal the appreciable stomach poison potential of T. neriifolia stem methanol extract against H. armigera larvae, which can be explored as an eco-friendly pest control strategy.
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Emmanuel, Onah Isegbe, Alu Cyprian, and Omudu Edward Agbo. "A Survey of Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) Infestation in Some Homes and Hostels in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/762704.
Full textAbstract:
A Survey of bed bug infestation in some homes and hostels, in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria, was conducted from January to April, 2011. Bed frames, bunks, mattresses, pillows, chairs, and clothes were inspected. A total of 2,642 bed bugs were collected. 73.3% were from hostels while 26.7% were from homes. There was a significant difference between in the number of homes infested and those not infested (χ2=61.44,df=4,P<0.05). Nymphs were the most populated, with 292 (41.4%), followed by males 223 (31.6%), and females 190 (27.0%). There was no significant difference in the number of infested hostels and those not infested (χ2=0.8,df=4,P<0.05). The nymphs being the most populated with 901 (64.1%), followed by males 538 (36.1%), and then females 496 (35.3%). The greater number of infestation recorded in the hostels was as a result of poor hygiene, lack of adequate knowledge of the best control practices and the high population density. In homes, lack of the awareness of the resurgence of the emerging pest and lack of proper health education is responsible for the high infestation. Proactive approach should be taken towards public health education against bed bug infestation. Government and NGOs should take critical steps in preventing spread and stigma.
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Atta, Bilal, Muhammad Rizwan, Arshed M. Sabir, Muhammad D. Gogi, and Muhammad A. Ayub. "SILICON MEDIATED INDUCED RESISTANCE IN PLANTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS: A REVIEW." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.01.0192.
Full textAbstract:
Use of pesticides is the main approach adopted by many farmers to manage agricultural insect pests which not only reduced infestation level of these insect pests, but also responsible for the resistance and resurgence development, causes mortality of beneficial arthropods, and environmental and health hazards. Many researchers are busy to find out alternatives of pesticides due to adverse influences. Pest damage may also be reduced through the proper management of nutrient requirements and modification with mineral nutrients such as silicon. Silicon has been authoritatively designated as a “beneficial substance” by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials and plant-available Si may now be listed on fertilizer labels. It plays an important role in the resistance of agricultural crops against several insect pests. Numerous direct and indirect effects had been observed on insect herbivores due to this micro-nutrient. Direct effects include decline in the performance which ultimately minimized plant damage while indirect effects include interruption in establishment, increasing population of natural enemies and reduction in the usage of pesticides. The purpose of this review article is to recapitulate the work of different researchers throughout the world on the management of insect pests by using an alternate strategy which have no side effects on human as well as environment and are easily available to the farmers in cheap price
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Beres, B. L., H. A. Cárcamo, J. R. Byers, F. R. Clarke, Yuefeng Ruan, C. J. Pozniak, S. K. Basu, and R. M. DePauw. "Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). II. Other germplasm." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 6 (November 2013): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-035.
Full textAbstract:
Beres, B. L., Cárcamo, H. A., Byers, J. R., Clarke, F. R., Ruan, Y., Pozniak, C. J., Basu, S. K. and DePauw, R. M. 2013. Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). II. Other germplasm. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1169–1177. The wheat stem sawfly (WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is an economically destructive insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains. Solid stem cultivar selection is one critical component to the integrated management of WSS. A significant resurgence of WSS in the southern prairies of Canada caused substantial economic losses from 1999 through 2007, which was compounded by the low adoption rate of solid-stem cultivars. A study was conducted from 2003 to 2005 in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada: (1) to characterize resistance levels in solid-stem germplasm derived from S615 and alternate genetic backgrounds, and (2) to determine the impact of host plant tolerance on WSS population dynamics. The tetraploid cultivar Golden Ball and its hexaploid derivative G9608B1-L-12J11BF02 were the most consistent at reducing damage, larval growth (fitness), and fecundity of WSS. The challenge will be to maintain this level of efficacy as the Canada Western Red Spring phenotype is reintroduced into the germplasm. Our study suggests solid-stem cultivars are highly effective but prone to inconsistent performance and should therefore be integrated into a holistic strategy for WSS that includes agronomics and biocontrol.
