Academic literature on the topic 'Pestalotiopsis spp'

Em 2003 e 2004, os fungos Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium spp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium spp., Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium spp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud e uma levedura não identificada foram isolados de sementes de mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) coletadas em três localidades do Cerrado do Brasil. Testes de patogenicidade e o subsequente reisolamento de Fusarium sp. (CPAC-1857), Pestalotiopsis sp (CPAC-1838 e CPAC-1844)., Phomopsis sp. (CPAC-1863) e de A. pullulans (CPAC-1845) de mudas de mangabeira inoculadas artificialmente comprovaram os postulados de Koch.

During 2013-2014 growing seasons, forty three isolates of Pestalotiopsis spp. were recovered from guava leaves and fruits showed scab symptoms from different regions in EL-Beheira governorate. Five Pestalotiopsis species were recognized according to the morphological characteristics of fungal colony (Colony color, Size and number of acervulii) and conidia (length, width, and color of median cells, length and the number of apical and basal appendages); they were P. psidii, P. microspora, P. clavispora, P. neglecta and Pestalotiosis spp. All the isolates recovered were pathogenic to the cv. Balady of guava fruits. However, P.psidii isolates were the most highly pathogenic followed by P. neglecta, P. clavispora, P. microspora and Pestalotiopsis spp, respectively. RAPD-PCR analysis using five random oligonucleotide primers revealed DNA fingerprints and considerable variations were revealed with primers tested. Bar primer showed a common band for all Pestalotiopsis isolates and species at 500bp, while BAQ, 18 and A9B4 exhibited banding pattern similar for all isolates of the same species which were different from that of the other species. Scab disease control of infected fruits by chitosan as a natural product was tested. The in vitro 2.5% chitosan application significantly inhibited the growth of Pestalotiopsis spp. tested by 86.53% on agar plates. The in vivo tests on fruits, the chitosan treatment to artificially infected fruits reduced the development of symptoms at the different chitosan concentrations, i.e., 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%. The 2.5% chitosan was the most effective concentration for scab disease control in guava fruits. It is the first report of identification five different Pestalotiopsis species affecting guava fruits and leaves in EL-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Also, the study supported the view that chitosan offers a safe alternative to synthetic fungicides in postharvest scabby control and could be considered as a potential agrochemical of low environment impact.

Thirteen endophytic fungal strains of the genus Pestalotiopsis were isolated from the medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (commonly known as “espinheira santa”) and their antimicrobial properties were investigated. Two isolates were successful in inhibiting the growth of the tested microorganisms ( Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Micrococcus luteus , Staphylococcus aureus , and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) using the technique of bioautographic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) agar overlay assay. An analysis based on a polyphasic approach integrating taxonomic information, morphological traits, RAPD markers, and the sequencing of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 of the rDNA led to the assignment of the isolates as belonging to the species Pestalotiopsis microspora , Pestalotiopsis vismiae , and Pestalotiopsis leucothoes . Therefore, the present study presents a new approach to the study of endophytic fungi of the genus Pestalotiopsis.

This study was carried out to identify the unknown different symptoms and their causes as plant pathogenic fungi from Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar District. Plant materials with fungal signs and symptoms were collected and examined. The main fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves and twigs were Pestalotiopsis spp. Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. My report the occurrence of Pestalotiopsis spp. on leaves of mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) for the first time in Libya.

