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Boupha, Prasongsidh C. "Fate of the neurotoxic mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid in dairy products /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030801.153613/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998."A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September, 1998" Bibliography: leaves 193 - 219.
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Roelofs, Jacobus Johannes Wilhelmu. "Novel statistical modelling approaches for pesticide residues." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9405/.
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Plant protection products play an important role in protecting our food supply against pests, diseases and weeds. As global food demand rises, their role in maintaining the quality and quantity of our food production is likely to increase in the absence of other control methods. To manage the risks associated with pesticide usage, EU laws regulate the placing of plant protection products on the market and the monitoring of pesticide residues in food. This involves assessing the potential risks associated with human dietary exposure by conducting dietary risk assessments which take both consumption patterns and residue levels of pesticides in and on food items into account. Residue levels will vary from one food item to the next so we need to know what the distribution of residues over food items is in order to assess how high residue levels can be. In this thesis we introduce novel statistical approaches that can be used to obtain better estimates of the variation and uncertainty in pesticide residue levels on raw agricultural products. The rst approach uses monitoring data and pesticide usage information to model the correlation in pesticide residue levels when multiple pesticides have been used. Next we introduce an approach that can be used to describe the variation in log-residue levels in units, assuming that multiple data sets share a common shape. The nal model describes both within-eld and between-field variation of residue levels. These new approaches, which provide promising alternatives to existing methods, can be implemented in existing dietary risk assessment software and will expand the suite of models available to risk assessors when assessing dietary exposure to pesticides.
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Haag, Jennie, and Anna Landahl. "Pesticide residues in cucumbers cultivated in Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234741.
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Pesticides are widely used for preventing crop losses due to pest attack. In Bangladesh, the food safety and health of farmers are being compromised as a result of poor regulation concerning usage of pesticides in food production. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify pesticides applied on cucumber crops in Bangladesh. A method for extraction and clean-up was developed to allow the quantification of four pesticides by GC-ECD in vegetable samples, specifically cucumber. The accuracy of the method was validated using recovery and its precision by studying the standard deviation and relative standard deviation. Analysis of cucumber samples obtained in the field showed no traces of the target pesticides. The results indicate that different types of chemicals are used on the examined crops. It is also believed that the growth habit of cucumber may affect the exposure to pesticides. To overcome the health hazards, restrictions regarding the types and quantities of chemicals used on the fields need to be implemented. Further studies would benefit from being executed in a controlled environment, and monitoring of which substances that are applied at which amounts.
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Doran, Edward M. "Measuring and modeling dermal absorption of pesticide residues /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8454.
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Gomes, James. "Health impact from pesticide residues in a desert environment." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1998. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6415/.
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The amount and frequency of use of pesticides in vegetable farming have been shown to be high in the five farming areas in Al-Ain, UAE. The mean usage of all pesticides was high (6.81 g/m2) while the usage of organophosphorus pesticides (2.11 g/m2) was higher compared to the usage of all the other types of pesticides. A number of pesticides banned from use in the developed countries are still used in vegetable farming. The depletion of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity among farmworkers was positively correlated with the length (p<0.01), frequency(p<0.05) and the use of pesticides (p<0.0001) and inversely correlated with the use of personal protective equipment (p<0.05) and personal hygiene practice (p<0.05). The morbidity profile among farmworkers was positively correlated with the use of pesticides on the farms (p<0.0001) and the non-use of personal protection (p<0.05). The mean concentrations of all pesticide residues (1.19±0.09 mg/kg) and the organophosphorus pesticide residues (1.23±0.22 mg/kg) in the locally grown vegetables exceeded the respective MRLs by 4 and 6 times respectively. The mean concentrations for all pesticides and for organophosphorus pesticide residues in twelve of the thirteen vegetable commodities also exceeded the corresponding MRLs. The mean dietary intakes of all pesticide residues, as a percentage of ADI, were 14% and 17% respectively for the ethnic and farming populations, while corresponding values for organophosphorus pesticides were 37% and 45% respectively. However, the dietary intakes of pesticide residues exceeded the ADI for mixtures for the ethnic (137%) and the farming populations (163%). A review of congenital malformations among ethnic and immigrant non-farming populations has suggested an interplay of genetic, dietary and environmental factors. Methods are proposed to reduce the environmental exposure and the dietary intake of pesticide residues and these include the establishment of a pesticide register, the training of the farmworkers in the proper use of pesticides, the use of protective measures, alternate methods of farming, the proper processing of vegetables prior to consumption and a comprehensive risk assessment of reproductive and genetic toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides.
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Githira, Peter N. (Peter Njuguna) Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Extraction of pesticide residues from soils using different methods." Ottawa, 1995.
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Clark, Lisa Marie. "Assessment of pesticide residues in farmers' house dust and educational intervention to improve pesticide handling practices." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2104.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Palm, Britta. "Pesticide use in rice cultivation in Tarapoto, Peru : usage patterns and pesticide residues in water sources /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Assessment, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10587693.pdf.
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Harris, Caroline Ann. "Factors affecting the transfer of organochlorine pesticide residues into breastmilk." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418751.
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Chen, Guang. "Prototype Micro Sensors for the Detection of Pesticide Residues on Blueberries." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ChenG2002.pdf.
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Diggle, Rebecca. "Regulatory science and uncertainty in the risk assessment of pesticide residues." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11451/.
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In this thesis I examine how the scientific advisory system in England and Wales has responded to concerns about the risks of pesticide residues in food and demands for wider engagement in the formulation of advice. Specifically, I explore how the Advisory Committee on Pesticides (ACP) frames scientific uncertainties in risk assessment, and why some bodies outside and within government are critical of the ACP’s approach that is centred in the conventional single-chemical, high-dose-response paradigm of toxicology. Although some of these challenges date back to the early history of pesticide regulation in England and Wales, the emergence of scientific research employing different methods to assess the effects of chemical mixtures and chronic low-level exposure has stimulated new concerns about the risks posed by pesticide residues for human health. Using semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, a key finding is that concerns about low-level exposure to chemical mixtures have been persistently bracketed in official advice as insufficient for changing current advice and regulation. Drawing from literature in science and technology studies, I account for this finding in three ways. First, it is perceived that change is unnecessary since established methods of pesticide risk assessment represent an exemplar for other domains. Secondly, evidence selection by the ACP and related committees is shaped by regulatory guidelines which aim to provide standardisation and quality assurance, but also constrain judgements about which risk assessment studies are considered admissible. Thirdly, fundamentally different notions are at play in terms of what constitutes legitimate expertise and who should embody it, leading to tensions within government as well as between the ACP and NGOs. These limit the impact of post-BSE attempts to make the role of scientific advice in policy-making more participatory and ‘evidence-based’, and the capacity to introduce new paradigms of chemical risk assessment in the pesticide advisory process.
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Lange, Gun. "Pesticide use in rice cultivation in Tarapoto, Peru : pesticide residues in blood of farmers, usage behaviour, and health care practices /." Uppsala : Institutionen för miljöanalys, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10191555.pdf.
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Muhairi, Saeed M. Al. "Determination of pesticide residues on some commodities in the United Arab Emirates /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16519.pdf.
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Ganser, Leanne Marie. "Assessing the potential for doormats to reduce pesticide residues in the home." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3576.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Ptychio, Kostas Andreou. "Assessment and significance of the availability of pesticide non-extractable residues in soil." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527176.
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Mpofu, Christopher. "Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples from the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006707.
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This thesis presents an evaluation of the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) method referred to as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method for the determination of four organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples. The pesticides investigated in this study were o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDE, aldrin and dieldrin. The combined use of Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and sensitive Time of Flight (TOF) mass detector facilitated the identification of the target analytes. In the absence of certified reference material, the overall analytical procedure was validated by systematic recovery experiments on spiked samples at three levels of 2, 5 and 10 ng/g. The targeted compounds were successfully extracted and their recovery ranged from 76 to 96% with relative standard deviations of less than 13%. The optimum QuEChERS conditions were 2g of fish powder, 10 ml acetonitrile and 1 min shaking time. The optimal conditions were applied to assess the levels of chlorinated pesticides in blunt-tooth catfish (Clarias ngamensis), tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus), Oreochromis andersonii and red-breasted tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Dieldrin, p, p′-DDE and aldrin were detected in all the analysed samples with a concentration range of 0.04 – 0.29, 0.07 – 0.33, 0.04 – 0.28 and 0.03 – 0.24 ng/g per dry weight in O. andersonii, C. ngamensis, T. rendalli and H. vittatus respectively. These concentrations were below the US-EPA 0.1 μg/g allowable limit in edible fish and the Australian Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 50 - 1000 ng/g in fresh fish. DDT was not detected in all the fish species investigated. The mean lipid content recorded in the fish samples were 1.24, 2.16, 2.18 and 4.21% for H. vittatus, T. rendalli, O. andersonni and C. ngamensis respectively. No systematic trend was observed between fish age and pesticide levels in fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assays were performed to assess the effects of organochlorine pesticides in Clarias ngamensis. The enzyme activity recorded in Clarias ngamensis from the Okavango Delta and the reference site was 12.31 μmol of acetylcholine iodide hydrolysed/min/g brain tissue. The enzyme activity remained the same indicating no enzyme inhibition. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the QuEChERS method is applicable for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish matrices. The fish from the Okavango Delta are safe for human consumption.
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Snowdon, Philip J. "The cause of fruit flavour differences associated with the fungicide prochloraz." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843276/.
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Commercial development of the fungicide prochloraz for the control of pre- and post-harvest diseases in fruit crops has been restricted by the occasional occurrence of 'musty' taints. The primary aims of this research were to identify the cause of taint and and its means of formation. Sensitive and selective residue methodology based upon determination by gas chromatography with mass selective detection was devised, validated and used to establish 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) as the direct cause of taint by analysis of field-treated samples and studies involving 14C-radiolabelled prochloraz. Evaluation of analytical results in conjunction with corresponding sensory data led to proposals of flavour threshold levels ranging between 0.04 and 1.0mug/kg for 2,4,6-TCA in different fruit types. Formation of the anisole in pre-harvest treatment situations was shown to proceed via the minor plant metabolite 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) as the direct precursor; under post-harvest conditions, however, metabolism of prochloraz was minimal, and 2,4,6-TCA taints arose primarily from 2,4,6-TCP as an impurity (measured at 0.9% w/w) in the commercial emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Detailed investigation of the relationship between 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4,6-TCA under controlled conditions demonstrated that certain fruit types possess a capacity for direct O-methylation of the phenol to the anisole, whereas others do not. These findings were generally consistent with occurrences of taints associated with prochloraz. Kinetic studies of the active O-methyltransferase system in apple homogenates indicated the same Vmax value for 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-TCP. Reactivity in this series was found to be closely related to the ability of the molecules to to form effective nucleophiles for reaction with s-adenosylmethionine as the assumed methyl donor, and a linear relationship was established between chlorophenol pKa and log(apparent Km). The O-methylation of 2,4,6-TCP, whilst inhibited competitively by other o-chlorophenolic substrates, remained unaffected by the addition of representative plant o-diphenolics previously reported as substrates for O-methylation in plants.