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Cao, Yu, Hong Yang, Jun Li, Chun Wang, Can Li, and Yulin Gao. "Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on the Population Development of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)." Insects 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10010003.
Full textAbstract:
The Western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) is a global polyphagous pest that is often dependent on chemical control. Imidacloprid has been a commonly used chemical insecticide for effective control of WFT. Low concentrations of insecticides can have sublethal effects on individual insects. However, no more information is known about the effects of exposure at low concentrations of imidacloprid on WFT. Here, we evaluated the effects of imidacloprid at sublethal concentrations on WFT population growth parameters. We first exposed the parental generation to LC10 (56.8 mg/L) and LC25 (79.2 mg/L) concentrations of imidacloprid. We then quantified various parameters related to the development, survival, and fecundity of the F1 generation also exposed to these same concentrations. The development time of the treatment groups exposed to imidacloprid was significantly shorter than the control group, and the net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly higher for treatment groups than for the control group. For both variables, there was no significant difference between LC10 and LC25 exposure. The generational survival rate was significantly higher for the control group, followed by the LC10 treatment group and then the LC25 treatment group. However, the opposite was true for fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of WFT. In summary, exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid was positive for the population development of WFT, which may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance and cause resurgence in WFT populations.
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Nugent, Graham, Laurie E. Twigg, Bruce Warburton, Aaron McGlinchy, Penny Fisher, Andrew M. Gormley, and John P. Parkes. "Why 0.02%? A review of the basis for current practice in aerial 1080 baiting for rabbits in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 39, no. 2 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11121.
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Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) has been used as an aerially distributed toxin against mammalian pests in New Zealand since the 1950s. Although its use for rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) control ceased temporarily after the illegal release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in 1997, there has been a recent resurgence in the use of aerial baiting with 1080 to control rabbits as the efficacy of RHDV has fallen. Current practices for rabbit control using 1080 have changed little since the 1980s, with high sowing rates and low toxin loadings commonplace. The lack of ongoing development in baiting practices for rabbit control contrasts sharply with continued improvements in the aerial 1080 baiting practices for brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, such as a shift to a comparatively high 1080 loading and using much lower application rates of prefeed and toxic bait. These modifications have resulted in an overall reduction in the amount of toxin used for possum control. The disparity in these two approaches prompted a formal review of the rationale on which the current 1080 baiting practices for rabbits are based. Two issues emerged strongly. First, the current low toxin loading used (0.02–0.04% 1080 in bait) is not based on experimental optimisation in New Zealand but, rather, on research conducted several decades earlier in Australia. Second, despite long-standing concerns about the quality of carrot bait used in New Zealand, current bait manufacturing and distribution practices still produce large numbers of small sublethal fragments. Thus, the current New Zealand practice of multiple prefeeds and very high sowing rates of bait with a low 1080 loading used against rabbits seems to have resulted from the need to compensate for the low toxic loading and poor quality control of the bait (carrots). We, therefore, suggest that there is considerable potential to improve current aerial 1080 baiting practices for controlling rabbits in New Zealand. More generally, these findings also help illustrate that ‘best’ pest-management practice may sometimes be based on pragmatic solutions aimed at overcoming unrecognised internal constraints that are in fact avoidable. Refining and modernising vertebrate pest-control programs, so that they better meet efficacy requirements and contemporary public expectations, therefore requires understanding not just that a solution works, but also how it works.
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Deku, Godwin, Rofela Combey, Stephen L. Doggett, and Benjamin A. Mensah. "Assessment of Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), Infestations in Cape Coast, Ghana: Household Control Practices and Efficacy of Commercial Insecticides and Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Against Field Bed Bugs." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab042.