Investigation of plants that possess natural antimicrobial substances for plant protection has been recognized as a promising disease management strategy. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina spp., and Pestalotiopsis spp. isolated from diverse hosts such as Azadirachta indica, Melia dubia, Saraca indica and Quercus leucotrichophora produce important diseases in forest nurseries such as leaf blight, leaf spot, and wilt. In this study, botanicals from two invasive plant species, Ageratina adenophora and Ageratum conyzoides, were prepared and tested against plant diseases. Two botanicals (Methanolic extract obtained from the leaves of these two invasive species) and two fungicides were evaluated for their fungal growth inhibitory effects. At 1.5 percent concentration, the methanolic extract of Ageratina adenophora was found highly effective, inhibiting the growth of Macrophomina spp., (71.94%) followed by Pestalotiopsis spp. (70.20%), Alternaria alternate (51.92%) and Fusarium solani (47.03%). Whereas, Systemic chemical fungicide Thiophanate methylat 1.5% concentration showed maximum mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria alternata (77.20%) and Macrophomina spp. (82.43%) and being deadlier to Pestalotiopsis spp. (100%) and Fusarium solani (100%). Their comparative analysis showed that higher doses of Ageratina adenophora caused either more or almost equal pathogen growth inhibition than lower doses of Chlorothalonil for certain fungi. Thus, promoting eco-friendly disease management strategies such as botanical control would be beneficial in reducing the need for pesticides.

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically very important fruit species cultivated in many countries. The world's largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts is Turkey. In Serbia, compared to other types of fruit, hazelnuts are grown on significantly smaller areas. In the last decade, hazelnut has become more interesting for the producers and there is a growing trend of increase of areas under this crop. Hazelnut is the host of numerous pathogens and pests that can cause significant economic damage in orchards. To date, there has been no comprehensive research on the causes of hazelnut diseases in Serbia, and the goal of our work was to determine the causes of some fungal diseases. In the period from 2017 to 2020, samples of hazelnut leaves and branches with symptoms of necrotic spotting were collected from a large number of plantations in Serbia. A large number of isolates were isolated from the collected samples for further determination. Based on the morphological and pathogenic properties of the isolates, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Pestalotiopsis was determined.

Research Highlights: Pestalotiopsis pini sp. nov. is an emerging pathogen on stone pine, Pinus pinea L., in Portugal. Background and Objectives: Stone pine is one of the most important forest tree species in Portugal and in the whole Mediterranean basin. Pestalotiopsis species are common endophytes, saprobes or pathogens in a variety of hosts and environments. The objective of the present study was to identify the Pestalotiopsis species associated with the symptomatic stone pine trees. Materials and Methods: Samples of stone pine trees showing shoot blight and stem necrosis were obtained from stone pine orchards and urban areas in Portugal, and the isolated Pestalotiopsis species were identified based on morphology and combined ITS, TEF and TUB DNA sequence data. Artificial inoculations on one-year-old stone pine seedlings were performed with the two species most frequently found in association with shoot blight disease. Results: Five Pestalotiopsis spp. were isolated. A taxonomic novelty, Pestalotiopsis pini is described, representing a new pathogen for stone pine. Conclusions: Pestalotiopsis species may represent a threat to the health of pine forests in the Mediterranean basin. Future research should be done in order to increase our knowledge about the potential impact of pestalotioid species in stone pine, in order to develop management strategies against these pathogens.

Common guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit tree of global economic importance. It is grown in Asia, South and Central America, and Hawaii for its exquisite aroma and flavor, and nutritional and medical properties. However, guava production is limited by guava scab, caused by fungi in the Pestalotiopsis genus. Characteristic symptoms of guava scab are corky, ovoid or round lesions on fruit surfaces. These lesions may thicken, affecting the flesh below and reducing fruit quality and commercial value. We characterized 81 isolates isolated from guava scab lesions on guava leaves and fruit in different regions of Colombia, and identified them as Pestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis spp. We analyzed the morphology, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the isolates based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and elongation factor genes. Isolates were morphologically, pathogenically, and genetically diverse but the diversity did not correlate with geographical origin, or guava cultivar or tissue from which the isolates were recovered. Selected monosporic isolates included in the multiple-gene analysis were identified as belonging to two genera: Neopestalotiopsis (65 isolates with versicolorous conidia) and Pestalotiopsis (4 isolates with concolorous conidia).

