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Journal articles on the topic "Pesticide mixture"
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Cloyd, Raymond A. "Getting Mixed-Up: Are Greenhouse Producers Adopting Appropriate Pesticide Mixtures to Manage Arthropod Pests?" HortTechnology 19, no. 3 (2009): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.3.638.
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Pesticide mixtures are commonly used by greenhouse producers to deal with the array of arthropod (insect and mite) pests encountered in greenhouses. Greenhouse producers tank mix pesticides due to convenience because it is less time consuming, costly, and labor intensive to mix together two or more pesticides into a single spray solution and then perform one spray application compared with making multiple applications. Pesticide mixtures may also result in improved arthropod pest control. However, there has been no quantitative assessment to determine what pesticide mixtures (two-, three-, and four-way combinations) are being adopted by greenhouse producers and why. As such, a survey was conducted by distributing evaluation forms in conjunction with three sessions at two greenhouse producer conferences (two in 2007 and one in 2008) to obtain data on the types of pesticide mixtures used by greenhouse producers and determine if there are any problems associated with these pesticide mixtures. The evaluation form requested that participants provide information on the four most common pesticide mixtures (insecticides and/or miticides) used and for what specific arthropod pests. The response rate of the evaluation forms was 22.5% (45/200). The two-way pesticide mixture that was cited most often (n = 8) was the abamectin (Avid) and bifenthrin (Talstar) combination. The two pesticides typically included in a majority of the two-way and three-way mixtures were spinosad (Conserve) and abamectin. Spinosad was a component of 17 two-way and 7 three-way combinations, while abamectin was cited in 15 two-way and 9 three-way combinations. Both products are labeled for control of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), which is one of the most important insect pests in greenhouses. One pesticide mixture that was difficult to interpret involved the fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (Cleary's 3336) and metalaxyl (Subdue). This mixture was cited twice, and the arthropod pest listed was thrips (Thysanoptera). However, both fungicides have no insecticidal activity. Two of the mixtures listed in the survey used pesticides with similar modes of action: acephate (Orthene) + methiocarb (Mesurol), and pyrethrins (Pyreth-It) + bifenthrin (Talstar). A number of the pesticide mixtures listed for spider mites (Tetranychidae) were questionable due to similar life stage activity of the a.i. as indicated on the label including fenpyroximate (Akari) + clofentezine (Ovation), abamectin + chlorfenapyr (Pylon), and bifenazate (Floramite) + etoxazole (TetraSan). In fact, 38% of pesticide mixtures cited for twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) control should have been avoided due to analogous life stage activity. The data obtained from the survey clearly demonstrates that greenhouse producers implement a wide-range of pesticide mixtures to deal with the multitude of arthropod pests in greenhouses. However, the basis by which greenhouse producers decide the types of pesticides to mix together is not known. As such, the survey data can be used to direct future multistate or multiregional extension (outreach) efforts in developing programs specifically designed to educate greenhouse producers on which pesticides should and should not be mixed together.
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Weeks Santos, Shannon, Jérôme Cachot, Bettie Cormier, et al. "Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Pesticides Affect Mobility and DNA Integrity of Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Toxics 9, no. 8 (2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080174.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of three concentrations of a pesticide mixture on the first development stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The mixture was made up of three commonly used pesticides in viticulture: glyphosate (GLY), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and copper sulfate (Cu). Eyed stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to three concentrations of the pesticide mixture. Lethal and sub-lethal effects were assessed through a number of phenotypic and molecular endpoints including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, swimming activity, DNA damage (Comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl content and gene expression. Ten target genes involved in antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR. No significant increase of mortality, half-hatch, growth defects, TBARS and protein carbonyl contents were observed whatever the pesticide mixture concentration. In contrast, DNA damage and swimming activity were significantly more elevated at the highest pesticide mixture concentration. Gene transcription was up-regulated for genes involved in detoxification (gst and mt1), DNA repair (ogg1), mitochondrial metabolism (cox1 and 12S), and cholinergic system (ache). This study highlighted the induction of adaptive molecular and behavioral responses of rainbow trout larvae when exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of a mixture of pesticides.
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Warnock, Daniel F., and Heather Lash. "Tank Mixtures Differentially Impact Survival of Predatory Mites used to Manage Western Flower Thrips." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1125C—1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1125c.
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Greenhouses contain a vast array of insect, mite, and disease pests primarily managed by applications of conventional and biorational pesticides including insecticides, miticides, and fungicides. However, biorational pesticides have a narrow range of pest activity. As a result, greenhouse producers tank mix to broaden application activity. Research has demonstrated that tank mixing can result in either synergistic or antagonistic interactions for targeted pests. However, the impact of tank mixing insecticides and fungicides on predatory mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris, used to manage western flower thrips, Franklinella occidentalis, is unknown. The objective of this research was to determine how mixtures of four different pesticides (Conserve, Avid, Cleary's, and Decree), alone and in all possible combinations affect predatory mite survival in a laboratory bioassay. Individual 2-day-old adult mites, isolated in a cell of a bioassay tray, were exposed to one of the 15 pesticide treatments, or a water control. Treatments were replicated 15 times. Trays were held in an environmental chamber and mite mortality was assessed after 24 hours. Mite mortality was differentially impacted by some pesticide treatments when compared with the water control. One pesticide mixture, Conserve + Cleary's, significantly reduced mite survival compared to other pesticide treatments or the water control. Up to 70% of the mites exposed to this treatment died. The combination of Conserve + Cleary's should be avoided as a tank mixture when the biological control agent, Neoseiulus cucumeris, is used to manage western flower thrips.
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Gyorkos, J., M. A. Denomme, B. Leece, K. Homonko, V. E. Valli, and S. Safe. "Reconstituted halogenated hydrocarbon pesticide and pollutant mixtures found in human tissues: effects on the immature male Wistar rat after short-term exposure." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 1 (1985): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-006.