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Abstract This study reports the first baseline information on tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestations in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to assess bed bug infestation levels, and the efficacy of locally available insecticides and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in controlling field bed bugs populations in the Cape Coast region. A survey was undertaken to assess bed bug infestation levels and current control practices by residents. In total, 205 bed bug affected households were identified in 20 communities and live bed bug infestations were associated with most of these premises. Many homeowners knew of other households (from 1 to 3) with a bed bug infestation. Residents reported itching and swelling of the skin from the bed bug bites and the bites were considered severe. The most common household bed bug control strategy was the application of insecticides. However, LLINs and commercially formulated insecticides commonly used by households (notably chloropyrifos and pyrethroid-based formulations) did not efficaciously suppress field collected strains of C. hemipterus. Using a dipping bioassay, mean mortality ranged from 0 to 60% for eggs, nymphs, and adults, and less than 40% mortality was observed in bed bugs placed on insecticide-treated filter paper. Each LLINs (all are pyrethroid based) produced a mean mortality of less than 20% in adult bed bugs. For a more effective response to the global bed bug resurgence in developing countries, government and supporting agencies need to render assistance to bed bug affected residents through the provision of improved pest management strategies.
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Indrayani, I. G. A. A., and Siwi Sumartini. "Ketahanan Aksesi Kapas terhadap Hama Pengisap Daun, Amrasca biguttula (ISHIDA)." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 1, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v1n2.2009.69-81.
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<p>Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) adalah salah satu hama utama kapas di Indonesia. Nimfa dan dewasanya meru-sak dengan cara mengisap cairan daun yang menyebabkan gejala seperti terbakar, kekeringan, dan gugur. Pengendalian hama ini semakin sulit karena terjadinya resistensi dan resurgensi hama akibat penggunaan insektisida kimia sintetis yang kurang bijaksana. Berkaitan dengan ketahanan terhadap A. biguttula, karakter morfologi tanaman kapas, khususnya trikom daun memegang peranan penting dalam mekanisme ketahan-an. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh aksesi-aksesi kapas yang tahan terhadap A. biguttula. Pene-litian evaluasi ketahanan plasma nutfah kapas terhadap A. biguttula (Ishida) dilakukan di KP Asembagus, Si-tubondo, mulai Januari hingga Desember 2008. Sebanyak 50 aksesi kapas digunakan sebagai perlakuan yang disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK), dengan tiga kali ulangan. Ukuran plot perlakuan 10 m x 3 m, dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 25 cm, satu tanaman per lubang. Parameter yang diamati adalah: po-pulasi nimfa A. biguttula, tingkat kerusakan tanaman, dan karakter trikom daun yang meliputi: kerapatan, panjang, dan posisi trikom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan trikom daun berhubungan de-ngan ketahanan terhadap A. biguttula. Aksesi dengan kerapatan trikom daun yang tinggi lebih tahan ter-hadap serangan A. biguttula dibanding aksesi dengan sedikit trikom atau tidak bertrikom. SK 32, LAXMI, dan SK 14 adalah aksesi kapas yang tahan terhadap serangan A. biguttula, sedangkan SATU 65, LASANI 1, G-cot-10, SAMARU 70, NH4, L 18, dan NIAB adalah aksesi-aksesi dengan tingkat ketahanan sedang (moderat). Selain itu, aksesi yang termasuk sangat rentan adalah: Stoneville 825, 7042-5W-79N, 1073-16-6x491L-619-4-77, dan M35-5-8, sementara aksesi lainnya termasuk rentan terhadap serangan. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara kerapatan trikom daun dan populasi nimfa (Y=-170,8x + 296,6; R2 = 0,414) dan antara kerapatan trikom daun dan tingkat/skor kerusakan tanaman (Y=-0,005x + 2,916; R2 = 0,622). Se-dangkan korelasi positif terjadi antara populasi nimfa dan tingkat/skor kerusakan tanaman (Y=0,469x – 0,071; R2 = 0,672).