AbstractThe relationship between the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and fungi cohabiting in 15-year-old Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, was examined at intervals of 2 months over a year following inoculation with PWN. The population of PWN in the trees was large in August, but decreased slightly in December then increased again in February. Eighteen species of fungi were isolated from wood samples of the pine trees examined. Among them were Phialophora repens, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizoctonia sp., which were detected most frequently every season. All of these dominant fungi had positive effects on increasing the nematode population except for Rhizoctonia sp., on which PWN propagated less. Under laboratory conditions, 18 species of fungi isolated from pine trees and Botrytis cinerea cultured on potato dextrose agar served as food for PWN, and PWN population build up was compared at 20°C. PWN increased significantly on Pestalotiopsis sp. 1, Pestalotiopsis sp. 2, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Phialophora repens and B. cinerea from 10-15 days after inoculation. From the viewpoint of food quality and their cohabiting ability, we concluded that the species of fungi that were dominant in the pine trees, except for Rhizoctonia sp., had a compatible relationship with PWN, whilst Rhizoctonia sp. and Penicillium spp. were neutral, and Trichoderma spp. had an incompatible relationship with PWN.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Cultivation of Walnut-pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) has intensified in recent years in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. However, the research related to plant pathology has not developed to the same degree, so producing pecan nuts have faced many unknown diseases in the state. The main objective of this study was: a) identify and characterize causal agents of new diseases on Walnut-pecan in Rio Grande do Sul, and as specific objectives: b) to collect and to identify pathogens in different locations in Rio Grande do Sul, c) evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates collected in plantations of Walnut-pecan from different locations in Rio Grande do Sul, d) perform the isolates morphological characterization collected from diseased plants of Walnut-pecan, and e) to identify the isolates species. For this purpose, samples were taken in seven cities in the state for isolating potentially pathogenic fungi which were also collected and analyzed soil samples to characterize the area and georeferencing. Pathogens, Fusarium spp. and Pestalotiopsis spp. which were not yet reported were tested for their pathogenicity. The first genus was tested by inoculation on substrate, and the second by leaf inoculation with spore suspension. The pathogenic isolates were characterized by mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial dimensions, colony pigmentation and formation of specific structures to each genus. The same isolates were also identified by molecular sequencing of the ITS and TEF-1α genes for Fusarium spp. and ITS and β-tubulin genes for Pestalotiopsis spp. Twelve pathogenic isolates of Fusarium spp. and eleven of Pestalotiopsis spp. were identified. The variables used on morphological characterization were able to differentiate the isolates, especially the width of conidia for Fusarium spp. and diameter of the colonies for Pestalotiopsis spp. The sequencing of the ITS regions and TEF-1α to Fusarium spp. confirmed the separation of isolates through morphological characteristics and identified five species: F. chlamydosporum, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, Giberella fujikuroi species complex and F. graminearum species complex and for Pestalotiopsis spp. sequencing of the ITS regions and β-tubulin could identify some species, such as P. clavisora and P. cocculi, and other isolates remained without precise identification of the species, since the phylogeny of the genus is still poorly known.
O cultivo da nogueira-pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) tem se intensificado nos últimos anos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Entretanto, as pesquisas relacionadas aos problemas fitossanitários da espécie não se desenvolveram na mesma intensidade, de modo que muitos produtores do estado têm enfrentado enfermidades desconhecidas. Diante disto, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar os agentes causais de novas doenças que atacam a nogueira-pecan no Rio Grande do Sul. Como objetivos específicos estabeleceram-se: a) coletar e identificar agentes patogênicos em diferentes localidades no Rio Grande do Sul; b) avaliar a patogenicidade de isolados coletados em plantios de nogueira-pecan de diferentes localidades no Rio Grande do Sul; c) caracterizar morfofisiologicamente os isolados coletados de plantas doentes de nogueira-pecan; e d) identificar, em nível de espécie, os isolados provenientes de plantas doentes de nogueira-pecan. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas em sete municípios do estado, para isolamento de fungos potencialmente patogênicos. Também foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de solo para caracterização da área e georreferenciamento dos pontos. Os patógenos, ainda não relatados, Fusarium spp. e Pestalotiopsis spp., foram testados quanto a sua patogenicidade. O primeiro foi testado com inoculação em substrato, e o segundo com inoculação foliar por suspensão de esporos. Os isolados patogênicos foram caracterizados morfofisiologicamente através das variáveis crescimento micelial, esporulação, dimensões de conídios, pigmentação das colônias e formação de estruturas específicas de cada gênero. Os mesmos isolados também foram identificados molecularmente através de sequenciamento dos genes ITS e TEF-1α, para Fusarium spp., e ITS e β-tubulina, para Pestalotiopsis spp. Foram identificados doze isolados patogênicos de Fusarium spp. e onze de Pestalotiopsis spp. As variáveis utilizadas na caracterização morfofisiológica foram suficientes na diferenciação dos isolados, especialmente a largura dos conídios, para Fusarium spp. e o diâmetro das colônias, para Pestalotiopsis spp. O sequenciamento das regiões ITS e TEF-1α, para Fusarium spp., confirmou a separação dos isolados por meio das características morfofisiológicas e identificou cinco espécies, sendo elas F. chlamydosporum, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, Giberella fujikuroi species complex e F. graminearum species complex. Para Pestalotiopsis spp., o sequenciamento das regiões ITS e β-tubulina permitiu que se identificassem algumas espécies, como é o caso de P. clavisora e P. cocculi. Outros isolados permaneceram sem identificação precisa da espécie, já que a filogenia do gênero ainda é pouco conhecida.