Journal articles: 'Pesticide pollution and control'

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Huang, JinXia, Yu Zhang, XiaoGuang Su, and SiQing Tian. "Research of Variable Application Control System Based on Fuzzy Control." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801013.

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The AT89C52 microcontroller and the fuzzy control algorithm is used to design the automatic control system of variable Spraying pesticides. The system adjusts automatically the electric regulating valve according to given Spraying pesticides per unit area so that the actual amount of Spraying pesticides equal to the set value. The simulation model of automatic control system of variable pesticide application was established, and the controller was simulated by MATLAB / SIMULINK software fuzzy control toolbox. The simulation results show that the structure and algorithm of the proposed automatic control system of pesticide application is feasible, The system improves greatly pesticide utilization, reduce pesticide residues and environmental pollution.

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Chen, Han Xiang, Zhi Gang Chen, Xin Zhao, Meng Xi Chen, and Jun Jing Chen. "Study on Online Mixing Pesticide Technology and Automatic Control and Detection of Concentration." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2019.

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Most pesticides mixing devices adopt open-loop control mode, its mixing precision is affected by undesired signal of mixing medicine line and the precision of pesticide injection equipment.In this paper the online pesticides mixing technology with closed-loop liquid injection method and the concentration tested as the feedback signal was studied in order to obtain the high efficiency and low cost online pesticides mixer. A pesticide mixing ratio detection method and equipment based on light permeability of pesticides, a pesticide injection device controlled by PWM duty cycle and a low power consumption control unit based on single chip microcomputer MSP430F149 are designed in the research. With these units above, an online pesticide mixer with mixing ratio feedback is constructed and a fixed-point tracking experiment on the Paraquat SL mixing pesticide and water by 1:200 is conducted. The result shows that the online pesticide mixer can acquire mixing ratio information in time,automatically adjust injection volume of pesticides and accurately tracks the set of mixing ratio. The error of mixing ratio relatively less than 4.3% and the regulating time not more than 2.6s.These mean that without flowmetre controlling the technological device can realize mixing pesticide online quickly with high precision ,and the device should be economical and practical, easy to generalize, in addition ,it reduced environment pollution and operators poison risk generated by pesticide spraying.

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Abid, Muniba, M. Azmat ullah Khan, Sehrish Mushtaq, Muhammad Ajmal Rana, Sohaib Afzaal, and Muhammad Saleem Haider. "A REVIEW ON FUTURE OF BACULAVIRUSES AS A MICROBIAL BIO CONTROL AGENT." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.03.0221.

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Pesticides driven from Plants, animals, and microbes such as (bacteria fungi, viruses, algae, nematodes and protozoa are replacing traditional chemical pesticides throughout the world. Bio pesticides reduce environmental risks and are target specific. Bio pesticide promotes sustainable agriculture development by reducing the environmental pollution. Various products have been registered and released, that play important role in the agro-market. Regulation of many insect populations in nature happen by Baculoviruses (entomopathogenic viruses). The pesticide based on baculovirus particles has been formed to control pest and their use is beneficial to reduce the risk of synthetic chemical insecticides. The present status and increase use of baculovirus based bio pesticides as replacement of chemical pesticides, its role in integrated pest management, have been discussed in this review.

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Tudi, Muyesaier, Huada Daniel Ruan, Li Wang, Jia Lyu, Ross Sadler, Des Connell, Cordia Chu, and Dung Tri Phung. "Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112.

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Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world’s population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.

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Li, Jinyang, Qingdao Huang, and Bing Liu. "An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests." International Journal of Biomathematics 13, no. 05 (May 28, 2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500370.

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In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.

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Meng, Fan Lei. "Research on the Development of Botanical Pesticide Based on Analysis of Scientific Materials." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.509.

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This paper describes the history and development of botanical pesticides, analyze the active ingredients of plant pesticide and the application in pest control and with the work practice make a proper study on the future development of botanical pesticides, in order to promote the development of botanical pesticides, developed more and better economic, efficient and pollution-free new pesticides, the benefit of mankind.

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Venugopal, N. V. S., and N. V. S. Sainadh. "Novel Polymeric Nanoformulation of Mancozeb – An Eco-Friendly Nanomaterial." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 04 (August 2016): 1650016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16500162.

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The best alternative to conventional pesticides is nanopesticide. Severe pollution is caused due to the rapid degradation and uncontrolled, unconstrained utilization of conventional pesticides. Nanopesticides can provide better penetration through the plants and control different diseases. Nanoformulation of pesticide certainly protects the premature degradation in the environment and delivers high impact on target species. Less environmental contamination and safe handling are the advantages of nanopesticides. In this paper, we reported the novel nano-mancozeb pesticide for plant disease control. Our study provides a novel nanoformulation of mancozeb pesticide by using Polyethylene glycol as a capping agent. Nanoparticles of the encapsulated complex were characterized by UV-Vis, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biological evaluation was conducted against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. The developed method is useful to farmers and it is an eco-friendly pesticide formulation.

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Lin, Jie, and Jianlin Pan. "Farmers’ Willingness as Well as Its Compensation Strategy to Prevent and Control Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Water Source Areas-Based on a Comparative Analysis of Pesticide and Fertilizer Inputs." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15, no. 8 (December 22, 2020): 1303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150817.

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This paper took the voluntary pesticide and fertilizer reduction ratios of the farmers as the substitute variables for farmers' willingness to prevent and control the agricultural non-point source pollution. Then, the paper adopted an improved double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) to obtain farmers’ voluntary pesticide and fertilizer reduction ratios and the corresponding compensation attitudes of the farmers. The research found that, in contrast to fertilizers, pesticides are a stronger output-related factor for farmers, and any reduction in pesticides would cause great output fluctuations. After the influencing factors of the farmers’ compensation attitude towards pesticide and fertilizer reduction were subject to ordinal regression analysis, the main influencing factors of farmers’ compensation attitude towards fertilizer and pesticide reduction were obtained respectively, which had further proved that for farmers, compared with pesticides, the risk of fertilizer reduction is lower, and their attitudes are quite different, but as long as the compensation is sufficient, they are willing to take more stringent measures.

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Nayak, Pragati, and Hitesh Solanki. "PESTICIDES AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE- A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 5 (June 4, 2021): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930.

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Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.

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A. Liaghat, S. O. Prasher, and R. S. Broughton. "Evaluation of an On-farm Pollution Control System for Reducing Pesticide Pollution." Transactions of the ASAE 39, no. 4 (1996): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27624.

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Lu, Jinky Leilanie. "Assessment of Pesticide-Related Pollution and Occupational Health of Vegetable Farmers in Benguet Province, Philippines." Journal of Health and Pollution 7, no. 16 (December 1, 2017): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.16.49.