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Ndengerio-Ndossi, Judicate Peter. "Risk analysis on contaminants in foods : pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412874.
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Crowe, Kristi Michele. "Effects of Post-harvest Treatments on the Microbiological Quality and Pesticide Residues of Lowbush Blueberries." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CroweKM2002.pdf.
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John, Christopher Vaughn Mr. "Determining Pesticide Dislodgeable Foliar Residues and Their Persistence Following Application to Tall Fescue lawn Turf." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06122007-175300/.
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Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFR) can be a primary route for human exposure following pesticide application to turfgrass areas. Consequently, a significant portion of applied pesticide may be available for human exposure via dislodgeable residues. In this study, DFR were determined over a 15-day-period following application of the broadleaf weed herbicide carfentrazone (Ethyl alpha, 2-Dichloro-3-{2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-{4-(difluoromethyl)-4, 5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl}-4-fluorobenzenepropanoate ), the pre-emergent herbicide prodiamine (5-dipropylamino-α,α,α-trifluoro-4,6-dinitro-o-toluidine or 2,6-dinitro-N1,N1-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethyl-m-phenylenediamine ) and the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl (1RS,3RS)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylate) to a mature stand of ?Confederate? Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Dislodgeable foliar residues were determined by wiping treated turfgrass with a distilled-water-dampened cheesecloth and analyzing samples using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Less than 20% of the total applied carfentrazone was dislodged with 14% of DFR occurring immediately after application and a total of 6% for the remainder of the 15-day study. Prodiamine DFR averaged 80% over the 11-day study with dislodgeable residue levels ranging from a maximum of 17% of the total applied chemical 8 hours after treatment to a low of 4% 11 days after treatment. Approximately 35% of the total applied bifenthrin was available to be dislodged over 15-day study with 34% DFR loss occurring immediately after application and a total of 1% for the remainder of the sampling periods. If pesticides are allowed to dry on the leaf surface, shortly after application carfentrazone, prodiamine and bifenthrin pose minimal risk to human health via dermal exposure when applied at the labeled rate.
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Dem, Safiatou Berthe. "Environmental Study of Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water from Cotton Growing Areas in Mali." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42967.
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A study was undertaken to obtain information on farmersâ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding pesticide usage and to determine the amount of pesticide in soil and water samples collected at four cotton producing areas of Mali. The results from a survey of 24 farmers identified various concerns regarding personal and environmental safety. Despite their training, sometimes growers did not use pesticides in an appropriate manner. Highly toxic pesticides are used by farmers with insufficient personal protective equipment. Sixty soil samples and eight water samples from four cotton growing areas in Mali were scanned for detectable levels of fifty pesticides in total. Pesticides were detected in 77% of the soil samples and the main pesticides were p,p-DDT and its breakdown products, endosulfan I endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and profenofos. Among the pesticides detected, p,p-DDT use in the study area had not been reported during the past ten years. The most common pesticide detected in the soil samples from cotton growing areas studied was endosulfan II constituting 65% of the detections with a maximum amount of 37 ng/g. Residues detected in soil samples were below the quantification limit for the newer cotton production region of Kita and for the intermediate region of San. Eight pesticides were detected in water samples: ã-BHC (lindane), endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, dieldrin, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDE and atrazine. All detected pesticides in water had concentrations below the quantification limit except for atrazine. Even though pesticides were found at low concentrations in ground water samples, the fact that water from these wells is used for human and animal consumption is of concern. Also, soil pesticides may be taken up by plants and passed on to other organisms feeding on those plants. Further residues studies in the cotton growing areas of Mali are in order to monitor pesticides residues in Malian soils, water and living organisms.Master of Science
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Wu, Judy Yu. "Sub-lethal effects of pesticide residues in brood comb on worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/j_wu_042110.pdf.
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Tsai, Ming-Yi. "The Washington orchard spray drift study : understanding the broader mechanisms of pesticide spray drift /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8471.
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Ly, Tuan Kiet. "Development of analytical methods of multi-pesticide residues for controlling the tea quality, from tea plantation to consumer." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0059.
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Le thé est la deuxième boisson la plus consommée au monde, dépassé uniquement par l'eau, en raison de ses bienfaits pour la santé. Cependant, en raison des pratiques de culture en monoculture, l'utilisation de pesticides pendant la culture du thé est courante. Au fil du temps, le nombre de pesticides utilisés a augmenté et, pour protéger la santé des consommateurs, de nombreux pays et régions ont établi des limites maximales de résidus de pesticides pour une variété d'aliments et de boissons, y compris le thé. Par exemple, l'Union européenne (UE) a fixé les limites maximales de résidus (LMR) pour plus de 480 pesticides et leurs métabolites dans les produits à base de thé. Par conséquent, le développement de méthodes analytiques pour les résidus multi-pesticides dans le thé est un défi, car le thé est un produit complexe avec de nombreux composés qui peuvent interférer avec les résultats, tels que les polyphénols, les pigments et la caféine. Le but de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes robustes et robustes avec une sensibilité, une exactitude et une précision élevées pour répondre aux réglementations de l'UE pour la détermination simultanée de 400 résidus de pesticides dans les produits de thé en utilisant des chromatographies liquides et gazeuses ultra performantes couplées à la spectroscopie de masse en tandem (UPLC- MS/MS et GC-MS/MS, respectivement). La première partie de la thèse portait sur l'élimination des effets de matrice dans les feuilles de thé vertes en combinant l'extraction QuEChERS (rapide, facile, bon marché, efficace, robuste et sûre) et le nettoyage en mode mixte SPE (extraction en phase solide). Une cartouche SPE C18 couplée à SPE GCB / PSA s'est avérée être la méthode de nettoyage la plus efficace et a permis de quantifier 225 résidus de pesticides, sur la base des courbes d'étalonnage des solvants (154 résidus utilisant UPLC-MS/MS et 71 résidus utilisant GC-MS/MS). Les méthodes analytiques ont été entièrement validées conformément au SANTE/11945/2015 (UE). Les LOQ pour la plupart des pesticides (386/400 ou 96,5%) étaient inférieures à 10 μg / kg, c'est-à-dire inférieures à la LMR de l'UE (5-70 mg / kg). Dans la deuxième partie, les effets matriciels de 400 résidus de pesticides ont été étudiés et améliorés pour l'analyse de différents types de thés (blancs, verts, oolongs et noirs). Les résultats ont montré que la combinaison de l'extraction QuEChERS et du nettoyage SPE en mode mixte et après la réduction du volume d'injection s'est avérée être la procédure la plus efficace pour surmonter les effets de matrice. Plus de 190 pesticides (> 95% des 200) ont eu l'effet matriciel dans une fourchette de ± 20% pour UPLC-MS/MS. Par conséquent, ils peuvent être quantifiés à l'aide de courbes d'étalonnage de solvant. D'un autre côté, des courbes d'étalonnage adaptées à la matrice doivent être utilisées pour surmonter les effets de matrice pour GC-MS/MS. De plus, nous avons reconnu que les effets de matrice dans GC-MS/MS n'étaient pas seulement une amélioration du signal mais aussi une suppression. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de ces travaux, la méthode établie a été appliquée avec succès à la détermination des résidus multi-pesticides dans 106 échantillons de thé. Au total, 26 échantillons de thé (24,5%) contenaient au moins une violation de pesticides, avec 43 violations de résidus de pesticides. Les pesticides les plus fréquemment détectés étaient les néonicotinoïdes, les pyréthrinoïdes synthétiques et les fongicides triazolés. En termes d'origine dans cette étude, Taïwan avait les échantillons les plus contaminés par les pesticides avec 83,3%, suivi par la Chine (73,7%), le Vietnam (64,7%) et l'Inde (Darjeeling) (55,0%). Les résultats ont montré que les échantillons dépassant les réglementations de l'UE en matière de LMR étaient toujours élevés à 24,5%. Par conséquent, les évaluations des multiples résidus de pesticides dans le thé doivent être poursuiviesTea is the second most-consumed beverage in the world, surpassed only by water, due to its health benefits. However, because of monoculture cultivation practices, the use of pesticides during tea cultivation is common. Over time, the number of pesticides used has increased, and, to protect consumers' health, many countries and regions have established maximum residue limits of pesticides for a variety of foods and beverages, including tea. For instance, the European Union (EU) has set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for more than 480 pesticides and their metabolites in tea products. Therefore, the development of analytical methods for multi-pesticide residues in tea is a challenge, because tea is a complex commodity with many compounds that can interfere with results, such as polyphenols, pigments, and caffeine. The aim of this thesis is to develop rugged and robust methods with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision to meet the EU regulations for simultaneous determination of 400 pesticide residues in tea products using ultra performance liquid and gas chromatographies coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLCMS/ MS and GC-MS/MS, respectively). The first part of thesis focused on elimination of matrix effects in green tealeaves by combining QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction and mixed-mode SPE (solid phase extraction) clean-up. A C18 SPE cartridge paired with SPE GCB/PSA proved to be the most effective clean-up method and enabled 225 pesticide residues to be quantified, based on solvent calibration curves (154 residues using UPLCMS/ MS and 71 residues using GC-MS/MS). The analytical methods were validated fully in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 (EU). LOQs for most pesticides (386/400 or 96.5%) were below 10 μg/kg, i.e., less than the EU MRL (5-70 mg/kg). In the second part, matrix effects for 400 pesticide residues were investigated and improved for the analysis of different types of teas (white, green, oolong and black ones). Results showed that combining QuEChERS extraction and mixed-mode SPE clean-up, and following the reduction of the injection volume were found to be the most effective procedure to overcome matrix effects. More than 190 pesticides (> 95% of the 200 ones) had the matrix effect within the range of ± 20% for UPLC-MS/MS. Therefore, they can be quantified using solvent calibration curves. On the other hand, matrix-matched calibration curves should be used to overcome matrix effects for GC-MS/MS. Moreover, we recognized that matrix effects in GC-MS/MS were not only signal enhancement but also suppression. Finally, in the third part of this work, the established method was successfully applied to the determination of multi-pesticide residues in 106 tea samples. In total, 26 tea samples (24.5%) were containing at least one pesticide violation, with 43 pesticide residue violations. The most frequently detected pesticides were neonicotinoids, synthetic pyrethroids, and triazole fungicides. In terms of origin in this study, Taiwan had the most pesticide-contaminated samples with 83.3%, following by China (73.7%), Vietnam (64.7%), and India (Darjeeling) (55.0%). The results showed that samples exceeding EU MRLs regulations were still high with 24.5%. Therefore, assessments of multipesticide residues in tea need to be continued
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Sieke, Christian [Verfasser]. "Cumulative exposure and risk assessment for the German population with respect to pesticide residues in foods / Christian Sieke." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237748380/34.
