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El-gadgoud, Khaled Mohamed. "Selective chemical control techniques for the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310748.
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McGrath, Gavan. "An exploration of the rainfall controls on pesticide transport via fast flow pathways." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0137.
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[Truncated abstract] Pesticides are often transported to streams and/or groundwater as a result of the occurrence of rainfall events which trigger surface runoff or rapid preferential flow through the unsaturated zone. Much of the theory of solute transport has been derived assuming steady state or slowly varying upper boundary conditions and continuous, averaged process descriptions. However, a review of pesticide dynamics reveals that pesticides are episodically transported, predominantly through discrete flow pathways and this transport is often initiated as a near surface process, driven by naturally variable and intermittent rainfall intensities. The objective of the thesis is to better understand how the structure of natural variability of rainfall intensities impacts upon pesticide transport by these fast flow processes. We first conducted an analysis of a lysimeter leaching experiment that was aimed at identifying the rainfall controls on herbicide transport. Multivariate analyses revealed that average water balance behaviour at low temporal resolution controlled water and bromide transport while extreme rainfall events and rainfall event frequency controlled herbicide transport. A minimalist event based modelling approach was able to simulate the observed herbicide transport without or with only minor calibration. ... Finally we conduct a climate based regional risk assessment of pesticide leaching for the Wheatbelt region of the south-west of Western Australia. This is done for a suite of pesticides on a single soil to evaluate the impact of rainfall variability alone. Moderately sorbing, slowly degrading solutes have a greater regional potential for rapid leaching than both strongly and weakly sorbing solutes. High leaching potentials are found along the western and southern coast and in the far-east, with a band of low leaching potential through the central Wheatbelt. This is despite higher annual rainfall in the central areas compared to the east, and it is found that this occurs because of a change in the dominant fast flow triggers from frequent low intensity rainfall on the coasts to high intensity infrequent storms in the east. The coefficient of variation of annual leaching loads is similarly distributed. Spatial patterns of leaching potential depend upon chemical properties and application time. Peak loads of chemicals to fast flow pathways are found to converge to mid-winter, indicating periods of high loads of multiple pesticides may be an unavoidable consequence of the seasonality of storm properties.
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LEBRE, DANIEL T. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia para a determinacao de herbicidas e inseticidas em aguas superficiais utilizando extracao liquido-solido e cromatografia liquida de alta eficiencia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10809.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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MORACCI, LUIZ F. S. "Residuos de agrotoxicos em lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua: validacao de metodologia analitica utilizando cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas em TANDEM (LC-MS/MS)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11734.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Brown, Colin David. "Pesticide movement from agricultural land." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238925.
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Worrall, Jonathan Stewart James. "Pesticide mobility in the unsaturated zone." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264291.
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Green, Emma. "Pesticide policy changes in the European Union." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295879.
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FREISSINET, CATHERINE. "Estimation des imprécisions dans la modélisation du devenir des produits phytosanitaires dans les sols : une méthode fondée sur la logique floue." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10068.
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Le travail presente dans ce memoire a pour principal objectif d'etablir une methodologie permettant d'evaluer les imprecisions sur les resultats de modelisation et de l'appliquer a l'estimation de la vulnerabilite de la ressource en eau face a des pollutions diffuses d'origine agricole. Dans une premiere partie, nous presentons les principaux phenomenes physiques lies au devenir des produits phytosanitaires dans les sols (transport, retention, transformation, volatilisation, reprise par les plantes. . . ) et nous ne manquerons pas de rappeler les differentes imprecisions concernant les caracteristiques chimiques des produits phytosanitaires, les proprietes du sol et les equations utilisees pour modeliser ces differents phenomenes. Puis, apres avoir mis en evidence l'importance de la prise en compte de ces differentes imprecisions pour evaluer celles sur les resultats de modelisation, et avoir montre les limites des methodes classiques d'analyse d'incertitude, nous developpons une methode fondee sur les sous-ensembles flous et sur la logique floue. Cette methode permet de quantifier les imprecisions sur les resultats issus des modeles mathematiques et d'evaluer la confiance que l'on peut accorder a ces derniers. Plusieurs applications, utilisant des modeles simples de diagnostic, sur le bassin versant du grand morin (region parisienne) et sur celui de pearl harbor (hawai), permettent de comparer les imprecisions sur les resultats obtenues d'une part avec des methodes classiques et d'autre part avec la methode fondee sur les sous-ensembles flous. Ces comparaisons mettent en avant les avantages de cette derniere par rapport aux methodes classiques, presentent differents indices d'evaluation de la vulnerabilite (drastic, af) et du potentiel a la lixiviation (rf) pour deux produits phytosanitaires (atrazine et diuron), et soulignent a nouveau l'importance de la prise en compte des imprecisions dans les resultats de modelisation. La derniere partie de ce travail consiste a valider notre methodologie fondee sur la logique floue sur une application consistant a calculer le flux convectif d'atrazine dans la zone non saturee du bassin du grand morin en utilisant le modele mathematique leachmp. Il ressort de cette application, qu'il est fondamental d'associer a la valeur moyenne issue d'un modele mathematique, un intervalle de variation de cette valeur defini par une coupe de niveau alpha et le degre d'appartenance minimum des valeurs de l'intervalle au sous-ensemble flou des solutions.
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McGinty, Pauric John. "A whole-cell biosensor for monitoring pesticide pollution." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336422.
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Shahtaheri, Seyyed Jamaleddin. "Trace pesticide analysis using immuno-based solid-phase extraction." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336497.
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Ward, Neil. "Farming on the treadmill : agricultural change and pesticide pollution." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349790/.
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The thesis examines the pollution of water by pesticides in Britain, an issue of public and political concern since the late 1980s as the results of extensive water monitoring, required under the EC's Drinking Water Directive have highlighted the spread and levels of contamination. The study explores the co-evolution of post-war agricultural policy and pesticide usage and examines how pesticide pollution of water has been constructed as a 'problem' and how this has been contested by different groups. Survey material from the Bedford Ouse catchment in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire is used to explain how farmers use pesticides, for what reasons, and with what understandings of the pollution risks their use brings. The questions to be addressed are: i) why, since the Second World War, have pesticides become such an important element of farming practice in Britain ? ii) how do farmers decide which chemicals to use and how to use them ? iii) how has pesticide pollution of water emerged as a 'problem' ? and iv) what are the implications for farming practices of regulations to tackle pesticide pollution ? Pollution is conceptualised as the outcome of a pollution production process' involving a network of actors, including farmers, advisors, scientists, pesticide manufacturers and regulatory agencies. Through an examination of farmers' actions in this context the thesis shows that, far from being the result of some natural technological progression, the increasing dependence upon pesticide technologies has been shaped and determined by broader social and political factors. The first part of the thesis explores the historical context for pesticide use in Britain, concentrating on the roles of agricultural policy and science and technology. In the second part, the actions of arable farmers are assessed through locally-based fieldwork conducted in 1991 in the catchment of the Bedford Ouse.