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Background. Agriculture accounts for 20% of the national income in the Philippines. In order to boost agricultural activity and prevent crop damage, farmers rely on pesticides for vector control and management. Objectives. The present study assessed the pesticide exposure and occupational health of agricultural farmers in the Philippines. The study site is one of the largest vegetable-producing provinces in the Philippines. Methods. This study employed both a survey questionnaire and physical health assessment, including a mental state examination. Pesticide exposure was estimated based on the duration of pesticide use, as well as the amount per spray application. The data results were segregated by gender, as women are also heavily engaged in agriculture in this part of the Philippines. Results. The results showed that pesticide exposure usually occurred during agricultural activities such as spray applications in the field (63.7%), mixing (38.4%), loading (34.1%) and field re-entry (9.7%). The most frequently used pesticides were Tamaron, Selecron, and Dithane. The mean duration of pesticide exposure was 14.23 years for males and 15.4 years for females. The longest used pesticide among males was Sumicidine (16.2 years), and Tamaron for females (18 years). In terms of amount used, the average was 147 ml per spray application for males and 65.5 ml for females. Exposure to pesticides was expressed in number of years and amount used per spray application, and the average exposure of males was 2,024.43 ml/years and 993.55 ml/years for females. Among farmers, 49% complained of being sick due to their work. Of those who became ill, a large percentage (69.8%) did not receive any medical attention. The most prevalent health symptoms were muscle pains (63.3%), muscle weakness (55%), and easy fatigability (52.4%). For the mini-mental state examination, abnormalities were found in 5.4% of males and 13.3% of females. The use of insecticides was associated with weakness, easy fatigability and weight loss. Discussion. The present study demonstrated frequent and significant duration of pesticide use among farmers in Benguet province, Philippines. Conclusions. Pesticide exposure was considerable among the farmers in the present study. The occupational health conditions reported by the study subjects can be linked to their pesticide use. Although this study assessed risk factors associated with general health symptoms, further investigation is needed to determine specific pesticide exposure-health correlations. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University of the Philippines, Manila, which is recognized and accredited by the Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia and the Western Pacific (FERCAP). Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Kangkhetkron, Teera, and Chudchawal Juntarawijit. "Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand." F1000Research 9 (June 2, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24114.1.

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Background: Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides commonly found in Thailand, and lung cancer. Methods: This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 458 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure, and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analysed using logistic regression adjusted for gender (male, female), age (≤54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75), cigarette smoking (ever, never smoke), occupation (farmer, non-farmer), and exposure to air pollution (yes, no). Results: It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with lifetime use of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Compared to people in the lowest quartile of number of days using the herbicides and insecticides, those in a higher quartile had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 2.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–6.95), and 28.43 (95% CI 11.11-72.76) (p < 0.001). For fungicides, only the most exposed group had a significant risk (OR = 4.97; 95% CI 1.49-16.56). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.42-5.36), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.98; 95 % CI 2.06-7.67), and carbofuran (OR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.48-4.51). Conclusions: The results showed that lung cancer among Thai people in Nakhon Sawan province is associated with previous pesticide use. This finding was consistent with previous studies in other parts of the world. Further study should focus on identifying more individual compounds that may cause lung cancer, as well as other types of cancer.

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Kangkhetkron, Teera, and Chudchawal Juntarawijit. "Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand." F1000Research 9 (December 22, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24114.2.

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Background: Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides commonly found in Thailand, and lung cancer. Methods: This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 447 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for gender (male, female), age (≤54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75), cigarette smoking ( never smoked, smoked < 109,500, smoked ≥ 109,500), occupation (farmer, non-farmer), cooking fumes exposure (yes, no), and exposure to air pollution (yes, no). Results: It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with lifetime use of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Compared to people in the lowest quartile of number of days using the herbicides and insecticides, those in a higher quartile had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 3.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49–7.34), and 12.58 (95% CI 5.70-27.75) (p < 0.001). For fungicides, only the most exposed group had a significant risk (OR = 4.25; 95% CI 1.23-14.72). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.36-4.81), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.29; 95 % CI 1.93-5.61), and carbofuran (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.42). Conclusions: The results showed that lung cancer among Thai people in Nakhon Sawan province is associated with previous pesticide use. This finding was consistent with previous studies in other parts of the world. Further study should focus on identifying more individual compounds that may cause lung cancer, as well as other types of cancer.

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Kangkhetkron, Teera, and Chudchawal Juntarawijit. "Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand." F1000Research 9 (March 19, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24114.4.

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Background: Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides commonly found in Thailand, and lung cancer. Methods: This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 447 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for gender (male, female), age (≤54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75), cigarette smoking ( never smoked, smoked < 109,500, smoked ≥ 109,500), occupation (farmer, non-farmer), cooking fumes exposure (yes, no), and exposure to air pollution (yes, no). Results: It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with lifetime use of herbicides and insecticides. Compared to people in the nonexposed groups, those in Q3-Q4 days of using herbicides and insecticides had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 2.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.89), and 3.99 (95% CI 1.62-7.11) (p < 0.001). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.36-4.81), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.29; 95 % CI 1.93-5.61), and carbofuran (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.42). It was also found, for the first time, carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be strongly associated with lung cancer. Conclusions: The results showed that lung cancer among Thai people in Nakhon Sawan province is associated with previous pesticide use. In addition to dieldrin and chlorpyrifos, we also found carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be strongly associated with lung cancer. These issues should receive more attention since these chemicals are used widely.

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Kangkhetkron, Teera, and Chudchawal Juntarawijit. "Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand." F1000Research 9 (May 13, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24114.5.

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Background: Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides commonly found in Thailand, and lung cancer. Methods: This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 447 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for gender (male, female), age (≤54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75), cigarette smoking ( never smoked, smoked < 109,500, smoked ≥ 109,500), occupation (farmer, non-farmer), cooking fumes exposure (yes, no), and exposure to air pollution (yes, no). Results: It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with lifetime use of herbicides and insecticides. Compared to people in the nonexposed groups, those in Q3-Q4 days of using herbicides and insecticides had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 2.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.89), and 3.99 (95% CI 1.62-7.11) (p < 0.001). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.36-4.81), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.29; 95 % CI 1.93-5.61), and carbofuran (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.42). It was also found, for the first time, carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be strongly associated with lung cancer. Conclusions: The results showed that lung cancer among Thai people in Nakhon Sawan province is associated with previous pesticide use. In addition to dieldrin and chlorpyrifos, we also found carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be associated with lung cancer. These issues should receive more attention since these chemicals are used widely.

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Kangkhetkron, Teera, and Chudchawal Juntarawijit. "Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand." F1000Research 9 (February 19, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24114.3.

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Background: Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides commonly found in Thailand, and lung cancer. Methods: This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 447 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for gender (male, female), age (≤54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75), cigarette smoking ( never smoked, smoked < 109,500, smoked ≥ 109,500), occupation (farmer, non-farmer), cooking fumes exposure (yes, no), and exposure to air pollution (yes, no). Results: It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with lifetime use of herbicides and insecticides. Compared to people in the nonexposed groups, those in Q3-Q4 days of using herbicides and insecticides had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 2.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.89), and 3.99 (95% CI 1.62-7.11) (p < 0.001). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.36-4.81), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.29; 95 % CI 1.93-5.61), and carbofuran (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.42). It was also found, for the first time, carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be strongly associated with lung cancer. Conclusions: The results showed that lung cancer among Thai people in Nakhon Sawan province is associated with previous pesticide use. In addition to dieldrin and chlorpyrifos, we also found carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be strongly associated with lung cancer. These issues should receive more attention since these chemicals are used widely.