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Halogenated hydrocarbon insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures are routinely detected as residues in human adipose tissue, serum, and milk. Based on average values observed in analytical studies, reconstituted halogenated hydrocarbon pesticide mixtures and PCB mixtures were prepared and administered to immature male Wistar rats. The mixtures were administered at dose levels which approximate the concentrations which would be absorbed by an infant suckling for 180 days (low dose, L), and at three higher dose levels (2 × L, 10 × L, and 100 × L). The pesticide mixture contained isomeric hexachlorocyclohexanes, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene; the reconstituted PCB mixture contained 13 of the major congeners which have been identified in human milk samples. Administration of the L dose level of the pesticide (0.95 mg/kg), PCB (0.45 mg/kg), and pesticide plus PCB mixture (0.95 + 0.45 mg/kg, respectively) in corn oil on days 1 and 3 did not significantly alter hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities or elicit any observable pathological damage 6 days after the first exposure. In contrast, administration of the higher dose levels of this mixture elicited a dose-dependent induction of several hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Moreover, despite the short duration of exposure to these chemicals, the rats treated with the higher doses (10 × L and 100 × L) of these mixtures exhibited mild alterations in thyroid architecture, changes in hepatocellular nuclei including variations in chromatin distribution, vesiculation of larger nuclei, and frequent appearance of pyknotic shrunken nuclei. In addition there were changes in hepatocellular cytoplasm organization including vacuolations and mild zonal variations in volume. The results clearly indicate that relatively low doses of the pesticides and pollutant mixtures commonly found in human breast milk can elicit significant biologic and toxic effects in the immature male Wistar rat.
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Warnock, Daniel F., and Raymond A. Cloyd. "Effect of Pesticide Mixtures in Controlling Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 1 (2005): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.1.54.
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Greenhouse managers mix together pesticides to broaden the spectrum of pest control and to reduce pesticide and labor costs. However, the efficacy of pesticide mixtures has not been well-documented. This study assesses how mixtures of commercially available insecticides and miticides in two, three, and four-way combinations affected the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in greenhouse experiments and in a laboratory bioassay. The pesticides screened in the greenhouse experiments and laboratory bioassay were spinosad, abamectin, bifenazate, azadirachtin and imidacloprid. Each pesticide was applied at the maximum label-recommended rate. In the greenhouse experiments, transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum G. Don ex Sweet) flowers were infested with 25 adult western flower thrips (mixture of females and males). Flowers were then sprayed with the designated treatments. After 72 h, flowers were dissected to assess the numbers of live and dead western flower thrips. In the laboratory bioassay, chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) leaf sections, treated with solutions of each pesticide and all possible combinations, were exposed to 15 adult western flower thrips. The numbers of live and dead western flower thrips were assessed after 48 h. For all three experiments, we were not able to identify any antagonistic pesticide combinations. All treatments with spinosad, including the individual application and pesticide mixtures, resulted in high mortality of western flower thrips. Our data suggest that combinations of spinosad with the other pesticides tested do not affect the efficacy of spinosad in controlling western flower thrips. This information is important to greenhouse managers who wish to mix pesticides and still control western flower thrips in addition to the other plant-feeding arthropods found in greenhouses.
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Sadia, Christabelle G., France-Paraudie A. Kouadio, Behi K. Fodjo, et al. "Short-term metabolic resistance inductive effect of different agrochemical groups on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 11, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16876.1.
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Background: In order to assess the impact of the different groups of agricultural pesticides used in Côte d'Ivoire on the increase of mosquitoes resistance to insecticides, the expression profiles of 7 P450 cytochromes and one GSTE2 of Anopheles gambiae involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short exposure of mosquito larvae to different groups of agricultural pesticides on mosquito resistance. Methods: Three groups of pesticides were selected: (i) agricultural insecticide solutions, (ii) none-insecticide pesticide solutions (a mixture of herbicides and fungicides), and (iii) a mixture of the first two. A fourth non-pesticide solution was used as a control. Four groups of each stage 2 larvae (strain Kisumu, male and female) were exposed to 20% concentrated solution for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Deltamethrin were carried out on adults aged 2-5 days. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to quantify the expression of eight metabolic genes involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides. Results: Susceptibility to DDT showed a similar increase in the time required to knock down 50% of mosquitoes (kdt50) in l colonies exposed to insecticides and none-insecticides compared to the control colony. As for deltamethrin, kdt50 was higher in the colonies exposed to insecticides and the pesticide mixture compared to the colony exposed to none-insecticides. Of all the genes studied in all colonies, except for CYP6P1 induced only in the colony consisting of the pesticide mixture, no genes were induced. Conclusions: This study confirmed that induction is influenced by the duration, the concentration of the solution and the type of xenobiotic used as an inducer. The overexpression of CYP6P1 confirmed the inductive effect that a short exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural pesticides could have.
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Karns, Jeffrey S. "Biotechnology for the Treatment of Pesticide Waste." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 699c—699. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.699c.
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The use of microbes and/or microbial processes for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with pesticides is an idea that has enjoyed considerable interest over the past several years. Many microbes with specific pathways for the degradation of particular pesticides, or classes of pesticide, have been isolated and characterized. Unfortunately, most sites that are heavily contaminated with pesticides contain a mixture of the many different types of pesticides that have been used over the last 5 decades. This complex mixture of compounds may inhibit microbial degradation or may require multiple treatments to assure that all the chemicals are degraded. Treatment of wastes before they contaminate the environment is one way to avoid the problems associated with mixed wastes. We have isolated a number of microorganisms that detoxify insecticides, such as carbaryl of parathion via the action of hydrolase enzymes. These enzymes can be used to treat waste pesticide solutions before disposal. A system was developed for the disposal of one high-volume organophosphate insecticide waste by treatment with parathion hydrolase, followed by ozonation to yield harmless products that were readily degraded by other soil microorganisms. A second method for disposal of this waste involves altering the environmental conditions in the waste to stimulate the growth of microorganisms naturally present in the material utilizing the pesticide as a carbon source. This accomplishes degradation of the material over a 2-week period. Many, if not all, pesticides are degradable to some degree by microorganisms, and this fact can be exploited to provide cost-effective methods for the safe disposal of pesticide wastes.
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Renner, Rebecca. "Pesticide mixture enhances frog abnormalities." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 3 (2003): 52A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es032366s.