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Fungi genus Pestalotiopsis can be found as parasites or endophytes, being quite disseminated to the various habitats. Bioprospecting of Pestalotiopsis spp. have demonstrated the potential of this strains in obtaining bioactive compounds as anticancer or antimicrobial, that due the diversity of secondary metabolites are capable of producing. At work we have expanded knowledge about genomics, proteomics and metabolomics Pestalotiopsis strains isolated from Amazonian environments. They were reactivated 33 Pestalotiopsis strains of LaBMicra collection of the Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM. Were evaluated about their morphological diversity (conidia structure), genetic (Its1 and Its2 / AFLP), protein (SDS-PAGE) and they secondary metabolites were evaluated for chemical profile obtained by mass spectrometry (APCI-MS ). Secondary metabolites were tested against tumor cells SKMEL-19, CAL-27, ACP02 and against strain of C. albicans CFAM - 1342, associating the results with yours metabolomic profile. The most promising strain was subjected to mutagenesis by UV (UVC) light induction. The 33 strains of Pestalotiopsis spp. were isolated from nine plant genera as Euterpe sp., Gustavia spp., Myrcia sp. Duguetia sp., Rollinia sp., Arrabidaea sp. Victoria sp., Pinus sp., and associated Basidiomycetes. The most representative species were P. mangiferae, P. microspora and P. clavispora with eight, seven and six strain respectively. The extracts did not showed promising results against any of the tumor cells and nine extracts showed activity against C. Albicans. The chemical profile assessed over 60 days showed that the strain P. microspora (P12 / AnspCg1.1.3a) isolated of Rollinia sp. initiates the stationary growth phase of 20 days of cultivation, and the cultivation time best for obtaining bioactive compounds is 30 days. The analyzes of the reduction of the carbon source, growth of mycelial mass and the pH of the fortified protein profile results confirmed that the strain arrive the metabolic apex with 25 days.The production of mutant strains PX was efficient, but the strains did not show anticandida activity in their extracts. The secreted protein profile was also modified proteins of 50 to 140 kDa being expressed with greater intensity. Through large-scale cultivation was possible positive evaluation by bioautography and CCDP isolation subfractions which analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR showed the presence of 3-phenyl-propionic acid molecule known for its ecological role in protecting the host against plant pathogens.
Fungos do gênero Pestalotiopsis podem ser encontrados como parasitas ou endófitos, sendo bastante disseminados aos diversos habitats. A bioprospecção de Pestalotiopsis spp. têm demonstrado o potencial deste gênero na obtenção de compostos bioativos como anticancerígenos e antimicrobianos, isso por conta da diversidade de metabólitos secundários que são capazes de produzir. No trabalho ampliou-se o conhecimento a cerca da genômica, proteômica e metabolômica de linhagens de Pestalotiopsis isolados de ambientes Amazônicos. Foram reativadas 33 linhagens do gênero Pestalotiopsis da Coleção do LaBMicra da Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM. Foram avaliadas com relação a sua diversidade morfológica (estrutura de conídios), genética (Its1 e Its2/AFLP), proteica (SDS-PAGE) e seus metabólitos secundários foram avaliados através do perfil químico obtido por espectrometria de massas (APCI-MS). Os metabólitos secundários foram ensaiados frente a células tumorais SKMEL-19, CAL-27, ACP02 e frente a cepa de C. albicans CFAM – 1342, associando os resultados ao perfil metabolômico. A linhagem mais promissora foi submetida a mutagênese por indução de luz ultravioleta (UVC). As 33 linhagens de Pestalotiopsis spp. foram isoladas de nove gêneros vegetais como Euterpe sp., Gustavia spp., Myrcia sp. Duguetia sp., Rollinia sp., Arrabidaea sp. Victoria sp., e Pinus sp., além de associadas a Basidiomycetes. As espécies mais representativas foram P. mangiferae, P. microspora e P. clavispora, com oito, sete e seis linhagens respectivamente. Os extratos das linhagens não apresentaram resultado promissor contra nenhuma das células tumorais e nove extratos apresentaram atividade frente a C. albicans. O perfil químico avaliado ao longo de 60 dias demonstrou que a linhagem P. microspora (P12/ AnspCg1.1.3a) isolada de Rollinia sp. chega a fase estacionária de crescimento com 20 dias de cultivo, e que o melhor tempo de cultivo para a obtenção dos compostos bioativos é 30 dias. As análises da redução da fonte de carbono, crescimento da massa micelial e pH do meio fortaleceram os resultados do perfil proteico confirmando que a linhagem chega ao ápice metabólico com 25 dias. A produção de linhagens PX mutantes foi eficiente, mas as linhagens não apresentaram atividade anticandida em seus extratos. O perfil de proteínas secretadas também foi modificado com proteínas de 50 a 140kDa sendo expressas com maior intensidade. Através do cultivo em larga escala foi possível a avaliação positiva por bioautografia e por CCDP o isolamento de subfrações que analisadas por RMN de 1H e 13C revelaram a presença do ácido 3-fenil-propanóico, molécula conhecida por sua função ecológica na proteção da planta hospedeira contra patógenos.

