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1
Dari, Linda, Ahmad ADDO, and Komla Agbeko DZISI. "Determination of Pesticide Residuals in Soil and Tomato Fruits from Two Tomato Production Areas in northern Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/167.967x.
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Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an important vegetable commodity in Ghana, as it is consumed daily in many households either heat-treated or without any form of heat treatments. Tomato production is a major source of income for many smallholder producers in Northern Ghana especially through dry season farming when the major supply of tomatoes from Southern Ghana is exhausted. Research conducted for the past decade confirmed the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables such as cabbage, onion, cucumber, lettuce, tomatoes, okra and pepper. The objective of this study was to identify and estimate pesticide residual levels in the soil and tomato fruits in comparison with the maximum allowable residual limits. The research was carried out in two production communities namely Doba where the “Burkina” variety is mostly grown in the Kassena Nankana East District of the Upper East Region and Bunglung where the “Wosowoso” variety is cultivated in the Savelugu/Nanton Municipality of Northern Region. Soil samples were collected for residue determination before transplanting of tomato seedlings. Matured and ripe tomato fruits were also collected for the determination of the presence and amount of pesticide residues. All soil and plant samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to determine the presence of twenty-four organochlorines and thirteen organophosphate pesticide residues. From the analysis, pesticide residues were present in different variations which ranged from 0.002 – 0.033 and 0.003 – 0.022 (soils) and 0.330 – 1.187 and 0.002 – 0.088 (fruits) for organochlorines and organophosphates respectively for both communities. Levels of pesticide residues were generally above the acceptable maximum residue limits as farmer practices produced fruits with more pesticide residues since the land areas could have been predisposed with residues from previous seasons for other food crops, which could be translocated into the tomato plant and through into the fruits. The presence of pesticide residues could also be attributed to the influence of run-off and drift from other cultivated lands. For effective determination of pesticides residues in the tomato plants, it is essential to use uncontaminated soil and water to facilitate the efficient estimation of pesticide residues in tomatoes and plants in general.
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Akhtar, Sana, Ghazala Yaqub, Almas Hamid, Zainab Afzal, and Sidra Asghar. "Determination of Pesticide Residues in Selected Vegetables and Fruits From A Local Market of Lahore, Pakistan." Current World Environment 13, no. 2 (August 25, 2018): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.2.09.
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Increased food products to meet the population needs, has resulted in extensive use of pesticides. However the use of these pesticides is a potential source of contamination of soil and food. The present study was carried out to determine selected pesticides namely bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, dimethomorph, imidacloprid, deltamethrin residual in fruit (guava) and vegetables (egg plant and round guord) collected from shops in commercial market, Lahore. These samples were prepared and subjected to high pressure liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for detection of pesticide residues. The results showed that in Guava fruit concentration of bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph and imidacloprid were 5.13, 81.5, 6.6, 0.48 and 1.65 mg/kg respectively. In Egg Plant sample, bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph and deltamethrin detected residues were 3.53, 5.62, 4.58, 0.25 and 0.005 mg/kg respectively while imidacloprid residues were not detected. In Round Gourd, the values of bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph residues were 3.87, 61.53, 5.01 and 0.15 mg/kg respectively. Despite the fact that pesticides are used to control pests and diseases. Yet pesticide residues are left in fruits and vegetables which can pose potential health risks to the consumers. Therefore, need of continuous pesticide residue monitoring is highly recommended.
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Surya Utami Dewi, I. G. A., I. Gede Mahardika, and Made Antara. "RESIDU PESTISIDA GOLONGAN ORGANOFOSFAT KOMODITAS BUAH CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annuum L.) PADA BERBAGAI LAMA PENYIMPANAN." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2017.v11.i01.p06.
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PESTICIDES RESIDUAL OF ORGANOFOSPHATE CLASS OF RED CHILE (Capsicum annuum L.) ON VARIOUS STORAGE DURATIONIn order to control pests and diseases in red chili plants, farmers use pesticides was over as impact leaving residue in the chili. The purpose of this study was to determine type, dose and frequency of pesticides used by the farmers, as well as to determine the organophospate residual in chili on different storage times. This study was conducted in two phases namely survey to 10 respondent farmers in Baturiti district, Tabanan regency used questioner and treatment pilot study used different storage time from 0, 1 and 3 days samples took from Apuan Village, Baturiti, Tabanan. Class of organophosphate pesticide residue analysis conducted in Denpasar Branch Police Forensic Laboratory. The results showed dominant pesticides used was organophosphates profenofos (curacron) 60 % and klorpirifos (kaliandra) 20 %. Dose pesticides used was > 40 ml (> 4 bottle cover volume 10 ml) and > 40 gram (> 4 spoon) for tank volume 17 liter and also > 30 ml (> 3 bottle cover volume 10 ml) and > 30 gram (> 3 spoon) for tank volume 14 liter. Frequency of pesticides used by farmers on 1 plant season was 90 % more than 12 times and the other 10 % used frequency 10-12 times. Farmers do not comply dose and frequency with the pesticides used regulations. Analysis result showed that the treatment effect of different storage time is not real to organophosphate pesticide residues groupon red pepper. The average residues detected are indicating a trend with residue storage profenofos on day 0, 1 and day 3 for 1,20 mg/kg, 2,70 mg/kg and 1,37 mg/kg and the amount of chlorpyrifos residues on the storage day 0, day 1 and day 3 is 0,0027 mg/kg, 0,0039 mg/kg and 0,0021 mg/kg. Profenofos and chlorpyrifos residue content is still below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) under the provisions of MRL profenofos on red pepper, which is 5 mg/kg and chlorpyrifos, which is 0,5 mg/kg.
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Nyarko, Samuel Kofi, Yaw Gyau Akyereko, Joseph Oppong Akowuah, and Faustina Dufie Wireko-Manu. "Comparative Studies on Grain Quality and Pesticide Residues in Maize Stored in Hermetic and Polypropylene Storage Bags." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080772.
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The conventional method of grain storage involving the use of polypropylene bags in conjunction with pesticides and hermetic bags are paramount in developing countries. However, there is limited information on grain quality and pesticide residue concentration of maize stored in such bags. This work determined grain quality and pesticide residue concentrations of maize stored in polypropylene and hermetic storage bags. Maize samples stored for a period of one year in polypropylene and hermetic bags were obtained from three major maize growing communities in the Ashanti region of Ghana and were analyzed for grain quality, aflatoxin content and pesticide residue concentration using standard methods. The amount of diseased, discolored, broken, insect-damaged, stained, germinated, shriveled, total defective, inorganic and organic matter of maize stored in hermetic bags was significantly lower than that of polypropylene. Levels of aflatoxin in maize stored in the polypropylene bags were significantly higher (13.9 ppb–20 ppb) than in maize stored in the hermetic bags (0.90 ppb–2.6 ppb). Out of 35 pesticides screened, only lambda-cyhalothrin was detected in polypropylene bags and deltamethrin in hermetic bags. The presence of these pesticide residues may be due to their long-lasting abilities. Levels of lambda-cyhalothrin residues were above the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.02 mg/kg, but have no significant effect on health. Deltamethrin residue concentrations in hermetically stored maize samples were below the MRL. In conclusion, maize grains stored in hermetic bags have higher grain quality and lower aflatoxin and pesticide residue concentrations than polypropylene bags. Education and promotion on the utilization of hermetic bags should be a priority in storing and supplying safe maize grains to consumers.
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Kai, Takamitsu, and Dinesh Adhikari. "Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Apple Nutrient Content and Orchard Soil Condition." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040340.
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Apple cultivation in Japan typically involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which can damage the environment. Therefore, in this study we investigated the orchard soil biochemical characteristics as well as the fruit nutrient contents, and pesticide residues of apples grown either organically (organic fertilizers + reduced pesticides) or with conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticide rates. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the organic fertilizer treatment produced fruit with significantly higher contents of sugar, as well as soil with higher total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. There were also significantly greater soil bacterial biomass and N circulation in the organically fertilized treatments. Minimal pesticide residues were detected in the organically fertilized fruits, but in the apples cultivated with conventional rates of fertilizers and pesticides there were significantly higher levels of propargite that was used to control spider mites. These residue levels from the conventionally fertilized orchards exceeded European and Codex residue standards. These results indicate that environmentally friendly arboricultural soil management practices, such as organic fertilizer and reduced pesticide cultivation can enhance nutrient cycling in soil, reduce the burden on the environment, and promote food safety and security.