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Koirala, Pramod, Damodar B. Khadka, and Arunananda Mishra. "Pesticide residues as environmental contaminants in foods in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.733.

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This paper reviews the occurrence of pesticides in foods in Nepal during 1995-2004. A total of one thousand and thirty four samples of different food commodities were analyzed for detection of organochlorines (DDT, BHC) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, methyl parathion) pesticides. Among all samples analysed 12% samples were detected with the residues of pesticides which included Malathion (3.9%), BHC (3.1%), Methyl parathion (2.8%), DDT (1.8%) and Parathion (0.3%). Commodity- wise detection of pesticide residues showed the highest level of contamination in root vegetables (11.9%) followed by leaf vegetables (10.9%). Therefore, there is a threat of pesticide residues in foods and may endanger to public health. Government efforts to control misuse of pesticides is not sufficient, therefore, the concerned stakeholders have the shared responsibility to solve it. There is a good scope of working with appropriate intervention measures in this area for NGOs, INGOs, academic institution to prevent the pesticide pollution in food. The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 8, 2007, pp. 96-100

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Jia, Jianwen, and Bo Wu. "The Study of a Class of Pest Control Pollution Model with Stage-Structure and Time Delay." ISRN Applied Mathematics 2012 (May 28, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/598539.

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We construct a pest control pollution model with stage-structure for pests and with epidemic in the predator by spraying pesticides and releasing susceptible predators together. We assume that only the pests and infective predators are affected by pesticide. We show that there exists a globally attractive pest-extinction periodic solution and we get the condition of global attractiveness of the pest-extinction periodic solution by applying comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation. Further, the condition for the permanence of the system is also given.

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Zhang, Feng Li. "Research on Water Pollution and Control Technology in Rural Areas." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.839.

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Rural waste, sewage large amounts of fertilizer pesticide as well as livestock pollution of water environment in rural areas. This article analyses the characteristics of rural water resource, pointing out the essence of rural water pollution ,which is a huge loss of excess fertilizer ,not to the rural water pollution, it is brought up the appropriate control technology .

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Li, Fa Rong, Shu Ping Yang, Dong Yu, Hong Mei Wang, Yan Chen, and Yue Nuan Peng. "Environmental Pollution Analysis and Countermeasures of the Golf Course in Yangzonghai Area." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.283.

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The golf course industry has become increasingly aware of potential problems related to pesticide and fertilizer movement from soil into surface water and groundwater . The objective of this study was to monitor and analysis the pollution level and scope, varying pattern, diffusion characteristics and the impact on the lake which are influenced by the Spring City Golf Course located in the catchment area of Yangzonghai Lake. It produced data on the quality of the surface water bodies, groundwater and soil environment including nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides and heavy metal , and proposed some control measures in the last part.

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Mao, Li Hua, and Xue Mei Han. "Countermeasures of Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention and Control in Wohushan Waterhead Area." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1466.

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Wohushan reservoir is an important drinking water source for south urban area of Jinan, however, the water quality of Wohushan reservoir is not safe, and agricultural non-point source pollution is the main reason that caused the water quality deteriorate. This paper analysed the sources of non-point source pollution through datum of population and agriculture production and other economic and social activities in Wohushan reservoir area. The water quality effect of domestic sewage, house refuse, live stock dung, and unreasonable use of fertilizer and pesticide were discussed as emphasis. Further more, the factors of the non-point source pollution were summarized according to policy, statute, economic, technology etc. At last, countermeasures of non-point source pollution prevention and control were proposed based on the source and pathway control of contaminates including perfect law system, strengthen policy guidance, increase funding, use fertilizer and pesticide reasonably, popularize biotechnology and methane tank, carry out efficient eco-agriculture construction, etc.

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BENANI, Sanae, Aziz BOUCHELTA, and Sanae AMINE. "Usage of biopesticides in agriculture practices." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 8301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v46-3.4.

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Using pesticides is the first method to control diseases and kill pests and weeds, which are the most menacing and the biggest problem facing agriculture. It is commonly used by developing since it is the solution to increase yields and solve agriculture problems. A part from big farmers, the majority of peasant farmers are unable to pay for synthetic pesticides because of their high price. Moreover, the small fields cultivated by subsistence farmers making the use of such pesticides uneconomic. In morocco, peasant farmers use even pesticides, which are over dose or they use non-certified products. It is understood that it is very harmful for human health and environment as well. Therefore, pesticide plants do not eliminate all pests, but keep their populations under the threshold of harm, and have more advantages than synthetic pesticides. Moreover, pesticide plant extracts decompose rapidly in the environment; which limits the risk of environmental pollution and improves the sanitary quality of cultivated products; also, it controls insect pests by protecting their natural enemies rather than by spraying crops with synthetic pesticides. The aim of this study is to record all products used by farmers to control Bruchus rufimanus especially the use of bio pesticides around Meknes city (Mejjat and Sebet jahjouhe area). It was established that most of big peasant farmers use synthetic pesticides. While small farmers have only access to traditional methods such as Capsicum frutescent, Urtica dioica, salt and ash wood, if not using non-certified products among which rodenticides.

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Chen, Yiping, Zhijun Liu, and Wenjie Qin. "Modelling and Analysis of a Pest-Control Pollution Model with Integrated Control Tactics." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2010 (2010): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/962639.

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A hybrid impulsive pest control model with stage structure for pest and Holling II functional response is proposed and investigated, in which the effects of impulsive pesticide input in the environment and in the organism are considered. Sufficient conditions for global attractiveness of the pest-extinction periodic solution and permanence of the system are obtained, which show that there exists a globally asymptotically stable pest-extinction periodic solution when the number of natural enemies released is more than some critical value, whereas the system can be permanent when the number of natural enemies released is less than another critical value. Furthermore, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate our theoretical results and facilitate their interpretation.

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Rakitskii, Valery N., Nataliia E. Fedorova, Marina S. Grechina, Olga E. Egorchenkova, and Natalya A. Stepanova. "Residual amounts of pesticides in citrus fruits: analytical control." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-5-476-481.