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Monate, Pearl Naledi. "The relationship between urinary organophosphate pesticide residues and reproductive development among boys living in the rural Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29591.
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Background: Many contemporary agricultural pesticides are hormonally active, but few previous studies have investigated their effect on the reproductive health and growth of pubertal boys. A previous analysis found significant differences in serum reproductive hormone levels and lower anthropometric measurements as well as non-significant lower sexual maturity ratings and testicular sizes in farm boys compared to non-farm boys from the rural Western Cape in South Africa. Methodology: This analysis included 183 out of 269 school boys residing on farms and neighbouring nonfarming areas who provided urine samples in a cross-sectional study. Measurements included a questionnaire, clinical assessment of sexual maturity development (SMD), anthropometric measurements (height, weight and body mass index (BMI)), serum reproductive hormones (including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and oestradiol (E2)) and urinary levels of 3 dialkyl phosphates (organophosphate pesticide metabolites) including di-ethyl, di-methyl and di-methyl triphosphate (DEP, DMP and DMTP). Results: The median (interquartile range) of age and sum dialkyl phosphates of the school boys was 12 years (9-13 years) and 68.3 ng/mL (27.9-129.5 ng/mL) respectively. There were consistent, mostly non-significant associations with some dose response relationships between urinary levels of dialkyl phosphates and adverse effects on outcomes including SMD, serum reproductive hormones and anthropometric development. The strongest results included a strong positive association and dose response found between serum oestradiol > the 50th percentile and quartiles DMTP (odd ratio and confidence interval for highest and lowest quartile: 7.4; 1.7-32.4) and between BMI <50th percentile and quartiles of DMTP (odd ratio and confidence interval for highest and lowest quartile: 3.2; 1.2-9.0). Conclusion: The results provide some preliminary evidence that organophosphate pesticides exposure could alter the reproductive hormone levels and adversely affect the body size of school boys. There was also lack of evidence of other adverse effects on reproductive development. These findings require further investigation in a larger longitudinal study with seasonal bio-monitoring for pesticides.
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Nilsson, Johan. "Påfyllning av lantbruksspruta : plats, utrustning och rutiner = Filling of pesticide sprayers : location, equipment and routines /." Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Institutionen för landskaps- och trädgårdsteknik, 2004. http://www-pot.lt.slu.se/epub/nilsson2004exjobb.pdf.
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Errami, Mohamed. "Devenir atmosphérique de bupirimate et transfert de ses métabolites (les diazines) dans l’atmosphère, sa dissipation dans les fruits de tomate et sa dégradation électrochimique." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS018/document.
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Cette thèse est centrée sur le bupirimate, utilisé dans la région de Souss Massa comme fongicide dans la culture de tomates et propose l'étude de différents aspects liés à son utilisation comme son élimination par voie électrochimique des effluents aqueux d'origine agricole et son impact environnemental dans l'atmosphère. L'étude de surveillance des résidus de pesticides sur les fruits de tomates dans cette région du Maroc proposée dans cette thèse montre que sur les 194 échantillons analysés, il y a présence de bupirimate (10%), endosulfan (7%), bifenthrine (4%), L. cyhalothrine (3%), iprodione (3%), procymidone (3%), deltamethrine (2%), tetradifon (2%), cypermethrine (1%), chlorothalonil (1%), tau-Fluvalinate (1%) et de composés dont les concentrations sont inférieures à la limite de détection (63%). Le bupirimate fortement utilisé, est donc susceptible de se retrouver dans les effluents de lavage agricole, d'où l'intérêt de l'étude de sa dégradation électrochimique en phase aqueuse. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que la cinétique de dégradation et les rendements de minéralisation de ce pesticide peuvent être significativement augmentés, par variation des différents paramètres expérimentaux (concentration de l'électrolyte, valeur du courant imposé, et température). Nous avons également déterminé au cours de ce travail que la constante cinétique d'oxydation du pesticide est de l'ordre de 109.10-4 min-1. Les analyses de DCO ont démontré que le taux de minéralisation par électrooxydation dépasse 70 %. Les résultats de l'étude de la minéralisation par la CPG montrent que la vitesse de l'électro-Dégradation du bupirimate est plus élevée que celle obtenue par la DCO. Le rendement d'élimination est de l'ordre de 86%. Ce résultat est confirmé par l'analyse UV. La réactivité hétérogène de bupirimate vis-À-Vis de l'ozone, en phase hétérogène, est également étudiée. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la valeur de la constante cinétique est de 3.07x10-18 cm3.molécules-1.s-1 vis-À-Vis de l'ozone. Cette valeur implique une durée de vie atmosphérique de l'ordre de quelques jours. Les spectres UV et la réactivité homogène vis-À-Vis des radicaux OH du 4-Méthylpyrimidine, de la pyrimidine, du pyrrole, et de la pyridine (produits gazeux attendus de la dégradation des pesticides), ont été déterminés. Les études cinétiques ont été réalisées dans plusieurs chambres atmosphériques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que pour les composés possédant des hétérocycles à 6 atomes, avec 1 ou 2 atomes d'azote, les constantes de vitesse avec le radical OH sont du même ordre de grandeur. La présence des atomes dans le cycle aromatique a un effet désactivant sur la réactivité de ces composés avec les radicaux OH. Par ailleurs, le composé hétérocyclique aromatique à 5 atomes est hautement plus réactif vis-À-Vis les radicaux OH. Les durées de vie atmosphériques de ces composés, déduites de nos mesures cinétiques et spectroscopiques montrent que ces espèces ont tendance à s'éliminer rapidement par les différentes voies photochimiquesThe research study discussed in this thesis concerns the determination of the kinetic rate constants of the electrochemical and heterogeneous degradations of bupirimate. In this study we report the atmospheric fate of four compound heterocyclique by ozone and OH-Radicals using the technique of a simulation chamber coupled to a different analytical system.194 samples tomato samples from an agricultural region of the souss (Agadir, Morrocco) were analyzed for bupirimate (10%) endosulfan (7%), bifenthrine (4%), L. cyhalothrine (3%), iprodione (3%), procymidone (3%), deltamethrine (2%), tetradifon (2%), cypermethrine (1%), chlorothalonil (1%), tau-Fluvalinate (1%) and the concentration of author compounds is less of limits of detection (63%).The electrochemical oxidation of bupirimate is examined by bulk electrolyses at boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The influence of operating conditions on the reaction trend is investigated and suitable conditions for oxidative demolition of Bupirimate are individuated. The study also presents the results from bupirimate oxidation at BDD and SnO2 anodes. The COD of bupirimate solution was observed to fall with the first-Order kinetics. We also determined during this work that the constant kinetics of pesticide is about 109.10-4 min-1. In this study, we highlighted that the kinetics of degradation and the outputs of mineralization of bupirimate could be significantly increased, by variation of the various experimental parameters (concentration of electrolyte, value of the imposed current, and concentration of pesticide). The results of mineralization showed that the speed of degradation of the bupirimate by proceeds electrochemical is higher, one has obtains an output of elimination of 84% by the analyses of chromatography.UV spectra and the homogeneous reactivity vis-À-Vis the OH group of 4-Methylpyrimidine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, and pyridine (gaseous products of expected degradation of pesticides), were determined. Kinetic studies were carried out in several atmospheric chambers. The results show that for compounds 6 atoms aromatic ring, with 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms, the rate constants with OH radicals are of the same order of magnitude. The presence of atoms in the aromatic ring has a deactivating effect on the reactivity of these compounds with OH radicals. Moreover, the heterocyclic aromatic having 5 atoms is more highly reactive with OH radicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds, derived from our spectroscopic and kinetic measurements show that these species tend to be eliminated rapidly by different photochemical ways
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Li, Yanhong. "Occurrence and the exposure potential of selected pesticide residues in strawberries, particularly preformed human malathion biomarkers in leaves and berries." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=113&did=1871875451&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270486529&clientId=48051.
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Lindahl, Anna M. L. "Sources of pesticide losses to surface waters and groundwater at field and landscape scales." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200950.pdf.
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Pham, Van Toan [Verfasser]. "Pesticide Use and Management in the Mekong Delta and their Residues in Surface and Drinking Water / Toan Pham Van. Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1017567719/34.
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Ademoyegun, Olufemi Temitope. "Evaluation of some pharmaceutical and personal care products and pesticide residues in selected wastewater treatment plants and receiving watersheds in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2922.