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Łozowicka, Bożena, Ewa Rutkowska, Magdalena Jankowska, Piotr Kaczyński, and Izabela Hrynko. "Health risk analysis of pesticide residues in berry fruit from north-eastern Poland." Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0007-7.
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ABSTRACT The first aim of this paper was to evaluate pesticide residue levels of berry fruit samples. The second aim was to analyze health risks associated with pesticide levels. The monitoring was conducted on samples from producers in north-eastern Poland, during the time period 2005-2010. In total, 241 samples of berry fruit were analyzed using validated and accredited multi residue methods. The studies included 7 commodities (125 strawberry, 59 black currant, 25 raspberry, 23 chokeberry, 7 red currant samples and one sample of elderberry and wild strawberry), and the analysis of 128 pesticides. Residues, mainly insecticides, were found in 47.7% of samples while 40.7% of samples contained pesticide residues below MRLs and 7% above MRLs. The pesticides were found most often in red currant (100%) and black currant (63%) samples. The most frequently detected pesticides were fenazaquin and fenitrothion. Pesticide residues at levels exceeding legally binding MRLs occurred mostly in black currant samples (12 samples). Violations of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) (15 notifications) and use of a forbidden plant protection product (8 notifications) were found in twenty-three berry samples during the six-year study. For these cases, the RASFF system (rapid alert system for food and feed) procedures were initiated. The highest number of notifications was recorded in 2008 (11 notifications). Only one of the notifications was prepared for berry fruit from an integrated production system − black currant, the remaining were for conventional fruit. Among the RASFF notifications, 17 (74%) were for black currant samples.The estimated exposure to pesticide residues detected in the analyzed berry fruit samples was shown to be very low for the general population (adults) and for the critical population of small children. Acute and chronic exposure based on residue levels did not adversely affect consumer health.
7
Dheer, Reema, and Surendra Swarnkar. "Pesticidal residue analysis and phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 12, 2018): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1908.
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In the present study emphasize on phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The extract of plant materials total ash content, extractive value, water soluble ash, and loss on drying values were identified. Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues, which accumulate from agriculture practices, such as spraying, treatment of soils during cultivation and administration of fumigants during storage. It is therefore recommended that every sample of medicinal plants used for such type of studies should be analyzed for the pesticidal residues. Therefore in the present study parts of the herb used for their antidiabetic potential were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, which are persistent and remain in the food chain for longer periods. The samples of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were ground coarsely and then preceded for the extraction procedure. The sample of extracts were analysed for residues of organochlorine pesticides by Gas Chromatography (GC). Analysis were carried out on a Schimadzu Model 2010 Gas Chromatograph (GC) equipped with 63 NI electron capture detector (ECD) and a capillary column HP ultra 2. The instrument was supported by Lab Solution software. The pesticide residues detected in them in the GC were within the limits. For phytochemical screening, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained were prepared and subjected to various qualitative tests in order to reveal the presence or absence of common phytopharmaceuticals by using standard tests.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Pesticidal residues, Barleria prionitis Gas Chromatography, Ash value, extractive value.
8
Bursić, Vojislava, Gorica Vuković, Magdalena Cara, Marija Kostić, Tijana Stojanović, Aleksandra Petrović, Nikola Puvača, Dušan Marinković, and Bojan Konstantinović. "Plant Protection Products Residues Assessment in the Organic and Conventional Agricultural Production." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031075.
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The organic food is progressively enticing purchasers’ attention, as it is recognized to be better than the food produced by the conventional agriculture and more sustainable for the natural environment. Pesticides and their metabolites can enter the human body via food and water. In the food production, over 60 thousand chemical agents are applied, while 90% of the harmful substances are consumed. The organic production is based on the qualitative and healthy food using the natural resources in an ecologically sustainable way. The European Regulations set the maximum pesticide levels (MRLs) in the organic products, which are also regulated by The United States Department of Agriculture in their National program supported by The United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is imperative to bear in mind that in the products from the organic production, the multiple detections cannot be tolerated, i.e., that one product cannot contain more than two detected pesticide residues. In this paper, a multi-residue pesticide method has been developed to determine the pesticides in the agricultural products from the organic and conventional production. In this work, 60 pesticides were analyzed using a simple QuEChERS sample preparation procedure, followed by LC-MS/MS. The tomato, potato, apple, and carrot samples from the organic and conventional products were collected from the market and the pesticide residues assessment comparing the organic to the conventional was done.
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Sudarsono, Joko, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Kisrini Kisrini. "Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v14i1.11889.
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The use of the pesticide which does not follow the procedure may potentially cause residue of pesticide to be left on vegetables and fruits sold in supermarkets and traditional markets. We aimed to find the pattern of pesticide usage and levels of residue found in plants. This study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional design using detailed sampling procedure. We obtained the data of the pesticide residue concentration by conducting laboratory examinations on eight samples of cabbage and eight samples of tomatoes from traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Solo. The data were tested using simple linear regression testing. The organophosphate measurement results showed no residues were detected, because it was below the Limit of Detection (LOD). We concluded that pesticides containing active substances were not used in the vegetables we tested or the active substances were no longer contained in the vegetables after harvesting.
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Sudarsono, Joko, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Kisrini Kisrini. "Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (November 5, 2018): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v14i2.11889.
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The use of the pesticide which does not follow the procedure may potentially cause residue of pesticide to be left on vegetables and fruits sold in supermarkets and traditional markets. We aimed to find the pattern of pesticide usage and levels of residue found in plants. This study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional design using detailed sampling procedure. We obtained the data of the pesticide residue concentration by conducting laboratory examinations on eight samples of cabbage and eight samples of tomatoes from traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Solo. The data were tested using simple linear regression testing. The organophosphate measurement results showed no residues were detected, because it was below the Limit of Detection (LOD). We concluded that pesticides containing active substances were not used in the vegetables we tested or the active substances were no longer contained in the vegetables after harvesting.
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Anshori, Arif, and Catur Prasetiyono. "PESTISIDA PADA BUDIDAYA KEDELAI DI KABUPATEN BANTUL D. I. YOGYAKARTA." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v31i1.11940.
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<p><em>Soybean farming carried out by farmer in Bantul Regency D.I. Yogyakarta. Pesticides still important in securing the soybean production of plant pests. Some farmers in the extreme assumes that pesticide with dose and high frequency can improve yields. The research was conducted in Bambanglipuro and Srandakan Bantul D.I. Yogyakarta on April to October 2012. The research aims to identify the use of pesticides in farming soybeans, soybean production and farmers income as well as pesticide residues in soybean dry seeds. Interviews were conducted with farmers, include the use of pesticides, soybean production and farmers income. Aside from interviews with farmers, pesticide usage data is also derived from used packaging were found at the site. Soybean dry seeds were taken from the site of the most intensive in the cultivation of soybeans and analyzed pesticide residues. The results showed that soybean farmers use pesticides in farming. Pesticides are used insecticides (69.6%), fungicides (17.4%), herbicides (8.7%) and other types (4.3%). Soybean yield 1,850 kg/ha, revenue Rp. 2.932.500,-/ha with B/C ratio 1.36. The active ingredient of pesticide residue organoposfat contained in the soybean dry seeds with concentration 0-0.068 mg/kg.</em></p>
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Winter, Carl K. "Pesticide Residues in Foods: Recent Events and Emerging Issues." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041129.
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Food safety concerns involving pesticide residues continue to receive widespread public, legislative, and scientific attention. The National Research Council's 1993 report Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children concluded that significant improvements in the U.S. government's pesticide risk assessment and food tolerance establishment procedures were needed. Strict interpretation of the Delaney Clause by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has led to the projected elimination of several pesticide uses due to statutory, rather than scientific considerations. Congressional “solutions” to the Delaney problem may have broad impacts upon future pest management practices if adopted. Emerging issues include the safety of imported produce and the potential effects of trade agreements such as NAFTA and GATT upon U.S. pesticide residue standards.
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Sumiati, Astri, and Reza Prakoso Dwi Julianto. "ANALISA RESIDU PESTISIDA DI WILAYAH MALANG DAN PENANGGULANGANYA UNTUK KEAMANAN PANGAN BUAH JERUK." BUANA SAINS 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v18i2.1185.