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Introduction. Thanks to possessing beneficial properties and vitamin content, citrus fruits occupy a prominent place in the ubiquitous nutrition of all ages due to various crops. On the other hand, due to climatic conditions, they cannot be cultivated in our country and are classified as imported products, which justifies the importance of controlling their safety. Purpose of the work. The creation of a multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides and their metabolites in citrus fruits. Materials and methods. HPLC with triple quadrupole mass detector in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and capillary gas-liquid chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MC) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) together were used to perform the identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (amino pyrimidines, imidazoles, carbamates, strobilurins, triazoles, organophosphorus compounds, etc.) As a sample preparation method, there was used the QuEChERS technology, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and the purification of the extracts by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Results. To control the safety of citrus fruits (lemons, grapefruits, oranges, tangerines) imported from Egypt, Turkey and Abkhazia, purchased on the food market, a multi-method was used for determining the residual amounts of a wide range of pesticide compounds (50 names of active ingredients of pesticides and their toxic metabolites) in citrus fruits. The identified levels of active pesticide ingredients did not exceed the established MRLs. Conclusion. The modern development of the analytical chemistry of pesticides, the use of a tandem of gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection made it possible to implement a group method for the quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides and their toxic metabolites in citrus fruits. Modern development makes it possible to detect the contamination of their residual amounts in the processed products.

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Pascale, Antonio, and Amalia Laborde. "Impact of pesticide exposure in childhood." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0011.

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AbstractPesticides represent a wide variety of chemicals presented as different formulations and concentrations and used in different settings: agriculture, animal sanitary bath, domestic use, and vector control. Lack of awareness, poor agricultural practices, and inappropriate disposal of containers will increase the exposure and risk of health effects during childhood. The concern about children’s exposure to pesticides is based on their toxic properties and the special vulnerability to the exposure, which may occur in different stages, from the prenatal period to infancy. Pesticide related diseases may manifest during the infancy, adolescence, or adulthood. Children may be exposed by multiple routes of exposure, in different scenarios. In domestic settings, insecticides and rodenticides are usually stored within the reach of children, or may be transferred to non-original containers, leading to acute non intentional ingestion. Exploratory behavior increases the risk for exposure to pesticides present on the ground. Gardens and playgrounds may have pesticides residues. Children may be in contact with domestic animals that have been treated with pesticides. In rural settings, children can be exposed to pesticide residues in areas where they have been applied, or by contamination of work equipment and parents clothing. Families dedicated to rural activity have higher levels of exposure, through ingesting contaminated fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs, and water. Several studies confirmed pesticide exposure in children by biomonitoring. Higher levels of organophosphate metabolites have been reported in children compared to adult populations. Toxic effects of pesticides depend on their intrinsic toxic properties as well as on the dose, duration, and life period of exposure. Acute poisonings are related to high doses exposure, while chronic, subtle and delayed effects are often related to low levels/doses exposure. Epidemiologic, animal, and clinical studies suggest an association between chronic, low-level exposures and alterations in growth and development (particularly impaired neurobehavioral development), cancer and increased susceptibility to infections. New research presents evidence that some pesticides are a risk factor of a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. Better practices and public health policies are needed to prevent and protect children from pesticides exposure.

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Dai, Wen Bin. "Research on Prevention and Control of Chinese Agricultural Ecological Environment Pollution to Ensure Food Safety." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 2247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.2247.

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Strengthening the agricultural ecological environmental protection and intensifying the source management of food safety is an important and urgent t task in today's social development process. The article elaborates how agricultural ecological environment pollution affects food safety via air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. According to relevant statistics, the article describes the current situations of Chinese agricultural ecological environment suffering from fertilizer pollution, pesticide contamination and heavy metals pollution. To solve the problems Chinese government are facing in agricultural ecological environmental pollution prevention and control, the article introduces countermeasures on prevention and control of Chinese agricultural ecological environment pollution to ensure food safety.

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Hall, Alan. "Pesticide Reforms and Globalization: Making the Farmers Responsible." Canadian journal of law and society 13, no. 1 (1998): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005627.

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AbstractThis paper examines a regulative shift in Canadian pesticide legislation which directs attention away from the agrichemical companies to individual farmers as the focus for preventing pesticide pollution. There are three parts to the analysis, each of which makes a particular connection between the globalization of agriculture and the development of the new regulative approach and discourse. The shift is first understood as a way in which agribusiness was able to resist environmentalist demands for increased control over the corporate promotion and development of pesticides. The link between the ideologies of globalization and agriculture's strategic responses to the environmentalist pressures are examined. The second part of the analysis looks at the broader restructuring of Canadian agricultural production and market relations to show how the intensification of agriculture within globalization helped to create significant political-economic crises within agriculture. It is argued that the policy and regulative focus on pesticide use practices and pesticide users was partly an effort to deal with these crises and the pressures to accumulate. Finally, the analysis looks at the link between globalization and the strategies and ideologies of the environmental and health movements.

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Pérez-Indoval, Ricardo, Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri, Eduardo Cassiraga, and María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero. "Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Pollution by Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine. Application to the Buñol-Cheste Aquifer (Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073511.

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Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine are commonly used as insecticides and herbicides to control weeds and prevent non-desirable growth of algae, fungi and bacteria in many agricultural applications. Despite their highly negative effects on human health, environmental modeling of these pesticides in the vadose zone until they reach groundwater is still not being conducted on a regular basis. This work shows results obtained by version 5.08 of the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM5) numerical model to simulate the fate and transport of Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine between 2006 and 2018 inside the Buñol-Cheste aquifer in Spain. The model uses a whole set of parameters to solve a modified version of the mass transport equation considering the combined effect of advection, dispersion and reactive transport processes. The simulation process was designed for a set of twelve scenarios considering four application doses for each pesticide. Results show that the maximum concentration value for every scenario exceeds the current Spanish Maximum Concentration Limit (0.1 μg/L). Numerical simulations were able to reproduce concentration observations over time despite the limited amount of available data.

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Kartika Febriani, Ika, and Hadiyanto. "Application of Pesticide Phytoremediation in Irrigated Rice Fields System Using Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Plants." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183103019.

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The problem of environmental pollution especially urban water pollution becomes major issue in Indonesia. The cause of water pollution is not only from industrial factory waste disposal but also other causes which become pollution factor. One cause of water pollution is the existence of agricultural activities with the use of the amount of pesticides that exceed the threshold. As regulated in Government Regulation No. 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, it is necessary to manage water quality and control water pollution wisely by taking into account the interests of current and future generations as well as the ecological balance. To overcome the problem of water pollution due to agricultural activities, it is necessary to conduct research on phytoremediation technique by utilizing eceng gondok plant. It is excepted that using this phytoremediation technique can reduce the problem of water pollution due to the use of pesticides on agricultural activities.

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Fosu-Mensah, Benedicta Y., Elvis D. Okoffo, and Michael Mensah. "Synthetic Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Soils and Drinking Water Sources from Cocoa Farms in Ghana." Environment and Pollution 5, no. 1 (April 21, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v5n1p60.