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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been the focus of global environmental research for over three decades. EOCs have caused widespread concern due to their extensive use. As EOCs were designed to correct, enhance or protect a specific physiological, their target effects in humans and/or farm stocks are relatively well known and documented. However, there is limited knowledge about their unintended effects in the environment. To address the occurrence, distribution and fate of EOCs in the environment, efficient and reliable analytical methods are needed. The relatively low concentration, high polarity, and thermal lability of some EOCs, together with their interaction with complex environmental matrices, make their analysis challenging. Sample preparation followed by GC or HPLC separation and mass spectrometry (MS) detection has become the standard approach for evaluating EOCs in environmental samples. Physicochemical properties of EOCs range from highly water-soluble (hydrophylic) to highly water-insoluble (hydrophobic). Two groups of these EOCs were considered for study in this work. Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were comprehensively studied in five wastewater treatment plants and their receiving watersheds in Amathole districts in Eastern C ape, South Africa. PPCPs have been widely reported in wastewater influents, effluents, receiving rivers and biosolids, but reports of their occurrence in all these matrixes have been limited by the difficulty of analysis. Therefore, a comprehensive validation of methods was carried out on the influents, effluents, sludge and soil from the irrigated golf course where the effluent of one of the study sites was being used for over three decades now for irrigation. In all, thirteen PPCPs from five therapeutic groups were selected for study in this work because of their administering rate and availability of analytical instrument. Good limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were achieved for the method used. The LOD for the aqueous Three different technologies were employed for the treatment of wastewater in the five selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and study was carried out to evaluate their ability to eliminate the selected compounds from the influents to the effluents using statistical analysis (ANOVA) at p<0.05 on the percentage removal rate across the three plants. The results had shown eight of the compounds having no significant difference among the treatment operations, whereas the remaining five compounds varied significantly among the treatment technologies under investigation. Principal component analysis was performed on the concentration of PPCPs, their removal rate and also on the physicochemical and treatment operation parameters. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) had correlation coefficient, r = 0.90 with the concentration of PPCPs and removal rates. Furthermore, occurrences, seasonal variation, mean concentration distribution pattern of the compounds, and temporal evaluation of the mean concentration of the pharmaceutical compounds in the five WWTPs during one year of sampling were considered. The results revealed that five products which were diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, triclosan and diethyl toluamide (DDET) were predominant among the PPCPs in all the WWTPs. The removal efficiency was highest in caffeine with 96 percent, and the lowest was obtained with carbamazepine (4 percent). Risk quotient of the concentration of PPCPs in the effluents and receiving waters was determined to assess their chronic toxicity at three trophic levels: fish, algae and matrixes studied ranged from 0.01 μg/L to 0.25 μg/L, and the LOQ from 0.02 μg/L to 0.78 μg/L. In the solid matrixes, LOD varied from 0.01 ng/g to 0.65 ng/g, and the LOQ between 0.08 ng/g and 5.17 ng/g. Better recovery efficiency was obtained with this mixture of solvents, acetone: dichloromethane (1:1), for the recovery of the five therapeutic groups in the solid matrixes using ultrasonication- assisted techniques. The results show percentage recovery values ranging from 68.8 percent to 107.5 percent diaphian. According to the environmental risk assessment results, ibuprofen and triclosan were found to be the most critical compounds due to their high risk quotient values. These findings will, therefore, help in the future evaluation of the efficiency of different treatment technologies in the removal of various PPCPs from the wastewater and their sustainable management in the aquatic resources in Eastern Cape, South Africa. For the lipophilic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the limits of detection (LODs) of the tested congeners varied from 0.04 ng/g (α-BHC) to 0.49 ng/g (endosulfan sulfate) and the limits of quantification ranging from 0.22 ng/g (aldrin) to 2.17 ng/g (δ-BHC).
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Trevizan, Luiz Roberto Pimentel. "Resíduos de acefato, de seu metobólito metamidofós e de clorotalonil em cultura protegida de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) e de campo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-18032003-165159/.
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O desenvolvimento da agricultura, a modernização dos meios da produção agrícola, buscando atender um mercado exigente em produtos de alta qualidade tem aumentado grandemente os cultivos conduzidos em condições de estufa. Tais culturas, demandam o uso de pesticidas para controle de problemas fitossanitários, cujos resíduos, principalmente em hortaliças e frutas, são motivo de preocupação com a saúde de consumidores e de operários que necessitam trabalhar nessas instalações. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar resíduos dos inseticidas acefato, de seu metabólito metamidofós e do fungicida clorotalonil em um sistema de cultura de tomate de estufa, em comparação com cultura de campo, de modo a abranger: estudo do metabolismo de acefato a metamidofós; alteração da contaminação dos resíduos de acefato, metamidofós e de clorotalonil em alguns compartimentos do sistema protegido (fruto, folha e solo); e comparação entre os níveis residuais encontrados nos frutos de cultura de estufa com os limites máximos de resíduos (LMRs) e os intervalos de segurança estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Foram conduzidos um experimento de estufa (Piracicaba-SP) e outro de campo (Pereiras-SP), no período de maio-agosto/2002 (outono-inverno), em tudo, muito semelhantes um ao outro. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: a: testemunha; b: uma aplicação de 100 g de Orthene 750 BR (75 g i.a. acefato) + 400 mL de Dacostar 500 (200 g i.a. clorotalonil).100 L -1 de água; c: uma aplicação com o dobro das dosagens dos pesticidas do tratamento b; d: quatro aplicações na dosagem do tratamento b. As amostras foram tomadas nos dias -1, zero, 1, 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a última ou única aplicação. O método analítico constou da extração dos resíduos com acetato de etila, limpeza dos extratos por técnica de cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), com eluição procedida com uma mistura acetato de etila/ciclohexano. A determinação quantitativa foi feita por técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa, usando-se detector fotométrico de chama (PFPD) para os resíduos de acefato e de metamidofós e detector de captura de elétrons (µ-ECD, Ni 63 ) para os de clorotalonil. Os limites de quantificação do método (LOQs) para os três pesticidas, em fruto e solo foi de 0,05 mg.kg -1 (ppm); em folhas foi de 0,5 mg.kg -1 (ppm). Foram realizadas 1.512 análises dos três analitos, sendo 252 amostras de cada um dos experimentos. Os resultados indicaram que os resíduos de acefato, metamidofós e de clorotalonil, nos frutos de estufa e de campo, sempre estiveram abaixo dos respectivos LMRs em todo o período de colheita das amostras, inclusive no intervalo de segurança. Mostraram também, que o metabolismo de acefato a metamidofós foi muito baixo nos frutos, particularmente importante nas folhas, mas não bem caracterizado no solo. Ainda, foi observado que os resíduos de acefato e de clorotalonil foram invariavelmente maiores na estufa do que no campo, especialmente em folhas e no solo, sendo, também, estáveis e persistentes, em geral até a amostragem de 7 dias. Particularmente os resíduos de clorotalonil foram os mais persistentes, sendo encontrados nas amostras de 28 dias em níveis significantes, especialmente no solo.The development of agriculture, the modernization of means of agricultural production, the attempt to supply a demanding market for high quality produce has largely increased the crops carried out in greenhouse environment. Such crops demand the use of pesticides for the control the pest problems, which residues, mainly in fruit and vegetables, are reasons for worries about the health of consumers and workers that need to work in these installations. The objective of this study was to determine residues of the insecticide acephate, of its metabolite methamidophos and the fungicide chlorotalonil in a system of greenhouse tomato crop, in comparison to field crop, as to embrace: study of the metabolism of acephate to methamidophos; alteration of the contamination of residues of acephate, methamidophos and chlorotalonil in some compartments of the protected system (fruit, leaf and soil); and comparison between the residual levels found in the fruit of greenhouse crop with the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and the safety intervals stablished by the Brazilian legislation. It was carried out a greenhouse experiment (Piracicaba-SP) and another in field conditions (Pereiras-SP), in the period of May-August/2002 (Autumn-Winter), on a whole very similar to each other. The treatments applied were: a: check; b: an application of 100 g of Orthene 750 BR (75 g a.i. acephate) + 400 mL of Dacostar 500 (200 g a.i. chlorotalonil).100 L -1 of water; c: an application with the double dosage of the pesticides applied as treatment b; d: four applications with the dosage of the pesticides applied as treatment b. The samples were taken on the days -1, zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after the last or only application. The analytical method included the residue extraction with ethyl acetate, clean-up of the extracts by gel permeation chromatography technique (GPC), with elution proceeded with a mixture of ethyl acetate/cyclohexane. The quantitative determination was done by gas chromatography technique, using flame photometric detector (PFPD) for the residues of acephate and of methamidophos, and electron capture detector (m-ECD, Ni 63 ) for the chlorotalonil. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for the three pesticides, in fruit and soil was 0.05 mg.kg -1 (ppm); and in leaves 0.5 mg.kg -1 (ppm). There were performed 1512 analyses of the three analytis, being 252 samples from each one of the experiments. The results indicated that the residues of acephate, methamidophos and chlorotalonil, in greenhouse and field fruits, have always been below of their respective MRL's in the whole sample collecting period, including the safety intervals. It has shown as well, that the metabolism of acephate to metamidophos was much below in fruit, specially important in leaves, but not well characterized in the soil. It was still observed that the residues of acephate and chlorotalonil were invariable bigger in the greenhouse than in the field, specially in leaves as well as in soil, being also stable and persistent, in general, specially up to 7 day samples. Particularly, the residues of chlorotalonil were the most persistent, being found in the samples of 28 days in significant levels, specially in the soil.
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Gomes, Viviane Ramos. "Impactos ambientais e (in)sustentabilidade no perímetro irrigado da Macela, Itabaiana." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2004. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4070.
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The goal of this work was to evaluate environmental impacts and (un)sustainability of the irrigated perimeter of Macela, located in Itabaiana city - Sergipe - Brazil, important area of vegetable crops. The local problematic is focused on untreated sewage and tannery wastes in the dam, plus the intensive and indiscriminate use of pesticides.
Aiming to evaluate the dimension of this problematic, water samples has been collected along the dam. The following parameters were evaluated: total and termotolerants coliforms, pH, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), turbidity, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), salinity, chlorides, color, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and chromium VI. The existence of pesticides residues in water and foods obtained from the dam was also approached. The analytical procedures are in accordance with Clesceri et al. (1998).
Results have shown that the water is improper for bathing and are deprived of characteristics as being of class 2, mainly concerning total and temotolerants coliforms, pH, BOD, TDS, chlorides, color, ammonia and phosphate. Moreover, it is inadequate for irrigation, especially because of its large amount of coliforms and salinity. The behavior of agricultural workers towards the use of pesticides was evaluated and data have shown that all workers use pesticides in a constant way, without criteria of dosage and application specificity. However, about 16% of the analyzed samples have been rejected by large amount of methamidophos and carbofuran residues.