</p><p> </p><p>The cotton jassid, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) is a key pest of cotton in Indonesia. The nymphs and adults suck the leaves resulting in hopperburn, drying, and shedding of leaves. The management of this pest is more difficult due to the insect resistance to chemical insecticides and resurgence caused by unwise applications of synthetic insecticides. Related to jassid resistance, morphology of cotton mainly hairiness of leaf, plays an important role in mechanism on the plant resistance. The objective of the study was to screen a large number of cotton accessions for susceptible or resistant to A. biguttula. The study was conducted at Asembagus Experimental Station from January to December 2008. Fifty accessions of cotton were planted in 10 m x 3 m of plot size with 100 cm x 25 cm of plant distance. All accessions were designed in randomized block with three replications. Each plot consists of two rows cotton accession and one row susceptible varie-ty, TAMCOT SP 37 as a attractant plant. Parameters observed were nymph population, plant damage, tri-chome characters and its density, length, and position on the leaf lamina. Results showed that cotton acces-sions with higher trichome density were more resistant to jassid compared to the less trichome of accession. SK 32, LAXMI, and SK 14 were more resistant accession to A. biguttula, while SATU 65, LASANI 1, G-cot-10, SAMARU 70, NH4, L 18, and NIAB were categorized as intermediate resistant accessions to the pest. Sto-neville 825, 7042-5W-79N, 1073-16-6x491L-619-4-77, and M35-5-8 were found as the most susceptible to A. biguttula. Negative correlation was occured between trichome density and nymph population (Y=-170,8x + 296,6; R2 = 0,414) and between trichome density and damage score (Y=-0,005x + 2,916; R2 = 0,622), while positive correlation was found between nymph population and damage score (Y=0,469x – 0,071; R2 = 0,672).</p>
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Ney, Laura, Dorcas Franklin, Kishan Mahmud, Miguel Cabrera, Dennis Hancock, Mussie Habteselassie, Quint Newcomer, and Brendan Fatzinger. "Rebuilding Soil Ecosystems for Improved Productivity in Biosolarized Soils." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5827585.
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Disinfecting soil can reduce or eliminate crop loss from soilborne pathogens, parasitic nematodes, and weed competition. Biosolarization combines biotoxic products from organic matter decomposition and heat from solarization. While biosolarization offers an organic option for soil pest control and avoids human and environmental health risks associated with chemical fumigants, it still has broad negative impacts on microbial communities. Quickly reestablishing these communities can be key in preventing resurgence in disease pressure and in maximizing nutrient use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of fertilization source, N fertilization rate, and/or inoculate to rebuild an active soil ecosystem in biosolarized soils by measuring nematode community structure, microbial biomass, and C and N mineralization in soil as well as kale yield and quality. The study was conducted using potted kale grown in biosolarized soils. Treatments were bare soil, receiving no fertilization, and soils receiving two different rates of organic, composted broiler litter or mineral fertilizer. Half of the pots in each treatment received a locally sourced microbial inoculant (LEM). Among the nonfertilized treatments, the soils that received applications of LEM mineralized more nitrogen and produced higher yields. Soils that received the highest rate of compost immobilized the greatest proportion of nitrogen applied, were the most cold-tolerant, and produced the largest yields. None of the kale that received heavy mineral fertilization without LEM inoculation survived a hard freeze; however, the ones that received LEM applications were able to partially recover. We also found that kale grown with lower rates of N (50 kg·ha−1), applied as compost plus LEM, had the greatest magnesium leaf content and were more economically efficient while producing an equally abundant and nutritious food.
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Mora-Ortiz, M., and L. M. J. Smith. "Onobrychis viciifolia; a comprehensive literature review of its history, etymology, taxonomy, genetics, agronomy and botany." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 5 (October 2018): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000230.