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The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with <sup>63</sup>Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, <0.01-0.04 mg/kg for cypermethrin, 0.02-0.06 mg/kg for deltamethrin, and <0.01-0.03 mg/kg for bifenthrin. Similarly, the synthetic pyrethroids residues in the water samples were in the ranges of; 0.01-0.05 µg/L for allethrin, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for fenvalerate, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for cypermethrin and 0.01-0.05 µg/L for deltamethrin. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the soil samples analysed were generally below and within their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils, except the mean concentration values recorded for pesticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin at Diabaa (S2) and Krakrom (S3), allethrin at Diabaa (S2) and deltamethrin at Kwakuanya (S4), which were above their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils. The trends of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues in the water samples analysed from the various distances to cocoa farms decreased with an increase of water source to cocoa farm (ranking; 0-15m>16-30m>above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.

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Uddin, M. Amin, MAZ Chowdhury, MA Rahman, MH Rashid, and MK Alam. "Pesticide Residues In Pond Water Samples From Coastal Area Of Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 40, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v40i2.46029.

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Water samples collected from twenty five ponds of coastal area were analyzed by HPLC for the presence of organophosphorus, pyrethroid and carbamate pesticide residues. The results reflected slight contamination of some of the water samples with residues of diazinon, chlorpyriphos (organophosphorus insecticide), carbaryl and carbofuran (carbamate insecticide). The concentration of diazinon and chlorpyriphos ranged from 2.31 jig/L to 5.60 pg/L and 0.0 to 3.80 pg/L respectively. Among carbamate pesticides, carbofuran identified in two samples, ranging from 1.40 to 3.71pg/L, carbaryl was detected in two of the samples which ranged from 1.32 to 6.40pg/L, and pyrethroid (cypermethrin) was not detected in any of the samples. However, the residue level was also within the acceptable ranges according to the WHO guideline value (1993) of water quality. But, its presence in surface water as WHO-recommended limits is a matter of concern. In Bangladesh consumption ofpes::c.Jcs has been increased with the introduction of high yielding varieties of rice in recent years But. the widei> cultivated high yielding variety is highly vulnerable to pests and diseases, and 40; : of the crop loss can be attributed to attack by pests and insects in Bangladesh which is a significant loss (Bagchi, et al. 2008). So, the use of pesticide is now an integral part of agriculture for pest control. More than 100 species of insects, 600 weed species. 1500 plant diseases and 1500 species of nematodes are being controlled by pesticide (Brady 1990). As a result, the production of improved variety of rice has significantly increased in recent years. Although pesticide is beneficial for pest control, it also poses a harmful effect to our environment such as the pollution of surface and ground water. After application of pesticide in the crop field it is degraded in the soil by the soil microorganism to some extent but many of the toxic pesticides are transported into surface and ground water by agricultural run off rain water from the crop field. Ultimately, the surface and ground water may be highly contaminated due to this agricultural run off pesticide (Bagchi, et al. 2008). Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 40(2): 319-323, December 2014

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Zhang, Hui, Guilin Chen, Shiyou Lü, Lin Zhang, and Mingquan Guo. "Insecticidal Activities Against Odontotermes formosanus and Plutella xylostella and Corresponding Constituents of Tung Meal from Vernicia fordii." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050425.

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The environmental pollution, pesticide resistance, and other associated problems caused by traditional chemical pesticides with limited modes of action make it urgent to seek alternative environmentally-friendly pesticides from natural products. Tung meal, the byproduct of the detoxified Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) seed, has been commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a pesticide. However, its active insecticidal extracts and ingredients remain elusive. In the present study, the contact toxicities of tung meal extracts against the agricultural and forest pests like O. formosanus and P. xylostella were examined. Our results showed that ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts showed the strongest toxicity against O. formosanus and P. xylostella, respectively. In order to further explore the chemical profiles of the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and GC-MS analyses have been performed, and 20 and 29 compounds were identified from EA and PE extracts, respectively. The present study, for the first time, verified the noteworthy insecticidal activities on the aforementioned agricultural and forest pesticides and revealed the potential active parts and chemical composition, which are conducive to further exploiting the potential of tung meal as a natural plant-derived insecticide for biological control of agricultural and forest pests.

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Desai, R., and O. P. Sahu. "Study of Venturi Scrubber Efficiency for Pesticide Industry." International Letters of Natural Sciences 9 (February 2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.9.15.

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A venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream. This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls. The air pollution generated from the industry is now become serious problem for the environment, which affect the living and non living thing on the Earth. Among all the air pollution monitoring equipment venturi scrubber found to suitable for prevention of air pollution by pesticide. It was found that scrubber shows 99.1 % efficiency.

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Gavahian, Mohsen, Tsai Meng‐Jen, and Amin Mousavi Khaneghah. "Emerging techniques in food science: the resistance of chlorpyrifos pesticide pollution against arc and dielectric barrier discharge plasma." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 12, SP1 (October 14, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v12isp1.807.

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Many studies introduced cold plasma as a novel and effective processing technology for microbial decontamination of food and water as well as for the removal of environmental pollution such as pesticide. However, as there are several types of plasma designs, their efficacy in degrading major pesticide residues, such as chlorpyrifos (as a hazardous chemical), should be explored. This study was conducted to assess the decontamination efficacy of 8 min of arc and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on chlorpyrifos pesticide-water samples at a con-centration of 2 mg·L-1. The plasma-treated samples were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and compared with the control (untreated) sample. In addition, the effects of plasma processes on some physical properties of samples were studied. According to the results, plasma-treated samples showed similar physical characteristics (e.g., refractive index and color values) to those of the untreated samples. While the temperature of the samples remained steady during the DBD plasma treatment, arc plasma changed the temperature of the sample at a rate of about 3.75°C·min–1 and yielded a sample with a final temperature of 60°C. However, contrary to the general belief that plasma is an efficient technique for pesticide degradation, chemical analyses showed high resistance of chlorpyrifos against both arc and DBD plasma under the conditions used in the present study. Therefore, the possibility of high resistance of pesticide pollution to this emerging technology should be considered. Also, further studies on the efficiency of the selected plasma system for removing pesticide pollution (e.g., during water and wastewater treatment) at industrial scale is needed.

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Doğan, Fatma Nihan, and Mahmut Ekrem Karpuzcu. "Current status of agricultural pesticide pollution in Turkey and evaluation of alternative control methods." Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 6 (2019): 734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2018.53189.

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Molnar, Imola, and Elena Rakosy-Tican. "Difficulties in Potato Pest Control: The Case of Pyrethroids on Colorado Potato Beetle." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101920.

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Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, CPB) is considered one of the most persistent crop pests because it is highly adaptable and can rapidly develop insecticide resistance. Nowadays, this beetle is resistant to over 54 different insecticides. In the absence of competitive alternatives, the answer of farmers to the high degree of pest adaptability is to increase the number of pesticide treatments or apply chemicals with different modes of action. Such a strategy increases the risk of intoxication in non-target organisms and leads to environmental pollution, augmenting the carbon footprint. Furthermore, these strategies are also unsustainable and inefficient for pest management in the long-term. The time has thus come to reform existing agriculture practices, for which the implementation of an integrated pest management strategy would be a more feasible tool. Applying a sustainable pest management strategy is indispensable for a better understanding of the status and mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Effective pest management requires monitoring the resistance of pests and developing a well-programmed pesticide treatment to simultaneously reduce the insecticide selection pressure and environmental pollution. In this context, here we present a review on the difficulties of potato pest control using as a case study the resistance of CPB to pyrethroids.