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Hough, Peter. "Global norms and the international regulation of pesticide production and use." Thesis, City University London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239977.
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Phillips, Spencer Rickert. "Evaluating agricultural pesticide use and risk for the Chesapeake Bay /." This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040742/.
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Palm, Britta. "Pesticide use in rice cultivation in Tarapoto, Peru : usage patterns and pesticide residues in water sources /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Assessment, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10587693.pdf.
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Garratt, James Alexander. "Development, application and evaluation of models of pesticide fate in greenhouses and fields." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364763.
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Frey, Andreas. "Groundwater recharge and pesticide leaching in a Triassic sandstone aquifer in South-West England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297614.
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Gilbert, David George Rollinson. "Pesticide safety policy and control arrangements in Britain." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38328.
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Thrupp, Lori Ann. "The political ecology of pesticide use in developing countries : dilemmas in the banana sector of Costa Rica." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290947.
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Thacker, Jonathan Richard MacDougall. "The spatial and temporal dynamics of pesticide side-effects on non-target invertebrates in UK cereal crops." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316416.
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Stenemo, Fredrik. "Vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200757.pdf.
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Langeron, Julie. "Etablissement d’une relation de type structure-propriétés (QSPR) entre les propriétés des pesticides et deux sols de Champagne crayeuse." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS023/document.
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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre du contrat d'objectifs AQUAL dont le but est la lutte contre les pollutions diffuses en milieu rural. Ils font également l'objet d'un partenariat avec le programme Phyt'Eau Ref initié par la Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne. Ils portent sur la compréhension de la rétention et du transfert des pesticides du sol à la nappe dans les sols champardennais. Deux sols différents de par leur contenu en matière organique et en calcaire ont été choisis pour réaliser l'étude afin d'étudier le comportement des pesticides dans des sols caractéristiques de la région (pH et taux de calcaire élevé). L'étude a été réalisée sur quarante pesticides appartenant à diverses familles chimiques et de propriétés physico-chimiques différentes. L'objectif est d'identifier les propriétés des pesticides gouvernant leur rétention dans les sols puis d'établir une relation de type structure-propriétés (QSPR) permettant la prédiction du coefficient d'adsorption Kd. L'adsorption et le transfert des pesticides ont été étudiés au laboratoire au moyen d'expériences en réacteurs fermés (étude à l'équilibre) et en colonne de sol reconstituées au laboratoire. Le tracé d'isothermes d'adsorption suivi d'une étude statistique a permis d'identifier l'hydrophobicité, la polarisabilité et la solubilité comme les paramètres physico-chimiques majeurs gouvernant la rétention des quarante pesticides étudiés. Des relations à deux paramètres ont été proposées et testées afin de pouvoir prédire le coefficient d'adsorption des pesticides. Enfin, les travaux réalisés en mode dynamique (colonne) ont permis de mettre en évidence que le phénomène de transfert peut être relié à l'adsorption des pesticides et qu'il est possible de passer de l'un à l'autre des paramètres caractérisant ces deux phénomènes par de simples relations permettant ainsi de s'affranchir de lourdes expériencesThis work is a part of the multidisciplinary AQUAL research program, which aims at to strive against diffuse pollutions in rural environment. It also took part in the Phyt'Eau Ref program initiated by the “Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne”. It deals with the comprehension of retention and transfer of pesticides from soil to groundwaters in Champagne-Ardenne. Two different soils by their organic matter and calcite contents, were chosen to carry out the study in order to evaluate the behavior of pesticides in characteristic soils of the region (pH and calcite content). The study was carried out on forty pesticides from various chemical families and having different physico-chemical properties. The aim was to identify the physico-chemical properties of pesticides governing their retention in soils and then to establish a quantitative structure properties relationship (QSPR) predicting the adsorption coefficient Kd. Adsorption and transfer of pesticides were studied in laboratory through batch experiments (equilibrium study) and soil column reconstituted in laboratory. Adsorption isotherm plot followed by a statistical analysis allowed identifying hydrophobicity, polarisability and solubility as the main physico-chemical parameters correlated to the pesticide retention. Relations combining two of these parameters were proposed and tested in order to predict the pesticide adsorption coefficient. Finally, studies in dynamic mode (column) allowed to evidence that the transfer phenomenon can be correlated to the pesticide adsorption nd that it was possible to go from one to the other parameters describing these two phenomena by simple linear relations, allowing to get rid of onerous experiences
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Bastien, Charlotte. "Pesticide levels in agricultural drainage systems in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60528.
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A study was conducted to measure pesticide concentrations from two tile-drained potato fields in Saint-Leonard d'Aston, Quebec. Soil and water samples were analysed for the pesticides metribuzin, fenvalerate and aldicarb in 1989, and for metribuzin and phorate in 1990.Metribuzin concentrations up to 3.47 $ mu$g/l were detected in the tile drain water. Surface runoff samples had metribuzin concentrations up to 47.086 $ mu$g/l. Aldicarb was not detected in any of the water samples. Fenvalerate was detected in surface runoff at a level of 0.05 $ mu$g/l during the 1989 growing season. Phorate was not detected in subsurface drain water in the 1990 growing season.
Pesticide levels were higher in the surface soil layer (0-5 cm), than at 25 cm depth. Fenvalerate was detected at a level of 0.013 $ mu$g/g in the surface (0-5 cm) soil samples. Phorate concentrations of up to 0.020 $ mu$g/g were detected in soil samples. Aldicarb was not detected in the soil samples. Metribuzin was found mostly in the soil surface layer with concentrations of up to 0.23 $ mu$g/g during the 1990 growing season.
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Oztas, Nur Banu. "Pesticide Pollution In Surface And Ground Water Of An Agricultural Area, Kumluca, Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609445/index.pdf.
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Concentrations of 17 organochlorine and 14 organophosphorus pesticides were measured in 27 ground and 11 surface water samples collected from a heavily agricultural area, Kumluca, in spring and fall seasons of 2005. The samples were preconcentrated by Solid Phase Extraction. GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems were used for quantitative determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides respectively.