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Until a few years ago, the stone pine (Pinus pinea) was a species affected by few pathogens, but recently shoot blight and death of the shoots have been frequently reported in our country, causing serious concerns for producers and pine nut industry. By hindering the development of cones, this problem affects the production of pine nuts, the main resource of this forest industry. Lately, fungi belonging to different genera have been identified associated with shoot blight of stone pine. Some of these fungi, such as Sydowia polyspora, were unknown in Portugal and others, although present in our country (eg Pestalotiopsis spp.), were usually considered weak or stress parasites, affecting only weakened trees. The main aim of the present work was to contribute for the identification of the fungi associated to shoot blight of stone pine and to clarify their role in the expression of the disease. A total of 46 isolates from seven different sites were analysed. Identification was made based on cultural and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis (ITS, TEF and TUB regions). Isolates of the most relevant species were tested for their pathogenicity. This work allowed to identify several species of fungi associated with shoot blight in stone pine, namely: Diplodia sapinea, Epicoccum nigrum, Pestalotiopsis australis, Pestalotiopsis sp. and Sydowia polyspora. The inoculation of one year-old P. pinea plants under controlled conditions allowed to confirm the pathogenicity of isolates of species D. sapinea and Pestalotiopsis sp.. The role of S. polyspora in the expression of these symptoms was not clarified, however, in the plants inoculated simultaneously with D. sapinea and S. polyspora isolates, the incidence of the disease was much higher than in the plants inoculated with D. sapinea alone, raising the hypothesis that S. polyspora may be potentiating the pathogenicity of D. sapinea. In this work, the fungus S. polyspora was identified for the first time in Portugal and for the first time in stone pine. It should also be pointed out that the isolate belonging to Pestalotiopsis sp., whose pathogenicity was proved in the present work, presents morpho-cultural and genetic characteristics different from those described for other species within this genus, being more aggressive than other known species within this genus
N/A