The data reveals that workers seem ill-informed and unaware of the pesticides risks to health and the environment. In this direction, it is urgent an action from the competent authorities in order to control the negative impacts on the dam, to spread the technical knowledge. Such action will enable the stakeholders to take more conscientious decisions. A constant check in food quality is also necessary. These measures will surely contribute to sustainable development.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos ambientais e a (in)sustentabilidade no perímetro irrigado da Macela, localizado no município de Itabaiana - Sergipe - Brasil, importante área de cultivo de legumes, verduras e hortaliças. A problemática local deve-se ao aporte de esgotos domésticos e de efluentes de um curtume no açude, bem como ao uso intensivo e indiscriminado de agrotóxicos. Visando avaliar a dimensão dessa problemática, foram realizadas coletas de água ao longo do açude, sendo determinados os parâmetros coliformes totais e termotolerantes, pH, Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), turbidez, Sólidos Dissolvidos Totais (SDT), salinidade, cloretos, cor, dureza total, alcalinidade, nitrato, nitrito, amônia, fosfato e cromo VI. Também foi pesquisada a existência de resíduos de agrotóxicos na água e nos alimentos. Os procedimentos analíticos estão de acordo com Clesceri et al. (1998). Os resultados revelam que a água é imprópria para a balneabilidade e está descaracterizada como sendo de classe 2 em relação aos coliformes totais e temotolerantes, pH, DBO, SDT, cloretos, cor, amônia e fosfato. Além disso, é imprópria para a irrigação, devido a alta carga de coliformes e salinidade. Foi analisado o comportamento dos agricultores em relação à prática do uso de agrotóxicos e os dados mostram que todos fazem uso constante, sem critérios de dosagem e especificidade na aplicação. No entanto, cerca de 16% das amostras analisadas foram condenadas por apresentarem elevados resíduos de metamidofós e carbofurano. Os resultados apontam para um alto índice de desinformação e de baixa consciência da dimensão do risco que o agrotóxico representa para a saúde coletiva e o meio ambiente. Assim, torna-se urgente a atuação das autoridades competentes no sentido de controlar os impactos ao açude, socializar os conhecimentos técnicos, fato que oportunizará opções mais conscientes por parte dos atores sociais envolvidos, e de uma constante vigilância à qualidade dos alimentos, contribuindo para a construção do desenvolvimento sustentável.
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Satapornvanit, Kriengkrai. "Feeding behaviour of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii as an indicator of pesticide contamination in tropical freshwater." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/125.
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The purpose of this research was to develop and standardize a novel feeding bioassay with Macrobrachium rosenbergii for use in the laboratory and allowing it to be easily deployed under field conditions. Standardization of the test aimed to minimize feeding rate variations and to ensure that subsequent statistical analyses have sufficient power to consistently detect changes in feeding rates. These were accomplished through the development of a post-exposure feeding toxicity test under laboratory, microcosm and in situ/field conditions. This procedure was proven to be repeatable and economical. M. rosenbergii as test animals were available in terms of quantity and uniformity in sizes. The standard guidelines and procedures for M. rosenbergii bioassay developed from this study include the size of test animals (9-10 mm), density in exposure containers (10 animals in 500 mL of medium in the laboratory, 10 animals in field chambers with 98.6 mL volume), exposure time (24 hours), feeding period for post-exposure feeding (4 hours) and number of replicates for the feeding test (10 replicates for individual measurements). The tiered approach used in the preliminary risk assessment of pesticide using TOXSWA was capable of screening the risk level of pesticide in the study area, identifying profenofos and dimethoate as test chemicals for the lethal and sub-lethal experiments. This model was beneficial in the preliminary risk assessment of pesticides in the tropics, since it was not necessary to set up laboratory work. This method could also provide preliminary data to support the environmental planner and decision/policy maker. This is an alternative way to develop a cost efficient model to inform and warn the risk of pesticide use. The effects of pH, temperature and hardness on control post-exposure feeding rates of M. rosenbergii were assessed and indicated that M. rosenbergii was very sensitive to acidic and basic conditions. The use of post-exposure feeding inhibition as the endpoint under laboratory conditions revealed that prawns were sensitive to pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and profenofos) and a heavy metal (zinc). Post-exposure feeding rate inhibition could be used as a sublethal endpoint as the EC50 values obtained for chlorpyrifos and zinc were lower than their lethal levels. Mortality of prawn was also another endpoint used to define the toxicity of pesticides such as carbendazim, in which mortality occurred during exposure, but post-exposure feeding rate of the surviving animals did not decrease. The microcosm experiments were able to link the laboratory toxicity tests and the effects observed in the field. Microcosm studies provided another dimension to studies looking at pesticide effects on aquatic systems. In this research, carbendazim affected feeding and survival rates in the microcosm set-up but in the laboratory only mortality showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). In situ bioassays were able to show the effects of pesticides on post-exposure feeding rates using the methods developed. Post-exposure feeding rates were significantly lower than control in farms using pesticides while in uncontaminated sites (pesticide-free), the post-exposure feeding rates did not decrease. However, mortality was observed even in the uncontaminated sites which could be attributed to other factors such as low dissolved oxygen and presence of some other unidentified chemical substances. The degree of mortality and the effect on feeding rates depends not only on the type and concentration of the known pesticide but also on water quality parameters. The basic methods developed for in situ bioassay from this research is a simple, easy and fast way to determine the effect of pesticides because the results can be seen in the field. The procedures developed and results obtained from this study can be used as a basis for further toxicity studies on M. rosenbergii and other potential tropical species.
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Valizadeh, Reza. "Summer nutrition of sheep based on residues of annual crops and medic pastures." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv172.pdf.
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Aperavičiūtė, Vaida. "Skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių (Triticum aestivum L.) laikomų grūdų kokybės rodiklių palyginimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140613_102223-82018.
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Tyrimo objektas žieminių kviečių veislių 'Julius', 'Leifer', 'Operetka' ir 'Skagen' technologinių savybių kitimas laikymo metu.
Tyrimo tikslas ištirti skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių technologinių savybių kitimo dėsningumus priklausomai nuo laikymo trukmės.
Uždaviniai
1. Ištirti skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių grūdų kokybę tik nuėmus derlių.
2. Įvertinti laikomų grūdų kokybę.
3. Apibendrinti grūdų technologinių savybių kitimo dėsningumus.
Tyrimo metodai 2012–2013 m. Pakruojo rajone buvo auginti kviečiai. Žieminių kviečių derlius nuimtas 2013 m. rugpjūčio 20 d. Atlikti kviečių kokybės rodiklių tyrimai. Standartiniais metodais ištirta: grūdų drėgnis, baltymų, šlapiojo glitimo, krakmolo kiekis, sedimentacijos rodiklis, kritimo skaičius, piltinis tankis, pesticidų likučiai. Vėliau kviečių mėginiai laikomi Diliauskų elevatoriuje, sandėlyje dėžutėse po 4 kg, trimis pakartojimais. Kas mėnesį atliekami kviečių rodiklių kokybės tyrimai.
Tyrimo rezultatai. Žieminių kviečių auginimo agrotechnikoje naudojant pesticidus pagal rekomendacijas ir prisilaikant leidžiamų normų, pesticidų likučiai grūduose nesikaupia. Laikant sausus grūdus sandėlyje jų drėgmė padidėja, baltymų kiekis ir saiko svoris nesikeičia. Glitimo kiekis laikomuose žieminiuose kviečiuose padidėjo nežymiai. Krakmolo kiekis laikomuose žieminiuose kviečiuose didėjo vidutiniškai 1,3 %. Laikymo laikotarpiu sedimentacijos vertės žieminiuose kviečiuose mažėjo, vidutiniškai 6,45 ml. Kritimo skaičius turėjo tendensiją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Research object winter wheat varieties 'Julius', 'Leifer', 'Operetka' and 'Skagen' technological characteristics change during storage. Research aim explore the different varieties of winter wheat technological properties change dependent on the storage time. Objectives 1. First investigate the different varieties of winter wheat grain quality after the harvest. 2. Evaluate the quality of stored grain. 3. Summarize the technological properties of grain variation patterns. Research methods 2012-2013 year Pakruojo area were grown winter wheat. Winter wheat harvested in 2013 August 20 d. Perform quality in wheat research. Analyzed by standard methods of grain moisture content, protein, wet gluten, starch content, sedimentation value, falling number, bulk density, pesticide residues. Winter wheat samples kept in Diliauskų elevators, stock boxes of 4 kg, with three replications. Monthly indicators made of wheat quality tests. Research results. Winter wheat agricultural equipment, the use of pesticides in accordance with guidelines and in compliance with the allowable limits of pesticide residues in grain accumulation. Keeping dry grain stock of humidity increases the protein content moderation and weight does not change. Gluten content stored in winter wheat increased slightly . The starch content is stored in winter wheat increased an average of 1, 3 % . The storage period of sedimentation values in winter wheat decreased an average of 6, 45 ml . Falling number was... [to full text]
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Wei, Jin Chao. "Research on novel sample preparation and analytical methods for trace determination of the pesticides in traditional Chinese medicine." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953269.
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Cruz, Gielli Vieira. "O quadro de contaminação de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLVs) com resíduos de agrotóxicos no Brasil e as oportunidades emergentes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/101490.
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A divulgação sobre a existência de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos vem tomando espaço no Brasil, incrementando a parcela de consumidores que procura alimentos mais seguros no mercado. Nesse contexto, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar os segmentos de consumidores mais suscetíveis ao consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLVs) com resíduos de agrotóxicos no Brasil e avaliar como os gestores do setor varejista vêm explorando as oportunidades emergentes relacionadas à dinâmica dessa demanda. Inicialmente, um estudo quantitativo explorou dados de 18 FLVs e de seis categorias de rendimentos familiares, com o objetivo de verificar o consumo de alimentos potencialmente contaminados por resíduos de agrotóxicos, conforme as classes socioeconômicas brasileiras no ano de 2009. Isso se deu a partir de dados de consumo de produtos alimentícios fornecidos pelo IBGE e de resíduos de pesticidas em alimentos publicados pela Anvisa. Aos resultados preliminares, foram acrescentados dados das estratégias do mercado varejista na oferta de FLVs mais inócuos. Para essa etapa, foi utilizada uma metodologia de pesquisa do tipo qualitativa, na qual 10 especialistas no tema de pesquisa foram questionados sobre como esse setor explora o mercado de frutas e hortaliças seguras em relação a essa contaminação. Os resultados encontrados na primeira fase do trabalho indicaram que os brasileiros de classes econômicas mais elevadas estão mais expostos ao consumo de resíduos de agrotóxicos presentes em FLVs. Muitas dessas substâncias são potencialmente danosas à saúde, incluindo características carcinogênicas em seus efeitos crônicos. Na segunda etapa, os agentes consultados evidenciaram a predominância da oferta de FLVs orgânicos pelo varejo brasileiro como uma alternativa pertinente, com menor risco de contaminação com resíduos de agrotóxicos. Porém, a ênfase no baixo preço dos alimentos ofertados pode restringir a oferta de FLVs orgânicos. Além disso, houve pouca e nenhuma referência dos especialistas, respectivamente, à certificação de FLVs pelo sistema de produção integrada e ao sistema de agricultura de precisão como alternativas viáveis para a oferta de FLVs seguros em relação a resíduos de agrotóxicos. Esses resultados são contrastantes com o contexto fiscalizador que vem se desenvolvendo sobre o varejo por parte das autoridades, em vista de oferta de alimentos seguros, o que oportunizaria um ambiente favorável à expansão do varejo de FLVs seguros do ponto de vista dos contaminantes agroquímicos.The disclosure of the existence of pesticide residues in food has gained space in Brazil, thus increasing the number of consumers who seek for safer food in the market. In such context, this research aimed at identifying the segments of consumers who are more likely to consume fruits and vegetables with pesticide residues in Brazil, and assessing the way that retail managers have explored the opportunities emerging from such demand. A quantitative study initially surveyed data about 18 fruits and vegetables and six categories of family income, aiming at verifying the consumption of food partially contaminated with pesticide residues, according to the Brazilian socioeconomic classification in 2009. This was based on both IBGE data about food consumption and Anvisa data about pesticide residues found in food. Data about retail strategies to offer more innocuous fruits and vegetables were then added to those preliminary results. At this stage, a qualitative methodology was adopted, and 10 experts were questioned about the ways that this sector has explored the market of safe fruits and vegetables considering such contamination. The results found in the first phase of this work pointed out that upper class Brazilians have been more exposed to the consumption of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. A number of such chemicals are potentially harmful to health, including carcinogenic characteristics among their chronic effects. At the second stage, the agents consulted evidenced the prevalence of the offer of organic fruits and vegetables by the Brazilian retail industry as a pertinent alternative, with lower risk of contamination with pesticide residues. However, the emphasis on the low price of food may limit the offer of organic fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, there was little and none reference by the experts concerning fruit and vegetable certification provided, respectively, by the integrated production system and the precision agriculture system as viable alternatives to offering safe fruits and vegetables in terms of pesticides residues. Such results are in contrast to the control that has been developed by authorities over retail to offer safe food, which would favor the expansion of safe fruit and vegetable retail regarding chemical contaminants.