The quality check/quality assurance tests were performed by the analysis of field and laboratory blanks, standard reference materials, spiked control and sample matrices, surrogate standards, sampling and analysis replicates. It is observed that, sample matrix lowers average percent recoveries from 89% to 76%.
The uncertainties of measurements were calculated to determine major factors affecting the analysis results. It was observed that uncertainty arising from extraction procedure was generally the highest.
The most commonly observed pesticide was endosulfan (70%) and chlorpyriphos (53%) for organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. The highest average concentration was observed for heptachlor (26 ng/L) and fenamiphos (184 ng/L).
Generally pesticides were detected more often in surface waters, where the concentrations were also higher. The concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in spring, and organochlorine pesticides in fall season were higher.
The high occurrences and detection of degradation products of chlorinated pesticides clearly indicate their intense use before 1980s. It is shown that, in Kumluca environment, degradation of these pesticides mostly occurs in surface waters.
It is observed that agricultural activities affect water quality in the region. The total concentration limit (500ng/L) was exceeded for 27% of surface and 14% of ground water samples, at least once in both seasons. The legal limit for a single pesticide (100ng/L) was exceeded by 32 % of surface, 24 % of ground water samples.
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Liaghat, Abdolmajid. "Use of soil and vegetative filter strips for reducing pesticide and nitrate pollution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36998.pdf.
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Haynes, David. "Pesticide and heavy metal concentrations in Great Barrier Reef sediment, seagrass and dugongs (Dugong dugon) /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16183.pdf.
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Hentschel, Eva. "Enforcing Pollution Control Regulation /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487929745336057.
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Tafazoli, Sara. "Modeling pesticide fate and transport in soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79746.
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The work presented in this thesis represents a contribution to the area of modeling of the transport and fate of herbicides applied to cropped fields, and was part of a larger research effort geared towards better management of herbicides. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a graphical user interface (GUI) for PESTFADE, a process-based mathematical model of pesticide transport and degradation, and to provide documentation for the execution of PESTFADE. The model simulates changes in pesticide concentration at different depths in the soil, based on relevant physical, chemical, biological and meteorological factors. PESTFADE is considered to be one of the most comprehensive models of its kind. However, it was, until now, difficult to implement due to absence of a user manual and graphical interface suitable for exploitation in a Windows environment. The author developed the GUI in Visual Basic, created macros to facilitate certain calculations, rewrote the original FORTRAN 77 code and then validated the updated version against field data obtained from an experimental site (Eugene Whelan Farm, Woodslea, Ontario). A preliminary development of an artificial neural network (ANN) to perform the same simulation implicitly, with fewer input parameters and less computational time, was also done.The thesis describes PESTFADE and the GUI, gives guidelines for implementing the package, and presents the results of the field validation of the revised version. During this work, the author discovered that there were problems in the parts of the code dealing with sorption phenomena. This can be solved by conventional kinetics or by Gamble kinetics.
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Phillips, Spencer R. "Evaluating agricultural pesticide use and risk for the Chesapeake Bay." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41774.
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Thatcher, Cindy. "Novel environmental pollution control catalysts." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844282/.
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This thesis comprises of the analysis of a commercial three way catalyst (TWC), as well as the discovery, development and analysis of a novel environmental pollution control catalyst for the abatement of automobile exhaust gases (namely CO by oxidation, HC (propane) by oxidation and NOX by reduction. All work was undertaken in collaboration with Blackthorn Autocatalysts, Chichester, West Sussex. The commercial TWC work comprised of two parts: (i) catalytic poisoning effects on the commercial TWC by metal compounds used in lead replacement petrol on activity of CO oxidation and HC oxidation. (ii) platinum group metal losses from the commercial TWC during laboratory simulation of an automobile exhaust gas during normal driving conditions. Here the author finds that (i) is more significant than (ii). The work on the novel catalyst also comprises of two parts: (i) The activity of a Keggin-type catalyst of the form [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ was compared to that of the TWC with respect to CO oxidation, HC oxidation and NOX reduction with varying Fe3+/Al3+ and Au3+/Fe3+/Al3+ substitutions. Comparisons of various preparative methods are made. Selected catalysts are characterised and probed in depth. (ii) A spinel-type catalyst of the form %Au/CoXFe3-XO4 was selected and activity with respect to CO oxidation, HC oxidation and NOX reduction with varying values of x and Au3+ loadings were compared to the TWC. It was characterised in full. Fe substituted Keggins-type catalysts proved to compare favourably with a commercial TWC in HC oxidation, but no CO oxidation and proved to be thermally unstable at the high temperatures experienced by TWCs. 1% Au containing cobalt-ferrite spinel-type catalysts of the form COXFe3-XO4 were x = 1.5 proved to compare very favourable when compared to the commercial TWC. Achieving lower LOTs for CO and HC oxidation under stoichiometric conditions. It was also found to be very active in NOX reduction under net reducing conditions. These Au/CoXFe3-XO4 catalysts were readily supported on pre-calcined Fecralloy at a level of 0.2 wt%, but more work is required to achieve higher loadings and higher activities. The application of such materials to the catalysis of environmental pollution control could be significant.
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Lichiheb, Nebila. "Volatilisation des pesticides depuis les plantes : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0047/document.