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The use of pesticides is widely used in the production of citrus fruits for protection before and after harvest. The use of pesticides on a broad scale can pollute the environment and leave residues in plants and in plants such as fruit leaves and tubers. A survey was conducted to evaluate the level of pesticide residues in citrus fruits. The survey method is carried out by recording pesticide use by farmers and traders. The survey will be conducted in Dau, Batu and Poncokusumo Districts, Malang Regency by interviewing 10 farmers and 10 orange traders in each District. The Gas Cromatography method was carried out to measure the levels of pesticide residues tested at the Angler Biochemlab Laboratory, Surabaya. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the levels of pesticide residues in citrus fruits then compared to the Maximum Residue Limit (BMR) through SNI 7313: 2008 quality standards on agricultural products. The residue levels of profenofos in farmer samples were found to be higher at 0.108 ppm compared to the sample from traders, namely 0.050 ppm at the Tegalweru village research site. In addition, traders in the village of Poncokusumo knew the imidaclroripid content was close to the maximum threshold of 0.040 ppm in farmer samples and 0.010 ppm in the merchant sample. Decreased levels of pesticide residues on food can be done with several approaches, namely physically and chemically. Reduction of pesticide residues in agricultural products can be done in several ways including by washing products with running water for several times or can also be done by soaking in water for one hour
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Nuraeni, Yeni, and Wida Darwiati. "Utilization of plant secondary metabolites as botanical pesticides in forest plant pests." Jurnal Galam 2, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/glm.2021.2.1.1-15.
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The use of chemical pesticides is often carried out in excessive doses, so that this condition results in increased accumulation of pesticide residues in nature. The residue can kill non target organisms, there was an explosion of secondary pests and pest resistance. One effort to reduce the use of synthetic chemical pesticides is by substitution using botanical pesticides that are more environmentally friendly. Botanical pesticides that are easily biodegradable in nature, so it does not pollute the environment, it is relatively safe for humans and the presence of natural enemies. One of the most potential types of botanical pesticides is from the Meliaceae family, namely neem, mahogany, and suren. In this study, the content of secondary metabolites was tested for neem, mahogany and suren seeds. Toxicity properties against pests conducted through literature searches. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the toxicity and content of secondary metabolite compounds from the three plant seed extracts against forest pests. The results showed that the extract of neem, mahogany and suren seeds contain compounds secondary metabolites from the saponins, tanins, flavonoids, alkoloids, and terpenoids. The compounds can be used as botanical pesticides to control pests of forest plants.
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Ardiwinata, Asep Nugraha, Lin Nuriah Ginoga, Eman Sulaeman, and Elisabeth Srihayu Harsanti. "Pesticide Residue Monitoring on Agriculture in Indonesia." Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 12, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v12n2.2018.133-144.
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<p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstra</strong><strong>ct. </strong>Most agricultural producers use pesticides to prevent pests and increase yield and quality of the food they grow. Pesticides can damage people’s health, and lead to birth defects (<em>teratogenic </em>in character) and death in humans and animals. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of <em>organochlorine </em>pesticides, demonstrate dangerous bioaccumulation levels in the body and environment. The problems caused by<em> organochlorine</em> residues (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and DDT</em>) on agricultural lands that are still found today are generally the consequence of past usage that dates back to the1960s. Research on pesticide residues in Indonesia was carried out several years ago by various research institutes and universities and some of these results were collected between 1985 and 2017. Data distribution of the results on pesticide residues include in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, and Papua. Most of the pesticide residue research has been conducted on vegetables. Pesticide residues were found in various commodities and matrices such as rice, soybeans, cow's milk, chicken eggs, fruit ingredients, vegetables, soil, paddy water, river water, lake water, pond water, sea water, water birds, animal feed, fish, frogs, lamb, birds, eggs, tea, and honey. Pesticide residues found were insecticide (<em>organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid</em>), and fungicide (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> and <em>thiametoxam). Organochlorine</em> insecticides have been banned, but the residues are still found today. This is due to the nature of <em>organochlorines</em> which have high persistence properties. Even though insecticide residues (<em>organophosphate, carbamate, pirethroid</em>) found in food commodities are still below the maximum residual limit (MRL), namely SNI 7313: 2008, but some close to MRL. Particularly for <em>organochlorine</em> residues in soil, water and plants insecticides must be monitored because they are persistent, toxic and accumulative. This paper aims to review of pesticide residues in various products including food, and the potential impact of pesticide residues on human health.</p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"> </p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Sebagian besar produsen pertanian menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah hama dan meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas makanan yang mereka tanam. Pestisida dapat merusak kesehatan manusia, dan bersifat <em>teratogenik</em> dan mematikan pada manusia dan hewan. Banyak dari residu kimia ini, terutama turunan pestisida <em>organoklorin</em>, menunjukkan tingkat bioakumulasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh manusia dan lingkungan. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh residu <em>organoklorin</em> (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor</em> dan <em>DDT</em>) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1960-an. Penelitian tentang residu pestisida di Indonesia dilakukan beberapa tahun yang lalu oleh berbagai lembaga penelitian dan universitas yang dikumpulkan antara tahun 1985 dan 2017. Distribusi data hasil residu pestisida tersebar di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Yogyakarta, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Utara dan Selatan, Gorontalo, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menemukan residu pestisida tidak hanya ditemukan di berbagai komoditas pertanian seperti beras, kedelai, susu sapi, telur ayam, bahan buah, sayuran tetapi juga pada tanah, sawah, air sungai, air danau, air kolam, air laut, burung air, pakan ternak, ikan, katak, domba, telur burung, teh, dan madu. Residu pestisida yang banyak ditemukan di lapangan adalah insektisida (<em>organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>), dan fungisida (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> dan <em>thiametoxam</em>). Insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin </em>telah dilarang penggunaannya, namun residunya masih ditemukan hingga kini. Hal ini dikarenakan sifat organoklorin yang memiliki sifat persistensi yang tinggi. Residu insektisida (<em>organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>) yang ditemukan di dalam komoditas pangan secara umum masih di bawah batas maksimum residu (BMR) yang mengacu pada standar nasional, yaitu SNI 7313: 2008, namun beberapa residu insektisida telah mendekati BMR. Khusus untuk residu insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin</em> di dalam tanah, air dan tanaman harus dipantau karena sifatnya yang persisten, beracun, dan akumulatif. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu pestisida dalam berbagai produk termasuk makanan, dan dampak potensial residu pestisida pada kesehatan manusia.</p>
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Philipp, Christian, Phillip Eder, Moritz Hartmann, Elsa Patzl-Fischerleitner, and Reinhard Eder. "Plant Fibers in Comparison with Other Fining Agents for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues and the Effect on the Volatile Profile of Austrian White and Red Wines." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 5365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125365.
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Pesticide residues in Austrian wines have so far been poorly documented. In 250 wines, 33 grape musts and 45 musts in fermentation, no limit values were exceeded, but in some cases high levels (>0.100 mg/L) of single residues were found, meaning that a reduction of these levels before bottling could make sense. In the course of this study, a white and a red wine were spiked with a mix of 23 pesticide residues from the group of fungicides (including botryticides), herbicides and insecticides. The influence of the following treatments on residue concentrations and volatile profiles were investigated: two activated charcoal products, a bentonite clay, two commercial mixed fining agents made of bentonite and charcoal, two yeast cell wall products, and a plant fiber-based novel filter additive. The results of this study show that all the agents tested reduced both residues and volatile compounds in wine, with activated charcoal having the strongest effect and bentonite the weakest. The mixed agents and yeast wall products showed less aroma losses than charcoal products, but also lower residue reduction. Plant fibers showed good reduction of pesticides with moderate aroma damage, but these results need to be confirmed under practical conditions.
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Kang, Chang An, Le Wang, Xiu Feng Li, Juan Juan Jia, Juan He, Jian Zhang, Zhi Qiang Wu, and Gang Hua Peng. "Determination of Multi-Class Pesticide Residues in Lettuce and Cucumber by GC-MSD and the Degradation Study on Vegetables Simultaneously." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.367.