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
101
Abstract Taiwan is located in subtropical area with high temperature and humidity. The diseases of fruit crops caused by Pestalotiopsis spp. are important, including guava canker caused by P. psidii and wax-apple fruit rot caused by P. eugeniae. However, previous studies indicated that more than one species of Pestalotiopsis could cause guava canker or wax-apple fruit rot. The objectives are to collect the Pestalotiopsis isolates from guava and wax-apple and identify the Pestalotiopsis species based on morphological, biological and molecular characteristics. There were 144 Pestalotiopsis isolates collected from guava and wax-apple fruits, including 62 isolates from guava (6 isolates from purple-rot symptom) and 49 isolates from wax-apple (37 isolates from purple-rot symptom). Moreover, 22 isolates from dry canker fruit, 6 isolates from canker stalk and 5 isolates from leaves of guava were obtained. The morphological analysis showed that the conidial morphology of Pestalotiopsis isolates from guava and wax-apple are similar and medium cell of all isolates is versicolorous. Furthermore, the Pestalotiopsis isolates from two hosts also could not be separated into different groups based on principal component analysis. The pathogenicity test showed that Pestalotiopsis isolates from guava and wax-apple fruit with brown or purple type symptom and dry canker fruit, stalk and leaves of guava could infect the both fruits. The inoculation test indicated that the both fruits with wound could be infected by spore suspension of Pestalotiopsis isolates; however, the mycelia disc could infect both fruits without wound. Moreover, the Pestalotiopsis isolates from both fruits with brown or purple symptom could infect the detached leaves of guava successfully under wounded condition. For temperature examination, all of the Pestalotiopsis isolates could grow from 20 to 28℃ and the temperature range was also suitable for disease development on guava and wax-apple. In this study, the endophytic isolates of Pestalotiopsis obtained from healthy guava fruit could cause brown or purple symptom on guava and wax-apple fruits. The fungicide sensitivity of Pestalotiopsis isolates to 4 kinds of strobilurins revealed that the Pestalotiopsis isolates were sensitive to pyraclostrobin but less sensitive to kresoxim-methyl. The result of molecular phylogenic analyses demonstrated that all of the Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from guava and wax-apple were distinguished from the concolorous isolates of Pestalotiopsis showed based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) sequences. Furthermore, the combination of ITS, β-tubulin and EF1-α sequences showed a similar results with other individual region. In addition, the Pestalotiopsis isolates from guava and wax-apple were not monophylogeny and showed high diversities on ITS, β-tubulin, EF1-α regions and even combination. Thus, the Pestalotiopsis isolates were species complex and more than two or three species of Pestalotiopsis could cause diseases on guava and wax-apple in Taiwan. However, the Pestalotiopsis isolates caused brown and purple symptom on guava and wax-apple could not be distinguished from each other based on morphology, pathogenicity, temperature and molecular phylogeny analyses. It is necessary to reveal the factor that controls the color of symptom in guava and wax-apple fruit in the future.