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AbstractOnobrychis viciifolia(sainfoin) is a forage legume crop with many positive agronomic, environmental, nutritional and nutraceutical attributes. Farmers also benefit from its drought tolerance in areas of low rainfall and light free draining soil, mainly due to its deep taproot. It is resistant to most common pest and diseases and is a valuable resource for pollinators, specifically cultivated for honey production in some regions. It has many benefits for animals, being highly palatable and without danger of bloat, which can be life-threatening to livestock. Its decline in Northern Europe started during the Green Revolution and was impacted by changes towards more intensive farming. Unlike other forage legume crops such as red clover and lucerne, sainfoin does not respond well to inputs and is difficult to establish and maintain. Sainfoin could be classified as an ‘orphan crop’ with very little genetic improvement or agronomic studies in the past 60 years. In the past 5–10 years, however, there has been a resurgence in interest and this has given rise to a number of studies and initiation of systematic improvement of the crop, which is indispensable to its reintroduction into the farmed environment. Interest has been driven in part by considerable evidence to suggest that condensed tannins present in the legume foliage, together with other polyphenol compounds, have positive effects on animal nutrition together with anthelmintic properties. These compounds are also thought to play a role in environmental benefits. There remain many challenges to address in order to optimize the potential for cultivation of sainfoin and its use as a beneficial forage crop. This review makes particular reference to a recently completed project; ‘Legume Plus’, funded by the European Union and embracing a multi-disciplinary approach to both understand and improve the crop for farmers. The present review covers results from both this project and other studies during the past 5 years, also drawing on historic studies of etymology, taxonomy, genetics, agronomy and botany, aiming to be a useful resource for research and for practical plant breeders and agronomists.
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Rosenheim, Jay A. "Control Failures Following Insecticide Applications in Commercial Agriculture: How Often Do They Occur? A Case Study of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Control in Cotton." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab067.
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Abstract Although surveys of pest populations documenting evolved insecticide resistance often suggest abundant potential for insecticide control failures, studies documenting the actual occurrence of such failures in commercial agriculture are rare. If farmers currently practice adaptive management, abandoning the use of insecticides once resistance emerges, actual control failures could be rare. Here I use data gathered by independent pest management consultants to describe a case study of the realized efficacy of commercial field applications of insecticides, examining the control of Lygus hesperus Knight on cotton. On average, insecticides reduced target pest populations to 19% of their preapplication densities. Short-term efficacy of insecticides was variable, but only one severe control failure was observed (1 of 50, 2%). The rarity of severe control failures observed in this study is in agreement with the few other studies conducted in commercial settings, but additional research is needed to assess the generality of this result. Although pesticides can cause longer-term problems, including target pest resurgences and secondary pest outbreaks, risk-averse attitudes among farmers coupled with relatively consistent short-term insecticide efficacy may be potent forces propelling farmers toward the use of insecticides.
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Budhathoki, Pravin, Pushpa Gnawali, Divya Baral, and Amita Gyawal. "PESTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF ETHNOBOTANICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS IN NEPAL – A REVIEW." Acta Scientifica Malaysia 4, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/asm.02.2020.69.74.
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Pests are considered a major problem in agriculture as they cause a various degree of losses. The use of synthetic pesticides to control these pests has resulted in pest resurgences, pest resistance, environmental degradation and lethal effect to non-target organisms in the agro-ecosystems. To minimize or replace the use of synthetic pesticides, botanical pesticides are important alternatives. They possess a toxic effect against pest including repellent, antifeedant and antibiosis effect against insect growth. In Nepal, among 5,345 species of flowering plants, 324 species have pesticidal properties. Some of the botanicals like Neem, Tobacco, Sweet flag, Garlic, Mint, Ginger, Artemisia, Sichuan pepper, Adhatoda, Basil, Drum-stick, Jatropha, Polygonum, Lantana, Chinaberry etc are widely used in pest management and many types of research have been done to explore the potential of these botanicals. This study aims to review the insecticidal potential of these important ethnobotanical plants. The biopesticides made from these botanicals were found to be effective against various pests. However, efficacy was found to be variable and often lower than that of synthetic pesticides.
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Romanescu, Gheorghe, Denes Lóczy, József Dezső, and Donatella Carboni. "Loess-Scape in the Dobrudja Plateau (Romania). Landforms and Updated Typology." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2018-0008.