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A multi-residue method for determination of pesticide residues in vegetables, using ethyl acetate extraction and determination by means of GC–MSD, is presented. The method includes as many as 27 pesticides such as organophosphorous, organohalogen, organonitrogen and pyrethroids pesticides, which are in common use or forbidden on vegetables in China. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the extract is concentrated and evaporated to dryness and redissolved in ethyl acetate before injection on GC–MSD. The recoveries were obtained in the range 70–100% with 5 exceptions in lettuce and 7 exceptions in cucumber, relative standard deviations between 1.92% and25.39% by means of standard addition to the vegetables blank extracts. The degradation of some pesticides in the 27 was studied by the method developed, the mixture of the pesticides commercial formulations was sparged on the vegetables, then the residues of samples obtained in different time were determined by the developed method. The determination indicated that (all pesticides were used as the instruction): 1.a pesticide, used on different plants, the quantity of the pesticide on the part for people’s dietary differs greatly; 2. some pesticides, degradating slowly and with a large dose, are inappropriate used on vegetables which remain on cropland for a short time. This research does not develop models for pesticides degradation, but provides some data on the safe intervals of the pesticides and a potential method for the study of multi-class pesticides safe intervals on a plant simultaneously.
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Djordjevic, Tijana, and Rada Djurovic-Pejcev. "Food processing as a means for pesticide residue dissipation." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 31, no. 3-4 (2016): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1604089d.
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Pesticides are one of the major inputs used for increasing agricultural productivity of crops. However, their inadequate application may produce large quantities of residues in the environment and, once the environment is contaminated with pesticides, they may easily enter into the human food chain through plants, creating a potentially serious health hazard. Nowadays, consumers are becoming more aware of the importance of safe and high quality food products. Thus it is pertinent to explore simple, cost-effective strategies for decontaminating food from pesticides. Various food processing techniques, at industrial and/or domestical level, have been found to significantly reduce the contents of pesticide residues in most food materials. The extent of reduction varies with the nature of pesticides, type of commodity and processing steps. Pesticides, especially those with limited movement and penetration ability, can be removed with reasonable efficiency by washing, and the effectiveness of washing depends on pesticide solubility in water or in different chemical solvents. Peeling of fruit and vegetable skin can dislodge pesticide residues to varying degrees, depending on constitution of a commodity, chemical nature of the pesticide and environmental conditions. Different heat treatments (drying, pasteurization, sterilization, blanching, steaming, boiling, cooking, frying or roasting) during various food preparation and preservation processes can cause losses of pesticide residues through evaporation, co-distillation and/or thermal degradation. Product manufactures, from the simplest grain milling, through oil extraction and processing, juicing/pureeing or canning of fruits and vegetables, to complex bakery and dairy production, malting and brewing, wine making and various fermentation processes, play a role in the reduction of pesticide contents, whereby each operation involved during processing usually adds to a cumulative effect of reduction of pesticides present in the material. There is diversified information available in literature on the effect of food processing on pesticide residues which has been compiled in this article.
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Dogheim, Salwa M., El-Zarka Mohamed, Sohair A. Gad Alla, Samia El-Saied, Emel Y. Salama, Ayoub M. Mohsen, and Safaa M. Fahmy. "Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Human Milk, Soil, Water, and Food Samples Collectedfrom Kafr El-Zayat Governorate." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.111.
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Abstract Pesticide residues in human milk and environmental samples from Kafr El-Zayat Governorate in Egypt were analyzed. This governorate is located near one of the biggest pesticide factories in Egypt. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were monitored, including those that have been prohibited from use in Egypt. Human milk samples (31 samples) from Kafr El-Zayat were compared with 11 samples collected from Cairo. Data were compared with results from studies performed in 1987 and 1990. The present study showed that aldrin and dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, and endrin residues have been eliminated from human milk. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of DDT complex and γ-HCH by breast fed infants in Kafr El-Zayat were 85.96 and 3.1% of the respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). β- HCH residues showed an increasing pattern, especially in human milk samples from Cairo. DDT complex and HCH isomers in orange, spinach, lettuce, potatoes, and clover samples ranged from undetectable to very low concentrations. Higher levels of DDT and HCH were detected, but aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and the heptachlors were not detected in food of animal origin. Residues in fish samples were below maximum residue limits established by some developed countries. Those in animal milk samples approached the extraneous residue limits of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. HCH residues in soil were negligible, but DDT resi dues in soil were some what higher. Among watersamples, groundwater samples had the highest residues of HCHs and DDTs, followed by Nile River water and then tap water. However, the organo chlorine pesticide residues were found at concen trations below the maximum allowable limits set by the World Health Organization for drinking water. Among 12 organophosphorus pesticides moni toredas parent compounds, dimethoate,malathion, methamidophos, and chlorpyrifos residues were detected in low concentrations in soil samples from a pesticide factory. No organophosphorus pesticide residues were found in plant samples, except for very low residues of dimethoatein anorange sample. Water samples were devoid of organophosphorus residues as parent compounds.
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Y, SETIYO, MADE S. UTAMA, WAYAN TIKA, and IBP GUNADNYA. "OPTIMALISASI PROSES BIOREMEDIASI SECARA IN SITU PADA LAHAN TERCEMAR PESTISIDA KELOMPOK MANKOZEB." Jurnal Teknik Industri 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol12.no1.51-56.
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Compost as an organic fertilizer could improve the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil in acertain way so that soil mineral was available for plant. The special aim of this research was to optimize the bioremediation process for degradation of pesticide residues at Bedugul Agro-tourism so that organic farming system will be sustainable. Based on C/N, and pH, it could be concluded that better solution for bioremediation of pesticide residue problem was by giving mixed-compost in horticulture cultivation. Deviation of pH in bioremediation process was 0.22, and pH in-situ bioremediation process was between 6.9 and 7.12 or neutral pH. In this condition micro-organism would be effective in degrading pesticide residue. Bioremediation process on pesticide residue of Ditane M-45 at horticulture cultivation deploy with 1.2 g/l/20 m2, 2.4 g/l/20 m2, and 3.6 g/l/20 m2 spraying dosages took place perfectly, which was showed by parameters on development of micro-organism population and the amount of pesticide residues. Pesticide residue of each spraying dosages was 0.25–1.7% at 35 days or this values were under 0.003 ppm.
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Sullivan, Nicholas, Sytze Elzinga, and Jeffrey C. Raber. "Determination of Pesticide Residues in Cannabis Smoke." Journal of Toxicology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/378168.
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The present study was conducted in order to quantify to what extent cannabis consumers may be exposed to pesticide and other chemical residues through inhaled mainstream cannabis smoke. Three different smoking devices were evaluated in order to provide a generalized data set representative of pesticide exposures possible for medical cannabis users. Three different pesticides, bifenthrin, diazinon, and permethrin, along with the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol, which are readily available to cultivators in commercial products, were investigated in the experiment. Smoke generated from the smoking devices was condensed in tandem chilled gas traps and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recoveries of residues were as high as 69.5% depending on the device used and the component investigated, suggesting that the potential of pesticide and chemical residue exposures to cannabis users is substantial and may pose a significant toxicological threat in the absence of adequate regulatory frameworks.
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Prabawardani, Saraswati, Gunawan Gunawan, and Wasgito Purnomo. "Aplikasi pestisida dan analisis residunya pada produksi beras petani di kampung sidomulyo distrik oransbari kabupaten manokwari selatan." Cassowary 3, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v3.i1.34.
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Rice is a source of staple food whose fulfillment is a basic human right in realizing quality human resources. Therefore, in order to meet food needs, the Indonesian government has conducted various programs to increase production of various food commodities. One of the most important is the increase in national rice production through an intensification and intensification program. Control of plant pests (OPT) is a problem that is often faced by farmers. The use of synthetic pesticides is the easiest step for farmers to take. The use of pesticides in South Manokwari Regency is very high, this can be seen from the presence of kiosks that sell synthetic pesticides with a variety of trademarks, active ingredients and formulators in every agricultural center in the area of South Manokwari Regency. There are 1 distributor and 12 retailers and 148 types of pesticides that have been circulating in the area of South Manokwari Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the Application of Pesticides and Residue Analysis in Farmer Rice Production in Sidomulyo Village, Oransbari District, South Manokwari District. This research is descriptive with survey techniques, direct interviews to obtain an overview of the application procedures, types, dosages, and frequency of use of pesticides and analyze the accumulation of pesticides in rice. The types of pesticides most widely used by farmers in Sidomulyo village in their efforts to control Plant Pests (OMO) in lowland rice cultivation are Demolish, Resotin and Klensect. The application is carried out by farmers by spraying so that there is direct contact between the control material, the control target and the plants. The dosage used by farmers in control is 300-340 liters / ha with the frequency of spraying 6-7 times each season. The results of the analysis of pesticide residues on rice products from Sidomulyo village farmers show that the residue is below the maximum residue limit set so that the rice produced by these farmers is safe for consumption. The research analysis shows that there is no correlation between the pesticide residues in rice produced by farmers in Sidomulyo village and the types of pesticides used, the frequency of application, the dosage / concentration of pesticides and the application method used by farmers.