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Amajuoyi, Ifeanyi Kingsley. "Behavior and elimination of pesticide residues during supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils of spice plants and analysis of pesticides in high-lipid-content plant extracts." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963029177.
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Yulistiani, Dwi. "The nutritive value of rice straw varieties for ruminants." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AS/09asy95.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 102-114. This study evaluates the difference in the nutritive value of rice straw varieties using chemical composition and digestibility measurements. It assesses several methods for improving the nutritive value of rice straw and the effect of urea treatment and rice straw quality on the colonisation of ruminal fungi and the characteristics of stem tissue structure.
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Mohamed, Neijat. "Assessing the feeding value of pea straw and evaluating biological methods to improve its utilisation by ruminants." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AS/09asm697.pdf.
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Copies of the author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 142-159. Provides information on the significance of pea straw as a ruminant feed and the potential of two biological techniques for improving its feeding value.
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Pellegrino-Peard, Patricia L. "A review of research and literature linking breast cancer to pesticides." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1216.
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Vicari, Michele Camara de. "Determinação de bispiribaque-sódico, quincloraque e tebuconazole em água de lavoura de arroz irrigado empregando SPE e HLPC-DAD." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10447.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoRice is one of the most produced and consumed cereal in the world. It plays a strategic role both economically and socially. Southern is responsible for about 60% of Brazilian rice production, which is directly linked to the intensive use of pesticides. Considering it, the study of the remaining of such compounds in crops to assess the risks of environmental contamination is socio-economically very important. Based on that this paper, an analytical approach has been developed and validated in order to determine the residues of bispyribac-sodium, quinclorac, and tebuconazole in water from irrigated rice crops, using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). The approach consists of preconcentration of water samples in SPE cartridges with 500 mg of C18, followed by elution with methanol and pesticides determination through HPLC-DAD. In the validation of the method, the analytical curve and linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision (repetitivity and intermediate precision), as well accuracy (recovery) were assessed. The analytical curves displayed linearity between 0.03 and 10 mg L-1 for quinclorac, 0,1 e 10 mg L-1 for bispyribac-sodium and between 0,05 e 10 mg L-1 for tebuconazole, with determination coefficients higher than 0.9999. LOQ values for the approach, considering preconcentration phase of 250 times, were of 1.2 μg L-1 for bispyribac-sodium, 0.4 μg L-1 for quinclorac, and 0.6 μg L-1 for tebuconazole. The method presented recovery values between 76.1 and 116.5% and RSD values smaller than 19.8%. All the validation parameters are within the suggested limits for validation of chromatographic methods. The validated method was applied in the study of pesticides dissipation in water from irrigated rice crops. Bispyribac-sodium and quinclorac were found up to 28 and 91 days after the compounds have been used, respectively and tebuconazole to 21 days after the compound have been used.
O arroz é um dos cereais mais produzidos e consumidos no mundo e desempenha papel estratégico tanto no aspecto econômico quanto social. A Região Sul é responsável por cerca de 60% da produção brasileira de arroz, a qual está diretamente associada ao uso intensivo de pesticidas. Com isso, o estudo da persistência destes compostos nas lavouras para avaliar os riscos de contaminação ambiental é de suma importância sócio-econômica. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado um método analítico para a determinação de resíduos de bispiribaque-sódico, quincloraque e tebuconazole em amostras de água de lavoura de arroz irrigado, utilizando Extração em Fase Sólida (SPE) e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detecção por Arranjo de Diodos (HPLC-DAD). O método consiste na pré-concentração das amostras de água em cartuchos SPE contendo 500 mg de C18, seguida da eluição com metanol e determinação dos pesticidas por HPLC-DAD. Na validação do método avaliou-se curva analítica e linearidade, limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), precisão (repetitividade e precisão intermediária) e exatidão (recuperação). As curvas analíticas apresentaram linearidade entre 0,03 e 10 mg L-1 para quincloraque, 0,1 e 10 mg L-1 para bispiribaque-sódico e entre 0,05 e 10 mg L-1 para tebuconazole, com coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,9999. Os valores de LOQ para o método, considerando a etapa de pré-concentração de 250 vezes, foram de 1,2 μg L-1 para bispiribaque-sódico, 0,4 μg L-1 para quincloraque e 0,6 μg L-1 para tebuconazole. O método apresentou valores de recuperação entre 76,1 e 116,5% e valores de RSD inferiores a 19,8%. Todos os parâmetros de validação encontram-se dentro dos limites sugeridos para a validação de métodos cromatográficos. O método validado foi aplicado no estudo de dissipação dos pesticidas em água de lavoura de arroz irrigado. Foram encontrados bispiribaque-sódico e quincloraque até 28 e 91 dias após a aplicação dos compostos, respectivamente e de tebuconazole até 21 dias após a aplicação do composto.
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Martins, Gisele Lutz. "Determinação de resíduos de pesticidas em solo de lavoura de arroz irrigado empregando QuEChERS modificado e LC-MS/MS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10477.
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The use of pesticides and their residues have become a problem due to possible contamination of soil, impacting on the environment and causing trouble to public health. In this research, an analytical method was optimized and validated to determine the residues of thiamethoxan, imazapic, imazethapyr, clomazone, propiconazole, fipronil and trifloxystrobin in soil from rice paddy field, applying a modified QuEChERS extraction method and Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with Electrospray ionization source in ESI (+/-) mode. The modified QuEChERS method developed consisted of an initial extraction step using 5.0 g of soil into which 20 mL of saturated solution of calcium hydroxide pH 12.0 and 10 mL of acetonitrile were added, followed by a partition step after the addition of a mixture of anhydrous salts (4.0 g of magnesium sulfate and 3.0 g of sodium chloride). After this, a step for adjustment of the pH to 3.0 by adding 390 μL of 6 mol L-1 HCl, followed by centrifugation at 3900 rpm for 10 min. A clean-up step was then conducted with 250 mg of magnesium sulfate in 2 mL of extract, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. After the optimization of the extraction and determination parameters the method was validated evaluating the analytical curve, linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) and accuracy. Calibration curves presented linearity between 0.2 and 20.0 μg L-1 for propiconazole and 1.0 and 100.0 μg L-1 for thiamethoxan, imazapic, imazethapyr, clomazone, fipronil and trifloxystrobin, with determination coefficients greater than 0.99. The values of the method LOQ were 0.4 μg kg-1 for propiconazole and 2.0 μg kg-1 for the others pesticides. The method showed good precision, with RSD values < 20%, and good accuracy, with recoveries between 70 and 120% for most compounds. Concerning the Matrix Effect for all compounds evaluated, this was compensated by using calibration curves prepared in the matrix extract for quantification. The optimized method showed as major advantages: speed, simplicity, low cost, low consumption of organic solvents, besides the simplification of slow and laborious steps usually employed in traditional methods for extraction of pesticides in soil. The method was considered suitable for analysis of pesticide residues in soil from rice paddy fields, since all the validation parameters were within the limits suggested for validation of chromatographic methods. After the validation, the method was applied for determination of residues of these pesticides in soil samples from an experiment carried out at the UFSM Campus, revealing great efficience.O uso de pesticidas e seus resíduos tornaram-se um problema devido à possível contaminação do solo, podendo impactar o meio ambiente e causar danos à saúde pública. Neste trabalho, otimizou-se e validou-se um método analítico para a determinação de resíduos de tiametoxam, imazapique, imazetapir, clomazona, propiconazol, fipronil e trifloxistrobina em solo proveniente de lavoura de arroz irrigado utilizando o método de extração QuEChERS modificado e Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas sequencial (LC-MS/MS), com fonte de ionização por Eletronebulização no modo ESI (+/-). O método QuEChERS modificado desenvolvido consistiu em uma etapa de extração inicial utilizando 5,0 g de solo no qual foi adicionado 20 mL de solução saturada de hidróxido de cálcio pH 12,0 e 10 mL de acetonitrila, seguida por uma etapa de partição após a adição de uma mistura de sais anidros (4,0 g de sulfato de magnésio e 3,0 g de cloreto de sódio). Após, foi realizada uma etapa de ajuste em pH 3,0, através da adição de 390 μL de solução aquosa de HCl 6 mol L-1, seguido de centrifugação a 3900 rpm por 10 min. Na sequência, foi realizada a etapa de clean-up com 250 mg de sulfato de magnésio em 2 mL de extrato, seguido de análise por LC-MS/MS. Após otimização dos parâmetros de extração e de quantificação, o método foi validado avaliando-se curva analítica, linearidade, LOD, LOQ, precisão (repetitividade e precisão intermediária) e exatidão. As curvas analíticas apresentaram linearidade entre 0,2 e 20,0 μg L-1 para propiconazol e entre 1,0 e 100,0 μg L-1 para tiametoxam, imazapique, imazetapir, clomazona, fipronil e trifloxistrobina, com valores de coeficiente de determinação maiores que 0,99. Os valores de LOQ para o método foram 0,4 μg kg-1 para propiconazol e 2,0 μg kg-1 para os demais pesticidas. O método apresentou boa precisão, com valores de RSD < 20%, e boa exatidão, com recuperações entre 70 e 120% para a grande maioria dos compostos analisados. Com relação ao Efeito Matriz avaliado para todos os compostos, este foi compensado através da utilização de curvas analíticas preparadas no extrato da matriz para a quantificação. O método otimizado apresentou como vantagens principais: rapidez, simplicidade, baixo custo, baixo consumo de solventes orgânicos, além da simplificação de etapas lentas e trabalhosas geralmente empregadas em métodos tradicionais de extração de pesticidas em solo. O método foi considerado adequado para a análise de resíduos de pesticidas em solo proveniente de lavoura de arroz irrigado, visto que todos os parâmetros de validação atenderam os limites sugeridos para validação de métodos cromatográficos. Após ser validado, o método foi aplicado para determinação de resíduos destes pesticidas em amostras de solo provenientes de um experimento realizado no Campus da UFSM, mostrando-se bastante eficiente.