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Abstract The study of loess and loess-like deposits in Romania has developed considerably, over the years. C14 dating determined that the last three glaciations (Mindel, Riss, Würm) and, at least, two interglacial periods were recorded in the Dobrudja Plateau. Five other paleosol layers indicate the succession of the Quaternary interglacial stations. The loess of Dobrudja, is about 50 m in thickness. The term loess-scape is comprised of all the processes and forms specific to these deposits, which create a unique landscape, with local peculiarities. Natural and anthropic conditions created loessoid microforms (clastokarst) specific to the Dobrudja Plateau. The friability of loess-like deposits, the heavy rains, the lack of vegetation, the existence of a steep slope and of a low basic level, led to the development of a marginal (border) clastokarst on the western and northern side of the plateau (on the right of Danube bank). The aim of this study is to rename the microforms specific to loess-like deposits and to highlight new ones: solution clastic dolines, collapse clastic dolines, clastic resurgences (intermittent karst springs), piping clastic glacis, collapse clastic glacis, proluvial clastic glacis, clastic micro-waterfalls with clastic micro-cauldrons, clastokarstic curtains (drapes), and so on. Consequently, the loess-scape in the Dobrudja Plateau is distinct, just like the karstic, volcanic, glacial landscape, and so on. New clastokarstic microforms were highlighted and efforts were made to establish a proper terminology.
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Johana, A. Mendes, Y. Ekowati Nurhening, S. Susanti Diana, Sembiring Jefri, Prasetia Andri, and Widijastuti Rosmala. "The potential leaves extract of Piper methysticum (piperaceae) as botanical insecticide against Crocidolomia pavonana (f.) larvae mortality (lepidoptera:crambidae)." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187306015.
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The application of various agricultural technologies such as the using by fertilizers, pesticides, and clearing land will have resulted changes in the ecosystem. Using by insecticides can gived negative impact such as causing resistance, resurgensy and environmental pollution due to residues that can last a long time and are difficult to decompose, because it have compound among other carbon, chlorin, and hidrogen. Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) is one of plant which are used for medicine and social-cultural activitiy by Merauke community, Papua. Meanwhile, Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) is one of major pest on the family Brassicaceae plants. The objective of this research was to effectiveness test for simple extract P. methysticum leaves as a botanical insecticide against C. pavonana larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The insecticide activities were assessed including mortality. Mortality tests using leaf wet method were seven concentrations (5 gr/100 ml, 10 gr/100 ml, 15 gr/100 ml, 20 gr/100 ml, 25 gr/100 ml, 30 gr /100 ml, 35 gr/ 100 ml) plus control. Each treatment was introduced ten C. pavonana instar 2nd larvaes and replicated five times. The results showed that extract P. methystichum leaves gave 22% mortality at 35 gr/100 ml water.
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Martyn, R. D. "Where will the next Norman Borlaug come from? A U.S. perspective of plant pathology education and research." Plant Protection Science 45, No. 4 (December 27, 2009): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2009-pps.
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Plant diseases can be traced back almost as far as recorded history. Numerous ancient writings describe plagues and blasts destroying crops and modern civilization still faces many plant disease challenges. Plant pathology has its roots in botany and notable scientists such as Tillet, Prevost, and deBary already had concluded microscopic organisms could cause plant diseases before Robert Koch established the rules of proof of pathogenicity with sheep anthrax. Plant pathologists can be credited with helping improve crop yields and food production throughout the world. However, at a time when there are increasing challenges to crop production, some that potentially may increase the severity or distribution of plant diseases, the training of future plant pathologists appears to be declining, at least in the United States. The ability of the U.S. Land Grant University (USLGU) system to attract and train future generations of plant pathologists may be at risk. Recent data from university plant pathology departments collected by The American Phytopathological Society (APS) documents a decline in the number of students completing advanced degrees in plant pathology, departments with fewer faculty with a diverse expertise in applied plant pathology, fewer stand-alone, single discipline departments of plant pathology, a reduced ability of many departments to offer specific curricular aspects of plant pathology, and a demographic profile that casts an ominous prediction for an unusually large number of faculty retirements over the next decade. The impact of these factors could be a shortage of highly skilled, applied plant pathologists in the U.S. in coming years. The affect also may be felt globally as fewer international students may receive pre-doctoral and post-doctoral training in plant pathology in the U.S. as faculty retire and are not replaced. On the other hand, this likely will create greater opportunities for universities around the world to take leadership in many aspects of plant pathology education. While a decline in students and young faculty trained in applied and field-level specialties of plant pathology (mycology, bacteriology, plant nematology, forest pathology, epidemiology, etc.) is occurring, those trained in the cellular and molecular host-pathogen interactions specialties appear to be increasing. Many plant pathology faculty hired at USLGUs in the last decade are trained in molecular biology and received their Ph.D. degree in a field