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EL-Saeid, M. H., and M. T. Selim. "Multiresidue Analysis of 86 Pesticides Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: II-Nonleafy Vegetables." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/727149.
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A total of 1057 samples of fresh vegetables from import and domestic production were analyzed (cold pepper, egg plant, carrot, cucumber, potato, hot pepper, cultivation tomato, squash, beans, okra, onions, cauliflower, and green house tomato). The aim of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in market foods in Riyadh, which have been collected from Riyadh Development Company (Al-Tamer Vegetables Market). Pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MSD). A multiresidue method was developed and described for simultaneous determination of 86 pesticides commonly used in crop protection. This method used to determine 86 pesticide residues with a broad range of physicochemical properties in fresh vegetables related to organophosphorus (OPP), organochlorines (OCP), pyrethroids, and carbamates mainly used in agriculture. Sample extract was cleaned up by using AOAC method. Pesticide residues above the maximum residue limits (MRL) were detected in 15.89% of the total samples (168 from 1057 samples), but 83.90% of the total samples (887 from 1057 samples) has no residues or contained pesticide residues at or below MRL. The detected and most frequently found pesticide residues were permethrin (45 times) and endosulfan (34 times) followed by deltamethrin (27 times). The findings of this study pointed to the following recommendations: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in imported food crops.
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Benu, Martha, A. S. J. Adutae, and Lince Mukkun. "Dampak Residu Pestisida Terhadap Kepadatan Dan Keanekaragaman Jamur Tanah Pada Lahan Sayuran." Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2019.v19.i02.p03.
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The use of pesticides in agricultural soils in addition to a positive impact because it has a phytoponic effect for plants, also cause negative impacts on the environment. Pesticide residues in agricultural soils may cause disruption to the growth and diversity of useful microorganisms in the soil such as soil fungi. Fungi play an important role in nutrient cycling, disease control, binding of soil particles and as a remodel in the soil web chain. This research was conducted in farmer's land of Noelbaki village, Kupang Tengah sub-district, Kupang regency. The purpose of this research is to know the residue content of pesticide, population density and soil fungi diversity on vegetable land applied by pesticide and without pesticide. The research method is survey and sampling of soil on vegetable land application of pesticide and without pesticide soil type Vertisol and Inceptisol. The pesticide used as reference for test of active ingredient profenofos 500 g / l, lamda-cilhalotrin 106 g / l, permethrin 20.04 g / l, carbosulfan 200,11 g / l, dimetoate 400 g / l, mankozeb 80% and propineb 70% from classes of pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. Analysis of pesticide residues on soil samples of soil pesticides Vertisol and Inceptisol detected residues of Lamda-cihalotrin and Dimethoat with concentrations of 0.060 ppm and 0.042 ppm respectively. Pesticide residue in the soil is below the BMR of 0.10 ppm. Population density analysis of Vertisol and Inceptisol soil type soil samples respectively (NV-1) 71.6 cfu g-1 and (NI-1) 21.6 cfu g-1 and without pesticides respectively (NV-2) 16.6 cfu g-1 and (NI-2) 29.2 cfu g-1. The analysis of soil pesticide soil diversity of Vertisol and Inceptisol soils respectively (NV-1) 1,608 (NI-1) 1,579 and without pesticide respectively (NV-2) 1.584 and (NI-2) 1,595. Result of analysis of medium soil fungi diversity where H> 1. The types of fungi that are identified are Penicillium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus nidulans, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Mucor.
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Scripcă, Laura Agripina, and Sonia Amariei. "The Influence of Chemical Contaminants on the Physicochemical Properties of Unifloral and Multifloral Honey from the North-East Region of Romania." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051039.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of antibiotic and pesticide residues on the physicochemical properties of unifloral and multifloral honey. The mineral elements content of honey was analyzed and correlated with antibiotic and pesticide residues, and a positive correlation was found between manganese and neonicotinoids. Potassium was found to be the most abundant mineral compound. Correlations were found between mineral content, color, and the content of antibiotic and pesticide residues of honey. In meadow honey, residues of antibiotics and pesticides were undetectable. In some of the other types of honey, the maximum residue limits regulated by European legislation were exceeded. Endosulfan residue was found in mint and rapeseed, honey with 0.42 and 5.14 ng/g, respectively. Neonicotinoids were found in 27% of the analyzed honey samples. Chloramphenicol was identified only in rapeseed honey, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 ng/g to 0.8 ng/g. Nitrofurans were found in 14%, and nitroimidazoles were found in 6% of the analyzed samples. According to EU legislation that is in force, the use of antibiotics in beekeeping is not allowed. The MRLs for neonicotinoids are 50 ng/g, and for coumaphos, the maximum limit is 100 ng/g. For the other pesticide residues, the maximum limit is 10 ng/g. The results of statistical analysis obtained using principal component analysis (PCA) showed a major difference in the levels of contamination of raspberry and meadow honey and the other types of honey.
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Corrias, Francesco, Riccardo Taddeo, Nicola Arru, and Alberto Angioni. "Effect of the Technological Process from Vine to Wine on Pesticide Residues in Vernaccia di Oristano Cultivar." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061295.
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Vernaccia is a white grape mostly used to produce a distinct wine protected by the controlled designation of origin (DOC) recognition. It is very susceptible to fungal disease, and it is subjected to a defined management protocol in the field. Winemaking could influence pesticide residues through different mechanisms. This work investigated the influence on pesticide residues of the winemaking process at the industrial level of the wine Vernaccia di Oristano. Thirty-five samples of grapes, two musts, and two vines (both liquid fraction and pellets) were analyzed by using a validated multiresidue LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) method. Data obtained showed the presence in grapes juice of 16 pesticides (8 not allowed in the EU) with mandipropamid and mepanipyrim, the only ones with values higher than their MRL (maximum residue level). Pesticide residues decrease in must was related to the dilution effect due to mixing the grape samples. However, pellets analysis also confirmed the high affinity of pesticides for the suspended material (fenhexamid), whereas the increase in wine to a re-solubilization process from the lees during the fermentation step. The present paper highlighted the effectiveness of the technological process of winemaking to decrease pesticide residues compared to the raw material.
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Sun, Jun, and Tongxin Zhang. "Study on the Degradation Effect of Plant-Derived Active Ingredients on Organophosphorus Pesticides." Research on World Agricultural Economy 1, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v1i1.162.
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In order to explore new ways and methods for the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides, the degradation effects of plant-derived active ingredients on three organophosphorus pesticides were studied. Mix Rhubarb, Pittosporum bark, Hibiscus bark, and Chinese gall in 9:4:3:2 parts by mass, crush and soak in water, use GC-MS quantitative detection method, rapid pesticide residue measurement method, and compare the organic phosphorus before and after the test Pesticide concentration changes, clarify its degradation effect on organophosphorus pesticides. The results showed that the degradation rates of chlorpyrifos and parathion were 93.2% and 92.9% in the extract within 2 minutes; the degradation rate of dichlorvos in the extract within 17 hours was 66.67%, and the degradation of chlorpyrifos within 11 hours the rate is 48.69%. This study shows that the extracts of rhubarb, sea tongs bark, hibiscus bark, and gallnut have significant degradation effects on chlorpyrifos, parathion, dichlorvos and other organophosphorus pesticides.
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Trichilo, Charles L., and Richard D. Schmitt. "Tolerance Setting Process in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.536.