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Djurovic, Rada, Tijana Djordjevic, Ljiljana Radivojevic, Ljiljana Santric, and Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic. "Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in soil by liquid-solid extraction procedure." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 27, no. 3 (2012): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1203239d.
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A multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of four pesticides (diazinon, acetochlor, aldrine and carbofuran) belonging to different pesticide groups, extracted from soil samples, is described. The method presented is based on liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and determination of pesticides, i.e. the pesticides were extracted by methanol- acetone mixture, purified on florisil column and eluted by ethyl acetate-acetone mixture. Optimization of the main parameters affecting the LSE procedure, such as the choice of purification sorbent, as well as the elution solvent and its volume, were investigated in details and optimized. Also, validation of the proposed method was done. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for detection and quantification of the pesticides studied. Relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery values for multiple analysis of soil samples fortified with 30 ?g/kg of each pesticide were below 8% and higher than 89%, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for all the compounds studied were less than 4 ?g/kg.
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Albero, Beatriz, Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete, and José L. Tadeo. "Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Honey by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 4 (2001): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.4.1165.
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Abstract A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and other acaricides) in various commercial honeys (eucalyptus, lavender, orange, rosemary, and multifloral). The analytical procedure is based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion of honey in a mixture of Florisil and anhydrous sodium sulfate; the mixture is placed in small plastic columns and extracted with hexane–ethyl acetate (90 + 10, v/v). The pesticide residues are determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.15 and 1.5 μg/g ranged from 80 to 113%, and relative standard deviations were <10% for all the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the range 0.5–5 mg/kg for organochlorines, around 3 μg/kg for the chlorinated organophosphorus pesticides studied, near 15 μg/kg for fluvalinate, and about 3 μg/kg for the other pyrethroids.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pesticide mixture"
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Hill, Christopher Julian. "Molecular and phenotypic stress responses of Daphnia magna to selected pesticides and a binary pesticide mixture." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529956.
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Keenan, James John. "Immunotoxic Effects of Mixtures of Endosulfan and Permethrin Via Caspase Dependent Thymocyte Apoptosis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31647.
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Altered immune responses have been observed following occupational, inadvertent, or therapeutic exposure to xenobiotics. Many pesticides are known to cause immunotoxicity. Exposure to mixtures of pesticides, either concurrently or sequentially, may result in potentiating this effect partly because one can effect the metabolism of the other. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the insecticides endosulfan, permethrin and their mixtures on C57/BL6 male mice thymocytes in vitro and to ascertain the mechanism by which these effects take place. Permethrin, a broad-spectrum synthetic pyrethroid, is a widely used insecticide in agriculture and public health. Endosulfan is a highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide used worldwide. We examined the immunotoxic potential of these pesticides using a flow cytometric technique in combination with 7-Amino Actinomycin D (7AAD) to distinguish live, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic/necrotic cells. DNA ladder assay, a hallmark of apoptosis
, was also used to determine the occurrence of apoptosis. Both endosulfan and permethrin were found to cause significant apoptotic death of thymocytes in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Thus, permethrin at 50, 100 or 300 µM was found to cause 5.5, 11.5 and 26.1% increases in early apoptotic cell death relative to control, respectively. Endosulfan at 25, 50 or 250 µM was found to cause 11.9, 15.7 and 68.0% early apoptotic cell death, respectively. For the mixture study, concentrations of 100 µM permethrin and 50 µM endosulfan were selected and found to cause 27.1% apoptosis. Thus, these pesticides in mixture have an additive immunotoxic effect. Increases in late-apoptotic/necrotic cells were found at these concentrations for either pesticide when exposed for 12 hours. DNA ladder assay confirmed the presence of DNA fragments and therefore the presence of significant apoptotic cell death.
Apoptosis is a morphologically distinct form of cell death that can be mediated by a variety of pathological and physiological stimuli. Because permethrin and endosulfan were found to induce apoptosis in C57/BL6 mice thymocytes in vitro, the objective of the second half of this study was to elucidate the potential mechanism by which these pesticides regulate apoptosis in immune cells. Caspases are a family of cystine-dependent, aspartate-directed proteases that have an integral role in apoptotic cell death. Caspases, which are normally inactive in healthy cells, are activated during apoptosis and form an irreversible cascade. There are two subsets of caspases, initiator caspases (i.e. caspase 8 and 9) and effector caspases (i.e. caspases 3 and 6). Caspase 3, a downstream effector of apoptosis, is activated by many different pathways and is an apoptotic marker in cells. Caspase 8 is the apical caspase in the extrinsic pathway. Caspase 9 is the apical caspase in the intrinsic pathway, therefore we investigated mechanisms of pesticide induced apoptosis involving the thymocyte caspase system. Thymocytes from C57/BL6 mice were incubated with varying concentrations of pesticides for varying amounts of time. Active caspase 3 was then measured using EnzCheck Caspase 3 Assay Kit. Relative fluorescence for permethrin exposed cells after 12 hours incubation in the presence of pesticides at 150, 100, and 50 µM and 40 minutes in the presence of AFC-substrate was found to be 387, 386, and 297, respectively. Relative fluorescence for endosulfan exposed cells at 150, 100 and 50 µM was 188, 177, and 294. Caspase 3 activity increased as permethrin concentrations increased and decreased as endosulfan concentrations were increased. Then the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis were further investigated. Active caspase 8 was measured using the ApoAlert Caspase Fluorescent Assay Kit. Relative fluorescence for permethrin exposed cells after 7 hours incubation in the presence of pesticides at 100, 150, and 200 µM was found to be 35.5, 10.5, and 0, respectively. Relative fluorescence for endosulfan exposed cells after 7 hours incubation at 25, 50, 100 and 150 µM was found to be 32.8, 63.8, 69.5, and 55.5, respectively. A mixture study was then performed using endosulfan (50, 100, 150 µM) combined with permethrin (100 µM). All combinations were found to have more than an additive effect, therefore the extrinsic pathway seems to be involved. Caspase 9 activity was measured using Caspase 9/Mch6 Fluorometric Protease Assay Kit. Relative fluorescence for endosulfan exposed cells after 7 hours incubation at 25, 50, 100 and 150 µM was found to be 43, 73, 78.9, and 5.12, respectively. Relative Fluorescence for permethrin exposed cells at 100, 150 and 200 µM was found to be 34.5, 39, and 55.5, respectively. A mixture study was then performed using endosulfan (25, 50 µM) combined with permethrin (100 µM). Both combinations were found to have less than an additive effect. These results suggest that apoptosis caused by both endosulfan and permethrin exert their effects via the caspase pathway. The results also show that mixtures of pesticides have a less than additive effect on caspase 9 activation and more than an additive effect on caspase 8 activation, therefore the extrinsic pathway is predominantly involved in thymocyte apoptosis caused by mixtures of permethrin and endosulfan.<br>Master of Science
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Martins, Cátia Ariana Henriques. "Toxicity assessment and prediction of a realistic pesticide mixture from a portuguese agricultural area using concentration-response surface statistics." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13382.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL<br>Previous work showed the co-occurrence of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the striazine
herbicide terbuthylazine in surface waters of agricultural areas in “Lezíria do Tejo”,
Portugal. In the present study, we examine the effects of these pesticides singly and as a
binary mixture on the immobility of Daphnia magna and on the growth rate of the microalgae
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Terbuthylazine and chlorpyrifos at single exposure caused
a very toxic or toxic response in both organisms. Usually, the toxicity of mixtures is evaluated
in relation to the reference models Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA).