other than plant pathology. They are now applying those skills to research numerous aspects of host-pathogen interactions of model pathosystems. A shift to a greater research emphasis on molecular host-pathogen interactions over the last decade is evidenced by the number of research articles published in the three APS journals; Plant Disease, Phytopathology and Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (MPMI). From 1985 to 2007, there has been a decline in the number of articles published in Plant Disease (–29%) and Phytopathology (–36%) and a steady increase in those published in MPMI since its inception in 1990 (+111%). With new research tools come new research questions. The tools of molecular biology have allowed us to look deeper into questions than ever before and provided us with a perspective not before seen. As we dissect and decode the genomes of the world’s most notorious plant pathogens we get closer and closer to alleviating the global losses and human suffering caused by plant diseases. New “designer crops” with engineered traits for drought and cold tolerance, pest resistance, increased levels of micronutrients, healthier oils such as omega fatty acids, and plant-derived pharmaceuticals are all on the horizon. Research in the future likely will focus on new problems, traditionally seen as outside the discipline of plant pathology. The impact of climate change on plant diseases will be significant. As many parts of the world become warmer and drier some plant diseases likely will increase in severity. Pathogens are likely to migrate and survive in more northern latitudes greatly expanding their range and diseases exacerbated by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity will increase. Plant pathology will continue to evolve as a multidisciplinary science. These changes will open up many new research opportunities. Plant pathology will play a bigger role in global food security. Research into the molecular and cellular interactions of symbiotic and endophytic organisms will help provide answers to food-borne illnesses caused by E. coli and Salmonella and how these and other human pathogens become established in plants in the field. Plant pathologists will team up with biomedical and aeronautical engineers, nanotechnologists, and computer scientists to develop microsensory technology to detect the introduction and spread of pathogens for biosecurity, diagnostics and epidemiological modeling purposes. Traditional areas of plant disease management and the use of biologicals for disease control also will benefit from a better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes and the similarity of virulence mechanisms and pathogen effectors between plant, insect, and vertebrate pathogens likely will bring new insights into human diseases. And last, but not least, there likely will be a resurgence in plant disease management and epidemiological research as the world’s dependence on biofuels increases and results in new diseases on intensively cultivated plant species used for biomass production.
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Kotta, Noldy R. E., Y. Andi Trisyono, and Arman Wijonarko. "Resistance Level of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Cypermethrin in the Regency of Kupang." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 22, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.24750.
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The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the major pests of the Brassicaceae family. Presently, farmers mostly use insecticide to control this pest. The improper use of insecticide, however, may lead to target pest resistance. Resistance to pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide cases have been widely reported. This research aimed to know whether the farmers use cypermethrin based on the recommended practices and to determine the resistance level of P. xylostella collected from Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao and Pukdale Villages collected from the Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, which were then compared to the population of Cangkringan (Sleman, Yogyakarta) as a susceptible population. The survey showed that these four locations in Kupang, used insecticides intensively and did the mixing of two or three insecticides. Insecticide application in these four locations was mostly not scheduled as recommended on the label of insecticides. The susceptibility test showed that the RR (resistance ratio) value from Kupang (Tarus = 9.2, Noelbaki = 7.2, Oesao 7.3, and Pukdale = 3.8, respecively) was higher than susceptible population (Cangkringan = 1.0). Therefore, P. xylostella larvae collected from Kupang has been resistant to cypermethrin. IntisariPlutella xylostella L. merupakan salah satu hama utama pada tanaman Famili Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Pengendalian dengan insektisida masih menjadi andalan petani di lapangan. Dampak negatif dari insektisida seperti resistensi, resurgensi dan munculnya hama sekunder tidak membuat efek jera karena minimnya pengetahuan tentang dampak negatif tersebut. Resistensi terhadap golongan piretroid sudah banyak dilaporkan. Salah satunya sipermetrin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani dan tingkat kepekaan dari populasi lapang asal Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao, dan Pukdale (Kupang, NTT) dibandingkan dengan populasi Cangkringan (Sleman, DIY) terhadap insektisida sipermetrin. Data survei tentang cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani diketahui bahwa penggunaan insektisida di keempat lokasi tersebut cukup intensif dan terjadi pencampuran insektisida yang tidak kompatibel. Penyemprotan dilakukan secara rutin di Desa Tarus; di Desa Noelbaki dan Oesao ada yang secara rutin dan ada yang kondisional; sedangkan penyemprotan secara kondisional di Desa Pukdale. Data uji kepekaan menunjukkan bahwa P. xylostella asal Kupang telah resisten terhadap sipermetrin dengan nilai RR (rasio resistensisi) tertinggi dari populasi Tarus (9,2), Noelbaki (7,2), Oesao (7,3), Pukdale (3,8) dibandingkan dengan populasi peka asal Cangkringan.