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Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for setting tolerances for pesticide residues in food, under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The residue chemistry data required to set tolerances include metabolism in plants and animals, analytical methods, magnitude of the residue, and concentration in processed foods. A key aspect of tolerance-setting procedures is the identity of the residue in the matrix of concern; without knowledge of the chemical moieties that occur as residues, it is impossible to develop suitable methods or generate meaningful residue data. For new chemicals, EPA carries out a single-laboratory validation of the analytical method needed to generate residue data and to enforce tolerances. Tolerance enforcement methods need to be rapid and inexpensive and to use commercially available equipment and reagents. Methods are more complex for many newer pesticides, which are polar compounds that leave low levels of residue. EPA now requires that the registrants of older pesticides, for which methods are not acceptable by today's standards, must develop better methods.
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Majd, Saeed Samani, Mohammad Hassan Rabie Rad, Zahra Nazari, Abdolazim Behfar, Gholamreza Reissi, Roya Amirpoor, and Azita Dadfar. "Effect of water treatment process on organochlorine pesticide residue levels in Ahvaz water treatment plant 2." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_126.
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One of the main hazards of human life and health is the presence of pesticides in the aquatic system is. The Karun River is the surface water source in the preparation of drinking water for the city of Ahvaz city at the Ahvaz Water Treatment Plant (AWTP) #2. This study was done in order to investigate the statue of qualification and the quantification of the contamination of water entering into (AWTP #2) by selected organochlorine pesticides [(α, β, γ, δ )HCH, heptachlor, alderin, dielderin, (op’ , pp’ ) DDT, (α, β) endosulfan and metoxychlor], plus the water treatment effects on these pesticide residues removal. For this purpose, one composite sample from each of the water treatment process steps was taken monthly which was comprised of 20 grab samples in 2008. Water samples were acidified to pH < 2, extracted three times with n-hexane, and concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator for Florisil column chromatography cleanup and fractioned by elution with three different solvent mixtures of petroleum and diethyl ether. Finally, the elutes were concentrated to dryness using rotary vacuum evaporator and then the residues were dissolved in hexane and analyzed by GC- μECD. All 12 investigated organochlorine pesticides were detected. Results of this study indicated that concentration of investigated pesticides decreased (according to the kind of pesticide) by 20% to 80% and the mean of total concentration was reduced by 49% during water treatment process steps. There was a significant positive correlation (r=97.75%) between variation in the concentration of poisons and the total organic matter (KMnO4 value).
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Di Bella, Giuseppa, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Rossana Rando, Gabriella Arena, Donatella Pollicino, Rosario Rocco Luppino, and Giacomo Dugo. "Pesticide and Plasticizer Residues in Citrus Essential Oils from Different Countries." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 8 (August 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500838.
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Residue analyses are very important in the quality control of citrus essential oils. Organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, phosphorated plasticizers and chloroparaffins contamination were investigated by HRGC with FPD and ECD detectors in 120 citrus essential oils produced in Italy and in 70 from other countries in the crop year 2006-2007. Results showed that the largest pesticide quantities were found in oils from Brazil and Spain. The presence of such residues might be the result of an improper use of pesticide in citrus growing or of previous contamination of the extractors. However, the pesticide levels showed a measurable decrease in relation to past production years. The absence of phosporated plasticizers and chloroparaffins can be the result of either improvement of the procedures used during the production cycle or in the storage of the essential oils compared with previous years.
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Gaobo, Yu, Chen Runan, Weijin Peng, Chen Peng, Zhou Xingang, and Wu Fengzhi. "The Effect of Exogenous Melatonin in the Regulation of the Degradation of Residual Fungicide in Tomato." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8214.
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Fungicides are widely used to control pathogen in modern agriculture. In particular, in the process of vegetable production, the use of fungicides could control a variety of diseases to increase crop yield. However, it is common that excessive and unsuitable application of pesticide cause serious pesticide residue in vegetables, which leads to problems of food safety and environment pollution. Therefore, it should not be ignored to reduce fungicide residue in vegetable. In order to confirm the effect of exogenous melatonin on degradation of residual fungicide in plant and explore the mechanism of regulation, Chlorothalonil was taken as experiment material in the present study, and exogenous melatonin was applied as pretreatment to investigate the mechanism of the degradation of residual Chlorothalonil in tomato. It is demonstrated that exogenous melatonin pretreatment could promote the degradation and metabolism of CHT residue in tomato plants by inducing the redox signal, improving the antioxidant system, enhancing antioxidant enzymes and increasing the ratio of GSH/GSSG to scavenge reactive oxygen species. And the activity of GST and GR enzymes were also enhanced to conduct detoxification, which result in a pronounced decrease in the residue of CHT in tomato.
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Chen, Jing, Yao Li Zhang, Yue Wu, and Jiong Zhang. "The Basic Study of Plant Esterase in Pesticide Residue Examination." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.950.
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We choose three plant esterase sources, through the measurement of enzyme activity , the plant esterase that sieved efficiently withdraws the raw material, and as to it's the crude extract of the esterase to suggest the reaction condition of the liquid to carry on the system excellent turn, such as pH, reaction time and dilution. So we can guarantee the enzyme inhibition represses the method in great quantities takes out to check the sample carries on the quickly thick of accurate degree, also soon measures the card for the fixed and organ phosphorus pesticide of thorough study to provide the reference.
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Wariki, Winda Charolina, Ratna Siahaan, and Marhaenus Rumondor. "ANALISIS KUALITATIF RESIDU PESTISIDA PROFENOFOS PADA TANAMAN TOMAT DI KECAMATAN LANGOWAN BARAT SULAWESI UTARA." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 15, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.15.1.2015.8234.
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ABSTRAK Tomat merupakan tanaman hortikultura sayuran buah yang penting bagi kesehatan manusia. Penggunaan pestisida yang tidak tepat dapat memberikan dampak negatif pada lingkungan dan manusia. Pestisida profenofos digunakan oleh petani tanaman tomat untuk mengendalikan hama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitatif residu pestisida profenosfos pada tanaman tomat di Kecamatan Langowan Barat-Sulawesi Utara. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah dua belas sampel yang diperoleh dari akar, batang, daun dan buah dengan masing-masing tiga ulangan. Analisis kualitatif adanya residu pestisida profenofos diketahui berdasarkan waktu retensi profenofos dari Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) di Laboratorium Farmasi, FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil menunjukkan jika residu pofenofos ditemukan pada akar, batang dan buah tomat namun tidak ditemukan pada daun tomat. Kata kunci: tanaman tomat, residu profenofos, waktu retensi, KCKT, Sulawesi Utara QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE PROFENOFOS RESIDUES ON TOMATO PLANTS IN LANGOWAN WEST SUB DISTRICT NORTH SULAWESI ABSTRACT Tomatoes are horticulture crops that are important for human health. The inappropiate pesticide usage in controlling pest of tomatoes pesticide can give negative impact on the environment and human health. Pesticide used by farmers to control pests of tomato plants. This study aims was to analyse qualitative profenosfos pesticide residues in tomato plants at West Langowan Sub District - North Sulawesi. All samples were obtained from roots, stems, leaves and fruits with three replications each. The presence of pesticide profenofos residues would be known from retention time resulted by HPLC at Laboratory of Pharmacy, FMIPA University of Sam Ratulangi. Resuls showed that profenofos residues are found in roots, stems and fruits but not in leaves of tomatoes. Keywords: tomatoes, profenofos residue, retention time, HPLC, North Sulawesi
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Rosano, Vitória A., Gabriela E. Dal Pizzol, Maria T. Friedrich, Charise D. Bertol, and Luciana G. Rossato-Grando. "Evaluation of residues of pesticides on humans from medium plant of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/bjhbs.2020.59714.
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Introduction: Pesticide use in Brazil is widespread. Generalpopulation is concerned about the risks of consuming foodcontaining pesticide residues. Objective: The greatest contributionof this work is to highlight the absence of blood residualcontamination in the population of medium plant of RioGrande do Sul, Brazil, by the pesticides: atrazine, abamectin,chlorpyriphos and diuron. Materials and methods: Pesticideresidues were extracted using QuEChERS approach and werequantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results:Most volunteers (92.75%) present normal levels of plasmacholinesterase and all volunteers do not present residues ofany pesticide tested. Conclusion: This study demonstrates thateven though the use of pesticides is widespread in our region,the population did not present blood residues or enzymaticchanges suggestive of acute intoxication..