Initially, in this study was used the CA and IA model was to evaluate the joint effects of
chlorpyrifos and terbuthylazine. For immobility endpoint, the data fits better to the IA model,
due to different mode of action of the pesticides, however a specific pattern was showed; at
low dose levels the immobility was lower than modelled (antagonism), whereas at high dose
levels the immobility was higher than modelled (synergism). On the other hand, no deviation
was observed from independent action in algal tests. This study represents an important step
to understand the interactions among pesticides detected previously in field monitoring
studies of agricultural areas in “Lezíria do Tejo”, Portugal. Observed mixture toxicity was
compared with predictions, calculated from the concentration response functions of
chlorpyrifos and terbuthylazine at two realistic concentration ratios by applying the
biologically relevant patterns in which deviations occurred. The assumption of these last
yielded accurate predictions, although worst for the mixture ratio chlorpyrifos 0.17 and
terbuthylazine 85 μg/L under consideration.<br>N/A
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Carles, Louis. "Devenir de mélanges de pesticides : étude des voies de biodégradation et développement d'une méthode préventive de bioremédiation." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22759/document.
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Les pesticides de nouvelle génération sont le plus souvent épandus à de faibles doses et en mélange. Peu d’études se sont intéressées jusqu’à présent à l’effet de ces mélanges sur la biodégradation et la toxicité de chaque pesticide et/ou métabolite. Le but de ces travaux de thèse était d’étudier les voies de biotransformation de chacun des trois herbicides d’un mélange constitué de mésotrione (β-tricétone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurée) et S-métolachlore (chloroacétanilide) utilisé sur les cultures de maïs, ainsi que la toxicité (test Microtox ® ) des herbicides et de leurs métabolites, seuls et en mélanges. L’identification des métabolites de la mésotrione chez la souche Bacillus megaterium Mes11 et une étude de protéomique différentielle ont suggéré l’implication de nitroréductases dans la première étape de la biotransformation de cet herbicide, rôle confirmé ensuite par la caractérisation structurelle et fonctionnelle de deux enzymes capables de transformer la mésotrione : les nitroréductases NfrA1 et NfrA2, appartenant à la sous-famille NfsA-FRP des Nitro-FMN réductases. La voie de biotransformation du nicosulfuron a, quant à elle, été étudiée chez la souche Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolée à partir de sol agricole, capable de transformer cet herbicide par co-métabolisme. Cette biotransformation conduit à la formation de deux métabolites majoritaires issus du clivage de la liaison sulfonylurée du nicosulfuron, l’un deux (l’ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-diméthoxypyrimidine) présentant une toxicité 20 fois supérieure à celle de la molécule mère. Nous avons également étudié qualitativement et quantitativement la biotransformation de la mésotrione et du nicosulfuron par la souche Mes11 séparément ou en mélange, et en présence ou non de S-métolachlore Les résultats ont montré un effet négatif de la mésotrione sur la biotransformation du nicosulfuron et un effet positif du S-métolachlore sur la biotransformation de la mésotrione. Tous les mélanges d’herbicides testés ont montré des effets synergiques pour la toxicité vis-à-vis de A. fischeri, tandis que les mélanges de métabolites (avec ou sans S-métolachlore) étaient majoritairement synergiques ou antagonistes. La dernière partie des travaux de thèse est focalisée sur le développement d’une technique préventive de traitement de la pollution par les pesticides d’origine agricole (bioprophylaxie). Nous avons fait la preuve de concept de cette technique par une étude en microcosmes de sol. L’épandage simultané de l’herbicide 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique) et de la souche Cupriavidus necator JMP134 capable de le minéraliser a en effet permis de réduire le temps de demi-vie de ce composé d’un facteur 3, tout en conservant son activité herbicide<br>The new-generation pesticides are often sprayed at low dosages and in mixtures. Up to now, a few studies focused on the effect of these mixtures on the biodegradation and the toxicity of each pesticide and/or metabolite. The aim of this Ph.D. work was to study the biotransformation of each herbicide of a mixture composed of mesotrione (β-triketone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurea) and S-metolachlor (chloroacetanilide) applied on maize crops, as well as the toxicity (Microtox® test) of the herbicides/metabolites alone or in mixture. The identification of mesotrione metabolites by the strain Bacillus megaterium Mes11 and a differential proteomic approach suggested the role of nitroreductases in the first step of mesotrione biotransformation. This was confirmed by the structural and functional characterization of two enzymes able to biotransform mesotrione: the NfrA1 and NfrA2 nitroreductases, belonging to the NfsA-FRP sub-family of Nitro-FMN reductases. The biotransformation pathway of nicosulfuron has been elucidated for the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolated from an agricultural soil and able to co-metabolically biotransform nicosulfuron. Two major metabolites resulting from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge were identified, one of them (ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine) presenting a 20-fold higher toxicity than the parent compound. The simultaneous biotransformation of mesotrione and nicosulfuron by the strain Mes11 was also qualitatively and quantitatively studied, showing a negative effect of mesotrione on nicosulfuron biotransformation, and a positive effect of S-metolachlor on mesotrione biotransformation. All parent compound mixtures tested resulted in synergistic effects towards A. fischeri, while metabolite mixtures (with or without S-metolachlor) were mostly synergistic or antagonistic. The last part of the PhD work was devoted to the development of a preventive technique for the treatment of pollutions caused by agricultural pesticides (bioprophylaxis). We made the proof of concept of this method by using a soil microcosm study. The simultaneous spreading of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) herbicide and the strain Cupriavidus necator JMP134 able to mineralize it allowed a 3-fold reduction of 2,4-D half-life in soil, while preserving its herbicide activity
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Jia, Zhenquan. "Pesticides and Pesticide Mixtures Induce Neurotoxicity: Potentiation of Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28381.