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CHIODINI, ALESSANDRO MARINO. "Valutazione dell'esposizione del consumatore a resdui di pesticidi negli alimenti: stato attuale e prospettive future in Lombardia." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/973.
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La presente tesi descrive i risultati del programma di controllo dei pesticidi in regione Lombardia da 1996 a 2008 ed analizza i dati per calcolarne, con metodi diversi, la valutazione dell’esposizione del consumatore. 9387 campioni sono stati analizzati con un numero di campioni irregolari pari all’1%. Il numero di campioni senza residuo era pari al 69% ed il numero di campioni con i residui al di sotto del valore limite stabilito per legge era del 30%. Successivamente per capire l'esposizione dei consumatori a residui di antiparassitari si è utilizzato un metodo deterministico sviluppato da EFSA (PRIMo). È stato trovato che fra i campioni irregolari analizzati, solo 31 potrebbero causare il danno alla salute del consumatore. Un’ ulteriore analisi è stata quella di effettuare una valutazione con metodo probabilistico (Creme) calcolando l'esposizione cumulativa di antiparassitari sulla salute dei consumatori. Coem primo passo, residui di uno stesso pesticida trovato su campioni di patate sono stati inseriti nel software. Inoltre, campioni contenenti residui di pesticidi organofosfati sono stati inseriti nel software accoppiati con i dati italiani di consumo. In entrambi i casi, la valutazione cumulativa probabilistica dimostrava un adeguato livello di sicurezza per adulti e bambini.The presented thesis describes the results of the pesticide monitoring programme in Lombardy Region from 1996 to 2008 and analyses the data gathered to calculate consumer exposure assessment with different approaches. A total of 9387 samples were analysed and the number of irregular samples was equal to 1%. The number of samples without residues was 69% and the number of samples with residues within the MRL was 30%. A further step to understand the exposure of consumers to residue of pesticides was obtained with the use of a deterministic approach developed by EFSA (PRIMo Model). It was found that among the detected irregular samples, only 31 might cause harm to the health of the consumer. An additional step was constituted by the use of one probabilistic method (Creme Software) to calculate the cumulative exposure of pesticides for the consumers. As a first step, residues of Chlorprofam were plotted in the software on samples of potato. In addition, samples containing residues of Organophosphates were also plotted along with the Italian consumption data. In both the case studies, the probabilistic acute cumulative assessment indicated that the intake, for adults and toddlers was below the set toxicological endpoint.
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Milfont, Marcelo de Oliveira. "Use of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the pollination and the gain in productivity of grains in variety of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril.)adapted to Brazilian Northeastern climatic conditions." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7490.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoThe research was carried out between July and December 2009 using tropical soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) cultivars irrigated by center pivots in the irrigation district of Jaguaribe-Apodi, belonging to the agribusiness Faedo Sementes situated at the Apodi plateau, Limoeiro do Norte, CearÃ, Brazil. The study aimed to investigate the use of Apis mellifera L. for pollination and productivity increment in the soya bean cultivars Monsoy 9144RR, BRS-CarnaÃba, BRS-SambaÃba, adapted for the tropical conditions of N and NE Brazil. The following aspects were investigated: floral biology, pollination requirements, pollination efficiency of A. mellifera ; behavior and pattern of foraging; use of A. mellifera to augment productivity per Ãrea, per plant, in oil and protein content; and potential for honey production in soya bean crops and risks of pesticide contamination of the honey. Results showed that the cultivars are attractive to honey bees and they concentrate their foraging for nectar collection in the morning shift. The varieties were capable of autopollination, however there were significant (p<0.05) increments of productivity when flowers were visited by biotic agents. A single honey bee visit raised productivity to equivalent (p>0.05) levels of those flowers open for pollination. Regarding absolute production, it differed significantly (p<0.05) from the areas where honey bees were introduced in the center or along the sideline of the plantation to that where flowers did not receive flower visits. The mean number of pods per plant was 49.64 Â 2.64, 57.16 Â 2.41 and 59.60 Â 2.71; the mean number of seeds per plant was 104.68 Â 5.13, 121.46 Â 3.98 and 127.42 Â 5.95; and the percentage of pods bearing three seeds was 18.65%, 20.43% and 23.72% for the caged, open and open + honey bees treatments, respectively. Oil and protein contents of seeds did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments. All colonies produced honey and by the end of the blooming period (30 days) total production reached 81.7 kg, with a mean production of 10.1 Â 0.86 kg per hive and no pesticide residue was found. It was concluded that the soya bean cultivars adapted to N and NE Brazil can be used for honey production and the foraging behavior of A. mellifera visiting flowers only in the morning allows to recommend spraying the crop only in the late afternoon and early evening when bees are no longer in the crop to produce residue-free honey and prevent poisioning risks to the bees; also, introducing A. mellifera for pollination purpose can increase production over 25% especially due to augment in the percentage of three-seeded pods.
A pesquisa foi conduzida entre julho e dezembro de 2009 usando cultivares tropicais de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) irrigadas por pivà central no distrito de irrigaÃÃo Jaguaribe-Apodi, sendo o plantio pertencente à agroempresa Faedo Sementes situada na Chapada do Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte, CearÃ. O estudo teve por objetivo investigar o uso de Apis mellifera L. para polinizaÃÃo e incrementos de produtividade nas cultivares de soja Monsoy 9144RR, BRS-CarnaÃba, BRS-SambaÃba, adaptadas Ãs condiÃÃes tropicais do Norte e Nordeste brasileiro. Os seguintes aspectos foram investigados: biologia floral, requerimentos de polinizaÃÃo, eficiÃncia de polinizaÃÃo de A. mellifera; comportamento e padrÃo de forrageamento; uso de A. mellifera para elevar a produtividade por Ãrea, por planta, em conteÃdo de Ãleo e proteÃna dos grÃos; potencial para a produÃÃo de mel e os riscos de contaminaÃÃo deste mel. Os resultados mostraram que as cultivares estudadas sÃo atrativas para as abelhas melÃferas e elas concentram seu forrageio na coleta de nÃctar no turno da manhÃ. As variedades sÃo capazes de se autopolinizarem, contudo houve incrementos de produtividade significativos (p<0,05) quando as flores foram visitadas por agentes biÃticos. Uma Ãnica visita da abelha melÃfera elevou a produtividade para nÃveis equivalentes (p>0.05) ao das flores abertas para polinizaÃÃo. No que se refere à produÃÃo total, observou-se diferenÃas significativas (p<0,05) das Ãreas onde as abelhas foram introduzidas no centro ou ao longo da linha lateral do plantio para a Ãrea cujas flores nÃo receberam visitas. O nÃmero mÃdio de vagens por planta foi 49,64  2,64, 57,16  2,41 e 59,60  2,71; o nÃmero mÃdio de grÃos por planta foi 104,68  5,13, 121,46  3,98 e 127,42  5,95; e o percentual de vagens com trÃs grÃos foi 18,65%, 20,43% e 23,72% para os tratamentos onde as plantas foram engaioladas para nÃo receberem visitantes florais, deixadas abertas para receberem visitantes florais e aberta + a introduÃÃo de colÃnias de abelhas melÃferas, respectivamente. Os conteÃdos de Ãleo e proteÃna nÃo diferiram (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Todas as colÃnias produziram mel e ao final do florescimento (30 dias) a produÃÃo total alcanÃou 81,7 kg, com uma produÃÃo mÃdia por colmÃia de 10,1  0,86 kg e nenhum resÃduo de pesticida foi identificado no mel. Concluiu-se que as cultivares de soja adaptadas ao Norte e Nordeste do Brasil podem ser usadas para a produÃÃo de mel e o comportamento de forrageio de A. mellifera visitando flores somente no perÃodo da manhà permite recomendar a aplicaÃÃo de defensivos apenas no final da tarde ou cedo da noite, quando as abelhas nÃo se encontram no plantio para produzir mel livre de resÃduos de pesticidas e prevenir riscos de envenenamento das abelhas; tambÃm, a introduÃÃo de A. mellifera para polinizaÃÃo pode elevar a produtividade em mais de 25%, principalmente devido ao aumento no percentual de vagens com trÃs grÃos.
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Monteiro, Sérgio Henrique. "Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia para determinação de resíduos de pesticidas piretróides por HPLC em feijão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-22062016-160326/.