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Friedle, Carolin, Klaus Wallner, Peter Rosenkranz, Dieter Martens, and Walter Vetter. "Pesticide residues in daily bee pollen samples (April–July) from an intensive agricultural region in Southern Germany." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 18 (January 11, 2021): 22789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12318-2.
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AbstractInsect-pollinated plants are essential for honey bees to feed their brood. In agricultural landscapes, honey bees and other pollinators are often exposed to pesticides used for cultivation. In order to gain more insight into the fluctuation of pesticide loads, 102 daily pollen samples were collected between April and July 2018 in a fruit-growing area in Southern Germany. Samples were analyzed with respect to more than 260 pesticides using a multi-residue pesticide analysis method. Almost 90% of the analyzed pollen samples featured between one and thirteen different pesticides. In total, 29 pesticides were detected at maximum concentrations of up to 4500 ng/g pollen. Maximum residual concentrations of most pesticides were observed during April and the first half of May, as well as during the second half of June. In most cases, serial data of pesticide residuals were detected for approximately 10 subsequent days with two or three maximum values, which were several folds higher than concentrations on the days before and thereafter. The pollen hazard quotient (PHQ) was calculated to estimate the risk of the detected pesticides to honey bees and wild pollinators.
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Shi, Qinjie, Yanxia Shi, Kang Chang, Jianqin Chen, Zhenjiang Zhao, Weiping Zhu, Yufang Xu, BaoJu Li, and Xuhong Qian. "3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives: a new scaffold for novel plant activators." RSC Advances 9, no. 62 (2019): 36204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06892a.
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Sumiati, Astri, and Reza Prakoso Dwi Julianto. "ANALISIS RESIDU PESTISIDA PADA JERUK MANIS DI KECAMATAN DAU, MALANG." BUANA SAINS 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v17i1.574.
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Citrus is one type of fruit that is highly favored by the people. Citrus plants are vulnerable to pests and plant diseases that intensive use of pesticides in the field can not be avoided. Citrus fruits commonly consumed in the form of raw materials that need to be considered food quality and safety of citrus fruits to public health. This study aims to identify and analyze pesticide residues in citrus fruits in the district of Dau, Malang (a case study in the Village Tegalwaru subdistrict Dau, Malang) as one of the centers of citrus production in East Java with the use of pesticides are quite diverse. This research is a survey and observational with cross sectional approach. Data use of pesticides by farmers was measured by a survey conducted for the farmers and merchants. The sample was 3 kg of oranges produced by three farmers and 3 kg of oranges produced by 3 merchants Village Tegalwaru District of Dau, Malang where interviews illustrate the differences in the type and frequency of the use of pesticides during the growing season oranges, which is a high level (sample A ), medium (sample B) and low (sample C). The measurement results residues acephate, carbofuran, carbosulfan, diazinon, dimethomorp, fenobucarb, profenofos, pyrethrin everything is still below the Limit of Detection (LOD) testing in the laboratory PT. Angler Biochem Lab. In profenofos residue tests on samples found to be higher farmer is 0.108 ppm compared with a sample of traders is 0,050 ppm. The conclusions of this study are bauh oranges produced by farmers in the sub-district Tegalwaru Dau, Malang get evidence that pesticide residues are still below the prescribed MRL.
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Bondareva, Lydia, and Nataliia Fedorova. "Pesticides: Behavior in Agricultural Soil and Plants." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175370.
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This review considers potential approaches to solve an important problem concerning the impact of applied pesticides of various classes on living organisms, mainly agricultural crops used as food. We used the method of multi-residual determination of several pesticides in agricultural food products with its practical application for estimating pesticides in real products and in model experiments. The distribution of the pesticide between the components of the soil-plant system was studied with a pesticide of the sulfonylureas class, i.e., rimsulfuron. Autoradiography showed that rimsulfuron inhibits the development of plants considered as weeds. Cereals are less susceptible to the effects of pesticides such as acetamiprid, flumetsulam and florasulam, while the development of legume shoots was inhibited with subsequent plant death.
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Kowalska, Grażyna, Urszula Pankiewicz, and Radosław Kowalski. "Estimation of Pesticide Residues in Selected Products of Plant Origin from Poland with the Use of the HPLC-MS/MS Technique." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060192.
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The purpose of this work was to compare the content of pesticide residues (250) in unprocessed plant products from farms situated in the eastern part of Poland. The content of pesticide residues in the analysed samples was assayed with the use of the QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) method combined with HPLC-MS/MS (high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) analysis. The analyses revealed that among 160 analysed samples, pesticide residues were detected in 83 samples (approximately 52%), while in 77 samples (approximately 48%), no presence of those substances was noted. In all the samples in which the presence of the sought compounds was identified, their levels did not exceed the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL). The most often identified ones were azoxystrobin—detected in 36 samples (22.5%), linuron—assayed in 33 samples (20.6%), chlorpyrifos and carbendazim—each detected in 13 samples (8.1%), metalaxyl and metalaxyl M—in 11 samples (6.9%), and acetamiprid—in 7 samples (4.4%).
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Park, Duck Woong, Yong Shik Yang, Yeong-Un Lee, Sue Ji Han, Hye Jin Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, Jong Pil Kim, et al. "Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment from Monitoring Programs in the Largest Production Area of Leafy Vegetables in South Korea: A 15-Year Study." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020425.
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Leafy vegetables are widely consumed in South Korea, especially in the form of kimchi and namul (seasoned vegetables) and are used for wrapping meat. Therefore, the management of pesticide residues in leafy vegetables is very important. A total of 17,977 samples (49 leafy vegetables) were mainly collected in the largest production area of leafy vegetables (Gwangju Metropolitan City and Chonnam Province) in South Korea. They were analyzed within the government’s monitoring programs (Gwangju Metropolitan City) of pesticide residues between 2005 and 2019. Pesticide residues were found in 2815 samples (15.7%), and 426 samples (2.4%) from among these exceeded the specified maximum residue limits (MRLs). Samples exceeding the MRLs were mostly detected in spinach, ssamchoo (brassica lee ssp. namai), crown daisy, lettuce, and perilla leaves. Azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, and procymidone were the most frequently detected pesticides. However, procymidone, diniconazole, and lufenuron were found to most frequently exceed the MRLs. The rate of MRLs exceeding has been managed below the average (2.4%) more recently than in the past in this area. Further, leafy vegetables with the most violations of the MRLs in our study in South Korea were not harmful to health by a risk assessment (the range of the hazard index was 0.001–7.6%).
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Sances, Frank V., Nick Toscano, and Lyle K. Gaston. "“Residue-free” tomatoes? Bush tomatoes show very low levels of pesticide residues." California Agriculture 46, no. 5 (September 1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v046n05p17.
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Atakan, Aydın, Oktay Erdoğan, and Hülya Özgönen Özkaya. "Evaluation of Plant Protection Practices of Garlic Growers in Gaziantep Province." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (September 26, 2020): 1942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.1942-1947.3570.
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This study was carried out to determine the plant protection practices of the garlic growers in Gaziantep province. For this purpose, a survey consisting of 20 questions and based on simple random sampling method was conducted with 81 growers in each of the districts of Araban, Oguzeli, Yavuzeli, Central, Nurdagı, Nizip and Karkamış districts in 2018. The data evaluated and expressed as percent ratio. According to the findings from the surveys, garlic growers stated that they preferred pesticide dealers suggestions for the selection and determination of doses of pesticides used in pests and diseases, they also stated that the price and expiration date were not an important factor in the selection of pesticides. In addition, it is found that growers avoid using the same pesticide continuously against same diseases and pests, they do not make any changes in there commended pesticide doses, pesticides leave residues on the products, they paid attention the time between the last application and harvest. It has been reported that the use of protective clothing and mask during the application by the growers is relative, they do not use pesticides as a mixture, they apply different processes to empty pesticide boxes. It was determined that garlic growers prefered chemical control and did not have knowledge about the concept of biopesticides.
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Silva, Darlan Ferreira, and Maria Olimpia Oliveira Rezende. "Evaluation of the Soil Response to the Successive Application of Aqueous Extracts from Canavalia Ensiformis Leaves Used as a Post-emergent Bioherbicide." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i3.11574.