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Several epidemiological studies have suggested a role for environmental chemicals in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Endosulfan (an organochlorine) and zineb (zinc-ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) are used as pesticides on a variety of crops worldwide and pose potential health risks to humans and animals. Both endosulfan and zineb are known to affect nervous system. Because the dopaminergic system continues to develop postnatally, we hypothesized that developmental exposure to endosulfan or zineb alone or in combination would result in alteration of nigrostrial neurotransmitters and would render the nigrostrial dopamine system more susceptible to chemical challenge later in life. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of endosulfan and zineb individually and in combination on dopaminergic or cholinergic pathways in vivo, (2) to investigate the effects of exposure to endosulfan, zineb and their mixtures administered in early life (during brain development) on subsequent exposure to these pesticides on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, in vivo, (3) to investigate the mechanism(s) of induction of neuronal cell death caused by these pesticides using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in culture, (4) to define the role of oxidative stress in pesticide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro. Male C57Bl/6 mice of 7-9 months old exposed to zineb (50 and 100 mg/kg), endosulfan (1.55, 3.1 and 6.2 mg/kg) and their mixtures every other day over a 2-week period exhibited higher levels of dopamine accumulation in the striatum. Both pesticide-treated groups displayed significantly lower norepinephrine levels in the striatum (Ï ≤ 0.05) than the controls. The developmental exposure to zineb, endosulfan and their combination enhanced the vulnerability to subsequent neurotoxic challenges occurring later in life. Thus, C57BL/6 mice exposed to zineb, endosulfan and their mixtures as juveniles (postnatal days 5 to 19) and re-exposed at 8 months of age showed a significant depletion of striatal dopamine, to 22%, 16%, and 35% of control, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebral cortex was found to be significantly increased in all pesticide treated groups. Mice given mixtures of pesticides also showed significantly increased levels of normal and aggregated alpha-synuclein, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The results of these studies indicate that exposure to these pesticides as neonates and re-exposure as adults could result in neurochemical changes that did not reveal at adulthood when the exposure was at juvenile age only.
We further investigated the mechanism(s) of activation of pesticide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro. The characteristic of cell death in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells was examined. These cells are known to retain catecholaminergic phenotype. Cells were exposed to endosulfan, zineb and mixtures of two pesticides, in concentrations ranging from 50 μM to 400 μM. These exposures caused both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells as evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release, 7-aminoactinomycin-D and Annexin-V/PI assays. Exposure to mixtures of the pesticides enhanced both the early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis compared to either chemical alone. Visual evaluation using DNA ladder assay and fluorescence Annexin V/PI assay confirmed the contribution of both apoptotic and necrotic events. Furthermore, endosulfan and zineb alone and in combination altered the caspase-3 activity indicating that both pesticides exposure exert their apoptotic effect via the caspase-3 pathway. Because there has been increasing evidence of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in pesticide-induced neuronal cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), the levels of ROS and antioxidant enzymes were examined. Cells treated with pesticides were found to enhance the generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide both in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mixture of pesticides significantly enhanced the production of these reactive oxygen species compared to cells exposed to individual pesticide. Cells treated with pesticides showed a decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase levels. These pesticides also induced lipid peroxides (thiobarbituric acid reactive products) formation in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, cells exposed to these pesticides were found to have increased in the expression of NFkappaB activity in the nucleus. These data support the hypothesis that oxidative stress was induced in neuronal cells by exposing to these pesticides in vitro.
Taken together, the results of this study support the above hypothesis and suggest that the cytotoxicity of endosulfan and zineb and their combinations may, at least in part, be associated with the generation of ROS. Furthermore, mice exposed at early age and re-exposed at adulthood become more susceptible to alteration of neurotransmitter levels compared to mice exposed to these pesticides only as juveniles. These findings could add to the growing body of knowledge on the mechanism of pesticide-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death and could hold tremendous implication for the future understanding of the possible involvement of environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.<br>Ph. D.
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Santos, Miguel João Gonçalves dos. "Ecotoxicological evaluation of pesticide mixtures." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3612.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em Biologia<br>Neste trabalho o risco da aplicação de moluscicidas (metaldeído e metiocarbe)
para o isópode terrestre Porcellionides pruinosus foi avaliado usando como
parâmetros a mortalidade e biomarcadores de exposição. O tempo até à morte
dos isópodes (após contacto com os moluscicidas) foi muito curto,
especialmente no caso da exposição ao metiocarbe. Os vários biomarcadores
revelaram-se úteis para a compreensão do modo de acção dos dois
moluscicidas neste isópode, particularmente o efeito do carbamato metiocarbe
na inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Os efeitos de combinações
binárias de três produtos de protecção das plantas (PPP) dimetoato, glifosato e
espirodiclofeno foram avaliados testando o comportamento de evitamento de
P. pruinosus, o sucesso reprodutivo do colêmbolo Folsomia candida e o
crescimento das plantas Brassica rapa e Triticum aestivum, usando os dois
modelos de referência de concentração de adição (CA) e acção independente
(IA). O modelo MIXTOX foi usado para avaliar possíveis desvios (devido a
interacções entre os pesticidas) dos dois modelos de referência. Os resultados
obtidos permitem constatar que estes PPP quando aplicados segundo a dose
recomendada não acarretam efeitos perniciosos para os organismos testados.