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Mishra, P., A. P. B. Balaji, P. K. Dhal, R. S. Suresh Kumar, S. Magdassi, K. Margulis, B. K. Tyagi, A. Mukherjee, and N. Chandrasekaran. "Stability of nano-sized permethrin in its colloidal state and its effect on the physiological and biochemical profile of Culex tritaeniorhynchus larvae." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 5 (March 1, 2017): 676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000165.

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AbstractThe occurrence of pesticidal pollution in the environment and the resistance in the mosquito species makes an urge for the safer and an effective pesticide. Permethrin, a poorly water-soluble pyrethroid pesticide, was formulated into a hydrodispersible nanopowder through rapid solvent evaporation of pesticide-loaded oil in water microemulsion. Stability studies confirmed that the nanopermethrin dispersion was stable in paddy field water for 5 days with the mean particle sizes of 175.3 ± 0.75 nm and zeta potential of −30.6 ± 0.62 mV. The instability rate of the nanopermethrin particles was greater in alkaline (pH 10) medium when compared with the neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 4) dispersion medium. The colloidal dispersion at 45°C was found to be less stable compared with the dispersions at 25 and 5°C. The 12- and 24-h lethal indices (LC50) for nanopermethrin were found to be 0.057 and 0.014 mg l−1, respectively. These results were corroborative with the severity of damages observed in the mosquito larvae manifested in epithelial cells and the evacuation of the midgut contents. Further, the results were substantiated by the decrease in cellular biomolecules and biomarker enzyme activity in nanopermethrin treated larvae when compared to bulk and control treatment.

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Potter, S. E., C. R. Lauzon, and N. R. Smith. "Microscopic Evidence Of Biofilm Formation In The Gut Of Two Pest Tephritidae." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019978.

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Tephritidae are the true fruit flies, which include the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrephaludens (Loew), and the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Fruit fly infestation causes major damage to many economically-important food crops and is of major concern in agriculture worldwide.Tephritidae are controlled primarily by repeated applications of organophosphate pesticides. Health concerns, environmental pollution, and costs associated with pesticide use press researchers to find new methods for control. One approach to finding new control methods involves investigating the associations that exist between tephritids and microorganisms. Currently, bacterial odors are being used to lure these pest tephritids into traps. These flies are specifically attracted to odors from certain bacteria found to inhabit their gut. Data suggest that these bacteria are likely involved in important aspects of fruit fly nutrition and reproduction.

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Pivneva, Olga S. "THE APPLICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE THRESHOLD CONCENTRATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON THE SANITARY STATUS OF WATERS." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 6 (June 15, 2018): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-6-520-524.

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Introduction. The rapid growth in the production and use of pesticides poses a real risk of the possible contamination of water bodies, which determines the urgency of the improving the methods of hygienic rating of pesticide preparations in water bodies, as well as the search for screening methods for establishing threshold concentrations.The issues of the need to improve the methodological approaches to the hygienic regulation of pesticide products in water of water bodies are considered, the need for further scientific study of this issue is shown. Material and methods. There are presented results of ourselves laboratory studies on the effect of herbicides of the sulfonylurea class on the processes of self-purification of reservoirs according to the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) index. In the work there were used substances of the sulfonylureas derivatives with a multi-directional mechanism of action that exerts both a stimulating and inhibitory effect on the course of processes of the biochemical oxygen consumption. With the use of the formula (Gotovtsev A.V., 2016), the total biochemical oxygen consumption for sulfonylurea derivatives was calculated from the two experimentally measured BOD values. Results. The data of biochemical oxygen consumption for two substances, obtained as a result of experimental studies, are presented. Selected substances have a multi-directional effect on the course of biochemical processes: stimulation - deviation of BOD from the control (%); inhibition - deviation of BOD from the control (%). There was made an estimation of the possible use of the formula for calculating the total biochemical oxygen consumption obtained in the solution of the modified Streeter-Phelps equation system for pesticides of the sulfonylurea class. The formula was applied as a mathematical model for the predictive assessment of the establishment of threshold concentrations of pesticides on the effect on the sanitary regime of water bodies (accordingly to BOD index). Discussion. In the paper, experimental and calculated values of biochemical oxygen consumption were compared, which shows the possibility of using this mathematical method for predicting the effect of pesticidal preparations of this class on the processes of self-purification of water reservoirs. Conclusion. There was shown the possibility of using mathematical modeling methods, in particular, the modified Streeter-Phelps system of equations in the practice of sanitary and hygienic investigations.

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Maringanti, C., I. Chaubey, M. Arabi, and B. Engel. "A multi-objective optimization tool for the selection and placement of BMPs for pesticide control." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 4 (July 11, 2008): 1821–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-1821-2008.

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Abstract. Pesticides (particularly atrazine used in corn fields) are the foremost source of water contamination in many of the water bodies in Midwestern corn belt, exceeding the 3 ppb MCL established by the U.S. EPA for drinking water. Best management practices (BMPs), such as buffer strips and land management practices, have been proven to effectively reduce the pesticide pollution loads from agricultural areas. However, selection and placement of BMPs in watersheds to achieve an ecologically effective and economically feasible solution is a daunting task. BMP placement decisions under such complex conditions require a multi-objective optimization algorithm that would search for the best possible solution that satisfies the given watershed management objectives. Genetic algorithms (GA) have been the most popular optimization algorithms for the BMP selection and placement problem. Most optimization models also had a dynamic linkage with the water quality model, which increased the computation time considerably thus restricting them to apply models on field scale or relatively smaller (11 or 14 digit HUC) watersheds. However, most previous works have considered the two objectives individually during the optimization process by introducing a constraint on the other objective, therefore decreasing the degree of freedom to find the solution. In this study, the optimization for atrazine reduction is performed by considering the two objectives simultaneously using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The limitation with the dynamic linkage with a distributed parameter watershed model was overcome through the utilization of a BMP tool, a database that stores the pollution reduction and cost information of different BMPs under consideration. The model was used for the selection and placement of BMPs in Wildcat Creek Watershed (located in Indiana, for atrazine reduction. The most ecologically effective solution from the model had an annual atrazine concentration reduction of 30%, from the baseline with a BMP implementation cost of $18 million. The pareto-optimal fronts generated between the two optimized objective functions can be used to achieve desired water quality goals with minimum BMP implementation cost for the watershed.

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Choi, J. Y. "Nonpoint source pollution management for the multipurpose dam watersheds." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 1835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.271.