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Soil is normally the final destination of pesticides applied to cultures. After a series of applications, various pesticides reach the soil due to direct application or leaf washing. However, some amount of the pesticides, particularly foliar pesticides, are intercepted and absorbed by the leaves of the weeds or by the culture itself. Plants contaminated with pesticides may return to the soil during the culture cycle (leaf senescence) or after harvesting (as crop residues). The destination of the pesticide residues in the soil from plant material is both generally ignored and unknown. The pesticide and its degradation products can be released into the soil during the decomposition of the plant, leading to an additional risk of environmental contamination. The greatest consideration when using pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, etc.) is the sensitivity and danger to other non-target species and organisms in the area of application. The adverse effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides, especially herbicides, receive substantial attention because they account for 45% of the world's total pesticide market. In this work, Tukey’s test was used (with a 5% level of probability) to compare soil responses to successive applications of aqueous extracts containing bioherbicides. In general, the existence of bioherbicide residues in soil did not change its properties relative to a control soil. The nutrients evaluated herein did not show a tendency to decrease or increase in concentration during successive applications of the extracts onto the weeds, including possible contact with the soil. The use of bioherbicide did not interfere with the availability of the nutrients or affect the soil fertility characteristics, and it consequently promoted the development of plants throughout the experiment. The persistence of the bioherbicide or its byproducts in soil should not be considered an environmental risk.
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Nayak, Pragati, and Hitesh Solanki. "PESTICIDES AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE- A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 5 (June 4, 2021): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930.
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Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.
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Sadło, Stanisław. "Quantitative Relationship of Application Rate and Pesticide Residues in Greenhouse Tomatoes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.214.
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Abstract The association between application rate of a pesticide and its residue in ripe tomatoes was studied. The average residue level (R) of any pesticide in ripe tomatoes remained in quantitative relation to its dose (D), expressed by the following regression equation: R = 0.24 D (mg/kg), where the numerical factor, 0.24, represents the average residue in mg/kg after application of 1 kg active ingredient per hectare with relative standard deviation of 23%. Quantitative association between these 2 factors enables evaluation of greenhouse tomato growers with respect to their observation of Good Agricultural Practice rules and the Plant Protection Act, obligatory in Poland since 1996, and thus may be a reliable basis for the registration of new agrochemicals.
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Uddin, M. Amin, MAZ Chowdhury, MA Rahman, MH Rashid, and MK Alam. "Pesticide Residues In Pond Water Samples From Coastal Area Of Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 40, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v40i2.46029.
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Water samples collected from twenty five ponds of coastal area were analyzed by HPLC for the presence of organophosphorus, pyrethroid and carbamate pesticide residues. The results reflected slight contamination of some of the water samples with residues of diazinon, chlorpyriphos (organophosphorus insecticide), carbaryl and carbofuran (carbamate insecticide). The concentration of diazinon and chlorpyriphos ranged from 2.31 jig/L to 5.60 pg/L and 0.0 to 3.80 pg/L respectively. Among carbamate pesticides, carbofuran identified in two samples, ranging from 1.40 to 3.71pg/L, carbaryl was detected in two of the samples which ranged from 1.32 to 6.40pg/L, and pyrethroid (cypermethrin) was not detected in any of the samples. However, the residue level was also within the acceptable ranges according to the WHO guideline value (1993) of water quality. But, its presence in surface water as WHO-recommended limits is a matter of concern. In Bangladesh consumption ofpes::c.Jcs has been increased with the introduction of high yielding varieties of rice in recent years But. the widei> cultivated high yielding variety is highly vulnerable to pests and diseases, and 40; : of the crop loss can be attributed to attack by pests and insects in Bangladesh which is a significant loss (Bagchi, et al. 2008). So, the use of pesticide is now an integral part of agriculture for pest control. More than 100 species of insects, 600 weed species. 1500 plant diseases and 1500 species of nematodes are being controlled by pesticide (Brady 1990). As a result, the production of improved variety of rice has significantly increased in recent years. Although pesticide is beneficial for pest control, it also poses a harmful effect to our environment such as the pollution of surface and ground water. After application of pesticide in the crop field it is degraded in the soil by the soil microorganism to some extent but many of the toxic pesticides are transported into surface and ground water by agricultural run off rain water from the crop field. Ultimately, the surface and ground water may be highly contaminated due to this agricultural run off pesticide (Bagchi, et al. 2008).
Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 40(2): 319-323, December 2014
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Melo, Maria Graça, Ana Carqueijo, Andreia Freitas, Jorge Barbosa, and Ana Sanches Silva. "Modified QuEChERS Extraction and HPLC-MS/MS for Simultaneous Determination of 155 Pesticide Residues in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Foods 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010018.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population. The main factors affecting the quality of rice include grain length, texture, stickiness, flavor, and aroma. Pesticides are intended for the protection of plant products from weeds, fungi, or insects. However, pesticides also result in negative effects such as environment disturbances, pest resistance and toxicity to both users and food consumers. The aim of this study was to conduct validation experiments of a method for the determination of multi-pesticides in rice, a model food of other cereals. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was used for the extraction of pesticide residues from rice followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole instrument using electrospray ionization. The analytical method has chromatography-tandem according to SANTE/11813/2017. The limit of quantification was 5 μg/kg. Recoveries for the 155 analyzed pesticides ranged between 77.1% for pirimiphos-ethyl and 111.5% for flutriafol and they were determined at 3 spiking levels. The proposed method was demonstrated to be quick, simple, precise, and accurate and allowed for evaluating the compliance of cereals samples with legislated maximum residue levels of pesticides in the European Union.
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Winiarek, Przemysław, and Aneta Kruk. "Pesticide residues in soils along railway lines." Soil Science Annual 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2017-0024.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the content of pesticide residue in soil adherent to the railway track down to the depth of 2 m below ground. The two lines selected for the examination differed in properties determining pesticide content. To assess the scale of influence of the chemical treatment applied, the selected lines were outside intensive farming areas. The examination consisted of testing the content of 2.4-D, MCPA, carbofuran and atrazine using liquid chromatography, and the content of phenol, cresols, DDT/DDE/DDD, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and HCH using gas chromatography. The content of 2.4-D, MCPA and phenol was below 0.01 mg·kg−1, cresols – below 0.03 mg·kg−1, DDT/DDE/DDD – below 0.024 mg·kg−1, aldrin and dieldrin – below 0.004 mg·kg−1, endrin – below 0.005 mg·kg−1, carbofuran and atrazine – below 0.02 mg·kg−1, ΣHCH – below 0.017 mg·kg−1. The content of pesticide residue in soils along the examined railway lines is lower than that found in arable soils in Poland. No differences in the content of pesticide residue were found between the soils underneath the modernised railway line and the one which had been in use without major alterations to the upper layers for many years. The study found no evidence of any influence of chemical plant removal from railway lines on adjacent lands.
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Poudyal, Shital, and Bert M. Cregg. "Irrigating Nursery Crops with Recycled Run-off: A Review of the Potential Impact of Pesticides on Plant Growth and Physiology." HortTechnology 29, no. 6 (December 2019): 716–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04302-19.
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Interest in capturing and reusing runoff from irrigation and rainfall in container nurseries is increasing due to water scarcity and water use regulations. However, grower concerns related to contaminants in runoff water and other issues related to water safety are potential barriers to the adoption of water capture and reuse technologies. In this review, we discuss some of the key concerns associated with potential phytotoxicity from irrigating container nursery crops with recycled runoff. The concentration of pesticides in runoff water and retention ponds is orders of magnitude lower than that of typical crop application rates; therefore, the risk of pesticide phytotoxicity from irrigation with runoff water is relatively low. Nonetheless, some pesticides, particularly certain herbicides and insecticides, can potentially affect crops due to prolonged chronic exposure. Pesticides with high solubility, low organic adsorption coefficients, and long persistence have the greatest potential for crop impact because they are the most likely to be transported with runoff from container pads. The potential impact on plant growth or disruption of physiological processes differs among pesticides and sensitivity of individual crop plants. Growers can reduce risks associated with residual pesticides in recycled irrigation water by adopting best management practices (e.g., managing irrigation to reduce pesticide runoff, reducing pots spacing during pesticide application, use of vegetative filter strips) that reduce the contaminant load reaching containment basins as well as adopting remediation strategies that can reduce pesticide concentrations in recycled water.
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Talukder, Farid. "Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management: A Brief Review." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (January 1, 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.
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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.