Foi detectado sinergismo na mistura feita com glifosato e espirodiclofeno no
isópode P. pruinosus e na mistura com glifosato e dimetoato na planta T.
aestivum. Um ecossistema terrestre em pequena escala (“STEM”) foi
desenvolvido, contendo um solo agrícola mediterrânico. Nestes STEM,
minhocas (Eisenia andrei), P. pruinosus, B. rapa e “bait-lamina” foram
incorporados no sentido de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de dimetoato com
espirodiclofeno e glifosato com dimetoato. A dose recomendada de aplicação
dos PPP, quer na exposição individual quer nas misturas binárias não teve
quaisquer efeitos nas espécies testadas. As minhocas foram sensíveis à
aplicação conjunta de dimetoato com espirodiclofeno (10 vezes a dose
recomendada) na sua distribuição vertical ao longo da coluna do STEM, e foi
detectado sinergismo (i.e. mais minhocas escaparam do que a predição feita
pelo modelo IA). Em todas as misturas binárias feitas com glifosato e
dimetoato registou-se um decréscimo no consumo de “bait-lamina”, indicando
sinergismo (menos “bait-lamina” consumidos que o esperado). Dos quatro
biomarcadores (Catalase, AChE, GST e LPO) avaliados nos isópodes,
verificaram-se diferenças significativas na actividade da enzima AChE (quando
dimetoato foi aplicado no solo) e LPO (aumento da actividade devido à
aplicação de glifosato e dimetoato).<br>In this work the risk of applying molluscicidal baits (with metaldehyde and
methiocarb) to the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus, was assesses
using the time to lethality as well as biomarkers of exposure. The time to death
values found in the single exposures to both molluscicides were very low,
especially in the case of methiocarb. The use of several biomarkers was a
suitable tool to understand the mode of action of these two molluscicides in this
isopod species, particularly the effect of the carbamate methiocarb on the
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The effects of binary
combinations of three plant protection products (PPP), dimethoate, glyphosate
and spirodiclofen on the avoidance behaviour on Porcellionides pruinosus, the
reproductive effort of the collembolan Folsomia candida and on the growth
pattern of the plants Brassica rapa and Triticum aestivum were assessed using
the two reference models of concentration addition (CA) and independent
action (IA). The MIXTOX model was used to detect possible deviations (due to
the interaction between pesticides) from the two reference models. The results
seemed to corroborate that these PPPs have no detrimental effects when
applied at recommended doses. Synergism was detected in the mixture made
with glyphosate and spirodiclofen applied to P. pruinosus and with the mixture
of glyphosate and dimethoate applied to T. aestivum. A small-scale terrestrial
ecosystem (“STEM”) containing a Mediterranean agricultural soil was designed,
where earthworms (Eisenia andrei), P. pruinosus, B. rapa and bait-lamina strips
were incorporated to survey the effects of binary combinations of dimethoate
with spirodiclofen and glyphosate with dimethoate. The recommended
application dose of the PPP did not cause any impairment in the growth pattern
of the tested species. Earthworms were sensitive in their depth distribution due
to the application dimethoate and spirodiclofen (10 times the recommended
dose) tested, and a synergistic pattern, (i.e. worms escaped more than
predicted by the IA model) was observed. In all the binary mixtures performed
with dimethoate and glyphosate, a decrease in the feeding activity (bait-lamina
consumption) of the soil fauna was observed, indicating synergism (less baits
eaten than expected).From the four biomarkers assessed in isopods (Catalase,
AChE, GST, and LPO), only a significant difference in the AChE (decrease
after dimethoate exposure) and LPO activity (increase after exposure to
glyphosate and dimethoate) was observed.<br>FCT; FSE - SFRH/BD/31562/2006
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Seeger, Bettina [Verfasser]. "Risk assessment of hormonally active pesticide residue mixtures / Bettina Seeger." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1107039568/34.
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Rabideau, Christine L. "Pesticide Mixtures Induce Immunotoxicity: Potentiation of Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34547.
Full textAbstract:
The three insecticides of interest were lindane (an organochlorine), malathion (an organophosphate) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO; a synergist). Based on minimum cytotoxicity (> LC25), the following concentrations were chosen for the pesticide mixture studies: 70μM lindane (Lind), 50μM malathion (Mal) and 55μM PBO. In the AlamarBlue cytotoxicity assay, individual pesticide and mixtures of malathion/PBO (MP) and malathion/lindane (ML) prompted cytotoxicity with varying intensities (Mal 18.8%, Lind 20.4%, PBO 23.5%, ML 53.6% and MP 64.9%). Cytopathological analysis revealed apoptotic features in treated cells and the DNA Ladder Assay confirmed the presence of DNA fragments. The specific mode of cell death was examined via the 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) Staining Assay. Apoptosis was detected in each treatment (Mal 6.5%, Lind 12.0%, PBO 13.2%, ML 19.3% and MP 23.4%). Furthermore, 7-AAD staining in combination with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies, PE-CD45RB/220 and FITC-CD90, was performed. B-cells were more susceptible to Mal and PBO treatments than were T-cells. The pro-oxidant activity of the pesticides was monitored via the Dichlorofluorescin Diacetate assay. Exposure to pesticides for 15 minutes increased H2O2 production above the controls, Mal 21.1%; Lind 10.8%; PBO 25.9%; ML 26.8%; MP 37.8%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were altered by these treatments. GR was significantly reduced for the pesticide mixtures only (control: 51.7; Mal: 48.2; Lind: 50; PBO: 52.3; ML: 40.5; MP: 42 Units/mg). GSH-Px activity was severely reduced for all the pesticide treatments (control: 44.9; Mal: 30.2; Lind: 30.6; PBO: 32.4; ML: 21.1; MP: 21.1 Units/mg). These results indicate that exposure to these pesticide and pesticide mixtures induces apoptosis and oxidative stress.<br>Master of Science
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Olgun, Selen. "Immunotoxicity of Pesticide Mixtures and the Role of Oxidative Stress." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11114.