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L’activité agricole présente la principale source de contamination de l’atmosphère par les pesticides. Les niveaux de concentration des pesticides dans l’atmosphère méritent une attention particulière de la part de la recherche compte tenu de leurs impacts potentiels sur la population et les écosystèmes. Bien que la volatilisation depuis la plante soit reconnue plus intense et plus rapide que la volatilisation depuis le sol, cette voie de transfert est à ce jour la moins bien renseignée avec peu de modèles disponibles pour sa description. Le manque de connaissances est lié essentiellement à la complexité des interactions entre les processus ayant lieu à la surface de la feuille et qui sont en compétition avec la volatilisation, notamment la pénétration foliaire et la photodégradation. Un système de chambre de volatilisation a été développé afin d’étudier d’une manière simultanée les processus de volatilisation et de pénétration foliaire. Les expérimentations réalisées avec 3 fongicides (époxyconazole, chlorothalonil et fenpropidine) appliqués sur feuilles de blé ont permis une description affinée du processus de pénétration foliaire grâce au protocole d’extraction des feuilles mis en place. Des coefficients de pénétration indispensables à la modélisation du devenir des pesticides à la surface des feuilles ont été calculés ainsi que des relations entre les propriétés physico-chimiques des pesticides et les processus qui contrôlent leur distribution sur et dans la feuille. L’étude expérimentale portant sur le processus de photodégradation a consisté en une irradiation de films de cire simulant les feuilles de blé traités avec des pesticides dans un simulateur solaire Suntest. Les résultats ont démontré que les pertes par photodégradation sont négligeables dans les conditions expérimentales et les pesticides choisis. Le modèle d’échange Sol-Végétation-Atmosphère SURFATM a été adapté aux pesticides selon une approche inspirée du modèle PEARL avec dans un premier temps des coefficients empiriques des processus de pénétration et de photodégradation. L’originalité de ce modèle réside dans sa description mécaniste des conditions micro-météorologiques à l’intérieur du couvert végétal. Ensuite, une approche de distribution des résidus de pesticides dans différents compartiments de la surface foliaire a été définie en se basant sur les résultats expérimentaux, permettant ainsi de prédire la fraction disponible à la volatilisation. La combinaison de cette approche avec les relations déduites entre les propriétés physico-chimiques des pesticides et le processus de pénétration foliaire améliore la généricité du modèle. Par ailleurs, l’effet de la formulation observé expérimentalement a été intégré via des coefficients empiriques permettant ainsi de mieux simuler les flux de volatilisation des produits systémiques. La comparaison entreles sorties du modèles et les résultats expérimentaux recueillis à partir de deux jeux de données acquis sur deux sites différents donne des résultats satisfaisants. Une fois activée la volatilisation depuis le sol, le modèle SURFATM-Pesticides permettra de prédire les émissions vers l’atmosphère de pesticides par volatilisation depuis les parcelles traitéesThe agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. A laboratory volatilization chamber was developed in order to study simultaneously the processes of volatilization and leaf penetration of 3 fungicides (epoxyconazole, chlorothalonil and fenpropidine) applied on wheat leaves. These experimentations allowed a refined description of leaf penetration process using a well-defined sequential extraction procedure of leaves. Leaf penetration coefficients, which are necessary to modelling the pesticide fate in plants, were calculated. Moreover relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and processes regulating their distribution on and in plant leaves were identified. The experimental study on the photodegradation process consisted in irradiating wax films using simulated solarlight. The results showed that for experimental conditions and pesticides chosen in our study, photodegradation seems to have played a minor role as dissipation process.The soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange model SURFATM was adapted for pesticides using an approach inspired from the parameterization developed in the PEARL model. The originality of this model resides in its mechanistic description of the micro-meteorological conditions inside the canopy. As a first step the SURFATM-Pesticides model describes leaf penetration and photodegradation processes using empirical coefficients. Then a distribution of pesticide residues in the different compartments of the leaf surface was identified based on the experimental results. This approach allowed the quantification of pesticide fraction on the leaf surface available for volatilization. The combination of this compartmental approach and the identified relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and the leaf penetration process improves the genericity of the model. Moreover, the effect of the pesticide formulation in the commercial preparations was integrated in the model via empirical coefficients allowing a better simulation of the volatilization fluxes in the case of systemic pesticides. Comparison of model results and experimental measurements collected from two datasets showed satisfactory results. Once the contribution of soil volatilization has been activated, the SURFATM-Pesticides model will allow us to predict the overall pesticide volatilization at the field scale
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Passeport, Elodie. "Efficacité d'une zone humide artificielle et d'une zone tampon forestière pour dissiper la pollution par les pesticides dans un bassin versant agricole drainé." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00542351.
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Dans le cadre du projet européen LIFE ArtWET (06 ENV/F/000133), deux zones tampons (ZTs), une zone humide artificielle (ZHA) et une zone tampon forestière (ZTF), situées à Bray (France), ont été évaluées pour leur efficacité à réduire la pollution par les pesticides venant d'un bassin versant agricole drainé de 46 ha. Traiter l'ensemble des volumes n'étant pas possible, une bonne stratégie de traitement semble être de cibler les volumes les plus concentrés en pesticides. Les trois ans de données indiquent en moyenne une réduction d'au moins 40 % des concentrations et des charges en pesticides dans les deux ZTs, bien qu'une forte variabilité ait été notée. L'isoproturon, un herbicide mobile, a donné les résultats les plus contrastés. Des expérimentations de traçage ont permis d'estimer le temps de rétention hydraulique à 66.5 h dans la ZHA. Les retards observés sur le transfert des pesticides à travers des ZTs semblent dus à l'adsorption, bien que des phénomènes de désorption soient aussi suspectés. Des sédiments et des plantes de la ZHA ainsi que du sol et de la litière de la ZTF ont été prélevés. Sur ces substrats, des molécules marquées au 14C ont permis de suivre la dégradation de l'époxiconazole (fongicide) en systèmes eau/substrats ainsi que l'adsorption et la désorption de l'isoproturon, du metazachlore (herbicide) et de l'époxiconazole. A part pour les plantes, les coefficients d'adsorption (Koc) des trois molécules sont dans les valeurs hautes des gammes de valeurs publiées indiquant un fort potentiel des substrats de ces ZTs pour la rétention des pesticides. La désorption est très faible pour l'epoxiconazole, mais assez élevée pour le metazachlore et l'isoproturon. La minéralisation de l'epoxiconazole est faible et lente mais des métabolites ont été observés, indiquant une dégradation partielle. L'adsorption-desorption semble être un phénomène important, notamment pour les ZTs où le temps de résidence est faible, laissant ainsi peu de temps pour la dégradation des molécules.
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Dolan, Tom. "Water Framework Directive Article 7, The Drinking Water Directive and European Pesticide Regulation : impacts on diffuse pesticide pollution, potable water decision making and catchment management strategy." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8401.
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The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) promotes increased awareness of catchment processes and challenges the established dependence on a ‘treatment-led approach’ for the supply of European Drinking Water Directive (DWD) compliant potable water. In particular, WFD Article 7 promotes a ‘prevention-led approach’ to DWD compliance, based on pollution prevention at source to reduce investment in new treatment. In this context the challenge of preventing diffuse pesticide pollution from agricultural sources is significant because metaldehyde (a molluscide) and to a lesser extent the herbicide clopyralid are, despite current treatment, causing DWD non compliance for drinking water in a number of English catchments. Analysis presented here identifies that a successful transition from a ‘treatment-led’ to a ‘prevention-led’ approach will require collective action from, and shared mutual understanding between, a number of stakeholder groups. However, each of these groups has a unique perspective on WFD Article 7 and other elements of the currently uncoordinated legal and voluntary framework for diffuse pesticide pollution prevention. A toolbox of intervention options and a set of criteria to evaluate current catchment management actions are proposed to help the WFD competent authority facilitate WFD Article 7 compliance. Water suppliers need to improve their understanding of the reasons for pesticide use. Through consultation with pesticide agronomists, important drivers of pesticide use, a hierarchy of adaptation options available if a particular pesticide is restricted and key messages for catchment managers and regulators were identified. Based on this foundation a classification system to inform and prioritise water sector decision making for investment in catchment management was developed. Additionally, analysis presented here demonstrates that the DWD standard for pesticides, which determines the level of catchment management required for WFD Article 7 compliance, is not itself consistent with European environmental policy principles, particularly the precautionary principle, and needs to be reviewed.