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Main pollution sources in multipurpose dam watersheds in Korea are highland fields, stream banks, livestock farms, roads, and construction sites. Specifically, highland fields are the major nonpoint pollution sources. Excessive organic chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticide can be exuded from the land, and the area is likely to be eroded by heavy rain. Fallow, conservative cultivation, and covering can be alternatives for soil protection and reinforcement. In addition to these, construction of detour waterways and improvement of irrigation method can minimize the impact of runoff. In the case of slope in 15% degree or more, prohibiting cultivation and restoring the surface is preferred to improving cultivation method in order to control nonpoint pollution sources efficiently.

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Belen, Mustafa, Dürdane Yanar, and Gülistan Erdal. "Sivas İlinde Buğday Üretiminde Karşılaşılan Bitki Koruma Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, sp1 (December 14, 2020): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8isp1.208-214.4114.

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Objective of this study is to determine plant protection problems which wheat growers encountered and their knowledge on plant protection in Sivas province. This study is carried out in the Central, Hafik, Ulas and Yıldızeli districts of Sivas province with 220 farmers. The problems which related to plant diseases, pests and weeds in wheat growers faced were also determined. Almost all farmers (99.09%) apply chemical control. Farmers decides the pesticide applications in their wheat growing areas according to own experience (84.09%), manufacturers recommendations (24.09%), the advice of agricultural experts (17.27%) and the advice of neighbours and friends (9.55%). Farmers mostly have been applying pesticides based on their own experiences. In recent years, pesticides are being used widely against diseases, pests and weeds. Some times over dose application of pesticides by farmers in judiciously resulted in environmental pollution, health problems. Also the natural enemies will be affected. Furthermore, in weed control farmers use herbicides against broad leaved weeds. It was determined that the farmers do not have knowledge about narrow leaved weeds and herbicides use against these weed species is limited. According to the results of this survey, it will be beneficial to provide training on plant protection to wheat producers in the region.

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Li, Xiaoping, Wenxin Liu, Yan Yan, Gongyuan Fan, and Minjuan Zhao. "Rural Households’ Willingness to Accept Compensation Standards for Controlling Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution: A Case Study of the Qinba Water Source Area in Northwest China." Water 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061251.

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Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) has become one of the main sources of pollution in water source areas. An effective solution to this problem is the use of ecological compensation to encourage rural households to adopt agricultural pollution control measures. This study aims to answer two questions: How much compensation should be given to encourage rural households in water source areas to participate in ANSP control? What factors will influence their participation? In this study, paddy rice planting in water source area has been used as an example aiming to answer these questions. This study used the random parameter logit (RPL) model with survey data from 632 rural households in the Qinba water source area to empirically analyze rural households’ willingness to accept compensation for ANSP control and the influencing factors of this willingness. From this information, the compensation standards for ANSP control in a water source area were calculated. The results show that (1) compensation had a significant incentive effect on rural households’ willingness to control ANSP. The marginal compensation standard for reducing the use of fertilizer and pesticide was $3.40/ha and $2.00/ha, respectively. The compensation standard for not applying chemical fertilizer and pesticide at all was $540.23/ha. (2) There was heterogeneity in rural households’ preference for ANSP control compensation policies. Rural households characterized by younger residents, higher family income, higher perception of the ecological benefits, and higher perception of government policy were more willing to participate in the compensation policy. It is suggested that rural households showed a strong preference for ANSP control policies by considering both of their economic losses and ecological benefits. Our study contributes to the literature by enriching the evaluation method in providing references for the compensation of ANSP control policies

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He, Haifang, Longqing Shi, Guang Yang, Minsheng You, and Liette Vasseur. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Tea Plantations." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020047.

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Tea plantations have used many synthetic chemicals to ensure performance and control of pests. This has led to increased contamination of soils and reduced tea growth. We assessed the levels of heavy metals, including Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Hg, As, and pesticide residues, such as HCHs, biphenyl chrysanthemum ester, methamidophos, imidacloprid, permethrin, in the soil of tea plantations of Taiwan, Tibet, Guangdong, and Fujian. The Potential Ecological Risk Index and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index were used to analyze the data. The results showed that risk indices in Tibet, Guangdong and Fuzhou were considered as moderate ecological harm level. Ecological risk assessment index of Anxi organic and Anxi conventional tea gardens suggested a “low” risk level. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution indices for soil pesticide residues in the tea plantations of Taiwan, Tibet, Anxi organic and Anxi conventional were considered mild. Guangdong and Fuzhou had values suggesting “slight pollution” levels. According to National Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB15618-1995), soil in tea plantations in Taiwan, Tibet, and Anxi conventional matched the national first grade of soil quality and those from Guangdong, Fuzhou, and Anxi organic tea garden matched the national second grade.

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Dou, Hanjie, Changyuan Zhai, Liping Chen, Xiu Wang, and Wei Zou. "Comparison of Orchard Target-Oriented Spraying Systems Using Photoelectric or Ultrasonic Sensors." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080753.

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Orchard pesticide off-target deposition and drift cause substantial soil and water pollution, and other environmental pollution. Orchard target-oriented spraying technologies have been used to reduce the deposition and drift caused by off-target spraying and control environmental pollution to within an acceptable range. Two target-oriented spraying systems based on photoelectric sensors or ultrasonic sensors were developed. Three spraying treatments of young cherry trees and adult apple trees were conducted using a commercial sprayer with a photoelectric-based target-oriented spraying system, an ultrasonic-based target-oriented spraying system or no target-oriented spraying system. A rhodamine tracer was used instead of pesticide. Filter papers were fixed in the trees and on the ground. The tracer on the filter papers was washed off to calculate the deposition distribution in the trees and on the ground. The deposition data were used to evaluate the systems and pesticide off-target deposition achieved with orchard target-oriented sprayers. The results showed that the two target-oriented spraying systems greatly reduced the ground deposition compared to that caused by off-target spraying. Compared with that from off-target spraying, the ground deposition from photoelectric-based (trunk-based) and ultrasonic-based (canopy-based) target-oriented spraying decreased by 50.63% and 38.74%, respectively, for the young fruit trees and by 21.66% and 29.87%, respectively, for the adult fruit trees. The trunk-based target-oriented detection method can be considered more suitable for young trees, whereas the canopy-based target-oriented detection method can be considered more suitable for adult trees. The maximum ground deposition occurred 1.5 m from the tree trunk at the back of the tree canopy and was caused by the high airflow at the air outlet of the sprayer. A suitable air speed and air volume at the air outlet of the sprayer can reduce pesticide deposition on the ground.

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Анарбекова, А., Ж. Турсунова, Р. Мусабаев, И. Киселев, А. Гаршин, Н. К. Алтынова, О. Г. Чередниченко, et al. "ANALYSIS OF XENOBIOTIC DETOXIFICATION AND DNA-REPAIR GENES IN POPULATIONS LIVING IN PESTICIDE CONTAMINATED AREAS." Vestnik, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53065/kaznmu.2021.47.80.036.