Full textAbstract:
The immunotoxic effects of multiple pesticide exposure were evaluated. C57BL/6 mouse thymocytes were exposed to lindane, malathion, and permethrin, either separately or in mixtures of two pesticides, in concentrations ranging from 37.5 uM to 1mM. These exposures caused both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in thymocytes as evaluated by 7-aminoactinomycin-D, Annexin-V/PI, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. When cells were exposed to lindane+malathion, or lindane+permethrin, a significantly greater-than-additive cytotoxicity was observed. The pesticide exposure caused DNA ladder formation with increased laddering in mixtures. Further, the effect of these pesticides on thymocyte oxidative stress was investigated. Thymocytes treated with any of these pesticides generated superoxide and H2O2. The lindane + malathion caused more-than-additive increase in superoxide production compared to single treatments of these pesticides. However, the effect of the lindane + permethrin was not significantly different from individual components of this mixture. The effects of pesticides on antioxidant enzymes were also investigated and only mixtures were found to have significant effects. Alteration in transcription factor NFkB level was measured as an indicator of oxidative stress in thymocytes following 12 h pesticide exposure, in vitro. Only lindane + malathion was found to increase the protein level. Furthermore, the effects of pesticides and their mixtures on immune functions of mice were studied in vivo. Animals (8-12 week old, male mice) were randomly divided into groups of six and injected intraperitoneally with three different doses (one-half, one-third, one-fourth, or one-eight of LD50) of individual pesticides. Exposure to individual pesticides did not alter the thymus/body or spleen/body weight ratios, thymic or splenic cell counts, or CD4/CD8 or CD45/CD90 ratios. However, anti-sRBC plaque forming cell (PFC) counts were significantly lowered with all treatments. Two other groups of animals were injected with lindane + malathion or lindane + permethrin at one-third of the LD50 of each pesticide. Exposure to pesticide mixtures did not alter the CD4/CD8 or CD45/CD90 ratios. However, the thymus/ and spleen/body weight ratios, thymic and splenic cell counts, and PFC counts were significantly lowered. These data indicate that lindane, malathion, and permethrin are immunotoxic and their mixtures can cause higher toxicity compared to individual exposures. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that oxidative stress were induced in thymocytes by exposure to these pesticides in vitro.<br>Ph. D.
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Gouma, Sofia. "Biodegradation of mixtures of pesticides by bacteria and white rot fungi." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3805.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to examine the potential for degradation of mixtures of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, linuron, metribuzin) by a range of bacteria and fungi and to relate this capability to enzyme production and quantify the rates of degradation of the components of the mixture of xenobiotic compounds. Overall, although bacteria (19 Bacillus and 4 Pseudomonas species) exhibited tolerance to the individual and micture of pesticides actual degradation was not evident. Five species of white rot fungi were grown on minimal salts agar plates amended with 0, 10 and 30 mg L-1 of chlorpyrifos, linuron and metribuzin, individually and as a mixture with a total concentration 15 and 30 mg L-1. Four of these, T. versicolor, P. gigatea, P.coccineus and P.ostreatus, exhibited very good tolerance to the pesticides. They were also grown on a nutritionally poor soil extract agar amended with a mixture of the pesticides at different concentrations (0-70 mg L-1). Subsequently, the ability of T. versicolor, P. gigatea, P. coccineus to degrade lignin and production of laccase in the presence of mixture of the pesticides was examined as well as their capacity to degrade the pesticide mixture at different concentrations (0-50 mg L-1) in soil extract broth was quantified using HPLC. This showed that only T.versicolor had the ability to degrade linuron, after three weeks incubation although all tested species produced laccase. Subsequently, the temporal degradation rates of T.versicolor was examined in relation to temporal degradation of a mixture of the pesticides chlorpyrifos, linuron and metribuzin with total concentrations 0-50 mg L-1 and the temporal laccase production was quantified over a six week period in relation to ionic and non-ionic water potential stress (-2.8 MPa). These studies showed that the test isolate had the ability to produce very high levels of laccase at -2.8 MPa water potential adjusted non-ionically by using glycerol and quite lower levels in soil extract broth without stress while T.versicolor did not produce laccase at -2.8 MPa when the medium was modified ionically. Finally, T.versicolor was able to degrade the pesticide linuron in all tested water regimes, after five weeks incubation, regardless of the concentration of the mixture. In contrast, about 50% of the metribuzin was degraded, only at at -2.8 MPa water potential adjusted non-ionically with glycerol. Chlorpyrifos and its main metabolite TCP were not detected, possibly, due to a combination of hydrolysis, photolysis and volatilization degradation. The capacity of T.versicolor to degrade linuron in mixtures of pesticides and the production of high levels of laccase, in a nutritionally poor soil extract broth, even under water stress suggests potential application of this fungus in bioremediation.
Books on the topic "Pesticide mixture"
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United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, ed. Chemigation, a technology for the future? U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1990.
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Dunson, David. Flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.1.
Full textAbstract:
This article focuses on flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data involving pregnancy outcomes. It first provides an overview of finite mixture models and nonparametric Bayes methods before discussing some of the possibilities focusing on gestational age at delivery, DDE and age data from the Longnecker et al. (2001) study. More specifically, it examines how risk of premature delivery is impacted by maternal exposure to the pesticide DDT. The results showcase the use of Bayesian analysis in epidemiological studies that collect continuous health outcomes data, and in which the scientific and clinical interest typically focuses on the relationships between exposures and risks of an abnormal response, corresponding to an observation in the tails of the distribution. The article also highlights the limitations of current standard approaches that can be overcome by means of Bayesian analysis using density regression, mixtures and nonparametric models, as developed and applied in this pregnancy outcome study.
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P, Whitney Susan, Kergel Thomas J, Witkowski John Frederick, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, and National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (U.S.), eds. The biologic and economic assessment of the field crop usage of chlorpyrifos: First draft. The Program, 1994.
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International Program on Chemical Safety., International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane and mixtures health and safety guide. World Health Organization, 1992.
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5
National Center for Environmental Assessment (Cincinnati, Ohio), ed. Developing relative potency factors for pesticide mixtures: Biostatistical analyses of joint dose-response. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pesticide mixture"
1
Antuniassi, Ulisses R., Alisson A. B. Mota, Rodolfo G. Chechetto, et al. "Droplet Spectrum Generated by Air Induction Nozzles Spraying Solutions Containing Adjuvants and a Tank Mixture of Glyphosate and Dicamba." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 40th Volume, Formulation, Application and Adjuvant Innovation. ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162720190116.