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Um método rápido utilizando cromatografia liquida (LC) foi desenvolvido para determinação simultânea de 7 pesticidas piretróides (bifentrina, cipermetrina, fenpropatrina, fenvalerato, permetrina, lambda-cialotrina, e deltametrina). Os resíduos são extraídos com acetona e a partição realizada de acordo com o método multi-resíduos DFG-S19, substituindo diclorometano por acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) e purificação usando cromatografia de permeação a gel com uma coluna Biobeads SX3 e acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) como eluente. A separação por LC é realizada com uma coluna LiChrospher 100 RP-18 e acetonitrila/água (8+2) como fase móvel. Os pesticidas são detectados em 212nm. As recuperações dos 7 pesticidas piretróides em amostras de feijão fortificadas em 0,010; 0,100; e 1,000 mg/kg ficaram entre 71-105%. A diferença particular deste método é o limite de quantificação, os quais ficaram entre 0,004-0,011 mg/kg, abaixo de muitos outros métodos de LC descritos na literatura. A cromatografia a gás (GC) com detector de captura de elétrons é mais sensível que a LC, mas o método com LC facilita a identificação dos picos. A GC apresenta muitos picos enquanto a LC apresenta apenas um para a maioria dos piretróides. A análise com LC é uma boa alternativa para a determinação de resíduos de piretróides em feijão. Durante o ano de 2005, um total de 48 amostras de feijão comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, foram analisadas. Nenhum resíduo de pesticida piretróide foi detectado nas amostras.A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) in beans. Residues are extracted from beans with acetone and the partition realized according to the multi-residue method DFG-S19, replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) and cleaned up using gel-permeation with a Biobeads SX3 column and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) as eluant. LC separation is performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column with acetonitrile/water (8+2) as mobile phase. The pesticides are detected at 212 nm. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroid insecticides from beans fortified at 0.010; 0.100; 1.000 mg/kg levels were 71-105 %. The particular differential of this method is the quantification limits, which were between 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, lower than most of the limits reported for LC methods described in the literature. The gas chromatographic (GC) with electron capture detection is more sensitive than LC, but the LC method facilitates the identification of the peaks. Analysis of pyrethroids by GC shows several peaks, but LC shows only one for most pyrethroids. The analysis by LC was a good alternative for determination pyrethroid residues in beans. During 2005 year, a total of 48 bean samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City were analyzed. No residues of pyrethroids pesticides were detected in the samples.
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Granella, Vanusa. "QUALIDADE DO LEITE PRODUZIDO EM SISTEMAS ORGÂNICO E CONVENCIONAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3406.
Full textAbstract:
The concern about food safety, animal welfare, and environmental impacts caused by
intensive production systems has led to an increasing interest in foods derived from a sustainable
production system. In this context, organic milk production in Brazil has grown considerably in recent
years, but little is known about the quality of the food produced in the country. In order to evaluate the
quality of organic milk, the hygienic quality, chemical composition, and safety concerning pesticide
residues was assessed. Five brands of certified organic pasteurized milk and five brands of
conventional pasteurized milk commercialized in three Brazilian states were collected between May
2011 and March 2012, every two months, totaling 29 samples of organic milk (OM) and 27
conventional milk (CM). The collection of raw milk samples was made every two months, from July
2011 to May 2012 in 20 organic farms and 20 conventional farms in western Santa Catarina, totaling
120 OM and 115CM samples. In pasteurized milk, physicochemical analyzes were performed and the
fatty acid profile was determined. In raw milk, chemical composition analyzes, somatic cell count
(SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) were carried out. Both types of milk were subjected to the
determination of pesticides and veterinary drugs. When the results of raw milk production in the two
systems were compared, no difference for the mean value of fat, protein and total solids, or SCC was
found. Organic milk showed better quality in relation to microbial contamination and higher content of
lactose. For pasteurized milk with the exception of non fat solids, all average values of physical and
chemical parameters of milk met the limits of the Brazilian legislation. The fatty acid profile was
affected by geographical origin, and to a lesser extent, the effect of season, probably due to differences
on the feeding regime. The milk obtained in Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo were characterized by
having higher values of health-promoting fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
However, the milk collected in the Federal District was characterized by higher concentrations of
saturated fatty acids (SFA). The results for raw and pasteurized milk indicate that the organic
management alone had no effect on milk quality regarding chemical composition, which are
determined by several factors that are independent of the production system. No veterinary drugs was
found in any of the samples analyzed. However, for contamination with pesticides no difference was
observed when considering the number of contaminated samples in either production system. Results
indicate the need to monitor milk for the presence of pesticides in order to improve food safety,
especially for organic milk, which should be free of such contaminants.A preocupação com segurança alimentar, bem-estar animal e impactos no meio ambiente causados pelos sistemas intensivos de produção, tem levado a um maior interesse por alimentos que sejam oriundos de um sistema de produção sustentável. Neste contexto, a produção de leite orgânico no Brasil cresceu consideravelmente nos últimos anos, porém pouco se sabe sobre a qualidade deste alimento produzido no país. Para avaliar a qualidade do leite orgânico foram realizadas análises que contemplaram aspectos da qualidade higiênica, composição química e a segurança quanto à presença de resíduos químicos. Cinco marcas de leite orgânico pasteurizado certificado e cinco de leite pasteurizado convencional comercializados em três Estados brasileiros foram coletadas entre maio de 2011 e março de 2012, com intervalo de dois meses, totalizando 29 amostras de leite orgânico (LO) e 27 de leite convencional (LC). As coletas de leite cru foram feitas de julho de 2011 a maio de 2012, também bimestrais, em 20 propriedades orgânicas e 20 propriedades convencionais na região Oeste de Santa Catarina, totalizando 120 amostras de LO e 115 de LC. No leite pasteurizado foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos. No leite cru foram realizadas as análises de composição química, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Ambos os tipos de leite foram submetidos à determinação de agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários. Comparando-se os resultados do leite cru, entre os dois sistemas de produção, não foi encontrado diferença para o valor médio de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais, assim como para CCS. O leite orgânico apresentou melhor qualidade em relação a contaminação microbiana e teor superior de lactose. Para o leite pasteurizado com exceção do extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), todos os valores médios dos parâmetros físicos e químicos atenderam aos limites da legislação brasileira. O perfil de ácidos graxos sofreu efeito da origem geográfica, e em menor escala o efeito da sazonalidade, provavelmente por diferenças no regime alimentar. Os leites obtidos no Rio Grande do Sul e em São Paulo se caracterizaram por possuir valores superiores de ácidos graxos promotores da saúde, entre eles o ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), enquanto os leites coletados no Distrito Federal se caracterizaram por concentrações superiores de ácidos graxos saturados. Os resultados para o leite cru e pasteurizado indicam que o manejo orgânico por si só, não influenciou na qualidade do leite quanto aos aspectos de composição química, que são determinados por vários fatores que independem do sistema de produção. Não foram encontrados medicamentos veterinários em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Quanto à contaminação por agrotóxicos não houve diferença quando considerado o número de amostras contaminadas em ambos os sistemas de produção. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de monitorar o leite quanto a presença de agrotóxicos a fim de melhorar a segurança alimentar, principalmente para leite orgânico, que deve estar livre desse tipo de contaminantes.
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Nina, Dimitrov. "Određivanje sadržaja patulina u proizvodima od jabuka i procena izloženosti stanovništva patulinu." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107244&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAbstract:
Sprovedena studija po prvi put izveštava o prisustvu patulina, sekundarnog metabolita određenih vrsta plesni, u proizvodima od jabuka, kao i proceni rizika usled unosa patulina od strane odojčadi, dece, adolescenata i odrasle populacije u Republici Srbiji. Ukupno 356 uzoraka sokova i kašica za odojčad i malu decu (48 i 66, redom), sokova za decu (mala pakovanja sa cevčicom, 100) i sokova u porodičnom pakovanju (142), sakupljeno je sa tržišta tokom tri godine i analizirano primenom tečne hromatografije sa ultraljubičastom detekcijom, metodom koja je predhodno validirana. Prisustvo patulina je detektovano u 44% i 17% uzoraka sokova i kašica za odojčad i malu decu, redom, u količinama nižim od zakonskog ograničenja od 10 μg/kg (maksimalno 8,3 i 7,7 μg/kg, redom). Udeo kontaminiranih uzoraka među sokovima za decu iznosio je 43%, sa najvišom koncentracijom patulina od 30,2 μg/kg ispod maksimalno dozvoljenog nivoa od 50 μg/kg. Patulin je detektovan u 51% sokova u porodičnom pakovanju, sa 0,7% uzoraka iznad zakonske granice od 50 μg/kg (prosečna koncentracija 4,3 μg/kg). Sokovi od jabuka su pokazali značajno viši udeo kontaminiranih uzoraka (74% u odnosu na 28%), kao i viši prosečni sadržaj patulina (6,4 u odnosu na 2,1 μg/kg) u poređenju sa sokovima od mešanog voća. Procena rizika usled unosa patulina od strane odojčadi, dece, adolescenata i odrasle populacije u Republici Srbiji, sprovedena primenom determinističkog i probabilističkog pristupa, uključujući rezultate biodostupnosti patulina, pokazala je da je odnos između procenjenog dnevnog unosa i toksikološke referentne doze za patulin od 0,4 μg/kg telesne mase, koji se označava kao “hazard quotient”, znatno ispod 1, što ukazuje na tolerantan nivo izloženosti i nepostojanje razloga za zabrinutost za zdravlje populacije. Dodatno, analiza ostataka pesticida i toksičnih metala potvrdila je bezbednost proizvoda od jabuka na tržištu. Međutim, identifikacija višestrukih ostataka pesticida je razlog za aktivan pristup i pažljivo planiranje i sprovođenje monitoringa bezbednosti hrane, posebno hrane za odojčad i malu decu, kao najosetljivije populacione grupe.This study reports for the first time the occurrence of patulin, a secondary metabolite of certain fungi, in apple-based food, as well as risk assessment related to patulin intake by infants, children, adolescents and adults in Serbia. In total, 356 samples of infant fruit juices (48), infant purée (66), juices for children (small package with straw, 100), and juices in family package (142) were collected from the market over three years (2013–15) and analysed using validated method based on liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Patulin was found in 44% of infant juices and 17% of infant purée, with all values below the legal limit of 10 μg/kg (maximum 8.3 and 7.7 μg/kg, respectively). The proportion of contaminated samples among fruit juices for children was 43%, with the highest patulin concentration at 30.2 μg/kg, not exceeding the maximum allowed level of 50 μg/kg. Patulin was found in 51% of juices in family package, with 0.7% of the samples in excess of the legal limit of 50 μg/kg (mean 4.3 μg/kg). Apple juices showed significantly higher percentage of contaminated samples (74% versus 28%), as well as higher mean patulin content (6.4 versus 2.1 μg/kg) when compared with the multifruit ones. Risk assessment of patulin intake by Serbian infants, children, adolescents and adults, conducted by deterministic and probabilistic approaches and including the bioaccessibility results, revealed a ratio between exposure and toxicological reference dose for patulin of 0,4 μg/kg body weigth, called hazard quotients, well below 1, indicating a tolerable exposure level and no health concern. Furthermore, analysis of pesticide residues and toxic metals confirmed safety of apple products on the market. However, identification of multiple pesticide residues is a reason for an active attitude and carefully planned and conducted monitoring of food safety, expecialy in the case of food for infants and young children, as they are the most susceptible population group.