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Проведена оценка риска влияния многолетней пестицидной загрязненности окружающей среды на генетический статус населения, проживающего в 5 населенных пунктах Талгарского района (пп. Кызылкайрат, Бескайнар, Бельбулак, Амангельды, Енбекши) Алматинской области, где располагаются неутилизированные, запрещенные к использованию пестициды класса СОЗ. Результаты цитогенетического анализа населения, подверженного действию пестицидов, выявили высокую частоту хромосомных аберраций, превышающую контрольные показатели от 2,2 до 3,6 раз. Молекулярно-генетический анализ выявил повышенную частоту нефункциональных аллелей глутатион-S-трансфераз M1 и Т1 типов, что может оказывать влияние на снижение функций детоксикации ксенобиотиков у обследованного населения. Определена достоверная ассоциативная связь полиморфизма гена репарации ДНК XRCC3 Thr241Met, с повышенной частотой хромосомных аберраций у населения, проживающего вблизи очагов пестицидного загрязнения. The risk assessment of the impact of long-term pesticide pollution of the environment on the genetic status of the population living in 5 settlements of the Talgar district (Kyzylkairat, Beskaynar, Belbulak, Amangeldy, Enbekshi) of Almaty region, where unused, banned for use POPs pesticides are located, has been carried out. The results of cytogenetic analysis of the population exposed to pesticides revealed a high frequency of chromosomal aberrations, exceeding the control values from 2.2 to 3.6 times. Molecular genetic analysis revealed an increased frequency of non-functional alleles of glutathione-S-transferases of M1 and T1 types, which may affect a decrease in the functions of detoxification of xenobiotics in the surveyed population. A reliable associative relationship of the XRCC3 Thr241Met DNA repair gene polymorphism with an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the population living near foci of pesticide contamination was determined.

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Rakitskii, Valerii N., Nataliia E. Fedorova, Olga E. Egorchenkova, Marina S. Grechina, and Alena V. Suslova. "Safety of agricultural products: multicomponent determination of pesticide residues in cereals." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 9 (October 20, 2020): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-9-968-974.

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Introduction. Cereal grain is an important part of the human daily diet and belongs to a large number of food items produced and consumed throughout the world. Cereals are cultivated using a long list of chemical plant protection products (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators). In this connection, the analysis of pesticide residues, including optimization, development of monitoring methods, and programs, is of particular importance. Purpose of the work. To create a multicomponent method for determining residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites in cereals. Material and methods. The identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (neonicotinoids, triazoles, imidazoles, pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds, strobilurins, etc.) in the joint presence were performed by methods based on the use of liquid and gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The QuEChERS technology was used as a sample preparation method, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized grain sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and purification of the extracts from polar compounds by solid-state dispersion extraction. Results. The developed multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites (40 items in total) in cereals was used to control the levels of xenobiotics studied in wheat, barley and corn samples produced in various regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Leningrad, Orel, Omsk, Voronezh, Ryazan, Rostov, Volgograd regions, Krasnodar Area), as well as in rice grain (the country of origin is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam) purchased using a consumer buying process. The identified levels of individual active substances were significantly lower than the established values of the maximum allowable level. Conclusion. The developed method is aimed at methodological support of food safety control.

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Xiang, Hongyong, Qinghua Cai, Yuan Li, Zhenxing Zhang, Lina Cao, Kun Li, and Haijun Yang. "Sensors Applied for the Detection of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Freshwaters." Journal of Sensors 2020 (February 11, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8503491.

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Water is essential for every life living on the planet. However, we are facing a more serious situation such as water pollution since the industrial revolution. Fortunately, many efforts have been done to alleviate/restore water quality in freshwaters. Numerous sensors have been developed to monitor the dynamic change of water quality for ecological, early warning, and protection reasons. In the present review, we briefly introduced the pollution status of two major pollutants, i.e., pesticides and heavy metals, in freshwaters worldwide. Then, we collected data on the sensors applied to detect the two categories of pollutants in freshwaters. Special focuses were given on the sensitivity of sensors indicated by the limit of detection (LOD), sensor types, and applied waterbodies. Our results showed that most of the sensors can be applied for stream and river water. The average LOD was 72.53±12.69 ng/ml (n=180) for all pesticides, which is significantly higher than that for heavy metals (65.36±47.51 ng/ml, n=117). However, the LODs of a considerable part of pesticides and heavy metal sensors were higher than the criterion maximum concentration for aquatic life or the maximum contaminant limit concentration for drinking water. For pesticide sensors, the average LODs did not differ among insecticides (63.83±17.42 ng/ml, n=87), herbicides (98.06±23.39 ng/ml, n=71), and fungicides (24.60±14.41 ng/ml, n=22). The LODs that differed among sensor types with biosensors had the highest sensitivity, while electrochemical optical and biooptical sensors showed the lowest sensitivity. The sensitivity of heavy metal sensors varied among heavy metals and sensor types. Most of the sensors were targeted on lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper using electrochemical methods. These results imply that future development of pesticides and heavy metal sensors should (1) enhance the sensitivity to meet the requirements for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health and (2) cover more diverse pesticides and heavy metals especially those toxic pollutants that are widely used and frequently been detected in freshwaters (e.g., glyphosate, fungicides, zinc, chromium, and arsenic).

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Mencia Torrico, Raquel, María del Mar Micó Reche, Alberto Cruz Alcalde, Rossmary Violette Romero Olarte, Henry Antezana Fernández, María Mercedes Álvarez Caero, and Carmen Sans Mazón. "Application of solar-based oxidation to the management of empty pesticide container rinse water in Bolivia." Open Research Europe 1 (June 18, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13555.1.

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Background: The management of empty pesticide containers (EPC) in Bolivia has been recently promoted as a control strategy for dispersed pollution in surface and underground water bodies, as well as in soil. It comprises the rinsing and proper disposal or reuse of clean EPC. However, the rinsing transfers the hazard to water, which must be properly treated before being discharged. Methods: In this study, solar photo-Fenton at low Fe2+ doses were tested at pilot plant scale in Cochabamba (Bolivia) for the removal of pesticides dimethoate and atrazine in their commercial form, spiked in river water. Results: The results demonstrated that solar photo-Fenton ([H2O2]0 = 200 mg L-1) with Fe2+ concentrations between 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 is an effective method to remove dimethoate and atrazine, at an initial concentration of 10 mg L-1 each. Efficiency increased when increasing Fe2+ doses, achieving a removal over 99% of both pesticides after a solar irradiation period of 60 minutes (corresponding to an accumulated energy of 4.96 kJ L-1). Conclusions: The presence of high concentrations of natural components of river water, mainly organic and inorganic carbon species, would have contributed to hydroxyl radical scavenging, explaining, together with the low iron dose applied, the high energy (irradiation time) and high hydrogen peroxide concentration required to produce pesticide depletion. Additionally, the relatively low oxidant consumption and mineralization observed leave room for process optimization regarding oxidant and catalyst doses and warrant further studies on its coupling with biological or other post-treatments for the removal of transformation products.

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Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.

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Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pesticide pollution and control'

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