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Cullen, Richard J. "Industrial pollution control down on the farm : integrated pollution prevention & control and intensive pig farming." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7049.
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Multi-medium pollution control has finally transcended the boundary from its roots in traditional manufacturing industry, and has entered the realm of intensive pig farming. This research has revealed the problems that face pig farmers when confronted by the Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control (IPPC) Directive (1996/61/EC). It has developed approaches that could assist intensive pig farmers in making important choices. A parallel study of the re-licensing of landfill facilities, an industry that is a veteran of licensing, has provided an ideal comparator. The literature on both industries was extensively searched for what was previously known. This has been supported by original research, including interviews with both landfill managers and pig farmers. These interviews were preceded by tours of landfill sites and pig farms - something that is seldom performed within the data collection stage of research where interviews are used. Differences between words and actions became apparent. These were analysed and their motivating factors considered. These discrepancies, evident through this verification process, serves to caution other researchers about the distortions that can arise when interviews alone are used. Identifying these discrepancies is also important because policy is often formulated using information collected though interview-based surveys. It may be the case that policy outcome deficit can result from the difference between words and actions. For decades farming has been moulded by society's desires in a similar vein to a nationalised industry. However, it is not a nationalised industry, but a collection of private individuals, family businesses, and larger companies. Multi-medium pollution control has been tried before. Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) was pioneered in England and Wales in 1991. Comparing the first years of that regime with the experiences that the Environment Agency are currently having reveals that many of the lessons have not been learnt. The funding available to the regulator, and the charges levied against the regulated are negotiated through compromises whereby environmental protection may be the loser. In this study, industry structures have been examined, revealing that the landfill industry is biased towards large operating companies. Re-licensing for the landfill industry is essentially a tightening of existing emission control, with relatively few additions. Landfill operators have the ability to pass costs on. Different experiences have been found between small and large landfill operators. Many small operators will go out of business. In this context it is noted that the structure of the intensive pig farming industry is biased towards smaller operators. Existing literature demonstrates that Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have difficulty implementing environmental regulation. Through this study, this knowledge has been supplemented by close examination of two industries that have hitherto been omitted from the SME - environmental regulation debate. Industry characteristics are important factors that are here explored in detail, through inter-industry comparisons based upon size and through size comparisons within each industry. Within both industries large size is not just a scaled-up version of a small business. In fact the cultures and organisational structures are different. Essentially, intensive pig farmers have limited choices. Those at the small end of the scale may be able to de-stock and temporarily escape the threshold beyond which strict environmental controls come into play. Many at this scale may decide to retire and abandon pig farming. Alternatives for these farmers include pursuing niche or more specialised markets. Intermediate in size, Family Farming Businesses exhibit characteristics of both large and small businesses. Their future is a little more uncertain as there is a momentum to continue farming - a key characteristic which makes family businesses different. The largest businesses are better placed to implement the controls, or to challenge and to find the least cost compliance route. However, the competition from imports, and an inability to gain more for the meat they produce may force this category to increase the size of operation even further, so as to lower unit costs.
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Smith, Adrian Paul. "Change and continuity in UK industrial pollution regulation : integrated pollution control." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318496.
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This dissertation studies the policy process which produced and implemented the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) system in 1990, administered by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP). It assesses how IPC was implemented in terms of setting pollution control standards, hQWIPC compares with the air pollution regime it replaced, and in terms of IPC's policy output. Policy network concepts are used to analyse the networks of interaction between policy actors as they seek to influence the policy process. The research involved interviews with these policy actors, plus analysis of relevant documentation - including a content analysis of the new IPC public register. The analysis is presented historically, beginning with the policy network of regulator and industry which negotiated air pollution controls. Public interest groups criticised this regime in the early 1970s for the informal, consensual, and confidential way it set and enforced air pollution standards. During the 1980s, European legislation put pressure upon domestic pollution control practice. Industry began lobbying for improvements to the flexible British regime as a bulwark against European formalism. Several factors led to HMJP's creation and IPC introduction, including European and industrial pressures, but also a belief by government that change had deregulatory potential. Regulatory procedures under IPC are more transparent and formal. However, standard setting was at HMIP's discretion, to be exercised during IPC implementation. HMIP initially intended to break from the past and do this at arms'length from industry. Analysis of this implementation stage uses the organic chemicals sector for case study. It explains why IPC has suffered an 'implementation deficit' compared to HMIP's initial intentions. Moreover, improvements to industrial pollution control are negotiated in a policy network similar to its air pollution predecessor. It is argued that within the formal legal framework, persists an infonnal, consensual, and somewhat opaque pollution regime.
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Munshi, Usha. "An integrated approach to pollution control." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76487.
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In this study, integrated pollution control (IPC) is viewed as an approach which seeks the most cost-effective way of reducing the overall risk to human health and the environment from all pollutants in all environmental media. It does this by simultaneously taking into account all pollutant discharges, all available control options, the transport of all pollutants in the environment following discharge, and the resulting risk to human health and environment.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether it is technically feasible to implement the IPC approach. IPC is considered technically feasible if a methodology capable of selecting a pollution control strategy under an IPC framework can be developed and if the methodology is reliable - i.e., the assumptions underlying the model are valid, and adequate data are available.
A typical IPC methodology involves identifying pollutant sources and pollution control options, tracing the pollutants through the environment, determining risks to human health and the environment resulting from the ambient pollutant concentrations, and identifying the most cost-effective pollution control alternative. In this study, three submodels - pollution control and cost, pollution transport, and risk assessment - are used to provide information for the first three steps of the IPC methodology. An IPC model which integrates information provided by the three submodels and selects the most cost-effective control strategy from a given set of pollution control alternatives is developed. The model is applied to a case-study which involves a hypothetical coal-fired power plant situated in a realistic physical setting.
Rather than identifying the most cost-effective solution for the case-study, the purpose here is to demonstrate what is involved in the implementation of the IPC approach through a simplified example. Specifically, the study systematically documents the limitations of the approach, which result from the unavailability of data, the inadequacy of modeling techniques, and difficulty in dealing with value based issues. The author's sense of the likelihood that these limitations can be overcome is presented. The study resulted in some general observations which reflect on the applicability of IPC to pollution control. For instance, the observation is made that to increase the reliability of the IPC model, the pollution transport and risk assessment models need significant development, with particularly extensive efforts required in the risk assessment area in terms of both data development and modeling.