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Fernandes, Flávio Lemes, Leandro Bacci, and Maria Sena Fernandes. "Impact and Selectivity of Insecticides to Predators and Parasitoids." EntomoBrasilis 3, no. 1 (April 10, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v3i1.52.
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Problems with the use of insecticides has brought losses, such as, negative impact on natural enemies. When these beneficial insects reduce cause the eruption of pests and resurgence it’s more common. Thus principles of conservation these arthropods are extremely important in the biological natural control of pests, so that these enemies may present a high performance. Because of the negative impacts caused by insecticides on agriculture and their harmful effects on natural enemies, the objective of this article is to approach two important subjects, divided into three parts. Part I relates to the description of the main crop pests and their natural enemies; Part II involves the impact of insecticides on predators and parasitoids and Part III focuses on the selectivity of several groups of insecticides to natural enemies. Before spraying insecticides, it is necessary to choose a product that is efficient to pests and selective to natural enemies. So, it is indispensable to identify correctly the groups and species of natural enemies, since insecticides have an impact on their survival, growth, development, reproduction (sexual ratio, fecundity, longevity and fertility), and behavior (motility, orientation, feeding, oviposition and learning) of insects. The mechanisms of toxicity and selectivity of insecticides are related to the properties of higher or lower solubility and molecular weight. Besides, characteristics of the cuticular composition of the integument of natural enemies are extremely important in the selectivity of a product or the tolerance of a certain predator or parasitoid to this molecules.
Impacto e Seletividade de Inseticidas para Predadores e Parasitóides
Resumo.Dentre os problemas advindos do uso de inseticidas, a destruição de inimigos naturais é fator importante. Estes insetos benéficos podem reduzir problemas de erupção de pragas secundárias, ressurgência de pragas e manter a praga abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Dessa forma a conservação de inimigos naturais, para que os mesmos exerçam alta performance frente às pragas, é de extrema importância em controle biológico de pragas. Método de controle essencial utilizados nos programas de manejo integrado de pragas. Tendo em vista os impactos negativos dos inseticidas na agricultura e os seus efeitos adversos sobre os inimigos naturais, este artigo visa abordar dois assuntos importantes, que para isso é dividido em três partes. A parte I relacionada com o reconhecimento das principais pragas agrícolas e seus inimigos naturais; a parte II envolve o impacto dos inseticidas sobre os predadores e parasitóides e a parte III abordará sobre a seletividade dos diversos grupos de inseticidas aos inimigos naturais. Antes de se pulverizar inseticida é necessário a escolha de um produto que seja seletivo e eficiente, assim torna-se imprescindível identificar de forma correta os grupos e espécies de inimigos naturais. Uma vez que os inseticidas apresentam impacto sobre a sobrevivência, o crescimento e desenvolvimento, na reprodução (razão sexual, fecundidade, longevidade e fertilidade), no comportamento (mobilidade, orientação, alimentação, oviposição e aprendizado). Os mecanismos de toxicidade e seletividade dos inseticidas estão relacionados às propriedades de maior ou menor solubilidade e peso molecular. Além disso, características da composição cuticular do integumento dos inimigos naturais são de extrema importância na seletividade de um produto ou a tolerância de determinado predador ou parasitóide.