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Henry, Ryan S., Bradley K. Fritz, W. Clint Hoffmann, and Greg R. Kruger. "The Influence of Nozzle Type, Operating Pressure, and Tank-Mixture Components on Droplet Characteristics and the EPA's Drift Reduction Rating." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 36th Volume, Emerging Trends Building on a Solid Foundation. ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159520150098.
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Nollet, Leo M. L., and Hamir Singh Rathore. "Essential Oil Mixtures for Pest Control." In Green Pesticides Handbook. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153131-27.
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Arora, S. "Toxicity of pesticides in mixtures with different modes of action." In Pesticide risk assessment. CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0168.
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Arora, S. "Toxicity of pesticides in mixtures with the same mode of action." In Pesticide risk assessment. CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0147.
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Fisher, Karl J., Ray A. Felix, and Robert M. Oliver. "Screening Mixtures: An Experiment in Pesticide Lead Generation." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0800.ch002.
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Zhang, Ya-hui, and Zhengtao Liu. "Study on the Mixture Toxicity of Organophosphorus (OP) Pesticides." In SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9795-5_4.
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Chang, Chia Ming, Chiung-Wen Chang, Fang-Wei Wu, Len Chang, and Tien-Cheng Liu. "In Silico Ecotoxicological Modeling of Pesticide Metabolites and Mixtures." In Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0150-1_23.
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Yang, Raymond S. H. "Strategy for Studying Health Effects of Pesticides / Fertilizer Mixtures in Groundwater." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9751-9_1.
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Gasmi, Salim, Brahim Ben Aicha, Rachid Rouabhi, Samira Boussekine, and Mohamed Kebieche. "Mitochondria Dysfunction on Striatum After a Chronic Exposure to Pesticides Mixture in Rats." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition). Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_98.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pesticide mixture"
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Zhang, Zhihong, Heping Zhu, Zhiming Wei, and Ram�n Salcedo. "Preliminary evaluation of a turbidity sensor-based system to monitor concentration of simulated pesticide mixture for in-line injection systems." In 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 12-16, 2021. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202101162.
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Paraíba, Lourival C., Ricardo A. A. Pazianotto, Alfredo J. B. Luiz, Aline H. N. Maia, and Cláudio M. Jonsson. "A mathematical model to estimate the volume of grey water of pesticide mixtures." In XXXV CNMAC - Congresso Nacional de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional. SBMAC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/03.2015.003.01.0049.
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Vavrinevych, O. P., А. М. Antonenko, V. G. Bardov, S. Т. Omelchuk, and І. М. Pelio. "Forecasting the risk for human health of groundwater contaminated by pesticides tank mixtures’ components consumption (on the example of fungicide Quadris mixtures with other groups of pesticides)." In NEW TRENDS AND UNRESOLVED ISSUES OF PREVENTIVE AND CLINICAL MEDICINE. Baltija Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-588-81-5-2.43.
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Sabir, Jamal S. M. "The genotoxicity of three synthetic pesticides: chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their mixture chlorcyrin in Aspergillus terreus." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0140.
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Artemenko, S., and V. Mazur. "Thermodynamic and Phase Behavior of Supercritical Water: Environmentally Significant Organic Chemical Mixtures." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59453.
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The importance of equation of state models is fundamental to new technologies such as supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of organic pollutants. In order to be able to perform hazard and risk assessments, the parameters ofthermodynamic models are considered as information characteristics of chemicals that store the knowledge on their thermodynamic, phase and environmental behavior. Considering the extremely large number of existing chemicals, it is obvious that there is need for developing theoretically sound methods for the prompt estimation of their phase behavior in aquatic media at supercritical conditions. Recent developments of the global phase equilibria studies of binary mixtures provide some basic ideas of how the required methods can be developed based on global phase diagrams for visualization of the phase behavior of mixtures. The mapping of the global equilibrium surface in the parameter space of the equation of state (EoS) model provides the most comprehensive system of criteria for predicting binary mixture phase behavior. The main types of phase behavior for environmentally significant organic chemicals in aqueous environments are considered using structure-property correlations for the critical parameters of substances. Analytic expressions for azeotropy prediction for cubic EoS are derived. A local mapping concept is introduced to describe thermodynamically consistently the saturation curve of water. The classes of environmentally significant chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH, polychlorinated biphenyls - PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, and selected pesticides) are considered and main sources of the property data are examined. Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, and critical parameter estimations for pure components were chosen for seeking a correlation between the octanol–water partition coefficients KOW and the EoS binary interaction parameters - k12. The assessment of thermodynamic and phase behavior of representatives for different pollutants is given.
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Kurilova, D. A. "Assessment of the impact of the components of the pesticide tank mixtures on seeds of oil flax in the laboratory." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.29.
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Klimenko, O. E., N. N. Klimenko, and N. I. Klimenko. "Biologization is the way to sustainable development of Crimean garden agrocenoses." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.01.
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The intensification of agricultural production, which involves the use of highly productive plant varieties, high-performance equipment, high doses of mineral fertilizers and pesticides leads to soil degradation and environmental contamination. In this regard, alternative methods of agricultural production replace agricultural intensification. To increase the sustainability and environmental friendliness of garden agrocenoses it is necessary to reduce the chemical load and intensify biological processes by planting green manure crops and perennial herbs, as well as increase microbial diversity through application of microbial fertilizers. We offer the use of various methods of gardening biologization: sod-humus or green manure row spacing systems with different grasses and microbial fertilizers. We conducted comprehensive studies of the effect of MP on the growth and productivity of seedlings of stone fruit plants. The most effective MPs, their doses and methods of application for growing grafted annual seedlings of peach, cherry, apricot and cherry plum, as well as their effect on soil properties, have been determined. A joint positive effect of soil sodding with a mixture of cereal-bean perennial herbs and the use of MP on soil properties and ampelocenosis state in the foothill Crimea was established. In general, the use of biologization elements can increase soil fertility and fruit plants and grapes productivity by 10- 20 %.