The study concludes that, at the present time, development of IPC is not at a point where it can be implemented with confidence. However, the author contends that despite its limitations, and irrespective of whether or not IPC can ever be implemented, the approach can be used as a valuable tool for analyzing environmental systems in that it reveals issues that might be lost if the system is analyzed component by component.Ph. D.
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Hawkes, Herbert A. "Ecological studies on river pollution control." Thesis, Aston University, 1998. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14157/.
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This collection of papers records a series of studies, carried out over a period of some 50 years, on two aspects of river pollution control - the prevention of pollution by sewage biological filtration and the monitoring of river pollution by biological surveillance. The earlier studies were carried out to develop methods of controlling flies which bred in the filters and caused serious nuisance and possible public health hazard, when they dispersed to surrounding villages. Although the application of insecticides proved effective as an alleviate measure, because it resulted in only a temporary disturbance of the ecological balance, it was considered ecologically unsound as a long-term solution. Subsequent investigations showed that the fly populations in filters were largely determined by the amount of food available to the grazing larval stage in the form of filter film. It was also established that the winter deterioration in filter performance was due to the excessive accumulation of film. Subsequent investigations were therefore carried out to determine the factors responsible for the accumulation of film in different types of filter. Methods of filtration which were considered to control film accumulation by increasing the flushing action of the sewage, were found to control fungal film by creating nutrient limiting conditions. In some filters increasing the hydraulic flushing reduced the grazing fauna population in the surface layers and resulted in an increase in film. The results of these investigations were successfully applied in modifying filters and in the design of a Double Filtration process. These studies on biological filters lead to the conclusion that they should be designed and operated as ecological systems and not merely as hydraulic ones. Studies on the effects of sewage effluents on Birmingham streams confirmed the findings of earlier workers.
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Alvarez-Zaldívar, Pablo. "Pesticide degradation and transport at catchment scale : compound-specific isotope analysis and numerical modelling." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH010.
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Les herbicides sont une importante technologie de protection des cultures de l'agriculture moderne. Cependant, leur application sur de vastes étendues de terre génère des sources de pollution diffuses qui sont non seulement difficiles à surveiller et à contrôler, mais qui menacent également la qualité des ressources humaines en eau et des écosystèmes fluviaux dans le monde entier. Bien que des évaluations sur le terrain et des essais en laboratoire soient nécessaires avant l'introduction de matières actives sur le marché, le devenir et l'étendue de la dégradation des pesticides et de leurs métabolites dans l'environnement sont sujets à de grandes incertitudes. Ce travail de thèse établit une preuve de concept pour l'application de l'analyse isotopique des composés spécifiques (AICS) pour surveiller la dégradation et le transfert des pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant. La thèse comprend à la fois la caractérisation sur le terrain et la modélisation numérique pour étudier la valeur de l'AICS comme outil de surveillance et comme technique de réduction de l'incertitude du modèle. Des expériences en laboratoire sont également utilisées pour appuyer l'interprétation des données sur le terrain et valider l'élaboration de structures de modèles numériquesHerbicides are an important crop protection technology of modern agriculture. However, their application over large extensions of land generates diffuse pollution sources that are not only difficult to monitor and control, but also that threaten the quality of human water resources and river ecosystems world-wide. Although field assessments and laboratory tests are required before active ingredients are introduced to market, the fate and degradation extent of pesticides and their metabolites in the environment is subject to significant uncertainty. This thesis work establishes a proof of concept for the application of compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) to monitor pesticide degradation and transfer at catchment scale. The thesis includes both field characterization and numerical modelling to investigate the value of CSIA as a monitoring tool and as a model uncertainty reduction technique. Laboratory experiments are further employed to support interpretation of field data and validate numerical model structure development
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Bera, Pubalee. "Computer models for simulating pesticide fate and transport in soil." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78398.
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Two different modeling approaches to simulate pesticide fate and transport in soil were investigated in this study. First, a process-based mathematical model, DRAINMOD-P, was developed by combining the attractive features of DRAINMOD and PESTFADE. While DRAINMOD formed the main component to perform hydrological predictions, PESTFADE's pesticide sub-model was used to simulate pesticide fate. The new model was validated against three years of independently collected field data from southern Ontario. Several statistical parameters were calculated to evaluate model performance.Second, an implicit model, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, MARS, which is also a novel data mining tool, was used to assess pesticide transport. MARS was first validated against the field data on three herbicides, namely, atrazine, metribuzin and metolachlor. DRAINMOD-P and MARS simulations, though impressive, need further validations before they can be recommended for actual real-world use.*
*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Microsoft Office; Adobe Acrobat.
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Halstead, Neal T. "Impacts Of Agrochemical Pollution On Aquatic Communities And Human Disease." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5870.
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The global human population is expected to exceed 9 billion individuals by 2050, putting greater strain on the natural resources needed to sustain such a population. To feed this many people, some expect agricultural production will have to double and agrochemical use will have to increase anywhere from two- to five-fold relative to the turn of the century. Although industrial agriculture has provided many benefits to society, it has caused declines in biodiversity, both directly (e.g., through conversion of habitat) and indirectly (e.g., through contamination of adjacent natural habitats). Agricultural activity has also been linked to increased prevalence and intensity of trematode infections in wildlife and humans - directly by increasing available aquatic habitat for the snail intermediate hosts of trematode parasites and indirectly by altering the biological composition of aquatic habitats in ways that increase snail density. While the effects of single agrochemical contaminants on aquatic communities and trematode disease risk have been examined, agrochemical pollution typically occurs as mixtures of multiple chemical types in surface waters and the effects of mixtures on aquatic communities have received less attention. Moreover, given the high number of chemicals approved for agricultural use, the number of potential combinations of agrochemicals renders testing all possible combinations implausible. Thus, there is a critical need to develop better risk assessment tools in the face of this complexity.
I developed and tested a theoretical framework that posits that the net effects of agrochemical mixtures on aquatic communities can be predicted by integrating knowledge of each functional group's 1) sensitivity to the chemicals (direct effects), 2) reproductive rates (recovery rates), 3) interaction strength with other functional groups (indirect effects), and 4) links to ecosystem properties. I conducted a freshwater mesocosm experiment to quantify community- and ecosystem-level responses to pairwise mixtures of four major agrochemical types (fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide) and single chemical treatments. The responses of biodiversity and ecosystem properties to agrochemicals alone and in mixtures were indeed predictable. Moreover, these results show that community ecology theory holds promise for predicting the effects of contaminant mixtures and offer recommendations on which types of agrochemicals to apply together and separately to reduce their impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
I extended this framework to test if the direct effects of pesticides can be predicted by chemical class and/or mode of action. I performed standard toxicity trials on two invertebrate predators of snails (crayfish and giant water bugs) exposed to six insecticides belonging to two chemical classes (organophosphates and pyrethroids) to determine if environmental risk can be generalized to either insecticide class or insecticide exposure. Survival analyses demonstrated that insecticide class accounted for 55.7% and 91.1% of explained variance in crayfish and water bug survival, respectively. Simulated environmental exposures using US EPA software suggested that organophosphate insecticides present relatively low risk (as defined by the US EPA) to both crayfish and water bugs, while pyrethroid insecticides present consistently high risk to crayfish but not to water bugs, where only λ-cyhalothrin produced consistently high-risk exposure scenarios. Thus, risk to non-target organisms is well predicted by pesticide class. Furthermore, identifying insecticides that pose low risk to aquatic macroarthropods might help meet increased demands for food while mitigating against potential negative effects on ecosystem functions.
Because evidence from field data and manipulated experiments demonstrated both top-down and bottom-up effects of agrochemical pollution that increased snail densities and trematode infections in wildlife, I conducted an additional agrochemical mixture experiment with freshwater communities containing the snail hosts of schistosomiasis, which has also been linked to agriculture. As expected, top-down and bottom-up effects of insecticide, herbicide, and fertilizer exposure indirectly increased snail densities, individually and as mixtures. Agrochemical exposure and snail density together accounted for 88% of the variation in the density of infected snails. Thus, agrochemical pollution has great potential to increase human exposure to schistosome parasites, and underscores the importance of identifying low-risk alternative pesticides. A subsequent mesocosm experiment with the same six insecticides used previously in laboratory trials confirmed that insecticide exposure indirectly mediates the densities of snail hosts that can transmit schistosomiasis through the direct effects of insecticides on crayfish mortality. Importantly, crayfish mortality in semi-natural mesocosm trials closely matched mortality from controlled laboratory trials. Thus, standard laboratory toxicity tests can be a useful tool for identifying alternative insecticides that might pose lower environmental risks to important predators that regulate snail densities.
Identifying practices or agrochemicals that minimize this risk is critical to sustainably improving human health in schistosome-endemic regions. The theoretical framework presented here demonstrates the feasibility of predicting the effects of contaminant mixtures and highlights consistent effects of major agrochemical types (e.g. fertilizers, insecticides, etc.) on freshwater aquatic community composition. Furthermore, the strong top-down effects of invertebrate snail predators highlight that managing for high snail predator densities in might be a particularly effective strategy for reducing the burden of schistosomiasis in tropical countries.
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DORN, STEINMETZ CELINE. "Evaluation de la contamination diffuse de l'environnement par les pesticides : mise au point d'une technique analytique multiresiduelle sur une eau de surface chargee." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15006.
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Kent, Logan. "The effects of salinity and temperature on toxicity of permethrin to pyrethroid-resistant and Wild-type Hyalella azteca." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2894.
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Global climate change promotes warming temperatures and altered salinities that pose threats to aquatic ecosystems and species, such as Hyalella azteca. Moreover, these threats to aquatic ecosystems are exacerbated by agricultural, urban, and industrial pesticide runoff. In the state of California in 2012, pyrethroid insecticides were the seventh most applied group by licensed professional applicators for pest control and landscape maintenance. Some species, specifically H. azteca have developed non-target resistance to pyrethroids in California. It is imperative to understand whether the bioenergetic cost of resistance makes H. azteca more susceptible to warming and salinity effects in the presence of contaminants. This research presents an assessment on how multiple stressors can affect the toxicity of permethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) on one Wild-type and two pyrethroid- resistant species of H. azteca, belonging to different clades. A series of 96-h acute toxicity tests exposing animals to a concentration range of permethrin were performed with compounding stress from temperatures (18, 23 and 28 °C) and salinities (0.2, 1.0, and 6.0 practical salinity units [PSU]). Findings indicate resistant H. azteca cultured in pyrethroid-free settings have maintained resistance to permethrin over time, whereas the wild-type population did not develop any resistance over the course of experimentation. For resistant H. azteca, changes in salinity and temperature both increased and decreased survival of H. azteca exposed to permethrin. Between the two resistant clades, not only was survival affected, but the average slope of the dose-response curve was significantly different (p < 0.05); clade D was more susceptible to pyrethroids when coping with warming and higher salinity than clade C., Differential susceptibility potentially indicates that distinct resistance mutations confer a difference in the potency and mode of toxic action. The results provide insight to how changes posed by climate change, coupled with pyrethroid pesticides could be detrimental to this species, and conversely, how in some scenarios, changes to temperature and salinity might actually benefit the survival of H. azteca. These findings further indicate the importance of considering global climate change effects into risk assessments of emerging and legacy use contaminants.
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Schumann, Sybille A. "Research on hydrological processes and pesticide behaviour in irrigated, terraced catchments in the Mid-Hills of Nepal : a collaborative project on environmental risks of pesticides and sustainable development of integrated pesticide management systems (IPMS) in Nepal considering socio-economic conditions /." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Papierflieger, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/476541220.pdf.
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Tuzun, Ilhami. "Eutrophication and its control by biomanipulation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386919.
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Prinn, Ronald G., John M. Reilly, Marcus C. Sarofim, Chien Wang, and Benjamin Seth Felzer. "Effects of Air Pollution Control on Climate." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7510.
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Urban air pollution and climate are closely connected due to shared generating processes (e.g., combustion) for emissions of the driving gases and aerosols. They are also connected because the atmospheric lifecycles of common air pollutants such as CO, NOx and VOCs, and of the climatically important methane gas (CH4) and sulfate aerosols, both involve the fast photochemistry of the hydroxyl free radical (OH). Thus policies designed to address air pollution may impact climate and vice versa. We present calculations using a model coupling economics, atmospheric chemistry, climate and ecosystems to illustrate some effects of air pollution policy alone on global warming. We consider caps on emissions of NOx, CO, volatile organic carbon, and SOx both individually and combined in two ways. These caps can lower ozone causing less warming, lower sulfate aerosols yielding more warming, lower OH and thus increase CH4 giving more warming, and finally, allow more carbon uptake by ecosystems leading to less warming. Overall, these effects significantly offset each other suggesting that air pollution policy has a relatively small net effect on the global mean surface temperature and sea level rise. However, our study does not account for the effects of air pollution policies on overall demand for fossil fuels and on the choice of fuels (coal, oil, gas), nor have we considered the effects of caps on black carbon or organic carbon aerosols on climate. These effects, if included, could lead to more substantial impacts of capping pollutant emissions on global temperature and sea level than concluded here. Caps on aerosols in general could also yield impacts on other important aspects of climate beyond those addressed here, such as the regional patterns of cloudiness and precipitation.Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
This research was supported by the U.S Department of Energy, U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Industry Sponsors of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change: Alstom Power (France), American Electric Power (USA), BP p.l.c. (UK/USA), ChevronTexaco Corporation (USA), DaimlerChrysler AG (Germany), Duke Energy (USA), J-Power (Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.) (Japan), Electric Power Research Institute (USA), Electricité de France, ExxonMobil Corporation (USA), Ford Motor Company (USA), General Motors (USA), Mirant (USA), Murphy Oil Corporation (USA), Oglethorpe Power Corporation (USA), RWE/Rheinbraun (Germany), Shell International Petroleum (Netherlands/UK), Statoil (Norway), Tennessee Valley Authority (USA), Tokyo Electric Power Company (Japan), TotalFinaElf (France), Vetlesen Foundation (USA).
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Jack, W. G. "Taxation and pollution control : a theoretical analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306788.
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Hilson, Christopher. "Pollution control and the rule of law." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1834/.
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The thesis is an attempt to apply the rule of law to pollution control, the aim being to discover whether one form of environmental regulation can be regarded as more constitutionally legitimate than another. The thesis begins with a detailed discussion of the rule of law. In the first chapter, I suggest that the rule of law cannot simply be 'intuitively realised', but rather that the values associated with it must be accounted for through theoretical analysis. Immanent critique is rejected as a theoretical technique in favour of Dworkin's 'constructive interpretation'. The latter approach yields the rule of law values of equity, accountability, efficiency, certainty and effectiveness. Future chapters involve the application of these values to specific modes of pollution control. In chapter two, the 'command-and-control' regulatory systems operated by HMIP, the NRA, local authorities (air pollution control and waste regulation) and water and sewerage companies are analysed in terms of rule of law values - except for accountability which is discussed separately and in much greater depth in chapters 3 to 6. In these four chapters, I begin by examining general accountability mechanisms before exploring accountability for specific decisions such as the setting of ambient standards, the setting of emission/process standards and finally, monitoring and enforcement. Having discussed command-and-control approaches to pollution control, chapter 7 proceeds to examine market mechanisms of environmental regulation in terms of the rule of law values. The values are first applied to pollution taxes and tradeable permits at an abstract level; they are then applied to the existing cost-recovery charging schemes operated by the various regulatory bodies. Finally, in chapter eight I attempt to apply the rule of law values to 'market approaches' to pollution control such as environmental management and audit, green consumerism and investment, government industry contracts and civil liability. The conclusion of the thesis then assesses the success or otherwise of the practical application of the rule of law that has been attempted in previous chapters. It considers whether one can use the rule of law as a benchmark of legitimacy to conclude that one form of pollution control is more constitutionally legitimate than another.
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Bircumshaw, Lucy Deborah. "α-alumina supported catalysts for pollution control." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395526.
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Dockner, Engelbert J., and Long Ngo Van. "International Pollution Control: Cooperative Versus Noncooperative Strategies." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1991. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6275/1/WP_2.pdf.
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Tapia, Padilla Gabriela. "Modeling and optimization of biological mitigation processes in porous matrices contaminated by pesticides : towards a new functionality of stormwater basins." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/TAPIA_PADILLA_Gabriela_2010.pdf.
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Le travail de cette thèse aborde le développement d’un modèle de simulation numérique afin de mieux appréhender le devenir des pesticides au sein d’un massif poreux constituant une zone humide artificielle. Il représente une contribution dans le champs des méthodes numériques employées pour la simulation des écoulements d’eaux et du transport réactif des polluants dans les milieux poreux à saturation variable. L’originalité est l’application des éléments finis mixtes hybrides tant pour simuler l’hydrodynamique que pour le transport. Différents modèles cinétiques de biodégradation des pesticides sont également implémentés. La classification ascendante hiérarchique d'un groupe de 15 paramètres indicateurs de temps et d'erreur est proposée pour la sélection du modèle hydrodynamique le plus approprié selon les conditions initiales et aux limites à simuler. Après vérification du modèle développé, l’application a eu pour cadre l’un des sites expérimentaux du projet européen ARTWET (LIFE06 ENV/F/000133), le bassin d’orage du Waldweg à Rouffach, France. L'optimisation de la conception du bassin d’orage est effectuée par la construction d’une zone humide artificielle à écoulement horizontal. Des expériences de traçage numérique permettent de simuler plusieurs scénarios de fonctionnement hydraulique. Les effets induits par une hétérogénéité d’adsorption dans le milieu sont analysés. Une équation empirique et la définition des choix opérationnels permettent l’évaluation et l’optimisation de la capacité de stockage ainsi que de la distribution des temps de séjour. Une gestion hydraulique est finalement suggérée en relation avec les temps de rétention et de dégradation des pesticidesThis thesis work addresses the development of a numerical simulation model for a better understanding of the processes governing the fate of pesticides within a porous medium that constitutes an artificial wetland. It represents a contribution to the numerical methods dedicated to the simulation of water flow and reactive transport of pollutants in variably saturated media. The originality here is to simulate both flow and transport with the application of the mixed hybrid finite element method. Different pesticide biodegradation kinetic models have been also implemented. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering of a group of 15 time and error indicator parameters is proposed for the selection of the most suitable hydrodynamic option-model, depending on the initial and boundary conditions to simulate. After verification, the developed model was applied to one of the experimental sites of the European project ARTWET (LIFE06 ENV/F/000133), the Waldweg stormwater basin, located in Rouffach, France. The optimization of the stormwater basin design is carried out by the construction of a horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HFCW). Numerical tracer experiments permit to simulate several hydraulic operating scenarios of the HFCW. The effects induced by adsorption heterogeneity in the medium are analyzed. An empirical equation and the definition of alternative operational options permit the evaluation and optimization of the capacity of storage, as well as the residence time distribution. A hydraulic management of the HFCW is finally suggested in relation to the retention capacity and the time for pesticide degradation
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RAHMAWATI, SUPHIA. "Risk assessment and environmental capacity of organochlorine pesticide pollution from agricultural activities at Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/170085.
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